ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The foundation for any successful venture is laid out not just by the individual accomplishing the
task, but also by several other people who believe that the individual can excel and put in their
every bit in every endeavor he/she embarks on, at every stage in life. And the success is derived
when opportunity meets preparation, also supported by a well-coordinated approach and attitude.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Y Vijaya Kumar, The Principal, Atria
Institute of Technology, Bengaluru for providing a congenial environment to work in.

I also like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Arun Balodi, Head of Department, Electronics
and Communication Engineering, Atria Institute of Technology, Bengaluru for his continuous
support and encouragement.

I am indeed indebted to Dr. Keshavamurthy, Dr. Satyasrikanth Palle, Prof. Nataraja N,

Prof. Somesh B S Professors, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Atria Institute of
Technology, Bengaluru as Internship Coordinators and Prof.Ramesh N, Assistant Professor,
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Atria Institute of Technology, Bengaluru as guide
for his continued support, advice and valuable inputs during the course of this internship.

Last, but not the least I would like to thank my family, who has acted as a beacon of light
throughout my life. My sincere gratitude goes out to all my comrades and well-wishers who have
supported me through all the venture.

Yours Sincerely,
 Company Profile
Business Name: IETE Bangalore

Established Date: 1953.

Address: Bellary Road, Ganga Nagar Extension, Bengaluru-560032

Email id: bangalore@iete.org

Website: www.iete.org

Contact No: +91-9901743330. 080-23331133.

The IETE focuses on advancement of the Science and Technology of Electronics,

Telecommunication, Computers, Information Technology and related areas. Towards this end the
Institution promotes and conducts basic engineering and continuing technical education
programmes for human resource development. Association of Indian Universities (AIU), Union
Public Service Commission (UPSC) has recognized AMIETE, ALCCS (Advanced Level Course
in Computer Science). Government of India has recognized IETE as a Scientific and Industrial
Research Organization (SIRO) and also notified as an educational institution of national
eminence. The IETE focuses on advancement of electronics and telecommunication technology.
The IETE conducts and sponsors technical meetings, conferences, symposium, and exhibitionsall
over India, publishes technical and research journals and provides continuing education as well
as career advancement opportunities to its members.

IETE today is one of the prominent technical institution to provide education to working
professionals in India and is fast expanding its wings across the country through its 60+ centres.
Since 1953, IETE has expanded its educational activities in areas of electronics,
telecommunications, computer science and information technology. IETE conduct programs by
examination, leading to Dip IETE equivalent to Diploma in Engineering, AMIETE equivalent to
B Tech, and ALCCS equivalent to M Tech. IETE started Dual Degree, Dual Diploma and
Integrated programs in December 2011.

The Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE) is India’s leading

recognized professional society devoted to the advancement of Science and Technology of
Electronics, Telecommunication & IT. Founded in 1953. The IETE is the National Apex
Professional body of Electronics and Telecommunication, Computer Science and IT
Professionals. It serves more than 1,25,000 members (including Corporate, Student and ISF
members) through various 63 Centers, spread all over India and abroad. The Institution provides
leadership in Scientific and Technical areas of direct importance to the national development and
economy. Government of India has recognized IETE as a Scientific and Industrial Research
Organization (SIRO) and also notified as an educational Institution of national eminence. The
objectives of IETE focus on advancing electro-technology. The IETE conducts and sponsors
technical meetings, conferences, symposia, and exhibitions all over India, publishes technical
journals and provides continuing education as well as career advancement opportunities to its
members.

The IETE is the National Apex Professional body of Electronics and Telecommunication,
Computer Science and IT Professionals. The IETE focuses on advancement of the Science and
Technology of Electronics, Telecommunication, Computers, Information Technology and related
areas. Towards this end The Institution promotes and conducts basic engineering and continuing
technical education Programs for human resource development.

The objectives of IETE focus on advancing electro-technology. The IETE conducts and sponsors
technical meetings, conferences, symposia, and exhibitions all over India, publishes technical
journals and provides continuing education as well as career advancement opportunities to its
members. In addition they are entitled to subsidized subscription rates for other publications of
IETE. Other benefits include concessional rates for attending seminars, conferences and other
technical programs are organized by IETE and opportunity to participate in meetings and forums
on professional issues.
 Vision Statement

As it is a constituency of Prime Minister honorable Mr. Narendra Modi, we wish to provide

the training of the students of Varanasi in various programs like CSDC, IPSC, IT-IT’s,
TSSC, CGSC, Beauty & Wellness Skill Sector Council, ESSC, and Apparel Made-UPS &
Home Furnishing Council.

We aim to impart futuristic and high quality technical, professional and non-technical
education to the young and talented students. We strive to become the front runner in the
field of education in India by attracting and nurturing the best talent and providing them a
platform where they can strengthen and grow their core competencies and build their careeras
world class professionals.

 Mission Statement

We are committed to provide the qualitative training to the underprivileged deserving

students ofthe rural area and set their skill with advancement for manufacturing & service
sectors and also make their life comfort. We also have the mission to establish the more &
more training institutes close to the undeveloped rural areas which will be beneficial for the
students as well for industries growth. The Institution of Engineering and Technical
Education is committed to offering a challenging education that develops qualities of
engineering spirit andbody necessary for a rewarding life of service in a diverse and changing
world.

7
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Ch. No. CONTENTS Page No.

1. INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM 9

1.1 Characteristics of Embedded System
1.2 Basic structure of Embedded System
1.3 Purpose of Embedded System
1.4 Applications of Embedded System
1.5 Software Requirements
1.6 Advantages and
2. Disadvantages ARM CORTEX 15
M0
2.1 ARM CORTEX M0 Pin Diagram
2.2 Technical Specifications
3. INTRODUCTION TO IoT 18
3.1 History
3,2 Characteristics Of IoT
3.3 IoT Architecture
3.4 Applications

3.5 Advantages and

4. Disadvantages SENSORS 24
4.1 Types of Sensors
5. WORKS CARRIED OUT 27
5.1 Smart Home using BLYNK
5.2 Count from 0 to 99 and display on LCD display

5.3 Temperature controlled

Fan SKILL LEARNED 38

CONCLUSION 39

FUTURESCOPE 40
REFERENCES 41

8
 CHAPTER-01

INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system can be thought of as a computer hardware system having software
embedded in it. An embedded system can be an independent system or it can be a part of a large
system. An embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor-based system which is
designed to perform a specific task. For example, a fire alarm is an embedded system; it will
sense only smoke.

An embedded system has three components : –

 It has hardware.

 It has application software.

 It has Real Time Operating system (RTOS) that supervises the application software and
provide mechanism to let the processor run a process as per scheduling by following a
plan to control the latencies. RTOS defines the way the system works. It sets the rules
during the execution of application program. A small-scale embedded system may not
have RTOS. So, we can define an embedded system as a Microcontroller based, software
driven, and reliable, real-time control system.

1.1 Characteristics of an Embedded System: -

 Single-functioned − An embedded system usually performs a specialized operation and

does the same repeatedly. For example: A pager always functions as a pager.

 Tightly constrained − All computing systems have constraints on design metrics, but
those on an embedded system can be especially tight. Design metrics is a measure of an
implementation's features such as its cost, size, power, and performance. It must be of a
size to fit on a single chip, must perform fast enough to process data in real time and
consume minimum power to extend battery life.

 Reactive and Real time − Many embedded systems must continually react to changes in
the system's environment and must compute certain results in real time without any delay.
Consider an example of a car cruise controller; it continually monitors and reacts

9
 to speed and brake sensors. It must compute acceleration or de-accelerations repeatedly
within a limited time; a delayed computation can result in failure to control of the car.
Microprocessors based − It must be microprocessor or microcontroller based.

 Memory − It must have a memory, as its software usually embeds in ROM. It does not
need any secondary memories in the computer.

 Connected − It must have connected peripherals to connect input and output devices.

 HW-SW systems − Software is used for more features and flexibility. Hardware is used
for performance and security.

1.2 Basic Structure of an Embedded System

The following illustration shows the basic structure of an embedded system

Fig. 1.2.1 Basic Structure of Embedded System

 Sensor − It measures the physical quantity and converts it to an electrical signal which
can be read by an observer or by any electronic instrument like an A2D converter. A
sensor stores the measured quantity to the memory.

 A-D Converter − An analog-to-digital converter converts the analog signal sent by the
sensor into a digital signal.

 Processor & ASICs − Processors process the data to measure the output and store it to
the memory.

10
  D-A Converter − A digital-to-analog converter converts the digital data fed by the
processor to analog data

 Actuator − An actuator compares the output given by the D-A Converter to the actual
(expected) output stored in it and stores the approved output.

1.3 Purpose of Embedded System

As mentioned in the previous section, embedded systems are used in various domains like
consumer Electronics, home automation, telecommunications, automotive industry,
healthcare, control & instrumentation, retail and banking the domain itself, according to the
application usage context, they may have different functionalities. Each embedded system is
designed to serve the purpose of any one or a combination following tasks:

1. Data collection/Storage/Representation

2. Data communication

3. Data (signal) processing.

4. Monitoring

5. Control

6. Applications specific user interface

1.4 Applications of Embedded Systems: -

Embedded systems are used in different applications like automobiles, telecommunications,

smart cards, missiles, satellites, computer networking and digital consumer electronics.

11
 Fig.1.4.1 Different Applications

Major Application Areas of Embedded Systems: -

We are living in a world where embedded systems play a vital role in our day-to-day life,
starting from home to the computer industry, where most of, the people find their job for a
livelihood. Embedded technology has acquired a new dimension from its first generation
model, the Apollo guidance computer, to the latest radio navigation system combined with
in- car entertainment technology and the microprocessor based "Smart" running shoes
launched by Adidas in April 2005. The application areas and the products in the embedded
domain are countless. A few of the important domains and products are listed below:
1. Consumer electronics: Camcorders, cameras, etc.

2. Household appliances: Television, DVD players, washing machine, fridge, microwave

oven, etc.

3. Home automation and security systems: Air conditioners, sprinklers, intruder detection
alarms, closed circuit television cameras, fire alarms, etc.

4. Automotive industry: Anti-lock braking systems (ABS), engine control, ignition systems,
automatic navigation systems, etc.

5. Telecom: Cellular telephones, telephone Switches, handset multimedia applications, etc.

6. Computer peripherals: Printers, scanners, fax machines, etc.

12
 7. Computer networking systems: Network routers, switches, hubs, firewall etc.

8. Healthcare: Different kinds of scanners, EEG, ECG machines etc.

9. Measurement & Instrumentation: Digital multi meters, digital OS, logic analyzers
PLCsystems, etc.

10. Banking & Retail: Automatic teller machines (ATM) and currency counters, point of
sales (POS).

11. Card Readers: Barcode, smart card readers, hand held devices etc.

1.5 Software Requirements: -

Software requirements that define requirements of software resources and basics that needs to
be installed on a system. The software requirements are as follows:

Keil vision 4 The Vision from Keil combines project management, make facilities, source
coding editing, program debugging and complete simulation in one powerful environment.

The Vision development platform is easy to use and helping one quickly create embedded
program that work. Writing programs in C/C++ or Assembly language.

1.6 Advantages and Disadvantages: -

1.6.1 Advantages of Embedded Operating System

 Small size and faster to load

 More specific to one task

 Easy to manage

 Low cost

 Spend less resources

1.6.2 Disadvantages of Embedded Operating System

 Difficult to upgrade

13
 If any problem occurs then you need to reset settings

 Nearly not scalable

 Hardware is limited

 Troubleshooting is difficult

14
 CHAPTER-02

ARM CORTEX M0

Fig.2.1 LPC1114FN28

Fig. 2.2 Pin Diagram of LPC1114FN28

15
Key Features of ARM CORTEX M0

 Armv6-M architecture

 Bus interface AHB-lite, Von Neumann bus architecture

 Thumb/Thumb-2 subset instruction support

 3-stages pipeline

 Non-maskable interrupt + 1 to 32 physical interrupts

 Wakeup interrupt controller

 Hardware single-cycle ((32x32) multiply

 Several sleep modes, with integrated Wait For Interrupt (WFI) and Wait for Event
(WFE) plus sleep on exit capability, sleep and deep sleep signals

 Several retention modes are available depending on the implementation

 JTAG and Serial Wire Debug ports with up to 4 breakpoints and 2 watchpoints

Technical Specifications

Fig. 2.3 Technical Specifications

16
Power, Performance, Area

Fig. 2.4 Power, Performance, Area

17
 CHAPTER-03

INTRODUCTION TO IOT
IOT stands for “Internet of things”. It is a network of physical objects or things embedded with
electronics, sensors, software and network connectivity, enabling them to collect and exchange
data. It refers to the billions of physical devices around the world that are now connected to the
internet, collecting and sharing data.

3.1 History

The Internet of Things (IOT) has not been around for very long. But human is wishing for
machines to communicate with one another since the early 1800s. Machines have been
providingdirect communications since the telegraph was developed in the 1830s and 1840s. The
Internet, itself a significant component of the IOT, started out as part of DARPA (Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency) in 1962, and evolved into ARPANET in 1969.

In the 1980s, commercial service providers began supporting public use of ARPANET, allowing
it to evolve into our modern Internet. The Internet of Things was officially named in 1999. One
of the first examples of an Internet of Things is from the early 1980s, and was a Coca Cola
machine, located at the Carnegie Melon University.

Local programmers would connect by Internet to the refrigerated appliance, and check to see if
there was a drink available, and if it was cold, before making the trip. Till 2013, the Internet of
Things had evolved into to a system using multiple technologies, ranging from the Internet to
wireless communication and from micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) to embedded
systems. The traditional fields of automation including the automation of buildings and homes,
wireless sensor networks, GPS, control systems, and others, all support the IOT. Internet of
things spreads widely cyber-attacks are likely to become an increasingly physical (rather than
simply virtual) threat.

In a January 2014 article in Forbes, cyber security columnist Joseph Steinberg listed many
Internet- connected appliances that can already "spy on people in their own homes" including
televisions, kitchen appliances, cameras, and thermostats. Computer-controlled devices in
automobiles such as brakes, engine, locks, hood and trunk releases, horn, heat, and dashboard
have been shown to be vulnerable to attackers who have access to the on-board network.

18
In some cases, vehicle computer systems are Internet connected, allowing them to be exploited
remotely. By 2008 security researchers had shown the ability to remotely control pacemakers
without authority.

3.2 Characteristics of IoT: -

1. Interconnectivity: With regard to the IOT, anything can be interconnected with the global
information and communication infrastructure.

2. Things-related services: The IOT is capable of providing thing-related services within the
constraints of things, such as privacy protection and semantic consistency between physical
things and their associated virtual things. In order to provide thing-related services within the
constraints of things, both the technologies in physical world and information world will change.

3. Heterogeneity: The devices in the IOT are heterogeneous as based on different hardware
platforms and networks. They can interact with other devices or service platforms through
different network.

4. Dynamic changes: The state of devices changes dynamically, e.g., sleeping and waking up,
connected and/or disconnected as well as the context of devices including location and speed.
Moreover, the number of devices can change dynamically.

5. Enormous scale: The number of devices that need to be managed and that communicate with
each other will be at least an order of magnitude larger than the devices connected to the current
Internet. Even more critical will be the management of the data generated and their interpretation
for application purposes. This relates to semantics of data, as well as efficient data handling.

6. Safety: As we gain benefits from the IOT, we must not forget about safety. As both the
creators and recipients of the IOT, we must design for safety. This includes the safety of our
personal data and the safety of our physical well-being. Securing the endpoints, the networks,and
the data moving across all of it means creating a security paradigm that will scale

7. Connectivity: Connectivity enables network accessibility and compatibility. Accessibility is

getting on a network while compatibility provides the common ability to consume and produce
data

19
3.3 IoT Architecture: -

Internet of Things (IOT) technology has a wide variety of applications and use of Internet of
Things growing so faster. Depending upon different application areas of Internet of Things, it
works accordingly as per it has been designed. But it has not a standard defined architecture of
working which is strictly followed universally. The architecture of IOT depends upon its
functionality and implementation in different sectors. Still, there is a basic process flow based
onwhich IOT is built so here in this article we will discuss basic fundamental architecture of
IOT.

Fig. 3.31 Different Layers and their Applications

Sensing Layer: – Sensors, actuators, devices are present in this Sensing layer. These Sensors or
Actuators accepts data (physical/environmental parameters), processes data and emits data over
network.

Network Layer: – Internet/Network gateways, Data Acquisition System (DAS) are present in
this layer. DAS performs data aggregation and conversion function (Collecting data and
aggregating data then converting analog data of sensors to digital data etc.). Advanced gateways
which mainly opens up connection between Sensor networks and Internet also performs many
basic gateway functionalities like malware protection, and filtering also some time decision
making based on inputted data and data management services, etc.

Data processing Layer: – This is processing unit of IOT ecosystem. Here data is analyzed and
pre-processed before sending it to data center from where data is accessed by software
applications often termed as business applications where data is monitored and managed and
further actions are also prepared. So here Edge IT or edge analytics comes into picture.

20
Application Layer: – This is last layer of 4 stages of IOT architecture. Data centers or cloud is
management stage of data where data is managed and is used by end-user applications like
agriculture, health care, aerospace, farming, defense, etc.

3.4 Applications of Internet of Things: -

Internet of things has wide applications range from industry and farms to cars and homes. It can
help the human kind in everyday tasks and also cover the manufacturing needs. Through IOT we
can make the machines smart enough to reduce human labor to almost nil. According to HP, by
2025 number of connected devices will be 1.0 trillion. The impact IOT will have on the economy
then for your information as per the Cisco report IOT will generate $14.4 trillion in value across
all industries in the next decade.

1] Smart Home: Smart Home clearly stands out, ranking as highest Internet of Things
application on all measured channels Smart home enables you to turn on air conditioning before
you reach home, switch of the lights even after you have left the house, temporarily lock and
unlock the doors, update you with the status of the all the expensive appliances at home and etc.

2] Airlines: - An equipment tracking app provides an airline’s engineers with a live view of the
locations of each piece of maintenance equipment. By increasing the efficiency of engineers, this
IOT application is not only generating significant cost savings and process improvements, but
also impacting the customer experience in the end through more reliable, on-time flights.

3] Pharmaceutical: - A medication temperature monitoring app uses sensors to detect if the

medication’s temperature has gone outside of the acceptable range and ensures medical supplies
still meet quality standards upon delivery. The handling temperatures of medications vaccines for
examples, is critical to their effectiveness. IOT based smart applications can be used to
monitorthose medications are kept within the proper handling temperature range, but also to
remind patients when it is time to take their medication.

4] Smart City: - Smart city spans a wide variety of use cases, from traffic management to water
distribution, to waste management, urban security and environmental monitoring. Its popularity
is fueled by the fact that many Smart City solutions promise to relieve real pains of people living
in cities these days. IOT solutions in the area of Smart City solve traffic congestion problems,

21
reduce noise and pollution and help make cities safer. IOT will solve major problems faced by
the people living in cities like pollution, traffic congestion and shortage of energy supplies etc.

5] Green House Control: -

• It controls temperature, humidity, soil, moisture, light, and carbon dioxide level that are
monitored by sensors and climatologically conditions that are controlled automatically using
actuation devices.

• IOT systems play an importance role in green house control and help in improving productivity.

• The data collected from various sensors is stored on centralized servers or in the cloud where
analysis is performed to optimize the control strategies and also correlate the productivity with
different control strategies

• Paper: Wireless sensing and control for precision Greenhouse management [ICST, 2012]
provided a system that uses wireless sensor network to monitor and control the agricultural
parameters like temperature and humidity in the real time for better management and
maintenance of agricultural production.

3.5 Advantages and

Disadvantages Advantages: -

Internet of things facilitates the several advantages in day-to-day life in the business sector.
Some of its benefits are given below:

 Efficient resource utilization: If we know the functionality and the way that how each
device works, we definitely increase the efficient resource utilization as well as monitor
natural resources.

 Minimize human effort: As the devices of IOT interact and communicate with each other
and do lot of tasks for us, then they minimize the human effort.

 Save time: As it reduces the human effort then it definitely saves out time. Time is the
primary factor which can save through IOT platform.

22
  Improve security: Now, if we have a system that all these things are interconnected then
we can make the system more secure and efficient.

Disadvantages: -

As the Internet of things facilitates a set of benefits, it also creates a significant set of challenges.
Some of the IOT challenges are given below:

 Security: As the IOT systems are interconnected and communicate over networks. The
system offers little control despite any security measures, and it can be leading the
various kinds of network attacks.

 Privacy: Even without the active participation on the user, the IOT system provides
substantial personal data in maximum detail.

 Complexity: The designing, developing, and maintaining and enabling the large
technology to IOT system is quite complicated.

23
 CHAPTER-04

SENSORS
• Sensors are also called as detectors.

• The changes in the system environment or variables are detected by the sensors connected to
the input port of the embedded system.

• It is a transducer that converts energy from one type to another type for any particular purpose.

• Example- ECG machine it is designed to monitor the heartbeat status of a patient and it cannot
impose a control over the patient’s heart beat and its order. The sensors are used here are the
different electrode sets connected to the body of the patient. • The variations are captured and
presented to the user through a visual display or some printed chart.

4.1 TYPES OF SENSORS: -

 Humidity and Temperature Sensor

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The output of sensor converted to
digital that easy connecting with microcontroller.

Fig. 4.11 Humidity and temperature sensor and LM35 IR Sensor

Temperature and humidity sensors are among the most commonly used environmental sensors.
Humidity sensors are also sometimes referred to as hygrometers. These devices are used to
provide the actual humidity condition within the air at any given point or in any given place.
24
Such devices are commonly used in situations in which air conditions may be extreme or where
air conditions need to be controlled due to varying reasons.Humidity is the presence of water
within the air. The amount of water vapor that is present in the air can affect not only personal
comfort but can also affect various manufacturing processes within industrial applications

• Infrared sensors

Fig. 4.12 Infrared sensor

An infrared (IR) sensor is an electronic device that measures and detects infrared radiation in its
surrounding environment. Infrared radiation was accidentally discovered by an astronomer
named William Herchel in 1800. While measuring the temperature of each color of light
(separated by a prism), he noticed that the temperature just beyond the red light was highest. IRis
invisible to the human eye, as its wavelength is longer than that of visible light (though it is still
on the same electromagnetic spectrum). Anything that emits heat (everything that has a
temperature above around five degrees Kelvin) gives off infrared radiation.

There are two types of infrared sensors: active and passive.

Active infrared sensors both emit and detect infrared radiation. Active IR sensors have two parts:
a light emitting diode (LED) and a receiver. When an object comes close to the sensor, the
infrared light from the LED reflects off of the object and is detected by the receiver. Active IR
sensors act as proximity sensors, and they are commonly used in obstacle detection systems(such
as in robots)

25
• Soil Sensor

Fig. 4.13 Soil Moisture sensor

Soil moisture sensors measure or estimate the amount of water in the soil. These sensors can be
stationary or portables such as handheld probes. Stationary sensors are placed at the
predetermined locations and depths in the field, whereas portable soil moisture probes
canmeasure soil moisture at several locations.

Soil Moisture Sensor is used to measure the volumetric water content of soil. This makes it ideal
for performing experiments in courses such as soil science, agricultural science, environmental
science, horticulture, botany, and biology.

26
 CHAPTER-05

WORKS CARRIED OUT

5.1 Smart Home using BLYNK Platform

Aim : To control home appliances through blynk application using ESP8266 by connecting it
with internet

Hardware : ESP8266, Relay module

Fig. 5.11 ESP8266 and Relay Module

Software : Arduino IDE

Fig. 5.12 Arduino IDE

The Arduino IDE, which stands for Arduino's Integrated Development Environment, is a cross-
platform application in Java, and is derived from the IDE created for Processing programming
language and the Wiring project.

To allow the drafting of the source code, the IDE includes a text editor with some peculiarities,
such as syntax highlighting, parentheses checking and automatic indentation. The editor is also

27
able to compile and load on the Arduino board the executable program in a single pass and with
a single click. Generally there is no need to create Make files or run programs from the command
line.

The Arduino integrated development environment is equipped with a C/C++ software library,
called "Wiring" (from the Wiring project of the same name): the availability of the library makes
it much easier to implement common input/output operations via software. Arduino programs are
written in a language derived from C/C++.

Program :

//Include the library files

#define BLYNK_PRINT
Serial #include
<ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>
//Define the relay pins
#define relay1 D0
#define relay2 D1
#define BLYNK_AUTH_TOKEN "" //Enter your blynk auth
token char auth[] = BLYNK_AUTH_TOKEN;
char ssid[] = "";//Enter your WIFI name
char pass[] = "";//Enter your WIFI
password

//Get the button values

BLYNK_WRITE(V0) {
bool value1 = param.asInt();

// Check these values and turn the relay1 ON and

OFF if (value1 == 1) {
digitalWrite(relay1, LOW);

28
else

29
 digitalWrite(relay1, HIGH);
}
}

//Get the button values

BLYNK_WRITE(V1) {
bool value2 = param.asInt();
// Check these values and turn the relay2 ON and
OFF if (value2 == 1) {
digitalWrite(relay2, LOW);

} else {
digitalWrite(relay2, HIGH);
}
}
void setup() {

//Set the relay pins as output

pins pinMode(relay1,
OUTPUT); pinMode(relay2,
OUTPUT);

// Turn OFF the relay

digitalWrite(relay1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(relay2, HIGH);

//Initialize the Blynk library

Blynk.begin(auth, ssid, pass, "blynk.cloud", 80);
}
void loop() {

//Run the Blynk library

30
 Blynk.run();
}
Output :

Fig. 5.13 Relay connection

Fig. 5.14 Bulb Turned ON

31
5.2 Counter using ARM CORTEX M0

Aim : To design a 2digit counter using ARM CORTEX M0 with C programming.

Hardware : ARM Cortex M0

Fig. 5.21 ARM Cortex M0

Software : Keil uvision4

Fig. 5.22 Keil uVision4

The µVision IDE combines project management, run-time environment, build facilities, source
code editing, and program debugging in a single powerful environment. µVision is easy-to-use
and accelerates your embedded software development. µVision supports multiple screens and
allows you to create individual window layouts anywhere on the visual surface.

32
The µVision Debugger provides a single environment in which you may test, verify, and
optimize your application code. The debugger includes traditional features like simple and
complex breakpoints, watch windows, and execution control and provides full visibility to device
peripherals.

Program :

#include <stdio.h>
#include "NUC1xx.h"
#include "DrvSYS.h"
#include "Seven_Segment.h"

// display an integer on four 7-segment

LEDs void seg_display(int16_t value)
{

close_seven_segment();
show_seven_segment(0,value);
DrvSYS_Delay(50000);
close_seven_segment();
show_seven_segment(1,value);
DrvSYS_Delay(50000);
close_seven_segment();
show_seven_segment(2,value);
DrvSYS_Delay(50000);
close_seven_segment();
show_seven_segment(3,value);
DrvSYS_Delay(50000);
}

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int32_t main (void)
{
uint32_t i=0;
UNLOCKREG(); // Unlock System Registers
DrvSYS_Open(48000000); // set CPU clock to 25~50MHz
LOCKREG(); // Lock System Registers
while(1)

{
DrvSYS_Delay(100000);
seg_display(i);
i++;

if (i>9) i=0;

}
}
Result :

Fig. 5.23 Counter Output From LED Display

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5.3 Temperature controlled Fan

Aim : To build a IoT based temperature controlled fan using esp8266 and Blynk

Hardware : ESP8266

Fig. 5.31 ESP8266

Software : Blynk, Arduino IDE

Fig. 5.32 Arduino IDE

Program :

#include <ESP8266WiFi.h>
#include <BlynkSimpleEsp8266.h>
#include "DHT.h"
#define DHTPIN D5 // Digital pin connected to the DHT sensor

// Uncomment whatever type you're using!

//#define DHTTYPE DHT11 // DHT 11

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#define DHTTYPE DHT22 // DHT 22 (AM2302), AM2321
//#define DHTTYPE DHT21 // DHT 21 (AM2301)
#define FAN_PIN D2 // FAN
RELAY WidgetLED FAN(V0);
char auth[] =
"q_URao70sxi2Z3B6Y5H0lnzE7RWgCBcD"; char ssid[] =
"The_IoT_Projects";
char pass[] = "Qwertyuiop";
float humDHT = 0;
float tempDHT = 0;
int Val=0;
// Initialize DHT sensor.

DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);

void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
pinMode(FAN_PIN, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(FAN_PIN, LOW);
Serial.println(F("DHTxx test!"));
dht.begin();
Blynk.begin( auth, ssid , pass );

}
BLYNK_WRITE(V3)
{

Val = param.asInt(); // assigning incoming value from pin V3 to a

variable Serial.print(" The Threshhold value is: ");
Serial.println(Val);
Serial.println();
}

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void loop() {
Blynk.run();
// Wait a few seconds between
measurements. delay(2000);
// Reading temperature or humidity takes about 250 milliseconds!

// Sensor readings may also be up to 2 seconds 'old' (its a very slow sensor)
humDHT = dht.readHumidity();

// Read temperature as Celsius (the

default) tempDHT =
dht.readTemperature();
// Check if any reads failed and exit early (to try
again). if (isnan(humDHT) || isnan(tempDHT))
{

Serial.println("Failed to read from DHT

sensor!"); return;
}

Serial.print(F("Temperature: "));
Serial.print(tempDHT);
Serial.print(F("°C "));
Serial.println();
Serial.print(F("Humidity: "));
Serial.print(humDHT);
Serial.print(F("%"));
Serial.println();

Serial.println("*********");
Serial.println();
// Compare Threshold value from Blynk and DHT Temperature value.

37
 if (Val > tempDHT)
{
digitalWrite(FAN_PIN, HIGH);
FAN.off();
}

else

{
digitalWrite(FAN_PIN, LOW);
FAN.on();

}
Blynk.virtualWrite(V1, tempDHT);
Blynk.virtualWrite(V2, humDHT);
}
Output :

Fig. 5.33 Temperature and Humidity in Blynk

38
 SKILLS LEARNED

 Basics of ARM CORTEX M-0, one of the smallest ARM processors available
wasstudied which has an exceptionally small silicon area and low power.

 Acquired knowledge on using Keil uvision4 software.

 Different Kinds of Sensors were used and their operation was studied. Interfacing with
the controllers was also done.

 Acquired knowledge on using Arduino IDE.

 Acquired knowledge on using Blynk cloud platform.

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 CONCLUSION
In nutshell, it can be said that the embedded systems can be used to create the smart systems that
can perform numerous tasks with the help of sensors attached to it. In this study, we have studied
most popular embedded systems used to create different electric circuit in easy an efficient
manner. It has been discussed, ARM CORTEX M-0, ESP8266, besides this other systems like
Beagle bone microcontroller can be used which is more powerful than that of the discussed
systems. The future perspective of this study, is the implementation of sensors using analog and
digital techniques which will be applied using ESP8266.

Furthermore, embedded systems are rapidly becoming a catalyst for change in the computing,
data communications, telecommunications, industrial control and entertainment sectors.
Automatic systems in any field will be useful and will save the people and organizations. New
innovative applications in these as well as other areas will make embedded systems as one of the
fastest developing technology of the near future. Thus the embedded system plays an important
role in our day today life.

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 FUTURE SCOPE
The scope of the Embedded System is widely increasing day to day life. Present the Embedded
software found the huge applications in telecommunications, defense instrumentations, railroad
networks, consumer electronics, electronic payments, and smart card industry, etc. Like this, the
embedded system applications are increasing rapidly day-by-day. Therefore, we will get a
number of jobs in Embedded Systems.

Now-a-days, the usage of Electronic devices increasing rapidly, and can you imagine that the
human person without a smartphone or computing device. The human person can’t survive
without a Smart phone or computing device. Today, most of the peoples are connecting to each
other with the help of Smart phone or Computing devices i.e here, Embedded system plays a
major role in this applications.

Internet of Things has emerged as a leading technology around the world. It has gained a lot of
popularity in lesser time. Also, the advancements in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
have made the automation of IoT devices easy. Basically, AI and ML programs are combined
with IoT devices to give them proper automation. Due to this, IoT has also expanded its area of
application in various sectors.

41
 REFERENCES
[1] P. Waher, Learning Internet Of Things, PACKT Publications,2015.

[2] J. Soldatos, Building Blocks for IoT Analytics Internet-of-Things Analytics,

River

[3] IoT Fundamentals: Connecting Things by Cisco Networking Academy.

Available: https://www.netacad.com/courses/iot/iot-fundamentals

[4] J. Clark. (2016, November). “What is the Internet of Things

(IoT)?” Available: https://www.ibm.com/blogs/internet-of-things/what-is-the-

iot/

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