Komar University of Science and Technology

College of Engineering
Fluid Mechanics

Experiment # 4 Flow over Weirs

Prepared by:
Group3:
Mirei Salam (F190415)
Nvar Baxtyar (F190500)
San Ayar (F190166)

Instructors Name: Dr. Ako

Date of Submission: 17/12/2022

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 Objectives
The objectives of this experiment are the following:

 Calculate the flow characteristics of a rectangular and triangular weir, and

 Calculate the discharge coefficient for both notches.

Introduction
A weir is a physical obstruction that spans the width of a river or stream. It modifies the flow
characteristics and often raises or lowers the water level. A variety of weir types are designed for
use in experimental flumes and natural waterways. Notches, or sharp-crested weirs, are
constructed from thin, plates with sharp edges. Bernoulli's equation, together with some
presumptions regarding head loss and pressure distribution of the flow flowing over the weir,
may be used to compute the relationship between flow rate and water depth above the weir. For
each weir, an empirical discharge coefficient must be determined in order to account for
estimating mistakes. A coefficient of discharge must be determined empirically for each weir in
order to correct for errors in flow rate estimation brought on by these presumptions. Weirs are
frequently used to gauge or manage water flow in rivers, streams, canals used for irrigation, and
other water bodies. In an open channel system, critical depth develops above the weir when a
weir is erected. A weir can be constructed as a flow-measuring device due to the unique link
between the critical depth and discharge. In order to redirect the flow of water to irrigation
systems at higher altitudes, weirs are also used to raise the water level in a canal.

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Theory
The height of the water surface above the notch base and the corresponding flow rate are
measured in order to determine the discharge coefficients. Direct observation can show the
general features of the flow. The hydraulics bench's molded bench top has a flow channel
that is used in conjunction with these elements to create the flow over the weir system, as
illustrated in (Figure 1.1) A stilling baffle and an input nozzle work together to provide
smooth flow conditions in the channel.

2) A vernier hook and point gauge are fitted on an instrument carrier to measure the depth of
flow above the notch's base.
3) The weir notches are installed in a carrier at the flow channel's outlet end.

Figure 1 Hydraulics bench and weir apparatus.

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Weirs may be used as flow monitoring devices since the height of the water above their bases directly relates to
the rate at which water flows through them. By calculating the energy equation from a place considerably
upstream of the weir to a position right above the weir crest, linkages between flow over weirs may be found. The
following outcomes are produced by this procedure, which requires a number of assumptions:

Figure 2. (a) Triangular weir, (b) Rectangular weir.

 for a V-notch:
𝟏𝟓𝑸
𝑪𝒅 = 𝟓
𝟐√𝟐𝒈𝒕𝒂𝒏( 𝜽)𝑯𝟐
𝟐

 for a R-notch:
𝟑𝑸
𝑪𝒅 = 𝟑
𝟐√𝟐𝒈𝒃𝑯𝟐

where:

Q: flow rate;

H: height above the weir base;

b: width of rectangular weir (R-notch);

𝜃: angle of triangular weir (V-notch);

Cd: discharge coefficient to account for the effects of simplifying assumptions in

the theory.

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 Data And Calculation

Exp. No H(m) V1(ml) V2(ml) Time (s) 𝑣 𝑚3

𝑄= =
convert Convert 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐
to m3 to m3
(10*-6)

1 0.015 0 10 36 2.77*10-7 𝑚3/s

3.33*10-7 𝑚3/s
2 0.02 0 10 30

3 0.022 0 10 25 4*10-7 𝑚3/s

5.55*10-7 𝑚3/s
4 0.025 0 10 18

6.25*10-7 𝑚3/s
5 0.03 0 10 16

7.14*10-7 𝑚3/s
6 0.033 0 10 14

8*10-7 𝑚3/s
7 0.035 0 10 12.5

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 For theoretical part:

 for a V-notch:

𝟏𝟓𝑸
𝑪𝒅 = 𝟓
𝟐√𝟐𝒈𝒕𝒂𝒏( 𝜽)𝑯𝟐
𝟐

Thus the results are shown in the following Table

Experiment No H (m) Q (𝑚3/s) Cd

1 0.015 2.77*10-7 𝑚3/s 4.35*10-4
2 0.02 3.33*10-7 𝑚3/s 6.39*10-4
3 0.022 4*10-7 𝑚3/s 8.35*10-4
4 0.025 5.55*10-7 𝑚3/s 1.32*10-3
5 0.03 6.25*10-7 𝑚3/s 1.89*10-3
6 0.033 7.14*10-7 𝑚3/s 2.52*10-3
7 0.035 8*10-7 𝑚3/s 3.15*10-3

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 For Theoretical part
 for a R-notch:

𝟑𝑸
𝑪𝒅 = 𝟑
𝟐√𝟐𝒈𝒃𝑯𝟐

We do one Example and the rest is Listed below in the Table:

𝟑 × 𝟒. 35 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕
𝑪𝒅𝟏 = = 1. 88 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝟑
𝟐√𝟐 × 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 × 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑 × (𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 − 𝟎. 𝟎15)𝟐

Experiment No Cd
1 1.88*10-4
2 2.55*10-4
3 3.23*10-4
4 4.85*10-4
5 6.31*10-4
6 7.90*10-4
7 9.46*10-4

For practical part:

𝑸
 For R- notch: 𝒎 =
𝑯𝟏.𝟓

𝑄(𝑚3/𝑠) 𝐻1.5(𝑚) m

4.35 × 10−4 0.0165 0.0263

6.39 × 10−4 0.0146 0.043

8.35 × 10−4 0.0139 0.060

1.32 × 10−3 0.0128 0.103

1.89 × 10−3 0.0111 0.170

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 2.52 × 10−3 0.0101 0.249

3.15 × 10−3 9.54 × 10−3 0.330

Then we calculate Cd, by given formula and plot the results in the below table

m
Cd=
2
√ 2 g (b)
3

Experiment No Cd
1 0.186
2 0.164
3 0.156
4 0.144
5 0.125
6 0.114
7 0.107

𝑸
 For V- notch: 𝒎 =
𝑯𝟐.𝟓

Q (m3/s) H
2.5
m
2.77*10-7 𝑚3/s 1.07*10-3 2.58*10-4
3.33*10-7 𝑚3/s 8.81*10-4 3.78*10-4
4*10-7 𝑚3/s 8.10*10-4 4.93*10-4
5.55*10-7 𝑚3/s 7.09*10-4 7.82*10-4
6.25*10-7 𝑚3/s 5.59*10-4 1.11*10-3
7.14*10-7 𝑚3/s 4.78*10-4 1.49*10-3
8*10-7 𝑚3/s 4.29*10-4 1.86*10-3

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Discussion
Weirs are made to alter a river's flow characteristics, often changing the vertical height of the
river's water level. With notches or apertures that have a regular form, water level drainage
connections are possible. The two most popular weir designs are those with rectangular
apertures and those with V-notches. We utilized a rectangle hole for this test. Installing a
rectangular notch weir and leveling the weir apparatus on the bench were the first steps in the
experiment. The bank-flow control valve was gradually opened, letting water gently flow into
the channel until it reached the weir plate. Water would always be at the highest point of the
weir. To maintain the water level, the flow control valve was then shut. The H was read after
allowing time for the water flow to settle. The flow rate was then calculated using measurements
of both volume and time in the volume tank. As the flow rises, the rectangular notch's flow
coefficient becomes closer to its theoretical value. Water is not only impacted by gravity but
also by the velocity and friction of the notch's surface, which alters the flow.

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Conclusion
The flow characteristics across a rectangular notch and a triangular V-notch will be covered in
this study. Through this experiment, the discharge coefficient of the fluid flow has also been
established. Every depth of water with a distinct height and two separate notches was noted
during the experiment in order to accomplish the goal. For simpler calculations, the volume is set
to a constant value. The data collected for studying the flow characteristics has been presented as
graphs. The discharge coefficient steadily declines for rectangular graphs before remaining
almost constant for the remainder. Contrary to the triangle notch, the discharge drops steadily,
although the values are significantly larger than those of the rectangular notch. According to the
findings, the triangular notch has a higher discharge coefficient than the rectangular notch.

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 References

[1] http://johnefuller.weebly.com/uploads/1/7/8/7/17878951/flow_over_weirs.pdf

[2] https://theconstructor.org/water-resources/what-is-weir-types-flow-over-weirs/11873/

[3] https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/weirs-flow-rate-d_592.html

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