P O RT S A ID U N IV E R S IT Y 1 5 S L ID E

FA C U LT Y O F E N G IN E E R IN G

THE GLASS AND

CIRAMIC
FABRICATION
D/ Sohair Samy
NAMES
• ALI AHMED ELMOSREY
• SHIMAA SHAWKY
• MOHAMED ASHRAF
• MUHAMMAD ABAZA
Manufacturing and fabrication
Manufacturing: refers to the process of
1 converting raw materials or components
into finished goods using machinery, tools,
and labor. Manufacturing involves various
processes such as casting, forging,
molding, and assembly to create products.

Fabrication: refers to the process of

2 constructing or creating something by
cutting, bending, and shaping raw
materials. Fabrication involves using
various techniques such as welding,
soldering, and brazing to join materials
together to create a finished product.
The Glass Fabrication
 1- Glass Cutting

The specific steps may

2- Glass Grinding
vary depending on the
type of glass and the final
product being created 3- GlassTempering

4- Glass Laminating

5- Glass Coating

6- Glass Bending
 • first step in the glass fabrication process is
typically cutting the glass to the desired

1- GLASS CUTTING size and shape.

• This is an important step to determines the
overall dimensions of the finished product and
ensures that it fits the intended application.

• Glass cutting is usually done using a diamond

cutting wheel or a laser cutting machine. The
cutting wheel is typically made of a diamond-
coated metal disc that is rotated at high speed
to score the surface of the glass.

• The glass is then snapped along the scored

line to create the desired shape. Laser
cutting is a more precise cutting method that
uses a high-powered laser beam to cut
through the glass.
 • After the glass has been cut, it is often ground
2- Glass Grinding and polished to remove any rough edges or
imperfections.
And Polishing • This can be done using various tools and
techniques, including sandblasting or polishing
with abrasive compounds.
• Grinding is typically done using a machine that
applies a grinding wheel or abrasive disc to the
surface of the glass.

• The grinding wheel is usually made of diamond

or other hard materials that can remove small
amounts of glass with each pass. The machine
applies pressure to the glass, which is moved
against the grinding wheel, resulting in a
smooth, even surface.
• it may be polished to create a clear, glossy
finish. Polishing is typically done using a
polishing machine that applies a series of
abrasive compounds to the surface of the glass.
 • Tempering is a process that involves heating

3- GLASS the glass to a high temperature and then rapidly

cooling it.

TEMPERING • This process strengthens the glass and makes

it more resistant to breakage. Tempered glass is
commonly used in applications such as shower
doors and car windows.
• The tempering process involves heating the glass to
a high temperature ( 620°C or 1150°F) and then
rapidly cooling it using compressed air. This causes
the surface of the glass to cool more quickly than the
center, which creates a state of tension within the
glass. As a result, tempered glass is up to five times
stronger than non-tempered glass of the same
thickness.
• Tempered glass is commonly used in
applications where safety is a concern, such as
in car windows, shower doors, and architectural
glass. If tempered glass does break, it shatters
into small, rounded pieces rather than sharp,
jagged shards, which reduces the risk of injury.
 • Laminating is a process that involves bonding two or
4- GLASS more layers of glass together with a layer .

LAMINATING • This creates a strong, durable glass product that is

often used in applications such as safety glass and
bullet-resistant glass.
• The interlayer material is typically made of polyvinyl
butyral (PVB) or ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). It is
sandwiched between the layers of glass and then
subjected to heat and pressure to bond the layers
together.
• The resulting laminated glass is stronger and more durable
than ordinary glass, and it also provides sound insulation
and UV protection. Laminated glass is commonly used in
app`s like car windshields, skylights, and security glass.

• The interlayer material also provides a safety benefit

in the event that the glass is broken. If the glass
breaks, the interlayer material holds the broken
pieces together, preventing them from shattering and
reducing the risk of injury.
 • Glass can also be coated with various
5- GLASS COATING materials to enhance its performance. For
example, a low-emissivity coating can be
applied to reduce heat transfer through the
glass, while a reflective coating can be used to
reduce glare.

Coating can provide the glass with various

properties such as improved solar control, energy
efficiency, or scratch resistance.

Coating is important because it adds additional

properties to the glass, such as improved solar
control, energy efficiency, or scratch resistance.
Coated glass is commonly used in a variety of
applications, including windows, mirrors, and
electronic displays.
6- GLASS • Glass can also be bent into curved shapes using a
process known as bending or slumping. This involves
BENDING heating the glass to a high temperature (600 - 700 )
Degree Celsius and then shaping it over a mold.

• After the glass has been bent to the desired

shape, it is cooled slowly and carefully to
prevent it from cracking or breaking. This
process is known as annealing, and it involves
gradually cooling the glass to room temperature

• However, it is essential in creating a wide range of

glass products used in various industries,
including architecture, automotive, and
electronics.
Advantage and Disadvantage of Glass fabrication
Advantages:

1 Versatility: Glass can be fabricated into a wide range of

shapes, sizes, and designs, making it a versatile material
for many applications.
Transparency: Glass is a transparent material, allowing
light to pass through it. This property makes it an ideal 2 Disadvantages:
Fragility: Glass is a brittle material and can be easily
material for windows, display cases, and other applications
broken or shattered under stress or impact.
where visibility is important.
Cost: Glass fabrication can be an expensive process.
Strength: Glass can be fabricated to be strong and
Weight: Glass can be heavy.
durable, with high resistance to breakage, scratches, and
Environmental Impact: Glass fabrication can have a
other forms of damage.
significant environmental impact, including the
Chemical resistance: Glass is highly resistant to
consumption of natural resources and energy use.
corrosion and chemical attack, making it suitable for use in
Thermal Properties: Glass can be a poor insulator,
harsh environments.
allowing heat to transfer easily through it
The Ceramic Fabrication
 1- Raw Material
Preparation

The fabrication process of

2- Ceramic Mixing
ceramics depends on the
specific type of ceramic
being produced 3- Ceramic Shaping

4- Ceramic drying

5- Ceramic Firing

6- Ceramic Finishing
 • This step involves selecting and preparing
the raw materials that will be used to make

1- The Raw Material the ceramic.

• raw materials may include minerals, clays,

and other natural or synthetic substances.
• In the production of refractory ceramics, the
raw materials may include alumina, silica, and
magnesia.

• The raw materials are carefully selected based

on their properties and the desired properties of
the final ceramic product. They may be mined,
crushed, ground, or otherwise processed to
achieve the desired particle size, purity, and
composition.
 • The prepared raw materials are mixed together in to

2- Ceramic form a homogenous blend.

• There are several methods for mixing ceramic

Mixing materials.
1. In dry mixing, the raw materials are blended
together in their dry form using a mechanical
mixer.
2. Wet mixing, involves adding water or another
liquid to the mixture to form a slurry, which is
then blended using a high-speed mixer or a
ball mill.
3. Spray drying is a slurry of the ceramic
materials is atomized into a fine mist using a
spray nozzle. The mist is then passed through
a heated chamber, where the liquid
evaporates, leaving behind a fine powder that
can be used for shaping.
• The mixing method depends on, The composition
of the raw materials, The desired properties of the
final ceramic product, and the manufacturing
process used.
 • The ceramic material is formed into its final

3- Ceramic shape using one of several techniques, such as

pressing, extrusion, or casting.

Shaping
• Pressing involves compressing the
mixture into a specific shape (mold)
using a hydraulic press

• Extrusion involves forcing the mixture

through a die to create a specific shape.

• Casting involves pouring the mixture

into a mold

• Other shaping methods include slip

casting, where a slurry of the ceramic
material is poured into a plaster mold,
and jiggering and jollying, where the
ceramic is shaped by hand using a
 • The shaped ceramic object is dried to remove any
4- Ceramic excess moisture before it is fired in a kiln.

Drying • The drying process is essential to prevent the

ceramic from cracking or warping during firing, which
can lead to defects in the final product.
• The drying process can be carried out in several ways,
depending on the size and shape of the ceramic, Some
common drying methods include:

1. Air-drying: Small or thin ceramic objects can be air-

dried by simply leaving them to dry at room
temperature. Air-drying is a slow process and can
take several days or even weeks
2. Forced-air drying: Larger or thicker ceramic objects
can be dried more quickly using a forced-air drying
system. This involves circulating warm, dry air
around the object to speed up the drying process
3. Kiln drying: object heated to a low temperature,
about 100-200 degrees Celsius, to remove the
moisture from the object.
 • The shaped and dried ceramic object is

5- Ceramic Firing subjected to high temperatures to induce

chemical and physical changes
• The temperature can range from a few hundred
degrees Celsius to over 1000 degrees Celsius.

During firing, several changes occur in the

ceramic material, including:
• Densification: The ceramic particles are
fused together, reducing the porosity, and
increasing the strength and hardness of the
material.

• Crystal growth: The ceramic particles grow

and rearrange themselves, forming a more
organized crystal structure.

• Reduction or oxidation: Depending on the

firing atmosphere, the ceramic material can
undergo chemical changes that affect its
color, composition, and properties.
6- Ceramic
Finishing

• After firing, the ceramic may be finished with

glazing, polishing, or other surface treatments
to enhance its appearance and properties.
Advantage and Disadvantage of ceramic fabrication
Advantages:
1 -Durability: Ceramics are known for their high
strength and durability.
-Heat resistance: Ceramics are also known for their
ability to withstand high temperatures.
-Aesthetic appeal: Ceramics can be crafted into
aesthetically appealing shapes and designs, making
2 Disadvantages:
Brittle: Ceramics are generally brittle and can easily

them ideal for decorative purposes.

crack when subjected to impact.

Chemical resistance: are ideal for use in applications Processing difficulty: The processing is difficult and

where they will be exposed to harsh chemicals. expensive due to their high melting point and the need
for specialized equipment.
Cost: Ceramics can be expensive to produce due to
the specialized equipment.
Limited designs: difficult to shape into complex
designs
Thank you for
joining me
today!
 References
1. https://interglass.org/blog/differences-between-glass-manufacturing-and-glass-fabrication/
2. https://glassed.vitroglazings.com/topics/types-of-glass-fabrication
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4. https://www.eternaltools.com/blog/cold-working-glass-tools-everything-you-need-to-know
5. https://xglas.eu/en/technologies/glass-tempering-process/
6. https://www.mornglass.com/glass-processing-laminated-glass.html
7. https://www.sircapaints.com/blog/all-you-need-to-know-about-glass-coatings/
8. https://www.glastory.net/glass-bending-tempering/
9. https://pegglass.com/glass-fabrication/

10. https://ceramicartsnetwork.org/daily/ceramic-raw-materials
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