End-

Ter
m Exami
nat
ion-
2021

Cour
seCode:PH502
Cour
seTi
tl
e:Mat
eri
alPhy
sics-I
Ful
lMar
ks:40
Ti
mes: 2.
00hr
s(10.
00AM-12.
00NOON)

Answeranyf
ourquest
ionf
rom Gr
oupA (
4x5=20)

1. Howt
hinf
il
mscoul
dbedeposi
tedbyt
her
mal
evapor
ati
onmet
hod?
2. Whatar
etheadv
ant
agesanddi
sadv
ant
agesofsput
ter
ingt
echni
que?
3. Descr
ibeaboutt
hechemi
calandel
ect
rochemi
calt
echni
quesf
ort
hinf
il
ms
pr
epar
ati
on.
4. Howi
magei
sfor
medi
ntr
ansmi
ssi
onel
ect
ronmi
croscope?
5. Descr
ibet
hebasi
cwor
kingpr
inci
pleofAt
omi
cfor
cemi
croscopewi
thbl
ock
di
agr
am.
6. Wr
it
edownt
hef
undament
alpr
inci
plesofscanni
ngel
ect
ronmi
croscope.

AnsweranyTwoquest
ionf
rom Gr
oupB (
2x10=20)

1. Wr
it
eashor
tnot
eondi
elect
ri
crel
axat
ion.Show t
hatt
her
elat
ionbet
weenr
eal
ε- ε 1
andi
magi
nar
ypar
tsofdi
elect
ri
cper
mit
ti
vi
ti
escanbewr
it
tenas r r∞ =
εr∞ 1+ω2τ2
εrs- 0

ε' 1
and r = .
εrs-εr∞ 1+ω2τ2
0

10

2. Def
inef
err
oel
ect
ri
cit
y.Whatar
ethesi
gnat
uresoft
hef
err
oel
ect
ri
cmat
eri
als?
Wr
it
ethepossi
blecr
yst
all
ogr
aphi
cst
ruct
uresf
orf
err
oel
ect
ri
cmat
eri
als.Show
u2
t
hatt
he or
ient
ati
onalpol
ari
zabi
l
ity αo= 0 (not
ati
ons hav
ethei
rusual
3kT
meani
ngs)
. 10

εr-
1 N(
αi+αe)
3. Deducet
heCl
ausi
us–Mosot
tir
elat
ion = .Wr
it
eashor
tnot
eon
εr+2 3ε0
I
nter
faci
alPol
ari
zat
ion.

10
 Spring Semester Examination - 2021

Course Code: PH 502

Course Title: Advanced Atomic and Laser physics
Department of Appearing Students: PHYSICS, SEM-X, 5th Year/SEM-IV, 2nd Year
Full Marks: 40 Time: 2.00 hrs

[Note: Use seperate anwerscript for Group-A and Group-B]

Group-A
Each question carries 10 marks; Answer any two

1. Write down the Schroedinger equation of an N -electron system in Lab frame. Introducing CM
frame and the relative co-ordinates, deduce the Schroedinger equation in the new-coordinate
system. Separate the CM motion from the relative motion. Briefly discuss about each term of
the relative Hamiltonian. [1+4+3+2]

2. Simple trial hydrogenic product wavefunction of the type

Ψ = e−α(r1 +r2 ) Y00 (θ1 , ϕ1 )Y00 (θ2 , ϕ2 ) [α(1)β(2) − β(1)α(2)]

yeilds the ground state energy of helium atom which is almost 2 percent away from the experi-
mental value; α being the variational parameter.

(a) Write down the modified properly antisymmetrized wavefunction considering two varia-
tional parameters α and β. Is it possible to get better (more negative) ground state energy
than the previous one?
(b) What do you mean by ‘configuration interaction’ (CI). Briefly explain. Write down the
general structure of the CI-type wavefunction for any arbitary total angular momentum
state of a two-electron atom.
(c) Prove that the trial wavefunction of the form Ψm = Ψ(1 + cr12 ) can be considered as a
CI-type wavefunction. [(2+1)+(2+2)+3]

3. Derive generalized eigenvalue equation from the Ritz variational method. In this context, discuss
Hylleraas-Undheim-MacDonald (HUM) theorem. What is the limitation of this theorem and
comment on it ? [4+3+3]

Group-B
Each question carries 10 marks; Answer any two

1. (a) A two-level atom (ground state |1i, excited state |2i) interacts with a strong electromagnetic
field. Derive the rate equations for C-coefficients. Solve the rate equations by using exact
Rabi’s method under RWA to obtain the absorption probability (consider an initial condi-
tion such that all atoms are in the ground state |1i). Plot the dependence of absorption
probability with Rabi frequency and explain the phenomenon “Rabi flopping”.
(b) If the interaction filed becomes weak electromagnetic field, then compare briefly all results
obtained in case (a). [7+3]

2. Consider moving two-level atoms (ground state |1i, excited state |2i) in a standing wave. Write
the density matrix equations (assume both external optical pumping and decay phenomena).
Solve them under RWA and find (ρ22 − ρ11 ) and ρ21 . Plot (ρ22 − ρ11 ) with laser frequency and
explain the terms “Bennett holes” and “Lamb dip”. [10]

1
3. (a) Consider an atom and a photon moving oppositely along a line, they collide with each other
and the photon is absorbed. If the laser wavelength is 795 nm and the atomic mass is 87
(amu), find the change in velocity in a single photon-atom collision.
(b) Write a short note on MOT with a schematic diagram for 3D laser cooling and trapping.
(c) Why should we set the laser frequency at a red detuned position for Doppler cooling of
atoms? What is the order of pressure and atomic density inside a MOT chamber for laser
cooling and trapping of neutral Rb atoms?
(d) Considering Doppler laser cooling, show that the laser cooling limit temperature, |Tmin | =
~ν
2k (Each symbol has usual significance) [2+3+2+3]

2
 AU/PHY/SPRING/2021/SEM(X)/25

Autumn (odd) Semester Examination -2021

Course Code: PH-504

Course Title: Material Physics-II
Department of Appearing Students: PHYSICS, X SEM, 5thYear
Full Marks: 40 Time: 2 hrs

[Use separate answer sheet for group A & group B]

Group-A
[Attempt questions as instructed and send it separately to brahaman.phys@aliah.ac.in]

(Answer any TWO questions)

1. (a) State and explain Bloch theorem. The solution of Schrodinger equation for 1-D
periodic lattice is given by Psin(αa)/αa + cos(αa)= cos (ka) with α2 = (8π2mE)/h2.
The symbols have their usual significance. Discuss the formation of energy bands in
solid.
(b) The energy vector dispersion relation for a 1-D crystal of lattice constant a is
given by E(k) =Eo- α-2β cos(ka), where Eo, α, β are constants. Obtain the effective
mass of electron at the bottom and at the top of the band. (2+4)+3

2. Write short note

(a) Tight Binding Approximation
(b) Augmented Plane Wave Method (APW) 5+5

3. What are the basic differences between Hartree and Hartree-Fock method?
Write down the Hamiltonian of many electron systems.
What are Born-Oppenheimer and local density approximations (LDA) ?
Write down the Hohenberg- Khon theorem & Khon-Sham theorem.
What do you mean exchange and correlation? 2+2+2+2+2

Group-B

[Attempt questions as instructed and send it separately to maidulislam.phys@aliah.ac.in]

(Answer any FOUR questions)

4. Discuss the theory of photoelectric process in the light of the three-step model. 5
 AU/PHY/SPRING/2021/SEM(X)/25

5. Radiation power of an accelerated charge particle can be expressed as follows; where

symbols have their usual meanings
2
𝑒2𝑐 𝑑𝑝⃗ 1 𝑑𝐸 2
𝑃𝑠 = {( ) − 2 ( ) }
6𝜋𝜀0 (𝑚0 𝑐 2 )2 𝑑𝜏 𝑐 𝑑𝜏

Compute and compare the results for linear and circular acceleration. Explain, why
the observed radiation, in most cases, are from electrons not from ions? 2+2+1

6. (a) What is the difference between HOMO-LUMO gap (organic counter part of band
structure) and energy band gap? (b) Explain very briefly how to determine HOMO
and LUMO level experimentally from UPS spectra and NEXAFS? 2+3

7. (a) Why ultra-high vacuum is required for surface sensitive instruments? (b)
Determine after which time interval an originally clean metal surface (e.g., Mg) will
be covered with one monolayer of O atoms at a pressure 𝑝 = 2 × 10−7 𝑚𝑏𝑎𝑟 =
2 × 10−5 𝑃𝑎 of molecular oxygen O2. 2.5+2.5

8. Write brief note on Synchrotron radiation or Resonance Photoemission spectra. 5

 AU/PHY/EVEN/2021/SEM(X)/24

Even Semester Examination - 2021

Course Code: PH 504

Course Title: Advanced Nuclear and Particle Physics
Department of Appearing Students: Physics, X SEM, 5th Year
Full Marks: 40 Time: 2.00 hrs

All notations bear conventional meaning

Use separate sheets for Group-A and Group-B.

Send answerscript of Group-A to drakhan.phys@aliah.ac.in and Group-B to
saurabhphys@gmail.com

Group-A
[Attempt Questions as Instructed]

1. a) What do you mean by degenerate nuclear matter?

b) Assuming the degenerate gas model for atomic nuclei obtain an expression for the minimum
depth of the nuclear potential for proton and neutron. 2+5=7

or

a) What are the dominant modes of collective vibration of atomic nuclei?

b) Using the general expression for the coordinate of a point on the surface of a nucleus, write
down the expression for the kinetic energy, potential energy and total energy of an oscillating
nucleus.
c) Under what conditions the prolate and oblate shape of oscillating nuclei appear? 2+4+1=7

2. a) What is the significance of the Kurie plot of beta-decay?

b) Give a brief description of neutron classification according to their energies and state their
uses. 2+5=7

or

a) Derive expressions for the nuclear scattering cross-section by the method of partial waves.
b) Write down the expression for the reaction cross-section.
c) Justify that there can be elastic scattering without reaction but there cannot be any reaction
without scattering. 5+1+1=7

1
3. a) Introduce in brief the basic reactions involved in the CNO cycle.
b) What are the r-, p-, and rp- processes in nuclear astrophysics? 4+2=6

Group-B
[Answer any two]

4. a) Can a neutron (n) decay into a proton (p), a muon (µ− ) and an anti-muon neutrino (ν̄µ ) ? Give
reason behind your answer. Mn = 939.57 MeV/c2 , Mp = 938.28 MeV/c2 , Mµ = 105.63 MeV/c2 .
b) There can be no baryon with Strangeness number S = -2 and, at the same time, with electric
charge Q = +1. Explain.
c) What is parity symmetry? Explain, in brief, how was the violation of parity proven in the
radioactive decay of 60 Co nucleus?
d) In a fixed target experiment, a projectile particle A with energy E strikes another particle B
at rest. Two new particles C and D are produced in the reaction. Show that the threshold energy
(M +M )2 −M 2 −M 2
(minimum energy required for this reaction to take place) is given by E = C D2MB A B c2 ,
where MA , MB , MC , MD are the rest masses of the particles A,B,C,D respectively. 2+2+3+3=10

5. a) Consider the following Lagrangian for complex scalar fields

L = (∂µ φ)† (∂ µ φ) − m2 φ† φ

i) Show that this Lagrangian is invariant under the field transformations φ → e−iqθ φ and φ† →
φ† eiqθ , where the notations bear usual meaning.
ii) Use Noether theorem to find the corresponding conserved current.

b) i) Why was the concept of color invoked?

ii) What are the fundamental interactions in particle physics? What are the corresponding medi-
ators? Which of these mediators do have interactions with the leptons? (2+3)+(2+1+1+1)=10

6. a) Find out whether the following processes are allowed or disallowed using various conservation
laws (mention the conservation law(s) for disallowed reactions):
i) n + n → n + p̄ + π +
ii) p + p → p + Σ+ + K 0
iii) νe + νµ → µ+ + e−
iv) K̄ 0 + p → Λ0 + π +
v) Ξ0 → p + π −
b) What is Solar Neutrino puzzle? How does the idea of neutrino oscillation solve the puzzle?
Explain in brief without doing any mathematical calculations. 5+(2+3)=10

2
 AU/PHY/SPRING/2021/SEM(X)/
SPRING SEMESTER EXAMINATION- 2021
Course Code: PH 506
Course Title: General Relativity and Astrophysics (Elective Paper)
Department : PHYSICS, SEM-X/IV, 5th /2nd Year
Full Marks: 40 Times: 2 hrs
Answer any EIGHT questions.
(each question having 5 marks)

1. Show that gjk G (j,k) = g where G (j,k) is the cofactor of gjk (fundamental tensor) in g and
𝑝 𝜕
summation is over k only. Also show that 𝛤𝑝𝑞 = 𝜕𝑥 𝑞 (𝑙𝑛 √𝑔 ) .

2. For the curved surface of a sphere in a two-dimensional space, find the fundamental metric
tensor and Christoffel symbols of the first and second kind.

3. (a) Define the covariant derivative of a vector.

𝜕 𝐴𝑖 𝜕 𝐴𝑗
(b) Show that (i) Ai ; j - Aj ; i = −
𝜕𝑥 𝑗 𝜕𝑥 𝑖
i 1 𝜕 𝑘
(ii) div A = ( √𝑔 𝐴 ) .
√𝑔 𝜕𝑥 𝑘
4. (a) What do you mean by GR unit system ? Show that for sun GMʘ = 1.477 km.
(b) What do you mean by embedding diagram ? Show how Schwarzschild embedding diagram
gives Flamm’s paraboloid.
5. Show that for Schwarzschild spacetime, there are no stable circular orbits with 𝑟 ≤ 6 𝐺𝑀
where the symbols have their usual significances. Show also that the particle’s final
energy-per-unit mass decreases by an amount of 5.7 % of its rest mass when it drifts past
the “ innermost stable circular orbit” (ISCO).

6. What do you mean by “ perihelion” ? Calculate the perihelion shift of Mercury where
the mean orbital radius of Mercury is about 57.9 X 106 Km and its period is roughly
0.241years.
7. A photon from a distant star that reaches earth after just grazing the surface of the Sun
will have 𝑟𝑐 ≈ distance of the closest approach ≈ the Sun’s radius (6,96,000 Km).
Show that such a photon will be deflected through an angle of about 1.74″ .
8. Explicitly carry out the transformation from Schwarzschild to Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates.
Find the metric in Kruskal-Szekeres coordinates for both 𝑟 > 2 𝐺𝑀 and 𝑟 < 2 𝐺𝑀.
9. In Gravitational Lensing, how will you get the brightness of the two images of a source
star from the lens equation ?
10. Consider an expanding gaseous sphere of uniform mass density ρ, total mass M, and radius R(t).
A gas particle at the surface of this sphere will move radially outward in accordance with
the equation :
v 2 /2 = GM/R + constant where v = ΔR/Δt is the radial speed.
Show that this equation may be written in the form
(l/R)(ΔR/Δt)2 = 8πG ρ /3 + 2(constant)/R2
AU/Spring Sem. (2021)/PH – 506
 Aliah University
Department of Physics
Practical Examination, 2021
M.Sc. in Physics, Sem- X or IV
Paper Code: PH-592 Course Title: Advanced Physics Lab
Full Marks: 40 Time: 2 hrs (10-12 am)
__________________________________________________________________________

Answer all questions

1. a) Distinguish between absorption and emission spectra in laser spectroscopy.
b) What do you mean by ECDL? How the frequency tuning of a laser depends on the length of the
resonator/cavity?
c) If we use white light for diffraction experiments through a CD or DVD, then what will be the
pattern of the observed spectra?
d) Why p-polarization light is used in the SPR experiment?
e) What is an evanescent wave in the total internal reflection? How can you get the wavelength of the
evanescent wave? 5×2=10

2. To measure the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) reflectance curve at metal (gold)-air
interface
a) Write briefly about the surface Plasmon wave at the metal-dielectric interface.
b) Draw and discuss the Kretschmann configuration for the SPR reflectance curve.
c) Discuss the condition of resonance in SPR. Hence, draw and discuss the SPR curve using critical
angle and resonance angle.
d) In SPR experiment, say few words about i) laser source, ii) gold thin film, iii) photodetector.
2+3+4+3
3. To find the groove spacing of a CD or DVD using laser light
a) Write the working formulae of the experiment mentioning all terms.
b) Draw the schematic diagram of the setup using transmission diffraction grating of a CD.
c) Given, the distance between the CD and the screen = 66 cm; distances of the 1st and 2nd order of
the bright spots from 0th order = 65 cm and 234 cm, respectively. Find the grove spacing of the
CD. (Wavelength of the laser = 650 nm)
d) What is the difference (in terms of order) between the groove spacing of a CD and DVD?
e) What precautions do you need during working with a diode laser? 2+2+3+1+2

4. Absorption spectroscopy in Rb vapour cell using diode laser

a) Draw the schematic diagram of the experimental set-up with proper labelling.
b) If the laser frequency scans 10 GHz, then draw the absorption spectrum of Rb atoms (both
isotopes) mentioning the hyperfine transitions corresponding to each absorption dip.
c) Explain briefly the origin of natural and Doppler broadening effects on the absorption curve.
2+3+3

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