Dr.

Ratnakar Swain
(M. Tech. & Ph.D., IIT KGP)
Asst. Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
NIT Rourkela
Total Energy Line or Energy Gradient
Line (TEL or EGL)
𝑷𝑷 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
Total head= + + 𝒁𝒁
𝒘𝒘 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

The line joining the points of total energy head is

called TEL
Hydraulic gradient line (HGL)
𝑷𝑷
+ 𝒛𝒛 = 𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡𝐡
𝒘𝒘
The line joining the points of piezometric head is
called HGL.
Properties of TEL and HGL
 TEL drops in direction of flow because of loss of head.
 HGL may rise or fall depending upon pressure changes.
 For uniform c/s pipe, slope of TEL=slope HGL
 No relation between slope of EGL and slope of axis of pipe.
3
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
 Pipe in series and Parallel
Pipe in series
𝑯𝑯 = 𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 + 𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇𝟏𝟏 + 𝒉𝒉𝒄𝒄 + 𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇𝟐𝟐 + 𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆 + 𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇𝟑𝟑 + 𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙

𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝟐𝟐 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝐇𝐇 = + + + +
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐

𝟐𝟐
𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 − 𝒗𝒗𝟑𝟑 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝟑𝟑 𝑳𝑳𝟑𝟑 𝒗𝒗𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐
+ +
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈𝑫𝑫𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈

if minor losses are neglected,

𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝟐𝟐 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝟑𝟑 𝑳𝑳𝟑𝟑 𝒗𝒗𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐
𝑯𝑯 = + +
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈𝑫𝑫𝟑𝟑

if 𝒇𝒇𝟏𝟏 = 𝒇𝒇𝟐𝟐 = 𝒇𝒇𝟑𝟑 = 𝒇𝒇, then

𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇 𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝑳𝑳𝟑𝟑 𝒗𝒗𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐
𝑯𝑯 = + +
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐 𝑫𝑫𝟑𝟑 4
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Equivalent pipes:
It is defined as the pipe of uniform dia. having loss of head and discharge equal to
the loss of head and discharge of a compound pipe consisting of several pipes of
different length and diameter.

Neglecting minor losses, 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝟐𝟐 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

𝑯𝑯 = + +⋯
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐

𝑸𝑸 = 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 = 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 = 𝑨𝑨𝟑𝟑 𝒗𝒗𝟑𝟑

𝟒𝟒𝑸𝑸 𝟒𝟒𝑸𝑸 𝟒𝟒𝑸𝑸

𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 = 𝟐𝟐
, 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐
, 𝒗𝒗𝟑𝟑 =
𝝅𝝅𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 𝝅𝝅𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅𝑫𝑫𝟑𝟑 𝟐𝟐
Assume 𝒇𝒇𝟏𝟏 = 𝒇𝒇𝟐𝟐 = 𝒇𝒇𝟑𝟑 = 𝒇𝒇
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝟒𝟒𝑸𝑸 𝟒𝟒𝑸𝑸
𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐
𝝅𝝅𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐
𝑯𝑯 = + = 𝟐𝟐 𝟓𝟓
+ 𝟓𝟓 + ⋯ 5
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐 𝝅𝝅 × 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐
 Head lost in equivalent pipe (H),
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝑯𝑯 =
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝐯𝐯 =
𝝅𝝅𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐
𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 𝑳𝑳
⇒ 𝑯𝑯 =
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 × 𝝅𝝅𝟐𝟐 𝑫𝑫𝟓𝟓

𝑳𝑳 𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐
⇒ 𝟓𝟓 = 𝟓𝟓
+ 𝟓𝟓 +. . . L=equivalent length
𝑫𝑫 𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐
This equation is called Dupit’s equation.

6
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Example-1:

A piping system consists of three pipes arranged in series, the lengths of pipes are 120 m, 750m,
600m and dia. 750mm, 600mm, 450mm, respectively.

i. Transform the system to an equivalent 450 mm dia. pipe, and

ii. Determine an equivalent dia. of pipe, 2550m long
Solution: 𝑳𝑳 𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 𝑳𝑳𝟑𝟑
= + +
𝑫𝑫𝟓𝟓 𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 𝟓𝟓 𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐 𝟓𝟓 𝑫𝑫𝟑𝟑 𝟓𝟓

(ii)
(i)
𝑳𝑳 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔
⇒ 𝟓𝟓
= 𝟓𝟓
+ 𝟓𝟓
+ 𝟓𝟓 = + +
𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝑫𝑫𝟓𝟓 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝟓𝟓 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔 𝟓𝟓 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟓𝟓

⇒ 𝑳𝑳 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝑫𝑫 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟖𝟖 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎

7
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Pipes in Parallel

𝑸𝑸 = 𝑸𝑸𝟏𝟏 + 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐

𝒉𝒉𝑳𝑳 𝟏𝟏 = 𝒉𝒉𝑳𝑳 𝟐𝟐

𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝟏𝟏 𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝟐𝟐 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 = =
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐

𝒇𝒇𝟏𝟏 = 𝒇𝒇𝟐𝟐

𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

⇒ =
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐
8
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Example-2:

Two sharp ended pipes dia. 50mm and 100mm each of L=100m respectively are
connected parallel between two reservoir which have a difference of level of 10m.
Friction factor=0.32 for each pipe.

Calculate

(i)→Q

(ii)→ Dia. of single pipe 100m long which would give the same discharge,
if it were substituted for two pipes

9
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Solution: 𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎, 𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝒎𝒎, 𝒉𝒉 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒎𝒎, 𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏, 𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
Friction factor = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
(i)
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
Pipe-(1) 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 = = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏

⇒ 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒎𝒎⁄𝒔𝒔

𝝅𝝅 𝟐𝟐
𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑
𝑸𝑸𝟏𝟏 = 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 = × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟒𝟒 𝒔𝒔
Pipe-(2) 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐

⇒ 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎𝒎⁄𝒔𝒔

𝟑𝟑
𝝅𝝅 𝟐𝟐
𝒎𝒎
𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 = 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 = × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟒𝟒 𝒔𝒔
𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑
𝑸𝑸 = 𝑸𝑸𝟏𝟏 + 𝑸𝑸𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 10
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL 𝒔𝒔
 (ii)
𝑸𝑸 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝐯𝐯 = = 𝝅𝝅 =
𝑨𝑨 × 𝑫𝑫 𝟐𝟐 𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐
𝟒𝟒

𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

𝟐𝟐
𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝑫𝑫 𝟐𝟐
⇒ = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈 𝑫𝑫 × 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖

⇒ 𝐃𝐃 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨𝑨

11
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
Example-3:

Draw TEL and HGL

Solution:
Between tanks and outlet of pipe
𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
+ + 𝒁𝒁𝟏𝟏 = + + 𝒁𝒁𝟐𝟐 + 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍
𝒘𝒘 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒘𝒘 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐

𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
⇒ 𝟎𝟎 + 𝟎𝟎 + 𝟖𝟖 = 𝟎𝟎 + + 𝟎𝟎 + 𝒉𝒉𝑳𝑳
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
⇒ 𝟖𝟖 = + 𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 + 𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 + 𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆 + 𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 12
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
Applying Continuity 𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 = 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 × 𝟒𝟒𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝟖𝟖𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 = = =
𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈
⇒ 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 = 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 = 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝑨𝑨𝟏𝟏 𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏
𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝑳𝑳𝟏𝟏 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 × 𝟒𝟒𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑
𝟐𝟐 𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 = = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔
𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈𝑫𝑫𝟏𝟏 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈
⇒ 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 = 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 = 𝟒𝟒𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐
𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 − 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 − 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟗𝟗𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆 = = =
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈

𝟒𝟒𝒇𝒇𝑳𝑳𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 = = =
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈𝑫𝑫𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑 𝒈𝒈

𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟖𝟖𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟗𝟗𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐

𝟖𝟖 = + + + + = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈

𝟖𝟖 × 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝟖𝟖 × 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖

∴ 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 = = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎⁄𝒔𝒔
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔
𝝅𝝅 𝟑𝟑
∴ 𝑸𝑸 = 𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 = × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐 × 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 �𝒔𝒔 13
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL
𝟒𝟒
TEL and HGL 𝟖𝟖𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒆 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝒎𝒎 𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟕𝟕𝒎𝒎
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈
𝟗𝟗𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝒉𝒉𝒆𝒆 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝒎𝒎 𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝒎𝒎
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈 𝟐𝟐 𝒈𝒈
For HGL
LMNOP=TEL
From A-B 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐
𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 = 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 −
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈
𝟐𝟐 ABCD=HGL
𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
⇒ 𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 = 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 −
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈
= 𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓 − 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
From C-D
𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 = 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 −
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈
𝟐𝟐
𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
⇒ 𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 = 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 −
𝟐𝟐𝒈𝒈
= 𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒗𝒗𝟏𝟏 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒎𝒎⁄𝒔𝒔 𝒗𝒗𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎⁄𝒔𝒔 14
Dr. R. Swain, Asst. Prof., NIT RKL