محمد السيد عبد العزيز حسن سكشن 7 PDF

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‫االسم ‪ -:‬محمد السيد عبد العزيز حسن‬

‫الفرقة ‪ -:‬الرابعة قوي ميكانيكية‬


‫رقم الجلوس ‪7567 -:‬‬
‫‪205 -: Serial No.‬‬
‫سكشن ‪7 -:‬‬
Experiment 3
Centrifugal fan performance

➢ Introduction
A turbo fan machine produces work energy to increase the total
pressure of the fluids leaving the system. This energy is generated by
driving rotors or impellers with an external source of power to move
rows of blades. In this experiment, we will be focusing on the
centrifugal fan. This fan consists of three main components, which are:
inlet duct, impeller and a volute casing.
The inlet duct allows the flow of fluid(air) to the impeller. The air then
passes through the rows of rotating blades which results in an
increase in velocity and pressure. The high exit velocity of the air is
converted into additional pressure rise. The pressurized air is then
expelled into the atmosphere or into a chamber through the outlet
duct.
Dimensional analysis is often used to characterize the fan
performance and it represents data in terms of a few numbers of non-
dimensional groups. Dimensional analysis also enables the prediction
of turbo fan performance by conducting tests on a scale model at
different operating variables such as fluid density and fan rotational
speed.
➢ Objective
The first aim of this experiment is to characterize the centrifugal fan
performance with dimensional analysis by determining the
relationship between pressure rise and the flow rate at different
rotational speeds.

Secondly, to use the dimensionless performance characteristic curves


of the scale model to make estimations of physical quantities of a
geometrically similar prototype fan unit.

➢ Theory
The parameters used to describe fan performance are pressure rise,
flow rate and input power. The fan performance is also influenced by
fluid density, rotational speed, impeller diameter and fluid viscosity.
These variables can be related by the expression below.
f (w , ∆ p , Q , ω, D , ρ , μ )=o
where,
• w´ =work input
• ∆ p=pressure rise
• Q=flow rate
• ω=rotational speed
• D=impeller diameter
• ρ=fluid density
• μ=fluid viscosity
A set of dimensionless groups can be derived by using the above
variables and applying Buckingham π -theorem. Each expression
below relates one performance variable to other variables.

The effect of fan performance at high Reynolds number is not very


significant, hence, it is not represented in similitude studies. The
functional relationship of the dimensionless groups can be expressed
as:

The above expressions show the relationships of a family of


geometrically similar fans. The below two equations can be used
unconditionally for geometrically similar machines of different sizes
and high Reynolds number.

The above expressions should not be used to derive efficiency and


input power.
The volume flow rate (Q) can be measured by a venturi meter and can
be expressed by:

where,
• Cd = Coefficient of discharge (approximately 0.99)
• At = Venturi Throat Area = 0.003848 m2
• A = Venturi Inlet Area = 0.008577 m2
• Pi = Inlet pressure in N / m2
• Pt = Throat pressure in N/m 2
• ρ = Density of air
• D = Diameter of impeller = 0.14m

The fluid for this experiment is Air. Hence ideal gas law is used to
estimate the density of air.
Patm = ρ R Tatm
Where: -
• Patm = Atmospheric pressure in N/ m 2
• R = Gas constant = 287 J/kg K
• Tatm = Absolute Temperature of atmospheric air in K
➢ Laboratory Procedure
1. Select a fan speed to the desired constant rpm using a tachometer.
2. Mount an orifice securely. Start with smaller size first.
3. Make sure the manometer is leveled and the manometer fluid level
indicates zero reading before taking the measurement.
4. Measure the air temperature. Also measure the power going to the
fan motor.
5. Repeat steps 2, 3 and 4 for each orifice diameter. Record the raw
data in Table 1.
6. Perform a sample calculation for a selected orifice case to obtain ,
Q,hsys, and . Include the results in your report. Assume C0=0.6.
7. Use the spreadsheet program and calculate the remaining cases.
8. Plot Q vs. hsys and Q vs hsys . 9. Attach the spreadsheet and the plot
to your report.

➢ Calculation and discussion


1. The curves in graph 1 are separated from each other and the curves
in graph 2 are almost touching. the pressure rise of the curves is
different since power used is different which results in the gap
between the 2 curves plotted. As for graph 2, using the dimensional
similarity relationships, the 2 curves plotted will be very close to each
other. Both curves are similar in shape and travels downwards. The
downward sloping curves can be explained using the Bernoulli’s
equation where:
• This equation implies that as the flow rate increases, the
pressure rise across the point will decrease.

• The advantages of using dimensionless coefficients are that


firstly, it reduces the number of variables to a manageable
number of dimensionless groups, allowing us to work with fewer
variables while characterizing the fan performance. With this
method, there will be fewer errors and the amount of time
required to interpret data from the experiments will be reduced.

• This method also allows us to predict the consequences of


changing one variable by determining the effect of varying its
dimensionless group containing the individual variable.

• Lastly, it allows us to do our experiment in a scaled down model


and allow the experiment data to be relevant to a geometrically
similar full-scaled model. This allows engineers to save cost and
time when working on this experiment.
This can be repeated for other values of CQ to estimate and compare
the performance of the fan. From the calculations, it shows that the
deviation between the actual pressure rise, and estimated pressure
rise is small. Hence, the predictions are relatively accurate. The
inaccuracies that arise causing the slight deviation may be due to
experimental errors such as the large intervals for scales and thick
lines used to plot the graph. As such, it is difficult to read the exact
value of the coefficients as well as the flowrate, Q, and the change in
pressure, ∆P. Also, the actual pressure rise may be smaller than that of
the estimated pressure rise due to factors such as dynamic and
frictional pressure loss.

1. From the data collected thus far we can tell that the type of
impeller used in the fan is a backwards curved impeller fan. The
data corresponds to the theoretical graph as shown in figure 1
below.

2. Specific speed is a dimensionless geometry-defining parameter


which is the speed at which an air mover will deliver one unit of
volume against one unit of pressure rise calculated at maximum
efficiency. The formula below is the expression for specific speed.

where,
• ωs=specific speed
• ω=Operational speed
• Q = Flowrate
• ∆ Pf=Pressure rises
• ρ = Density of air
The specific speed of a fan can be used to determine the shape and
efficiency of the fan. With this expression, we can also determine
which type of fan (forward, backwards or radial) is the most efficient
and practical for applications.

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