STURUCTURAL ANALYSIS III

CE 403
Lecture # 03
FLEXIBILITY METHOD
Analysis of Beams

Instructor: Dr. Lotfi O. Gargab

 SUPPORT YIELDING

In the previous discussion, It is assumed in the analysis that the

supports are unyielding and the temperature remains constant.
In the design of indeterminate structures, it is required to make
necessary provision for future unequal vertical settlement of supports
or probable rotation of supports.
It may be observed here that, in case of determinate structures no
stresses are developed due to settlement of supports because the
whole structure displaces as a rigid body.
 Support Displacements

Consider a two span continuous beam, which is statically indeterminate

to 2nd degree, as shown below. The support (B) is assumed to have
settled by an amount (∆b).
 Solution Procedure:

Consider reactions R1 & R2 as redundants. The primary structure is a

cantilever supported at joint A.
Compatibility equations at joints B & C are given as:

In Matrix Form
Example # 1:
Calculate support reactions in the continuous beam ABC shown below
having constant flexural rigidity EI throughout, due to vertical settlement
of the support B by 5 mm. E=200 GPa and I = 4E-4m4.
 The beam is statically indeterminate to the 2nd degree.
One possible scenario: choose reactions at joints B (R1) and C (R2) as
redundants.
the basic determinate beam (primary structure) is a cantilever beam.

Flexibility coefficients
can be obtained using direct integral.

𝟏 𝟓 𝟐 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝛅11 = ‫( 𝟎׬‬5−x) dx = 𝟑𝑬𝑰
𝑬𝑰
𝟏 𝟓 𝟔𝟐𝟓
𝛅12 = 𝛅21 = ‫( 𝟎׬‬5−x)(10−x)dx =
𝑬𝑰 𝟔𝑬𝑰
𝟏 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 dx = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝛅22 = ‫׬‬ (10−x)
𝑬𝑰 𝟎 𝟑𝑬𝑰
Flexibility matrix is given as:
1 125/3 625/6
𝐹=
𝐸𝐼 625/6 1000/3
The governing equation is given as:
96 6
𝑅1 − −5𝐸 − 3 0
875 175
= 𝐸𝐼 6 12 −
𝑅2 − 0 0
175 875
Note that (∆L) equals zero since there is no applied loading on the beam.

96 6
−
𝑅1 −5𝐸 − 3
= 200𝐸6 × 4𝐸 − 4 875 175
𝑅2 6 12 0
−
175 875
 𝑅1 −43.88
=
𝑅2 13.71

Use static equilibrium equations, one can obtain the reactions as:

R3=30.175 KN (upward)
R4=82.33 KN.m (counterclockwise)

This is proves that support settlement induces internal stresses which should be
taken into consideration in the design scheme.
 Example # 2

Compute reactions for the continuous beam ABCD loaded as shown in

the figure below, due to assigned loading and the following support
movements: Support B, 0.005 m vertically downwards, and support C,
vertically downwards 0.01 m. Assume, E=200 GPa and I =1.35E-3 m4.
 ΣR-3=5-3=2; the beam is statically indeterminate to the 2nd degree.
One possible scenario: select reactions at B (R1) and C (R2) as redundants.
The primary structure is a simply supported beam AD.
Deflection (ΔL1) and (ΔL2) of the released structure are evaluated from unit load method.

(ΔL)B = 5x10/24EI(103-2x30x102+303)= 137500/3EI

(ΔL)B =137500x1E3/(3x200E9x1.35E-3) = -0.169m
Deflection calculation at any point along the (ΔL)C =5x20/24EI(203-2x30x202+303)= 137500/3EI
span is given by: (ΔL)C =137500x1E3/(3x200E9x1.35E-3) = -0.169m
 Deflection Calculations

Flexibility coefficients at redundants locations:

𝟏𝒙𝟐𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝛅11 = 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝟐 =
𝟐
𝟔𝒙𝟑𝟎𝑬𝑰 𝟗𝑬𝑰
𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝛅12 = 𝛅21 = 𝟑𝟎𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎𝟐 =
𝟔𝒙𝟑𝟎𝑬𝑰 𝟗𝑬𝑰
𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟐𝟎 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝛅22 = 𝟑𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐𝟎 =
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟔𝒙𝟑𝟎𝑬𝑰 𝟗𝑬𝑰
Apply Governing Equation:
−1
𝑅𝑗 = 𝐹𝑖𝑗 Δ𝑖 𝑛x1 − Δ𝑙 𝑖 𝑛x1
𝑛x1 𝑛x𝑛
Here is n=# of redundants = 2
−1
𝑅𝑗 = 𝐹𝑖𝑗 Δ𝑖 2x1 − Δ𝑙 𝑖 2x1
2x1 2x2

1 4𝐸3 3500 4000 2 3500 2 125𝐸4

𝐹= , det 𝐹 = − =
9𝐸𝐼 3500 4𝐸3 9 9 27𝐸𝐼

−1
3𝐸𝐼 4𝐸3 −3500
𝐹 =
125𝐸4 −3500 4𝐸3
 R1 200𝐸6 × 1.35𝐸 − 3 444.44 −388.89 −0.005 −0.169
= −
R2 46291.48 −388.89 444.44 −0.01 −0.169

R1 200𝐸6 × 1.35𝐸 − 3 444.44 −388.89 −0.005 + 0.169 64.48

= = KN
R2 46291.48 −388.89 444.44 −0.01 + 0.169 40.17

The other reactions could be obtained using equations of static equilibrium, i.e.,

ΣM/A=0: -5x302/2+64.48x10+40.14x20+30R=0 → R = 26.75 KN (upward)

ΣFy=0: R1-5x30+64.48+40.14+26.75=0 → R1=18.63 KN (upward)

 Construction of Flexibility Matrix

Flexibility Matrix
Flexibility matrix is a structure property and can be developed by applying
unit force successively at coordinates 1, 2 ,3, …, and evaluating the
displacements at all the coordinates.

δij =(1/ EI)∫ mi mj dx

Where
δij = displacement at i due to unit load at j.
EI = flexural rigidity.
mi= moment equation due to applied unit load at coordinate i.
mj= moment equation due to applied unit load at coordinate j.
 Example
For the continuous beam shown below, construct the flexibility matrix considering
reactions at joints B, C, and D as redundants. Ignore axial deformations.

Degree of indeterminacy (DOI)= ΣR-3=8-3=5

However, ignoring axial deformations reduces DOI to 4, i.e., only two reactions
at joint D to be considered (Dy and Md)
 Deflection Calculations

𝟏 𝟒 𝟔𝟒 𝟏 𝟏𝟑 𝟐𝟏𝟗𝟕
𝛅11 =
𝑬𝑰
‫( 𝟎׬‬4−x)𝟐 dx = 𝟑𝑬𝑰 𝛅33 =
𝑬𝑰
‫( 𝟎׬‬13−x)𝟐 dx = 𝟑𝑬𝑰
𝟏 𝟒 𝟏𝟖𝟒 𝟏 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟔𝟗
𝛅12 = 𝛅21 = ‫𝟎׬‬ (4−x)(9−x)dx = 𝛅34 = 𝛅43 = ‫( 𝟎׬‬13−x)(1)dx =
𝑬𝑰 𝟑𝑬𝑰 𝑬𝑰 𝟐𝑬𝑰
𝟏 𝟒 𝟐𝟖𝟎
𝛅13 = 𝛅31 = ‫( 𝟎׬‬4−x)(13−x)dx = 𝟑𝑬𝑰
𝑬𝑰 𝟏 𝟏𝟑 𝟏𝟑
𝟏 𝟒 𝟖 𝛅44 =
𝑬𝑰
‫( 𝟎׬‬1)𝟐 dx =
𝑬𝑰
𝛅14 = 𝛅41 = ‫( 𝟎׬‬4−x)(1)dx = 𝑬𝑰
𝑬𝑰

𝟏 𝟗 𝟐 𝟐𝟒𝟑
𝛅22 = ‫𝟎׬‬ (9−x) dx =
𝑬𝑰 𝑬𝑰
𝟏 𝟗 𝟒𝟎𝟓
𝛅23 = 𝛅32 = ‫( 𝟎׬‬9−x)(13−x)dx =
𝑬𝑰 𝑬𝑰
𝟏 𝟗 𝟖𝟏
𝛅24 = 𝛅42 = ‫( 𝟎׬‬9−x)(1)dx =
𝑬𝑰 𝟐𝑬𝑰
 64/3 184/3 280/3 8
1 243 405 81/2
𝐹=
𝐸𝐼 2197/3 169/2
13
 TEMPERATURE STRESSES

Internal stresses are also developed in the statically indeterminate

structure if the free movement of the joint is prevented.
For example, consider a cantilever beam AB as shown below.
If the temperature of the member is increased uniformly throughout its
length, then the length of the member is increased by an amount ∆LT
∆T=α L (T2-T1)

Where:
∆T = change in the length of the member due to temperature change.
α = coefficient of thermal expansion of the material.
T2 = final temperature.
T1 = initial temperature.
 TEMPERATURE STRESSES

consider a cantilever beam AB, subjected to a different temperature, at the top and
at the bottom as shown below. Assume T1 > T2, then the beam will deform as shown
by dotted lines.

The deformation of this small element is: