Grade 11

Grade 11
Physical Sciences
Revision
Term 1
RESOURCE PACK
Topic 1: Vectors in two dimensions

QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The following three forces act on an object in the horizontal plane. A 30 N force
acts to the right, a 50 N force acts to the left and a 40 N force acts to the right. The
resultant force acting on the object is ...
A 120 N.
B 20 N.
C 20 N to the right.
D 60 N to the left. (2)
2. Two forces of magnitude 50 N and 80 N act on an object. Which of the following
forces cannot be the magnitude of the resultant of these two forces?
A 30 N
B 50 N
C 130 N
D 20 N (2)
3. The following two forces act on an object: A 180 N horizontal force acts to the
right and a 100 N force acts upwards in the vertical plane. The magnitude of the
resultant force acting on the object is ...
A 280 N.
B 80 N.
C 205,91 N.
D 0 N. (2)
4. A man hikes 8 km east and 6 km north. The direction of his resultant displacement is:
A on a bearing of 036,9°.
B on a bearing of 053,1°.
C 53,1° north of east.
D 36,9° east of north. (2)
82 Grade 11 Physical Sciences
Gr11_Physical_Science_Term1_Resource_Book.indb 82 2018/12/24 8:24:51 AM

TOPIC 1: VECTORS IN TWO DIMENSIONS
5. Three forces F, T and W act on an object as shown in the diagram below.

F = 350 N
T = 200 N
60˚
W = 180 N
The magnitude and direction of the resultant force in the horizontal plane is ...
A 150 N to the right.
B 200 N to the left.
ASSESSMENTS
C 175 N to the right.
D 25 N to the left. (2)
6. Refer to question 1.5. The magnitude and direction of the resultant force in the
vertical plane is ...
A 180 N down.
B 123,11 N upwards.
C 170 N upwards.
D 123,11 N downwards. (2)
LONG QUESTIONS
1. A horizontal force of 300 N is applied to an object to the right while an upward
vertical force of 400 N is applied at the same time.
1.1 Define a vector. (2)
1.2 Define a resultant vector. (2)
1.3 Draw a neat, fully labelled vector diagram of these forces in the Cartesian
plane, using the tail-to-head method. (2)
1.4 Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force acting on the
object.(4)
[10]
2. The following four forces act on an object. A 40 N force acts vertically upwards,
a 30 N force acts horizontally to the right, a 90 N force acts at 45° below the
horizontal and to the left and a 50 N force acts horizontally to the left.
2.1 Draw a neat, fully labelled vector diagram of the four forces in the Cartesian
plane (not necessarily to scale). (4)
2.2 Determine the magnitude and direction of the horizontal and vertical
components of the 90 N force. (6)
object.(5)
[15]
Term 1 83

RESOURCE PACK
3. An aircraft flies 30 km north, then 40 km east, then 60 km south and then 60 km west.
3.1 Define displacement. (2)
3.2 Draw a neat, fully labelled vector diagram (tail-to-head method) of these
displacements. Draw in the resultant displacement (R). (5)
3.3 Draw a neat, fully labelled vector diagram (tail-to-tail method) of
the resultant horizontal (Rx) and vertical (Ry) components of these
displacements. Draw in the resultant displacement (R). (5)
3.4 Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant displacement of the
aircraft. State the direction as a bearing. (4)
[16]
4. A large crate is pulled along horizontal ground by a chain which makes an angle
of 30° above the ground. The chain applies a force of 500 N.
4.1 Draw a neat, fully labelled vector diagram of the force applied by the chain
as well as the horizontal and vertical components of the 500 N force. (3)
4.2 Calculate the magnitude of the force with which the crate is pulled along the
ground by the chain. (2)
4.3 Calculate the magnitude of the force with which the crate is lifted by means
of the chain. (2)
4.4 List any other forces which act on the crate in the horizontal and vertical
planes.(3)
[10]
5. Three forces act on an object. F1 = 35 N acts vertically upwards, F2 = 65 N acts at

45° above the horizontal and to the right, F3 = 50 N acts 30° below the horizontal
and to the right.
5.1 Distinguish between a vector and a scalar quantity. (3)
5.2 Draw a neat, fully labelled vector diagram of the three forces in the Cartesian
plane (acting at the origin). (3)
object. Draw any relevant vector diagrams to support your answer. (9)
[15]
6. Consider the following three forces which act simultaneously on the same object:
F1 = 600 N acts on a bearing of 330°, F2 = 400 N acts on a bearing of 270°,
F3 = 400 N acts on a bearing of 190°.
6.1 Use a ruler, pencil, protractor and a scale of 1 cm : 100 N to find the
magnitude and direction of the resultant force (using the tail-to-head
method). Label your vector diagram clearly. (10)
6.2 State the magnitude and direction of a fourth force F4 which could be
applied to the object so that the resultant force on the object becomes zero.(2)
[12]

MARKING GUIDELINES
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. C  R = ^+ 30h + ^- 50h + (+ 40) = + 20 N to the right [CL2] (2)
2.
D  The maximum resultant force is achieved when the two forces act in the
same direction:
R = ^+ 50h + ^+ 80h = + 130 N
The minimum resultant force is achieved when the two forces act in
opposite directions:
R = ^+ 80h + ^- 50h = + 30 N
Any resultant force between 30 N and 130 N can be achieved by
increasing the angle between the two forces, from 0° to 180°.
It is impossible to obtain a resultant of 20 N from these two forces. [CL2] (2)
ASSESSMENTS
3. C 
180 N
R
100 N 100 N
180 N

R2 = 1002 + 1802
R2 = 42 400
R = 42 400 = 205, 91 N [CL2] (2)
4. B 
x
6 km
ϴ
8 km

6
i = tan -1 a 8 k = 36, 9c
Bearing is measured clockwise from north, therefore the bearing is
90° – 36,9° = 053,1° [CL3] (2)
5. D  Fx = F cos i = 350 cos 60c = 175 N to the right
Rx =+ 175 - 200 = - 25 N therefore Rx = 25 N to the left [CL2] (2)
6. B  Fy = F sin i = 350 sin 60° = 303, 11 N upwards
Ry =+ 303, 11 - 180 = + 123, 11 N upwards [CL2] (2)
Term 1 85

RESOURCE PACK
LONG QUESTIONS
1.1 A physical quantity which has magnitude  (size) and direction . [CL1] (2)
1.2 The sum of two or more vectors.  [CL1] (2)
1.3
R
Correct vectors placed tail-to-head.
400 N
Correct resultant.
ϴ
300 N [CL2] (2)
1.4 R2 = 3002 + 4002 

R = 250 000 = 500 N 
400
i = tan -1 a 300 k = 53, 1° 
R = 500 N at 53,1° above the horizontal axis  [CL2] (4)
2.1 One TICK for each of the forces shown in their correct places and if the 45° is not
shown take off one mark.
40 N
50 N
45˚ 30 N
90 N
[CL2] (4)
2.2 Fx = F cos i = 90 cos 45° {= 63, 64 N { to the left 
Fy = F sin i = 90 sin 45° {= 63, 64 N { downwards  [CL2] (6)
2.3 Rx = + 30 - 50 - 63, 64 = - 83, 64 N therefore Rx = 83, 64 N to the left
Ry = + 40 - 63, 64 = - 23, 64 N therefore Ry = 23, 64 N downwards
R2 = 83, 642 + 23, 642
R = 86, 92 N {
23, 64
i = tan -1 c 83, 64 m = 15, 8° {
R = 86, 92 N at 15,8° below the horizontal axis and to the left  [CL3] (5)

3.1 The change in position of a body  [CL1] (2)
3.2
40 km  One mark for each correct vector
C orrect resultant (−1 any error)
30 km
60 km
R
60 km [CL2] (5)
3.3 Rx = + 40 - 60 = - 20 km therefore Rx = 20 km west {

Ry = + 30 - 60 = - 30 km therefore Ry = 30 km south{
20 km
One mark for each correct vector
ϴ
ASSESSMENTS
C orrect resultant (−1 any error)
30 km 30 km
R
20 km [CL3] (5)
3.4 R2 = 202 + 302 {

R = 36, 06 km {
30
i = tan -1 a 20 k = 56, 3° {
R = 36, 06 km on a bearing 213, 7° { [CL3] (4)
4.1  correct force F

N
00
 correctly labelled components Fx, Fy
Fy
=5 F
30˚
Fx
[CL2] (3)
4.2 Fx = F cos i = 500 cos 30° {= 433, 01 N { [CL2] (2)
4.3 Fy = F sin i = 500 sin 30° {= 250 N { [CL2] (2)
4.4 Friction in the horizontal plane 

Weight  and the normal force  in the vertical plane [CL4] (3)
5.1 A vector has both magnitude  and direction , whereas a scalar has
magnitude only  [CL1] (3)
Term 1 87

RESOURCE PACK
5.2 F2 = 65 N
F1 = 35 N
45˚
30˚
F3 = 50 N
[CL2] (3)
5.3 F2x = F2 cos 65 cos 45° = 45, 96 N right {

F2y = F2 sin i = 65 sin 45° = 45, 96 N up {
F3x = F3 cos i = 50 cos 30° = 43, 30 N right {
F3y = F3 sin i = 50 sin 30° = 25 N down {
Rx =+ 45, 96 + 43, 30 = 89, 26 N right {
Ry =+ 35 + 45, 96 - 25 = 55, 96 N up {
R
Ry
(−1 No diagram OR incorrect diagram)
ϴ
Rx
R = 89, 26 + 55, 962
2 2
R = 105, 35 N {
55, 96
i = tan -1 c 89, 26 m = 32, 1° {
R = 105, 35 N at 32, 1° above the horizontal and to the right { [CL3] (9)
6.1

90˚
F2 =400 N (4cm)
F1 =600 N (6cm)
F3 =400 N (4cm)
10˚

R 30˚
R = 7, 8 cm {
i = 9°
R = 780 N {bearing 279° { [CL3] (10)
6.2 F4 = 780 N  bearing 099° 

F4 should be equal in magnitude to R but opposite in direction. [CL4] (2)

TOPIC 2: NEWTON’S LAWS AND APPLICATION OF NEWTON’S LAWS
Topic 2: Newton’s Laws and

Application of Newton’s Laws
QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which ONE of the following physical quantities is a measure of the inertia of a body?
A Mass
B Energy
C Velocity
D Acceleration (2)
2. The magnitude of the gravitational force exerted by one body on another body
ASSESSMENTS
is F. When the distance between the centres of the two bodies is doubled, the
magnitude of the gravitational force, in terms of F, will now be …
1
A 4F
1
B 2F
C 2F
D 4F (2)
3. Two forces, F and T, are applied on a crate lying on a frictionless, horizontal
surface, as shown in the diagram below. The magnitude of force T is greater than
that of force T.
F T
The crate will …

A accelerate towards the right.
B accelerate towards the left.
C move at a constant speed towards the right.
D move at a constant speed towards the left. (2)
4. A person stands on a bathroom scale that is calibrated in newton, in a stationary
elevator. The reading on the bathroom scale is w . The elevator now moves with
1
a constant upward acceleration of 3 g , where g is the gravitational acceleration.
What will the reading on the bathroom scale be now?
1
A 3w
3
B 4w
4
C 3w
D w (2)
Term 1 89

RESOURCE PACK
5. A laptop rests on a table. According to Newton’s 3rd law, what is the reaction force
to the weight of the laptop?
A The upward force of the table on the laptop.
B The upward force of the laptop on the Earth.
C The downward force of the Earth on the laptop.
D The normal force on the laptop. (2)
6. A person stands on a scale in an elevator. He notices that the scale reading is

lower than his usual weight. Which of the following could possibly describe the
motion of the elevator?
A It is moving down at constant speed.
B It is moving down and slowing down.
C It is moving up and slowing down.
D It is moving up and speeding up. (2)
7. The diagram below shows a block of mass M2 initially at rest on a smooth,

horizontal table. Another block of mass M1 is attached to it by a light inextensible
cord that passes over a frictionless pulley. When the block M2 is released, it
accelerates with an acceleration a. What will be the acceleration of block M2 if the
mass of block M1 is doubled?
The acceleration is:
A equal to a.
B greater than a and less than 2a.
C equal to 2a.
D greater than 2a.
(2)
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Two blocks of masses 15 kg and 4 kg respectively are connected by a light
inextensible string, P. A second light inextensible string, Q, attached to the 4 kg
block, runs over a light frictionless pulley. A constant horizontal force of 280 N
pulls the second string as shown in the diagram below. The magnitudes of the
tensions in P and Q are T1 and T2 respectively. Ignore the effects of air resistance.
280 N
T2 Q
4 kg
T1 P
15 kg

1.1 State Newton’s Second Law of Motion in words. (2)

1.2 Draw a labelled free-body diagram indicating ALL the forces acting on the
4 kg block. (3)
1.3 Calculate the magnitude of the tension T1 in string P. (6)
1.4 When the 280 N force is replaced by a sharp pull on the string, one of the
two strings break. Which ONE of the two strings, P or Q, will break? Explain
briefly.(2)
[13]
2.1 Two blocks of mass X kg and 2 kg respectively are connected by a light,

inextensible string. The string runs over a light, frictionless pulley, as shown in
the diagram below. The blocks are stationary.
X kg
ASSESSMENTS
2 kg
2.1.1 State Newton’s THIRD law in words. (2)

2.1.2 Calculate the tension in the string. (3)
The coefficient of static friction (μs) between the unknown mass X and the surface
of the table is 0,15.
2.1.3 Calculate the minimum value of mass X that will prevent the blocks from
moving.(5)
The block of unknown mass X is now replaced with a block of mass 4,5 kg. The
2 kg block now accelerates downwards. The coefficient of kinetic friction (μk)
between the 4,5 kg block and the surface of the table is 0,10.
2.1.4 Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the 4,5 kg block. (5)
2.2 A small hypothetical planet A has a mass of 4,5 × 1020 kg and a radius of 450 km.
Calculate the gravitational force (weight) that planet A exerts on a 800 kg car on
this planet’s surface. (4)
[19]
Term 1 91

RESOURCE PACK
3. A learner constructs a push toy using two blocks with masses 2 kg and 4 kg
respectively. The blocks are connected by a massless, inextensible cord.
The learner then applies a force of 30 N at an angle of 25° to the 2 kg block by
means of a light rigid rod, causing the toy to move across a flat, rough, horizontal
surface, as shown in the diagram below.
30 N
25˚
4 kg T 2 kg
The coefficient of kinetic friction (μk) between the surface and each block is 0,20.
3.1 State Newton’s Second Law of Motion in words. (2)
3.2 Calculate the magnitude of the kinetic frictional force acting on the 4 kg block.(3)
3.3 Draw a labelled free-body diagram showing ALL the forces acting on the
2 kg block. (5)
3.4 Calculate the magnitude of the:
3.4.1 kinetic frictional force acting on the 2 kg block. (3)
3.4.2 tension in the cord connecting the two blocks. (5)
[21]
4. A block of unknown mass hangs stationary from the ceiling by means of two
strings as shown in the diagram below.
40˚ 60˚
String 1 String 2
The tension in string 1 is 450 N.

4.1 Are the forces acting on the block in equilibrium? Explain your answer. (3)
4.2 Determine the magnitude of the horizontal component of the tension in
string 1. (2)
4.3 Calculate the magnitude of the tension in string 2. (3)
4.4 Calculate the mass of the block. (5)
[13]

5. An empty lift of mass 800 kg is accelerated upwards at 2 m.s-2 from the ground
floor of an office building.
5.1 Draw a labelled free-body diagram of the accelerating lift, showing the forces
acting on the lift. Your diagram should reflect the relative sizes of the forces. (3)
5.2 State Newton’s second law. (2)
5.3 Calculate the tension in the lift cable while the empty lift is accelerated
upwards. (4)
5.4 The lift cable is able to withstand a maximum tension of 18 kN. Determine
the maximum cargo mass that the lift can carry while accelerating upwards
at 2 m.s-2.(5)
[14]
6. Block X has a mass of 4 kg and Block Y has a mass of 2 kg. Block X is placed on
a rough table that has a coefficient of static friction of 0,18. Block X and Block Y
ASSESSMENTS
are joined by a light, inextensible string over a frictionless pulley and Block Z is
placed on top of Block X as shown in the diagram below.
X = 4 kg
Y = 2 kg
The system, as shown in the diagram, is only just at rest and on the limit of sliding.
6.1 Determine the tension in the rope joining Block X and Block Y while the
system is at rest. (2)
6.2 Define frictional force. (2)
6.3 State the magnitude of the frictional force required for Block X to be at rest. (2)
6.4 Calculate the minimum mass of Block Z to stop Block X from sliding. (5)
Block Z is removed and the system starts accelerating.
6.5 State Newton’s second law. (2)
6.6 Draw a labelled, free-body diagram for Block Y while it is accelerating. (2)
The magnitude of the acceleration of the system is 2,5 m.s–2.
6.7 Calculate the tension in the rope joining the blocks. (3)
6.8 Calculate the frictional force acting on Block X while it is accelerating. (3)
6.9 State two reasons why the frictional force between Block X and the surface is
smaller than the value stated in Question 6.3. Briefly explain your answer. (4)
[25]
Term 1 93

RESOURCE PACK
7. The photograph shows the result of an incident

of emergency braking carried out by a truck
driver. He was driving a truck (mass 10 800 kg)
at 80 km∙h–1 while carrying a granite block (mass
160 000 kg) in the trailer. He braked suddenly
to avoid hitting a child who crossed the road
in front of him. It was agreed after the incident
that the driver was in no way to blame. (He was
completely innocent of any wrong doing).
7.1 With reference to one of Newton’s Laws, explain the behaviour of the granite
block. (4)
7.2 Convert 80 km∙h to m∙s .
–1 –1
(3)
The skid marks of the truck on the road were 38,2 m in length from the time the
driver slammed on the brakes to when the truck stopped.
7.3 Calculate the acceleration of the truck. (4)
7.4 Calculate the magnitude of the braking force exerted on the truck while it
was brought to a standstill. (3)
7.5 Suggest a way in which the trucking company can prevent accidents of this
kind from happening when the trucks carry a heavy load, such as blocks of
granite, in the future. (1)
[15]
8. While an astronaut (mass 75 kg) works in Space at a distance of 15 m from his
spaceship, his power pack fails to work. The pack has a mass 25 kg. The astronaut
knows that now his only way of getting back to his spaceship is to push his pack
away from him.
8.1 State an appropriate law of physics, and use it to explain how the astronaut is
able to return to his spaceship by pushing his pack away from him. (6)
8.2. State Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation. (3)
8.3. When the astronaut gets to Mars he feels much lighter than he did on Earth
because the acceleration due to gravity on Mars is 3,5 m.s−2. The mass of
Mars is 6,4 × 1023 kg. Calculate the radius of Mars in m. (5)
8.4 The astronaut, wearing his spacesuit and life support systems, jumps
vertically upwards from the surface of Mars. Will the astronaut be able to
jump higher, from the same initial velocity (while wearing the same kit)
on Mars than on Earth? Justify your answer, by considering an appropriate
formula.(5)
[19]

MARKING GUIDELINES
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A  (Related to the definition) [CL1] (2)
m1 m2
2. A  F=G
r2
mm mm 1 mm 1
Fnew = G 1 22 = G 1 2 2 = 4 `G 1 2 2 j = 4 F [CL3] (2)
^ 2r h 4r r
3. B  Since F is greater than T, the net force acts to the left, therefore the
acceleration is also left. [CL2] (2)
4. C  Fnet = ma
F - w = ma
ASSESSMENTS
1
F - mg = m a 3 g k
1
F = mg + m a 3 g k
4 4
F = 3 mg = 3 w [CL4] (2)
5. B  Weight of laptop = Downward force of Earth on laptop.

Reaction force = Upward force of laptop on Earth. [CL2] (2)
6. C  If the reading on scale (the upward force) is less than his weight (the
downward force), the net force on him acts downwards. The direction
of his acceleration is also down. [CL3] (2)
M
7. B  Initially a = M +1M g
1 2
2M
When M1 is doubled, a' = 2M + M g
1 2
a '
2M1 g M1 + M2 2^ M1 + M2h
Therefore a = 2M + M # M = 2M + M
1 2 1g 1 2
This value is greater than 1 and less than 2. [CL 4] (2)
LONG QUESTIONS
1.1 When a net force is applied to an object of mass, m, it accelerates in the direction
of the net force.  The acceleration, a, is directly proportional to the net force and
inversely proportional to the mass.  [CL1] (2)
Term 1 95

RESOURCE PACK
1.2 Tension in Q (T2)
One mark for each

correct force which
is correctly labelled.
Tension in P (T1)
Weight w
[CL3] (3)
1.3 Choose up as positive:
4 kg: 15 kg:
Fnet = ma Fnet = ma
T2 - W4kg - T1 = ^ 4h a { T1 - W15kg = ^15h a {
280 - 39, 2 - T1 = 4a T1 - 147 = 15a
240, 8 - T1 = 4a T1 = 147 + 15a { (ii)
T1 = 240, 8 - 4a { (i)
Set equation (i) equal to equation (ii)
240, 8 - 4a = 147 + 15a
93, 8 = 19a
` a = 4, 94 m.s -2 {
T1 = 240, 8 - 4a = 240, 8 - 4^4, 94h = 221, 04 N { [CL3] (6)
1.4 P  Since the 15 kg mass has the greater inertia  [CL4] (2)
2. 2.1.1 When object A exerts a force on object B, object B simultaneously exerts an

oppositely directed force of equal magnitude on object A.  [CL1] (2)
2.1.2 T = w2kg {= 2 # 9, 8 {= 19, 6 N { up [CL2] (3)
2.1.3 f s
max
= 19, 6 N { to the left
f smax = n s N = n s ^ mgh = ^0, 15 {h^ X h^9, 8 {h = 1, 47X {
19, 6 = 1, 47X
X = 13, 33 kg  [CL3] (5)
2.1.4 Choose right and down as positive:
4,5 kg: 2 kg:
Fnet = ma Fnet = ma
T - fk = 4, 5a { W2kg - T = 2a {
T - ^0, 1h (44, 1) = 4, 5a 19, 6 - T = 2a
T - 4, 41 = 4, 5a T = 19, 6 - 2a { (ii)
T = 4, 41 + 4, 5a { (i)
4, 41 + 4, 5a = 19, 6 - 2a
6, 5a = 15, 19
a = 2, 34 m $ s -2 { [CL3] (5)

m1 m2
2.2 F=G
r2
^4, 5 # 1020h^800h {
F = ^6, 67 # 10 -11h
^450 # 10 3 {h2
F = 118, 58 N { towards the centre of the planet.  [CL3] (4)
“Force of attraction” does not specify the direction of the force. The direction of
the force is towards the centre of the planet. Attraction describes the type of force
that acts on the car.
3.2 fk = n k .N = ^0, 20 {h^ 4h^9, 8 {h = 7, 84 N { [CL2] (3)
ASSESSMENTS
3.3 Normal N
 For each correctly

Tension T labelled force.

Friction f k
−1 If the angle is not
65°
shown.
Weight w Applied force F = 30 N
[CL2] (5)
3.4.1 Fy = F sin 25° = 30 sin 25° = 12, 68 N { downwards
Fdown = Fy + W = 12, 68 + 19, 6 = 32, 28 N { downwards
Therefore: N = 32, 28 N upwards
fk = n k .N = ^0, 20h^32, 28h = 6, 46 N { [CL3] (3)
3.4.2 Fx = F cos 25° = ^30h cos 25° = 27, 19 N { to the right
Choose right as positive:
2 kg: 4 kg:
Fnet = ma Fnet = ma
Fx - T - fk = ^2 h a T - fk = ^ 4h a
27, 19 - T - 6, 46 = 2a { T - 7, 84 = 4a {
20, 73 - T = 2a T = 7, 84 + 4a (ii)
T = 20, 73 - 2a { (i)
20, 73 - 2a = 7, 84 + 4a
12, 89 = 6a
a = 2, 14 m $ s -2
T = 20, 73 - 2a = 20, 73 - 2^2, 14h = 16, 45 N { [CL3] (5)
4.1 Yes . The block remains at rest,  therefore the net force is zero.  [CL2] (3)
4.2 T1x = T1 cos 40° = 450 cos 40° {= 344, 72 N { [CL2] (2)
Term 1 97

RESOURCE PACK
4.3 T2x = T2 cos 60° = T2 cos 60°

T1x = T2x (net force in horizontal plane is zero)
344, 72 {= T2 cos 60° {
344, 72
T2 = cos 60° = 689, 44 N { [CL3] (3)
4.4 T1y = T1 sin 40° = 450 sin 40° = 289, 25 N { upwards

T2y = T2 sin 60° = 689, 44 sin 60° = 597, 07 N { upwards
w = T1y + T2y
w = 289, 25 + 597, 07 = 886, 32 N { [CL3] (5)
w 886, 32
m= g = = 90, 44 kg {
9, 8 {
5.1
Tension T

T is greater than w



Weight w
 [CL2] (3)
5.3 Choose up as positive.

Fnet = ma
T - w = ^800h (2 {)
T - 7 840 {= 1 600
T = 9 440 N { upwards  [CL3] (4)
5.4 Choose up as positive
Fnet = ma
T - w = m2
18 000 {- (mg) {= 2m {
18 000 - 9, 8m = 2m
18 000 = 11, 8m
m = 1 525, 42 kg {
Cargo mass = 1525,42 – 800 = 725,42 kg  [CL4] (5)
6.1 w2kg = ^2 h^9, 8h = 19, 6 N

Therefore: T = 19, 6 N {{ [CL2] (2)
6.2 The force that opposes the motion of an object  and acts parallel to the surface
the object is in contact with  [CL1] (2)
6.3 f = 19, 6 N {{ [CL2] (2)

6.4 f smax = n s N
19, 6 {= ^0, 18 {h^ mh (9, 8 {)
m = 11, 11 kg {
mz = 11, 11 - 4 = 7, 11 kg { [CL3] (5)
6.6
Tension T 

Weight w  [CL2] (2)
ASSESSMENTS
6.7 Choose down as positive. Working with the net force on Y:
Fnet = ma
w - T{= ^2 h (2, 5) {
19, 6 - T = 5
T = 14, 6 N { upwards on the 2 kg block [CL3] (3)
6.8 Fnet = ma
T - f = ^ 4h (2, 5)
14, 6 - f = 10
f = 4, 6 N { to the left { [CL3] (3)
6.9 The coefficient of kinetic friction is always less than  the coefficient of static
friction.
The weight of the block has decreased, therefore the normal force has decreased. 
f is directly proportional to the normal force N.  [CL4] (4)
7.1 The granite block continues to move at its initial speed (of 80 km.h−1) when
the truck stops because there is no net force acting on the block. According to
Newton’s First Law, the block continues in its state of constant velocity until it
crashes into the cab of the truck (until a net force acts on it).  [CL 3] (4)
80 # 1000 {
7.2 80 km.h−1 = = 22,22 m.s−1  [CL 2] (3)
60 # 60{
7.3 vi = 22,22 m.s−1 vf = 0 m.s−1 ∆x = 38,2 m
vf = vi + 2a∆x
2 2
0 = (22,22)2 + 2a(38,2) 
a = − 6,46 m.s−2  = 6,46 m.s−2 backwards [CL 3] (4)
7.4 Fnet = ma
= (10 800 + 160 000) × 6,46
= 1 103 368 N (or 1,10 × 106 N) [CL 4] (3)
Term 1 99

RESOURCE PACK
7.5 The block of granite should be held firmly in place in the trailer (restrained by
straps to prevent it from moving forwards or backwards while the truck is in
motion.  [CL 3] (1)
8.1 When a body A exerts a force on body B, body B simultaneously exerts a force of
the same magnitude but in the opposite direction on body A.  (Newton’s 3rd
Law. ONLY 1 MARK IF IT IS JUST STATED AS THE LAW (WITHOUT THE
LAW STATED IN WORDS).
The astronaut exerts force on the power pack, pushing it away from him. The
power pack exerts force on the astronaut pushing him in the opposite direction.
This push will help him reach the spaceship because there is no air resistance
(or frictional forces) acting on him in Space.  Once he starts moving towards
the spaceship he will continue to move at constant velocity.  [CL 4] (6)
8.2 There exists a force of attraction between any two objects in the universe. The
force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between their centres. [CL 1] (3)
8.3 Gm
g= 2 {
r
(6, 67 # 10 -11) {(6, 4 # 1022)
3, 8 = {
r2
[CL 3] (5)
r = 1, 1234 # 1012 {= 1, 06 # 106 m.s -2 {
8.4 He will jump higher on Mars  [because gearthg > gmoon ]
vf2 = vi2 + 2 a∆y 
On the Mars 0 = vi2 + 2(3,8) ∆y therefore ∆y = vi2 / (7,6)
On the Earth 0 = vi2 + 2(9,8) ∆y therefore ∆y = vi2 / (19,6) 
Therefore for the same launch speed (vi) he jumps higher on Mars. [CL 4] (5)

TOPIC 3: ATOMIC COMBINATIONS (MOLECULAR STRUCTURE)
Topic 3: Atomic Combinations

(Molecular Structure)
QUESTIONS
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which chlorine compound has bonding that can be described as ionic with some
covalent character?
A NaCℓ
B MgCℓ2
C AℓCℓ3
D SiCℓ4(2)
ASSESSMENTS
2. Which molecule has only six bonding electrons?
A C2H4
B C2F6
C H2O
D NF3(2)
3. What set of data would hydrogen sulfide, H2S, be expected to have?
Number of bonding pairs Shape
A 1 Trigonal planar
B 2 Pyramidal
C 2 Angular
D 3 Pyramidal
(2)
4. Which ONE of the following best describes the bond formed between an H+ ion
and the NH3 molecule to form an NH4+ ion?
A covalent bond
B dative covalent bond
C ionic bond
D hydrogen bond (2)
Term 1 101

1.5 Refer to the following list of substances and the electronegativities provided on the Periodic
Table.
RESOURCE PACK
CO2 NH3 H2O N2 HF
Which of the following lists all the non-polar molecules from the above list?
5. Refer to the following list of substances and the electronegativities provided on
A N2 Table.
the Periodic
CO2
B NH
N2 and NH3 3 H2O N2 HF
Which N
C of2 the
andfollowing
CO2 lists all the non-polar molecules from the above list?
A N2
D N2, CO2 and NH3 (2)
B N2 and NH3
C N2 and CO2
1.6 D Nof
Which , CO and NH (2)
2 the2 following3 pure substances will conduct electric current when molten (in its liquid
6. phase)?
Which of the following pure substances will conduct electric current when
molten (in the PbBr
Pb liquid2 phase)? C6H12O6 (glucose) CH3CH2OH (alcohol)
Pb
A PbPbBr
and 2PbBr2 C6H12O6 (glucose) CH3CH2OH (alcohol)
A Pb and PbBr2
B Pb and CH3CH2OH (alcohol)
B Pb and CH3CH2OH (alcohol)
C
C Pb,Pb,
PbBr PbBr 2 and
and CHCH 3CH
CH 2OH
OH (alcohol)
(alcohol)
2 3 2
D
D AllAllofofthese
thesesubstances
substances (2) (2)
1.77. A dative
A dative covalent bond forms when…
A water decomposes.
A
B water
ionic decomposes.
compounds dissociate in water.
B ionic compounds dissociate in water.
C
C hydronium
hydronium ions areare
ions produced.
produced.
D
D hydroxide
hydroxideions areare
ions produced.
produced. (2) (2)
8. Which of one of the following Lewis structures correctly represents a molecule of
1.8 Which
C H ? of one of the following Lewis structures correctly represents a molecule of C2H4?
2 4
(2)
(2)
1.9 Consider the Lewis structure of a compound shown below:
Which ONE of the following is correct?
Name of element X Name of element Y Molecular shape of

compound
A chlorine sulfur angular
B oxygen chlorine angular

9. Consider the Lewis structure of a compound shown below:
Which ONE of the following is correct?

Name of element X Name of element Y Molecular shape of
compound
A
chlorine sulfur angular
B
oxygen chlorine angular
C
chlorine oxygen linear
ASSESSMENTS
sulfur chlorine linear
(2)
10. Which of the following substances has polar covalent bonds between its atoms,
but its molecule is non-polar?
A H2O
B H
C HCℓ
D CCℓ4(2)
LONG QUESTIONS
1.1 Study the following list of substances:
Hg I2 SF6 KI PCℓ3 Ne C H2O
For each statement below choose a substance that displays those properties. You
can choose a substance once, more than once or not at all.
1.1.1 A substance that conducts electricity when molten but not when solid. (1)
1.1.2 A substance that forms a covalent crystal lattice. (1)
1.1.3 A substance that consists of non-polar molecules containing polar bonds. (1)
1.1.4 Its molecules have two lone pairs on the central atom. (1)
1.1.5 A substance which has delocalised electrons. (1)
1.1.6 Its molecules have a non-ideal shape. (1)
1.1.7 A substance which consists of monatomic molecules. (1)
1.2 Refer to the bond energies supplied below:
A B
C−C C=C
346 kJ.mol-1 602 kJ.mol-1
Term 1 103

RESOURCE PACK
1.2.1 What information does the bond energy provide? (1)

1.2.2 Which of A or B will have the shorter bond length? (1)
1.2.3 Explain why the bond energy in B is not double the bond energy in A. (2)
2.1. South Africa has comparable greenhouse gas emissions to many industrialised [11]
countries. The main air pollutants generated by South African industries are carbon
2.1 dioxide
South (CO
Africa has comparable greenhouse gas emissions to many industrialised
2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), the oxides
ofcountries. The2main
nitrogen (NO , NO andair pollutants
N2O) andgenerated
ammonia by(NHSouth
3). African industries are
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide
2.1.1. Draw Lewis structures to represent:
(SO2), the oxides of nitrogen (NO2, NO and N2O) and ammonia (NH3).
a) Lewis
2.1.1 Draw carbonstructures
dioxide. to represent: (2)
a)b) carbon
methane. dioxide. (2) (2)
2.1.2. b)Define
methane.
the term “electronegativity”. (2) (2)
2.1.2 Define the term “electronegativity”. (2)
2.1.3. By means of a suitable calculation describe the type of bonding that occurs in
2.1.3 Bya means
molecule of aofsuitable calculation describe the type of bonding that occurs
sulfur dioxide. (2)
in a molecule of sulfur dioxide.
2.1.4. The chemical bonds within the methane molecule are polar covalent and yet
(2)
2.1.4 Thmethane
e chemical bonds within
is known to be athe methanemolecule.
non-polar moleculeExplain
are polar covalent
how this phenomenon
comes
and about. Show
yet methane thetopolarity
is known of the molecule
be a non-polar molecule. with the how
Explain use this
of a Lewis
diagram.
phenomenon comes about. Show the polarity of the molecule with the use (4)
2.1.5. ofOf the pollutants
a Lewis diagram.listed above, choose (4)
2.1.5 Ofa)theonepollutants
trigonallisted above, choose
pyramidal
a) b) oneonetrigonal pyramidal
tetrahedral and
b) one tetrahedral and
c) one linear molecule. (3)
c) one linear molecule. (3)
2.2. The graph below shows the change in energy that takes place when an oxygen atom
2.2 approaches a carbon
The graph below atom
shows theduring
changethe
in formation of takes
energy that a C=O bond.
place when an oxygen
atom approaches a carbon atom during the formation of a C=O bond.
2.2.1 Defi
2.2.1. ne the
Define theterm
term‘bond
‘bondlength’.
length’. (2) (2)
2.2.2 From
2.2.2. Fromthethegraph,
graph,write
writedown
downthe:
the:
(a) bond length, in pm, of the C=O bond. (1)
(a) bond length, in pm, of the C=O bond. (1)
(b) bond energy, in kJ·mol needed
-1
to break the C=O bond. (2)
(b) bond energy, in kJ·mol-1 needed to break the C=O bond. (2)
(c) Name the potential energy represented by E. (1)
(c) Name the potential energy represented by E.
2.2.3 How will the bond length of an S=O bond compare to that of the C=O bond? (1)
2.2.3. Write
Howdown
will the bond length
EQUAL of an S=OTHAN
TO, SHORTER bond compare
or LONGER to that of theGive
THAN. C=Oa bond?
reason
Write for
downyour answer.TO, SHORTER THAN or LONGER THAN. Give a reason
EQUAL (2)
for your
2.2.4 What can answer.
be said about the forces between the two atoms at point D? (2) (2)
2.2.4. What can be said about the forces between the two atoms at point D? [25] (2)
[25]
3. 3.1 CO2(g), SO2 and CO(g) are some of the air pollutants in the South African atmosphere.
3.1.1 CO has a dative covalent bond. Draw the Lewis structure for a carbon monoxide molecule
and use it to help explain the idea of a dative covalent bond. (3)
3. 3.1 CO2(g), SO2 and CO(g) are some of the air pollutants in the South African
atmosphere.
3.1.1 CO has a dative covalent bond. Draw the Lewis structure for a carbon
monoxide molecule and use it to help explain the idea of a dative
covalent bond. (3)
3.1.2 Explain why you would expect the CO molecule to be polar. (2)
3.1.3 What is the nature of the partial charges on (i.e. the polarity of) the C
and O atoms in the CO molecule? Explain your answer. (2)
3.2 Consider the gases CO2 and SO2.
3.2.1 Refer to Lewis Diagrams and the VSEPR theory. Compare the shapes
of a CO2 molecule and a SO2 molecule, both of which contain two
oxygen atoms bonded to one other atom. (4)
3.2.2 Comment on the polarity of both the CO2 and SO2 molecules. In each
instance, explain your answer with reference to the molecular shape. (4)
ASSESSMENTS
[15]
4. Sulfur forms many compounds by reacting with other elements.
4.1 Three of these compounds are sodium sulfide, SOCℓ2, SF2 and two other
fluorides.
4.1.1 Draw Lewis diagrams to show the bonding in:
a) sodium sulfide (3)
b) SF2(2)
4.1.2 There are two possible ways of drawing the Lewis diagram of SOCℓ2.
Draw the two possible Lewis structures. Explain how you arrived at
each of the structures. (5)
4.1.3 Use the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory to
deduce the shapes of the following molecules:
a) SF2(2)
b) BeCℓ2(2)
4.2 Sulfur is in group 16 and period 3 of the Periodic Table.
4.2.1 Define the terms:
a) Electronegativity (2)
b) Bond polarity (2)
4.2.2 Give reasons for your answers to the next two questions.
Identify the type of bonds that form in
a) SF2(3)
b) H2S(3)
[24]
Term 1 105

b) Bond polarity (2)
4.2.2 Give reasons for your answers to the next two questions.
Identify the type of bonds that form in
a) SF2 (3)
b)
RESOURCE HPACK
2S (3)
[24]
5. 5.1 5. The hydrogen

5.1 halides
The hydrogen (hydrogen
halides fluoride,
(hydrogen hydrogen
fluoride, chloride,
hydrogen hydrogen
chloride, bromide and
hydrogen
hydrogen iodide) are important chemicals.
bromide and hydrogen iodide) are important chemicals.
The diagram
The diagram below represents
below represents a molecule
a molecule of hydrogen
of hydrogen chloride.
chloride.
xx
xx
x
x x x x
H x x Cl x x
x
xx
xx

5.1.1 What 5.1.1
type ofWhat
particles
typeare represented
of particles by the crosses
are represented (X)?
by the crosses (X)? (1)(1)
5.1.2 What type of chemical bond holds the atoms in this molecule together? (1)
5.2 The relative amount of energy (in kJ.mol-1) required to break the bond in
each of the hydrogen halide molecules is shown below.
H–F 569
H – Cℓ 432
H – Br 366
H–I 298
One of the important properties of the hydrogen halides is that they dissolve
in water to form acids. For example, hydrogen chloride reacts with water to
form hydrochloric acid.
To form an acid the bond between the hydrogen and the halogen atoms
must be broken and ions are formed. The stronger the acid the more
molecules that split up to form ions.
5.2.1 Which ion must be formed to make a solution acidic? (1)
5.2.2 Which of the hydrogen halides would you expect to react with water
to form the strongest acid? Explain your answer. (3)
[6]
6. A learner studies fluorine and carbon and the bonds that atoms of each can
form with other atoms. Fluorine is a reactive element that can react with water
and with many metals. Carbon is a very special element because it is one of the
elements in the food we eat, the clothes we wear and the fuel in our cars.
6.1 Write down the number of electrons in the valence energy level of an atom of:
6.1.1 fluorine. (1)
6.1.2 carbon. (1)
6.2 Describe what is meant by the term ‘covalent bond’. (2)
6.3 Write down the Lewis structure for:
6.3.1 F2(2)
6.3.2 HCN (2)
6.4 Write down the name of the type of bond between particles in molecules of:
6.4.1 F2(1)
6.4.2 HF (1)

6.5 Write down the molecular shape as predicted by the VSEPR model of:
6.5.1 BF3(2)
6.5.2 CH4(2)
6.5.3 HF (2)
6.6 The table below shows bond lengths and bond energies for different bonds
between two carbon atoms.
Bond Length (pm) Energy (kJ·mol-1)
A C−C 154 348
B C=C 134 614
C C/C 120 839
6.6.1 Describe the relationship between bond length and bond energy as
shown in the above table. (2)
ASSESSMENTS
6.6.2 Which one of the bonds (A, B or C) will be the weakest? Explain. (3)
[20]
Term 1 107

RESOURCE PACK
MARKING GUIDELINES
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. B  ∆ electronegativity = 3,0 – 1,2 = 1,8 which implies that the bond is
polar covalent. However, Mg is a metal bonding with the non-metal Cℓ,
therefore the bond is ionic. This is the compound which is ionic with
some covalent character. [CL3] (2)
2. D  Nitrogen has three unpaired electrons which it is able to share with
the three fluorine atoms. There are three bonds around each nitrogen
atoms. Each bond consists of a shared pair of electrons. Therefore, this
compound has 6 bonding electrons (six electrons involved in chemical
bonds). [CL2] (2)
3. C  There are two bonding pairs because two hydrogen atoms are attached
to the sulfur atoms. The two lone pairs of sulfur repel each other
strongly so the shape of H2S is similar to that of water. It is angular (or
bent). [CL2] (2)
4. B  The hydrogen ion bonds with the ammonia molecule by attaching to
the lone pair of electrons. This type of covalent bond where one atom
donates both electrons to form the bond is called a dative covalent
bond. [CL3] (2)
5. C  Nitrogen is non-polar because it consists of three non-polar covalent
bonds. CO2 is non-polar because its molecule is linear, with the effect of
the two polar covalent bonds directed in opposite directions, resulting
in an overall non-polar molecule. [CL2] (2)
6. A  Pb is a metal with delocalised electrons to carry charge through the
substance. PbBr2 in molten form dissociates into its ions (cations and
anions). These ions are free to carry charge throughout the molten
liquid. [CL2] (2)
7. C  Hydronium ions are formed when a hydrogen ion (H+ ion) attaches
itself to one of the lone pairs of electrons of a water molecule. This kind
of bond is called a dative covalent bond. [CL3] (2)
8. D  Carbon has four electrons in the outermost energy level of its atoms.
This Lewis structure is the only one which correctly shows carbon
atoms with four valence electrons. [CL4] (2)
9. B  The element X has six valence electrons therefore it is either a sulfur or
an oxygen atom. The element Y must belong to the halogens because
it has seven valence shell electrons. The only possible choices are
narrowed to choices B and D. However, there are two lone pairs on
atom X, so the shape of the molecule will be angular. [CL4] (2)

10. D  This molecule has a symmetrical shape (tetrahedral). Even though

it has polar covalent bonds between the atoms, the overall electron
distribution is symmetrical, therefore its molecule is non-polar. [CL3] (2)
LONG QUESTIONS
1.1.1 KI  An ionic solid conducts electric current ONLY when molten or dissolve
in water. (1)
1.1.2 C Carbon as diamond is a covalent crystal lattice. (1)
1.1.3 SF6 The six fluorine atoms are arranged symmetrically around the sulfur
atom therefore the overall charge distribution in the molecule is symmetrical – a
non-polar molecule. (1)
1.1.4 HHO
1.1.6
Oor PCℓ
The oxygen atom has two lone pairs on it in a water molecule. (1)
22 3 Shapes are angular (bent) and trigonal pyramidal (each of these shapes has
1.1.6 H 2O or PCℓ3 Shapes are angular (bent) and trigonal pyramidal (each of these shapes has
1.1.5 lone
Hg Mercurythe is a metal therefore it has delocalised electrons. (1) (1)
lone pairs
pairs around
around the central central atom,
atom, therefore
therefore itit has
has aa non-ideal
non-ideal shape.
shape. (1)
ASSESSMENTS
1.1.6 H2O or PCℓ3 Shapes are angular (bent) and trigonal pyramidal (each of these
1.1.7
1.1.7 Ne shapes
Ne Neon isis aa noble
has lone
Neon pairs (inert)
(inert) gas.
noblearound Its
Its molecules
the central
gas. consist
consist of
atom, therefore
molecules itone
of has atom
one aatom only
only (therefore
non-ideal monatomic).
shape). (1)
(therefore monatomic).
(1)
(1)
1.1.7 Ne Neon is a noble (inert) gas. Its molecules consist of one atom only
(therefore monatomic).
Because (1)
Because of of the
the choices
choices thatthat learners
learners must must makemake from
from the
the list
list of
of substances,
substances, thethe overall
overall
cognitive
Because of
cognitive level
theof
level this
this question
choices
of isis Level
that learners
question Level 3.
must3. Itmake
It requires
fromlearners
requires the list of
learners to have
have aa good
tosubstances,
good theunderstanding
understanding andand
knowledge of
overall cognitive
knowledge molecular geometry
level of geometry
of molecular this question and bonding.
andisbonding.
Level 3. It requires learners to have a [CL3]
[CL3]
1.2.1 good
The understanding
bond energy is the and knowledge
amount of molecular
of energy requiredgeometry
to break all andthebonding.
chemical bonds [CL3]
in one mole
1.2.1 The bond energy is the amount of energy required to break all the chemical bonds in one mole
of the substance. [CL1] (1)
1.2.1 of
Thethebond
substance.
energy is the amount of energy required to break all the chemical [CL1] (1)
1.2.2 bonds in one mole of the substance. [CL1] (1) (1)
1.2.2 B B [CL2]
[CL2] (1)
1.2.2 The
Bgreater
The greater thethe bond
bond energy
energy the the shorter
shorter the
the bond
bond length.
length. [CL2] (1)
The greater the bond energy the shorter the bond length.
1.2.3
1.2.3 The
The first bond that forms in a double bond has the
the same bond energy as
asaaasingle
single
single bond.
bond. ItIt isis aa
The first
first bond
1.2.3 non-polar bond that
covalent
forms
thatbond in
inaa double
formsbetween double the
bond
bond
two
has
has the
carbon
samebond
same
atoms.
bondenergy
The
energyas
second bond
non-polar
bond. It iscovalent
a non-polar bond between
covalent the between
bond two carbon
the atoms.
two
 The
carbon second
atoms.  bond that forms
The
that forms has has
slightly
slightly less
less bond
bond energy
energy as as itit isis aa less
less stable
stable bond.
bond. OR OR ItIt breaks
breaks more
more easily
easily than
than the
the first
first
single
second
single bond.
bond(This
bond. that is
(This is aa result
forms ofof the
has slightly
result the orientation of
of the
less bond energy
orientation the electron
as it is a orbitals
electron less when
stable
orbitals the
bond.
when the bond
bond isis formed.)
formed.)
OR It breaks more easily than the first single bond. (This is a result of the [CL4] [CL4] (2)
(2)
[11]
orientation of the electron orbitals when the bond is formed.) [CL4] (2) [11]
[11]
2.1.1
2.1.1 a) b) [CL2} (4)
2.1.1 a) b)
a) b) [CL2}
[CL2] (4) (4)

Correct number of electrons around each atom.
 Correct
Correct number
number of of electrons
electrons around
around each
each atom.
atom.
Correct positioning of chemical bonds.
 Correct
Correct positioning
positioning of of chemical
chemical bonds.
bonds.
(2(2 marks
(2marks for
marksfor each
foreach
each Lewis
Lewis
Lewis diagram)
diagram)
diagram)
2.1.2 The electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom in a molecule to
2.1.2
2.1.2 The The electronegativity
electronegativity isis aa measure
measure of of the
the tendency
tendency of
of an
an atom
atom in
in aa molecule to
to attract
molecule[CL1]attract the
attract
bonding the bonding electrons.
electrons. [CL1] (2) the
(2)
bonding electrons. [CL1] (2)
2.1.3 S: EN = 2,5 O: EN = 3,5
2.1.3
2.1.3 S: ∆ EN
S: EN == 2,5
electronegativity
2,5 =O:
O:3,5EN == 3,5
– 2,5
EN = 1,0
3,5
∆∆ electronegativity
electronegativity = 3,5
3,5 – 2,5 = 1,0
– 2,5 =
Polar covalent bond=  1,0 [CL2] (2)
Polar
Polar covalent
covalent bond
bond 
 {CL2}
{CL2} (2)
(2)
2.1.4
2.1.4 The
The methane
methane molecule
molecule has
has aa tetrahedral
tetrahedral shape.
shape. ItsIts polar
polar covalent
covalent bonds
bonds are
are arranged
arranged
symmetrically
symmetrically within
within the
the molecule
molecule therefore
therefore the
the overall
overall electron
electron distribution
distribution within
within the
the
Term 1 109
molecule is symmetrical – and the molecule is non-polar.
 Lewis
 Lewis diagram
diagram with
with dipoles
dipoles shown
shown
 Correct positioning of chemical bonds.
(2 marks for each Lewis diagram)
2.1.2 The electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract the
2.1.3 S: EN = 2,5RESOURCE O: PACK

EN = 3,5
∆ electronegativity = 3,5 – 2,5 = 1,0
Polar covalent bond  {CL2} (2)
2.1.4 The methane molecule has a tetrahedral shape. Its polar covalent bonds are
2.1.4 The methane molecule hassymmetrically
arranged a tetrahedral within
shape.theItsmolecule
polar covalent bonds
therefore theare arranged
overall electron
symmetrically within the molecule therefore the overall electron distribution within the
distribution within the molecule is symmetrical – and the molecule is non-polar.
 Lewis diagram with dipoles shown
 Lewis diagram with dipoles shown
c) CO2 or CO or NO  [CL3] (4)

[CL3] (3)
[CL3] (4)
2.1.5 a) NH 3 
2.2.12.1.5 The
a) bond
NH3 
length is the average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms.
b) CH4  [CL1] (2)
b) CH 4 
2.2.2 a) 120 pm [CL3] (1)
c) CO2 or CO or NO  [CL3] (3)
2.2.1 b)The bond
800 length is the
kJ⋅mol -1 average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms.
[CL2] (2)
[CL1] (2)
2.2.2 c)a) 120
Bond energy: the amount of energy per mole of the substance required[CL3]
pm to break
(1) the
double bond between the carbon and oxygen atoms. [CL2] (1)
b) 800 kJ.mol-1 [CL2] (2)
2.2.3 c) BondTHAN
LONGER energy: the
Theamount of energy
sulfur atom per than
is larger mole the
of the substance
carbon atomrequired to the bond length
therefore
will be longer
break the(the attraction
double betweenthe
bond between thecarbon
two atoms will be less).
and oxygen atoms. [CL4]
[CL2] (1) (2)
2.2.3 LONGER THAN  The sulfur atom is larger than the carbon atom therefore
2.2.4 At point D there is very little (or no) force between the two atoms because the atoms are fairly
theapart
far bondfrom
length
onewill be longer
another. (theThe
 (OR attraction
forces between the two
of attraction and atoms willare
repulsion be balanced.)
less). [CL4] (2) (2)
[CL3]
2.2.4 At point D there is very little (or no) force between the two atoms because the [25]
atoms are fairly far apart from one another.  [CL3] (2)
3.1.1[25]
3.1.1

Dativecovalent
Dative covalentbond
bondoccurs
occurswhen
whenone
one atom
atom contributes
contributes both
both electrons
electrons (from
(from aa lone pair of
lone pair of
electrons) to electrons)
the bond. to thethis
 In bond.
case In this case
oxygen oxygen
donates thedonates thetoelectrons
electrons the dative covalent
bond.
to the dative covalent bond. [CL4]
[CL4] (4) (4)
3.1.2 ∆ electronegativity = 3,5 – 2,5 = 1,0
3.1.2 ∆ electronegativity = 3,5 – 2,5 = 1,0
Polarcovalent
Polar covalentbond
bond
Themolecule
The moleculeisis linear
lineartherefore
therefore ititisis aa dipole
dipole (polar
(polar molecule).
molecule).  [CL2] (2) (2)
{CL2}
3.1.3 Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon therefore the shared pairs of
3.1.3 Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon therefore the shared pairs of electrons will be more
electrons will be more strongly attracted to oxygen  making it slight negative
strongly attracted to oxygen  making it slight negative (δ-). Carbon will be δ+. 
(δ ). Carbon will be δ . 
- +
[CL3] (2) (2)
[CL3]
3.2.1 The CO2 molecule is linear. It’s shape is ideal since there are no lone pairs in
3.2.1 The
the CO 2 molecule is linear. It’s shape is ideal since there are no lone pairs in the molecule.
molecule.
The SO2 molecule is angular (bent) since there are two lone pairs on the central atom (S).
The SO2 molecule is angular (bent) since there are two lone pairs on the
[CL4] (4)
central atom (S). [CL4] (4)
3.2.2 The CO2 molecule is non-polar because although the bonds are polar covalent, they are
arranged symmetrically in the molecule, so the overall electron distribution is also
symmetrical. The SO2 molecule has a bent structure since the lone pairs repel each other
110 strongly.
Grade 11 Oxygen
Physical is
Sciences
more electronegative than sulfur, therefore the oxygen atoms will be
slightly negative (δ-) and the sulfur atom will be slightly positive (δ+) (a polar molecule).
[CL3] (4)
[16]
4.1.1 a)
3.1.3 Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon therefore the shared pairs of electrons will be more
strongly attracted to oxygen  making it slight negative (δ-). Carbon will be δ+. 
[CL3] (2)
3.2.1 The CO2 molecule is linear. It’s shape is ideal since there are no lone pairs in the molecule.
The SO2 molecule is angular (bent) since there are two lone pairs on the central atom (S).
TOPIC 3: ATOMIC COMBINATIONS (MOLECULAR [CL4] STRUCTURE) (4)
3.2.2 The CO2 molecule is non-polar because although the bonds are polar covalent, they are
3.2.2arranged
The COsymmetrically
2
molecule is non-polar because
in the molecule, so although
the overallthe bonds are
electron polar covalent,
distribution is also
they are arranged
symmetrical. The SO symmetrically in the
2 molecule has molecule,
a bent so the
structure overall
since electron
the lone pairs repel each other
strongly. Oxygen
distribution is more
is also electronegative
symmetrical. The SO than
2
sulfur,has
molecule therefore the oxygen
a bent structure atoms will be
since
slightly negative (δ
the lone pairs repel each other strongly. Oxygen is more electronegative than molecule).
-
) and the sulfur atom will be slightly positive (δ+
) (a polar
[CL3] (4)
sulfur, therefore the oxygen atoms will be slightly negative (δ-) and the sulfur [16]
atom will be slightly positive (δ+) (a polar molecule). [CL3] (4)
4.1.14.1.1a) a)
Correct sodium ion
Correct sodium ion
TwoTwosodiumsodium
ions ions
Correct
Correct sulfidesulfi
ionde ion [CL3][CL3] (3) (3)
b)b)
Correct number of electrons sulfur atom
Correct
Correct number
fluoride ions of electrons sulfur atom [CL3] (2)
Correct fluoride ions
[CL3] (2)
ASSESSMENTS
4.1.2 a) b)
4.1.2 a) b)  One mark
for each
 One mark for each
Sulfur is the central atom with its six valence electrons. Oxygen also has
Sulfur is the central
six valence atom
electrons andwith its sixhas
chlorine valence electrons.
seven valence OxygenIn
electrons. also
thehas
firstsix valence electrons
and chlorine has seven valence electrons. In the first molecule sulfur and oxygen form a
molecule sulfur and oxygen form a double bond between them; in the second
double bond between them; in the second molecule there is a dative covalent bond between
molecule
sulfur there is a dative covalent bond between sulfur and oxygen. [CL4]
and oxygen. [CL4] (5) (5)
4.1.3 a) SF2 Angular  Two lone pairs on sulfur atom repel each other
4.1.3 a) SF2 Angular  Two causing
lone pairsthe
on shape
sulfur to
atom repel(angular).
be bent each other causing
[CL3] (2)the shape
to be bent (angular). [CL3] (2)
b) BeCℓ2 Linear  An ideal shape as there are no lone pairs on Be.
b) BeCℓ2 Linear  An ideal shape as there are no lone pairs on Be. [CL2] (2)
4.2.1 a) Electronegativity: a measure of the tendency of an atom in a molecule to
[CL2] (2)
attract the bonding electrons. [CL1] (2)
4.2.1 a) Electronegativity: a measure of the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract the
b) Bond polarity: A non-polar covalent bond is one in which the electron
density is shared equally between the bonding atoms,  and a polar covalent
b) Bondispolarity:
bond A non-polar
one in which covalent
the electron bondisisshared
density one inunequally
which thebetween
electronthe
density is shared
equally between
bonding atoms.the bonding atoms,  and a polar covalent bon is one in which the(2)
[CL1] electron
density is shared unequally between the bonding atoms.
4.2.2 a) SF2 Polar covalent bonds [CL1] (2)
∆ electronegativity  (method) = 4,0 – 2,5 = 1,5 [CL2] (3)
4.2.2 a)b) HSF2
Polar
S2 Polar covalent
covalent bonds
bonds
electronegativity =2,5
∆∆ electronegativity (method)
– 2,1 = =0,4
4,0 – 2,5 = 1,5 [CL2][CL2] (2) (3)
b) HS Polar covalent bonds
[21]
2
∆ electronegativity = 2,5 – 2,1 = 0,4 [CL2] (2)
[21]
5.1.1 electrons Term 1 111 (1)

[CL2]
5.1.2 polar covalent bonds [CL2] (1)
5.2.1 H ion (or H O+ ion or hydrogen ion or hydronium ion)

+
Gr11_Physical_Science_Term1_Resource_Book.indb 111
3 [CL3] (1)
2018/12/24 8:26:07 AM
RESOURCE PACK
5.1.1
electrons [CL2] (1)
5.1.2
polar covalent bonds [CL2] (1)
5.2.1
H ion (or H3O ion or hydrogen ion or hydronium ion)
+ +
[CL3] (1)
5.2.2
HI 
It requires the lowest amount of energy to break the bond between H and I
therefore it will react most readily with water to release H= ions. [CL4] (3)
[6]
6.1.1 7
6.1.2 4 [CL2] (1)
[CL2] (1)
6.1.2 4 [CL2] (1)
6.1.2 4 [CL2] (1)
6.26.2 A A covalent
covalent bond is
is the sharing
sharing of electronstotoform
formaachemical
chemicalbond
bondbetween
between two atoms.
6.2 A covalentbond
bond isthe
the sharingofofelectrons
electrons to form a chemical bond between two atoms.
[CL!] (2)
two atoms. [CL!]
[CL!] (2) (2)
6.3.1
6.3.1
6.3.1
correct number
number of valence
of valence electrons
electrons in each
in each atom
correct
correct number of valence electrons inatom
each atom
covalent bond shown clearly [CL2] (2)
bond shown
bond shown
covalent
covalent clearlyclearly [CL2]
[CL2] (2) (2)
6.3.2
6.3.2 correct number of valence electrons in each atom
6.3.2 correct number of valence electrons in each atom
number bonds shownelectrons
of valence clearly [CL2] (2)
shown clearly in each atom[CL2]
covalent
correct
covalent bonds (2)
covalent bonds shown clearly [CL2] (2)
6.4.1 covalent
6.4.1 covalent bond
bond (non-polar)
(non-polar) [CL2] (1)
[CL2] (1)
6.4.1 covalent bond (non-polar)
6.4.2 polar covalent bond [CL2]
[CL2] (1) (1)
6.4.2 polar covalent
6.5.1 trigonal bond
planar [CL2]
[CL2] (2) (1)
6.4.2 polar covalent bond [CL2] (1)
6.5.2 tetrahedral [CL2] (2)
6.5.1 trigonal planar [CL2] (2)
6.5.1 trigonal planar
6.5.3 linear [CL2]
[CL2] (2) (2)
6.6.1 The
6.5.2 shorter the bond length the higher the bond energy.
tetrahedral [CL3] (2)
[CL2] (2)
6.5.2 tetrahedral [CL2] (2)
6.6.2 C C can break to form B losing 839 – 614 = 225 kJ.mol  which is less than
-1
6.5.3 linear [CL2] (2)

6.5.3 the energy required to break a single covalent bond between the carbon atoms.
linear [CL2] (2)
6.6.1 The shorter the bond length the higher the bond energy. [CL4] (3)
[CL3] (2)
6.6.1 The shorter the bond length the higher the bond energy. [CL3] (2)
[20]
6.6.2 C C can break to form B losing 839 – 614 = 225 kJ⋅mol-1-1 which is less than the energy
6.6.2 C C can break to form B losing 839 – 614 = 225 kJ⋅mol  which is less than the energy
required to break a single covalent bond between the carbon atoms. {CL4] (3)
required to break a single covalent bond between the carbon atoms. {CL4] (3)
[20]
[20]

TOPIC 4: INTERMOLECULAR FORCES AND CHEMISTRY OF WATER
GRADE 11: TERM 1 ASSESSMENT: QUESTIONS TOPIC 4
MULITPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
Topic
1.1 4: Intermolecular
Between which particles can hydrogen bonds Forces
occur?
QUESTIONS
A Small molecules that contain hydrogen.
B Molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to small atoms with high
MULITPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
electronegativity.
1. Between
C whichSmall
particles canwith
atoms hydrogen bonds
very high occur?
electronegativity.
A Small molecules that contain hydrogen.
D
B Molecules Molecules in which hydrogen
in which hydrogen is bondedistobonded to small
small atoms atoms
with high with low
electronegativity. (2)
electronegativity.
C Small atoms with very high electronegativity.
D Molecules
1.2 The gecko in is
which hydrogen
a small is bonded
lizard that to small
can climb up a atoms
smooth with lowwindow. The gecko has
glass
electronegativity.
millions of microscopic hairs on its toes and each hair has thousands of pads(2)
on its
tip. The result is that the molecules in the pads are extremely close to the glass
ASSESSMENTS
2. The gecko is a small lizard that can climb up a smooth glass window. The gecko
surface on which the gecko is climbing.
has millions of microscopic hairs on its toes and each hair has thousands of pads
What
on its tip. Theisresult
the attraction
is that thebetween thein
molecules gecko’s toeare
the pads pads and theclose
extremely glass
tosurface?
the
glass surface
A on which
dative the gecko
covalent is climbing.
bonds
What is the attraction between the gecko’s toe pads and the glass surface?
B covalent bonds
A dative covalent bonds
C
B covalent ionic bonds
bonds
C ionic D bonds van der Waals forces (2)
D van der Waals forces (2)
Questions 3. and 4. refer to the graph below.
Questions 1.3 and 1.4 refer to the graph below.
3. Water has a higher boiling point than expected because it…

1.3
A is Water has a higher boiling point than expected because it…
a liquid.
B has A strongishydrogen
a liquid. bonding intermolecular forces.
C is a polar covalent molecule.
B has strong hydrogen bonding intermolecular forces.
D has small polar molecules.
C is a polar covalent molecule.
Term 1 113

RESOURCE PACK
4. The tendency for boiling point to increase from H2S to H2Te is due to…
A stronger London intermolecular forces.
B stronger polar covalent bonds.
C increasing molecular polarity.
D stronger dipole-dipole intermolecular forces.
5. Which one of the following combinations is correct?
Compound Strongest Intermolecular force
A CH3F Hydrogen bonding
B HCℓ Hydrogen bonding
C CH3OH Dipole-dipole forces
D CCℓ4 London forces

(2)
6. The fact that noble gases liquefy can be given as evidence for the existence of …
A covalent bonds.
B dipole-dipole forces.
C hydrogen bonds.
D London forces. (2)
7. Crude oil consists of a mixture of different compounds called hydrocarbons. The

molecular formula of some of these compounds is given below. Which one of
these compounds will have the highest boiling point?
A C4H10
B C6H14
C C8H18
D C10H22 (2)

8. The graph shown below gives the boiling points of the hydrides of group 14, 15,
16 and 17 elements.
ASSESSMENTS
Water, hydrogen fluoride and ammonia have higher boiling points than expected,
which suggests that these substances have stronger intermolecular forces between
their molecules.
Which of the following does not contribute to the unexpectedly high boiling
points of these three substances?
Nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine ……
A have small atoms.
B are non-metals.
C have high electronegativities.
D are bonded to hydrogen atoms. (2)
Term 1 115

RESOURCE PACK
9. Hydrogen chloride occurs naturally as a gas at room temperature. When the

temperature is reduced, hydrogen chloride liquefies and eventually solidifies.
Which of the following pairs correctly names the bonds and the intermolecular
forces found in hydrogen chloride?
Bond Intermolecular force
A Non-polar covalent Hydrogen bond force
B Polar covalent Hydrogen bond force
C Non-polar covalent London force
D Polar covalent Dipole-dipole force

(2)
10. In which one of the following compounds will hydrogen bonds be present? (All
these compounds are in the liquid phase).
A HCℓ
B HF
C H2
D H2S (2)
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Water exists as a liquid at room temperature, but methane exists as a gas at this
temperature. The molar mass of water is 18 g.mol-1 and that of methane is
16 g.mol-1. Explain, by discussing their intra- and intermolecular forces, why
these two substances of similar molar mass exist in different phases at room
temperature.[6]
2. H2O and CCℓ4 are both liquids that also act as solvents for other substances. CCℓ4
has been used in the dry-cleaning business, but because it is toxic, it is no longer
used for this commercially.
The table below gives information about these two substances.
Substance Viscosity (kg.m-1.s) Surface tension (J.m-2)
H2O 1 × 10-3 7,3 × 10-2
CCℓ4 9,7 × 10-4 2,7 × 10-2
2.1 Determine the types of bonds in each of these substances. Justify your answer.(3)
2.2 Draw Lewis dot diagrams for:
a) H2O
b) CCℓ4(4)
2.3 Identify the specific type of intermolecular forces in each compound. (2)
2.4 Explain the differences in viscosity and the surface tension of these two
substances as shown in the data in the table above. (5)
2.5 KCℓ and I2 are both solids at room temperature. Which of these substances
will dissolve most readily in CCℓ4? Explain briefly. (3)
[17]

3.1 Consider the following information for the compounds CF4 and NH3 at
standard pressure.
Compound Melting Point (°C) Boiling Point (°C) Solubility in Water

at 20 °C
CF4 −183,6 −127,8 insoluble
NH3 −77,7 −33,3 soluble
3.1.1 What evidence is there in the table that suggests that NH3 molecules
experience stronger intermolecular forces than CF4? (1)
3.1.2 Explain fully why CF4 is insoluble in water but NH3 is soluble. (5)
3.1.3 Ammonia dissolves in water to form the ammonium anion.
(a) Write down the ionic equation for the reaction. (1)
ASSESSMENTS
(b) Explain the formation of a dative covalent bond in ammonia. (2)
3.2 The graph below shows the relationship between the boiling points of
the hydrides of group VI elements, namely H2W, H2X, H2Y and H2Z, and
3.2. The graph below shows the relationship between the boiling points of the hydrides of
molecular
group VImass.
elements, namely H2W, H2X, H2Y and H2Z, and molecular mass.
3.2.1. What unexpected result do you observe on the graph? (2)

3.2.2.
3.2.1 WhatIdentify H2W.result do you observe on the graph?
unexpected (2) (2)
3.2.2 Identify
3.2.3. H2W.the phenomenon referred to in question 3.2.1.
Explain (2) (4)
3.2.3 Explain the phenomenon referred to in question 3.2.1. (4) [17]
[17]
4. The equation for the combustion reaction of ethanol is given below.
C2H5OH() + 3 O2(g)  2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O() ΔH < 0
4.4.1 Draw the Lewis electron dot diagram for the ethanol molecule (CH3CH2OH).
Use dots and
crosses or different colours to show which electrons come from which atoms.
(3)
4.4.2 Name and define the specific type of intramolecular bond Term 1 117between
that forms
the C atom and the O atom in the ethanol molecule. (3)
4.4.3 Name/state the molecular geometry (shape) around…

(a) each C atom in the ethanol molecule. (1)
RESOURCE PACK
4. The equation for the combustion reaction of ethanol is given below.

C2H5OH(ℓ) + 3 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(ℓ) ΔH < 0
4.1 Draw the Lewis electron dot diagram for the ethanol molecule
(CH3CH2OH). Use dots and crosses or different colours to show which
electrons come from which atoms. (3)
4.2 Name and define the specific type of intramolecular bond that forms
between the C atom and the O atom in the ethanol molecule. (3)
4.3 Name/state the molecular geometry (shape) around…
(a) each C atom in the ethanol molecule. (1)
(b) the O atom in the ethanol molecule. (1)
4.4 Explain clearly why ethanol is a versatile (very useful) solvent. (4)
[12]
5. The table below shows the boiling points of four alcohols.
Alcohol Molecular formula Boiling point (°C)
Methanol CH3OH 65
Ethanol C2H5OH 79
Propanol C3H7OH 97
Butanol C4H9OH 117
5.1 Draw a graph of the boiling points (on the y-axis) against the number of
carbon atoms in the molecule (on the x-axis). Start with the temperatures
from 60°C. Draw the line of best fit for the data. (5)
5.2 Describe the trend in the boiling points of the alcohols. (2)
5.3 Name the strongest intermolecular forces in these substances. (1)
5.4 Explain the trend that this data shows about boiling points of alcohols, with
reference to the intermolecular forces. (2)
5.5 Methanol (CH3OH) has a boiling point of 65°C whereas ethane (C2H6) boils
at – 164°C. Explain why these two substances have such wide differences in
their boiling points even though they have the same molecular mass. (4)
[14]
6. The boiling points of four compounds of hydrogen at standard pressure are given
in the table below.
Formula Boiling point

(°C)
CH4 -164
NH3 −33
H2O 100
SiH4 −112
6.1 Define the term ‘boiling point’. (2)

6.2 Fully explain the difference in boiling points between CH4 and
6.2.1 NH3.(3)
6.2.2 SiH4.(3)
6.3 Explain why the boiling points of NH3 and H2O differ by referring to
electronegativity, the molecular shapes and the intermolecular forces in
these substances. (4)
6.4 Select a substance from the table above which has
6.4.1 polar molecules. (1)
6.4.2 non-polar molecules. (1)
[14]
7. The properties of water play an important role for survival on Earth.
7.1 Explain why the density of water decreases when it freezes. (3)
7.2 Give ONE reason why this decrease in the density of water is important for
life on Earth. (2)
ASSESSMENTS
7.3 Briefly explain, by referring to the unique property of water involved, how
water regulates temperatures on Earth. (2)
7.4 Which ONE of intermolecular forces or intramolecular forces is stronger?
Explain your answer using water as an example. (3)
7.5 Water evaporates slower than eucalyptus oil. Explain this statement in terms
of intermolecular forces. (3)
[13]
Term 1 119

RESOURCE PACK
MARKING GUIDELINES
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. B  It is the small atom with high electronegativity that is bonded to a
hydrogen atom that allows hydrogen bonds to form between molecules
of a substance. [CL2] (2)
2. D  It is the force between the molecules of glass and the molecules in the
pads of gecko’s toes that allows it climb the smooth glass surface. The
other choices here concern intramolecular forces (chemical bonds). The
gecko does not bond permanently with the glass! [CL3] (2)
3. B  The other substances do not have hydrogen bonds between their

molecules. It must therefore be the strong hydrogen bonds between
water molecules that accounts for its high boiling point. [CL2] (2)
4. D  The molecules of H2S, H2Se and H2Te are polar, therefore the
intermolecular forces between them are dipole-dipole forces. The forces
become stronger as the size of the molecules increases. [CL2] (2)
5. D  CH3F does not have hydrogen bonding because the fluorine atom
is attached to the carbon atom (not to a hydrogen atom). HCℓ has
dipole-dipole forces (not hydrogen bonds). CH3OH has dipole-dipole
forces, but its strongest intermolecular forces are hydrogen bonds. The
only correct answer is therefore CCℓ4 which does have London forces
between its molecules. [CL3] (2)
6. D  The noble gases are non-polar substances. The fact that they liquefy
gives evidence that forces exist between their molecules in the liquid
phase. These forces are London forces. [CL2] (2)
7. D  These compounds are all the same type of substance; therefore,

they will have the same type of intermolecular forces between their
molecules. The intermolecular forces will increase in strength as the
size of the molecules increases because there will be more points of
contact available for the forces to hold the molecules closer together.
[CL2] (2)
8. B It is the small atom with high electronegativity that is bonded to a
hydrogen atom that allows hydrogen bonds to form between molecules of
a substance. Therefore, the fact that these elements are non-metals does not
contribute directly to the hydrogen bonding. [CL 4] (2)

9. D  ydrogen chloride has one polar covalent bond between its atoms. It
H
has dipole-dipole intermolecular forces between its molecules. [CL 3] (2)
10. B  F is a small atom with high electronegativity bonded to H. It is these

types of molecules that can form hydrogen bonds between them. [CL2] (2)
LONG QUESTIONS
1. Both methane and water have polar covalent bonds between their atoms.
∆ electronegativity C-H = 2,5 – 2,1 = 0,4
∆ electronegativity H-0 = 3,5 – 2,1 = 1,4
(for calculating ∆ electronegativity correctly) 
The bond between oxygen and hydrogen is more polar than that between carbon
and hydrogen.
Water has an angular structure, whereas methane is tetrahedral. The electron
ASSESSMENTS
distribution in the water molecule is asymmetrical, but it is symmetrical in the
methane molecule.
Water molecules are polar; methane molecules are non-polar.
The intermolecular forces between water molecules are hydrogen bond (dipole-
dipole) forces which are much stronger than the London forces (induced
dipole-induced dipole forces) that exist between methane molecules, therefore
water is a liquid and methane is a gas at room temperature. [CL 4] [6]
2.1 Water: polar covalent bond
CCℓ4: polar covalent bond
The differences in electronegativity in each of these bonds is greater than 0. [CL 2] (3)
2.2
2 marks for each correct diagram.

-1 any mistake. [CL 3] (4)
2.3 Water: hydrogen bond  (dipole-dipole) forces CCℓ4: London forces  [CL 2] (2)
2.4 The viscosity of water is about 10 times that of CCℓ4, and its surface tension is
just a little more than twice as high. The hydrogen bonds between molecules
in water are much stronger than the dispersion (London) forces in CCℓ4. 
Therefore, it makes sense that water molecules will cling to one another more
tightly than CCℓ4 molecules – and therefore have stronger forces in the surface of
the liquid (surface tension) and greater viscosity than CCℓ4. [CL 4] (4)
2.5 Iodine is a non-polar substance, whereas KCℓ is an ionic substance.  Substances
with similar strength of intermolecular forces are able to dissolve in one another.
 Therefore, iodine will dissolve in CCℓ4 (but KCℓ will not). [CL 3] (3)
[17]
Term 1 121

RESOURCE PACK
3.1.1 The melting and boiling points of NH3 are much higher than those of CF4 therefore it
3.1.1 The
takes melting and boiling
more energy points ofthe
to overcome NHintermolecular
3
are much higher than
forces in those
NH3. of CF4
[CL2] (2)
therefore it takes more energy to overcome the intermolecular forces in NH .
3.1.2 CF4 molecules are non-polar molecules; they have London forces between3 them. 
Water molecules are polar molecules with stronger hydrogen bonds between [CL2] (2)
them.
3.1.2 CF
 If4 molecules
CF4 is addedare tonon-polar
water, the molecules; they haveare
water molecules London forcesattracted
so strongly between tothem.
each
other
Waterthatmolecules
they will not
are move apart to allow
polar molecules withCF 4 molecules
stronger to mix
hydrogen in with
bonds them. 
between
Therefore
them.  If CF
CF44 is insoluble
is added in water.
to water, the water molecules are so strongly attracted to
each other that they
NH3 molecules will not
are polar move apart
molecules withto allow CFbonding
hydrogen 4
molecules to between
force mix in with
them.
them.
Because  Therefore CF4 isare
these forces insoluble in water. strength to the forces between water
of comparable
molecules,
NH moleculesammonia molecules
are polar molecules willwith
mix hydrogen
with waterbonding
molecules force ammonia
–between will
them.
3
dissolve in water.
Because these forces are of comparable strength to the forces between water [CL3] (5)
3.1.3 molecules,
a) NH3ammonia
(g) + H2O(ℓ)molecules
→ NH4+will(aq)mix
+ OH with
- water
(aq)  molecules – ammonia [CL3] will (1)
dissolve in water. [CL3] (5)
b) The lone pair of electrons on the− NH3 molecule is donated to form the bond 
3.1.3 a) NH3(g) + H2O(ℓ) → NH4 (aq) + OH (aq) 
+
[CL3] (1)
with the H+ ion that is removed from the water molecule. [CL3] (2)
b) The lone pair of electrons on the NH3 molecule is donated to form the bond
3.2.1 The boiling point
with the H+ofionH2W
thatisismuch higher
removed thatthe
from expected. 
water molecule. [CL2] [CL3] (2) (2)
3.2.1 The
3.2.2 Water boiling
(or Hpoint
2O)  of H2W is much higher that expected.  [CL2] [CL2] (2)
3.2.2 Water (or H2O)  [CL2] (2)
3.2.3 Water molecules have much stronger intermolecular forces between their molecules
3.2.3 Water
than the molecules have much
other hydrides stronger
of group intermolecular
VI elements forces
do.  This between
occurs their hydrogen is
because
molecules
bonded to than oxygenthe which
other hydrides
is a very of group
small atom VI elements
with highdo.electronegativity
 This occurs .
because
Hydrogen hydrogen is bonded
bonds exist between to oxygen which is a very
water molecules; small atom
dipole-dipole  with
forces high
exist between
the molecules of .
electronegativity theHydrogen
other substances.
bonds exist  between water molecules;[CL3] dipole- (4)
dipole forces exist between the molecules of the other substances.  [CL3][17]
(4)
[17]
4.1.  4 electrons on each carbon atom

4.1.  4 electrons on each carbon atom
 1 electron on each hydrogen atom
  1 6electron onon
electrons each hydrogen
oxygen atomsatom
(1 lone pair)
 6 electrons on oxygen atoms (1 lone[CL3]
pair) (3)
[CL3] (3)
4.2
4.2 polar
polar covalent
covalent bond
bond
The bonded pair of shared electrons is more strongly attracted to the more
The bonded pair of shared electrons is more strongly attracted to the more
electronegative atom (oxygen).  [CL2] (3)
electronegative atom (oxygen).  [CL2] (3)
4.3 a) tetrahedral  [CL2] (1)
b) angular  [CL3] (1)
4.4
4.3 Ethanol
a) molecules have
tetrahedral  a non-polar side and a polar side to them therefore
[CL2] (1)
they are able to dissolve polar and non-polar substances.  [CL4] (4)
b) angular  [CL3] (1)
4.4 Ethanol molecules have a non-polar side and a polar side to them therefore they
are able to dissolve polar and non-polar substances.  [CL4] (4)

5.1
5.1
Graph of Boiling Point against Number of Atoms
of Carbon in the Alcohol Molecule
120
Boiling point (oC) 110
100
90
80
70
60
0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of atoms of carbon in the alcohol molecule
ASSESSMENTS
Appropriate title for the graph
 Appropriate
Axes title forwith
labelled correctly the SI
graph
unit (y-axis)
 Axes labelled correctly
Appropriate scales on axes with SI unit (y-axis)
 Appropriate scales on axes
Points plotted correctly
 Points plotted correctly
Line
 Line of best fit (straight
of best line)line)
fit (straight [CL2] [CL2] (5)
(5)
5.2 The boiling point increases at a steady rate as the number of carbon atoms in
the alcohol molecule increases. [CL3] (2)
5.2 The boiling point increases at a steady rate as the number of carbon atoms in the
5.3 Hydrogen bonds 
alcohol molecule increases. [CL3] [CL2] (1)
(2)
5.4 As the number of carbon atoms in the molecules increases, the size of the
molecules also increases. The intermolecular forces between the molecules
5.3 become
Hydrogenstronger
bondsbecause
 there are more points of contact available on the bigger (1)
[CL2]
molecules. [CL3] (2)
5.4 As the number of carbon atoms in the molecules increases, the size of the molecules
5.5 Methanol has hydrogen
also increases. bonding between
The intermolecular its between
forces moleculesthewhereas ethane
molecules which stronger
become
isbecause
a non-polar
theresubstance has weaker
are morepoints London
of contact forceson
available between its molecules.
the bigger molecules.
Hydrogen bonding forces are the strongest type of intermolecular force; 
[CL3] (2)
London forces are the weakest forces between molecules therefore there is a
5.5 Methanol
wide has hydrogen
difference bonding
between their between
boiling its molecules whereas ethane which
points. is (4)
[CL3] a
non-polar substance  has weaker London forces between its molecules.
6.1 Hydrogen
The boilingbonding forces
point is the are the strongest
temperature at whichtype of intermolecular
the vapour pressure offorce;  London
a liquid is
forcestoare
equal thethe weakest forces
atmospheric between molecules therefore there is a wide
pressure. [CL1] (2)
6.2 difference between their boiling points.
NH3 is a polar molecule which has strong hydrogen bonds between its [CL3] (4)
molecules. CH4 is a non-polar molecule with weaker London forces between
its molecules. It takes much more energy to overcome the forces between the
6.1 The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid is equal
molecules of NH3 pressure.
to the atmospheric therefore its boiling point is much higher[CL1]
than that of CH4. (2)
[CL3] (3)
6.2 NH3 is a polar molecule which has strong hydrogen bonds between its molecules.
CH4 is a non-polar molecule with weaker London forces between its molecules. It
takes much more energy to overcome the forces between the molecules of NH3 
therefore its boiling point is much higher than that of CH4. [CL3] (3)
Term 1 123

RESOURCE PACK
6.3 NH3 and H2O both have polar molecules with hydrogen bonds between them.
 The electronegativity difference between N and H is 3,0 – 2,1 = 0,9 whereas
the electronegativity difference between H and O is 3,5 – 2,1 = 1,4. The
covalent bonds inside the water molecule are more polar than those in the NH3
molecule. Water molecules have an angular shape, whereas NH3 molecules
are trigonal pyramidal. This allows each water molecule to form two hydrogen
bonds with two other water molecules making the intermolecular forces in water
much stronger than those in NH3.  [CL4] (4)
6.4.1 NH3 or H2O  [CL2] (1)
6.4.2 CH4 or SiH4  [CL2] (1)
[14]
7.1 Hydrogen bonds between water molecules act in particular directions. When
ice crystallises, this directional property of hydrogen causes the molecules to
align next to each in a more open structure than they do when water is liquid.
Water’s volume increases as the molecules move into their positions in the
crystal, therefore its density decreases. [CL3] (3)
7.2 Water freezes from the top down so, ice forms on the surface of water first while
the bottom of the lake, dam, river or ocean remains liquid. The sheet of ice
over the top of a frozen lake insulates the water below it from the colder air in
the atmosphere. In this way plants and animals that live in water are able to do so
under the sheet of ice. [CL2] (2)
7.3 Water has a very high specific heat capacity. (It takes a large amount of energy to
be absorbed per kg of water to raise the temperature of water by 1°C). Water
also releases a large amount of energy per kg when its temperature drops by 1°C.
In this way water acts as a heat reservoir – and regulates the temperatures on
Earth. [CL3] (2)
7.4 Intramolecular forces are stronger than intermolecular forces.  In water the
polar covalent bond between hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms requires more
energy to break, that the energy required to overcome the hydrogen bonding
forces that keep the molecules together in liquids and solids. [CL3] (3)
7.5 Eucalyptus oil molecules are non-polar molecules with weaker London forces
between them. Water molecules have stronger hydrogen bonds between their
molecules. It takes more energy to release a water molecule from the surface
than it does to release molecules of eucalyptus oil. [CL3] (3)

Grade 11 - Term 1 - Physical Sciences Revision

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Grade 11 - Term 1 - Physical Sciences Revision

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Grade 11 - Term 1 - Physical Sciences Revision

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Topic 1: Vectors in two dimensions

82 Grade 11 Physical Sciences

Gr11_Physical_Science_Term1_Resource_Book.indb 82 2018/12/24 8:24:51 AM

5. Three forces F, T and W act on an object as shown in the diagram below.

Gr11_Physical_Science_Term1_Resource_Book.indb 83 2018/12/24 8:24:53 AM

5. Three forces act on an object. F1 = 35 N acts vertically upwards, F2 = 65 N acts at

84 Grade 11 Physical Sciences

Gr11_Physical_Science_Term1_Resource_Book.indb 84 2018/12/24 8:24:53 AM

Gr11_Physical_Science_Term1_Resource_Book.indb 85 2018/12/24 8:24:58 AM

1.4 R2 = 3002 + 4002 

86 Grade 11 Physical Sciences

Gr11_Physical_Science_Term1_Resource_Book.indb 86 2018/12/24 8:25:02 AM

3.1 The change in position of a body   [CL1] (2)

3.3 Rx = + 40 - 60 = - 20 km therefore Rx = 20 km west {

3.4 R2 = 202 + 302 {

4.1  correct force F

4.2 Fx = F cos i = 500 cos 30° {= 433, 01 N {  [CL2] (2)

4.3 Fy = F sin i = 500 sin 30° {= 250 N { [CL2] (2)

4.4 Friction in the horizontal plane 

Gr11_Physical_Science_Term1_Resource_Book.indb 87 2018/12/24 8:25:07 AM

5.3 F2x = F2 cos 65 cos 45° = 45, 96 N right {

6.2 F4 = 780 N  bearing 099° 

88 Grade 11 Physical Sciences

Gr11_Physical_Science_Term1_Resource_Book.indb 88 2018/12/24 8:25:13 AM

Topic 2: Newton’s Laws and

The crate will …

Gr11_Physical_Science_Term1_Resource_Book.indb 89 2018/12/24 8:25:16 AM

6. A person stands on a scale in an elevator. He notices that the scale reading is

7. The diagram below shows a block of mass M2 initially at rest on a smooth,

90 Grade 11 Physical Sciences

Gr11_Physical_Science_Term1_Resource_Book.indb 90 2018/12/24 8:25:17 AM

1.1 State Newton’s Second Law of Motion in words. (2)

2.1 Two blocks of mass X kg and 2 kg respectively are connected by a light,

2.1.1 State Newton’s THIRD law in words. (2)

Gr11_Physical_Science_Term1_Resource_Book.indb 91 2018/12/24 8:25:21 AM

The tension in string 1 is 450 N.

92 Grade 11 Physical Sciences

Gr11_Physical_Science_Term1_Resource_Book.indb 92 2018/12/24 8:25:23 AM

Gr11_Physical_Science_Term1_Resource_Book.indb 93 2018/12/24 8:25:24 AM

7. The photograph shows the result of an incident

94 Grade 11 Physical Sciences

Gr11_Physical_Science_Term1_Resource_Book.indb 94 2018/12/24 8:25:24 AM

5. B  Weight of laptop = Downward force of Earth on laptop.

This value is greater than 1 and less than 2.  [CL 4] (2)

Gr11_Physical_Science_Term1_Resource_Book.indb 95 2018/12/24 8:25:28 AM

1.2 Tension in Q (T2)

One mark for each

2. 2.1.1 When object A exerts a force on object B, object B simultaneously exerts an

96 Grade 11 Physical Sciences

Gr11_Physical_Science_Term1_Resource_Book.indb 96 2018/12/24 8:25:36 AM

 For each correctly

Gr11_Physical_Science_Term1_Resource_Book.indb 97 2018/12/24 8:25:43 AM

4.3 T2x = T2 cos 60° = T2 cos 60°

4.4 T1y = T1 sin 40° = 450 sin 40° = 289, 25 N { upwards

5.3 Choose up as positive.

6.1 w2kg = ^2 h^9, 8h = 19, 6 N

98 Grade 11 Physical Sciences

Gr11_Physical_Science_Term1_Resource_Book.indb 98 2018/12/24 8:25:53 AM

Weight w  [CL2] (2)

3.1 The change in position of a body  [CL1] (2)

4.2 Fx = F cos i = 500 cos 30° {= 433, 01 N { [CL2] (2)

4.3 Fy = F sin i = 500 sin 30° {= 250 N { [CL2] (2)

1.1 State Newton’s Second Law of Motion in words. (2)

2.1.1 State Newton’s THIRD law in words. (2)

5. B  Weight of laptop = Downward force of Earth on laptop.

This value is greater than 1 and less than 2. [CL 4] (2)

2. 2.1.1 When object A exerts a force on object B, object B simultaneously exerts an

 For each correctly

Weight w  [CL2] (2)

10. D  This molecule has a symmetrical shape (tetrahedral). Even though

6.1 Define the term ‘boiling point’. (2)