Chap3 Part 1

EMJ17203–Engineering Dynamics
Semester 2, 2022/2023
Chapter 3:
KINETICS OF A PARTICLE:
WORK AND ENERGY (Part 1)
Dr. MUHAMMAD HISYAM ROSLE
Faculty of Electrical Engineering & Technology, UniMAP
Email: hisyamrosle@unimap.edu.my
EMJ17203 Engineering
1 Dynamics 1
Reminder
Quiz 1
Date: 2 May 2023 (Tuesday)
Time: 8.00 PM
Venue: DK1 Hall (Orange building)
Duration: 45 minutes
Covering Chapter 1 and 2
EMJ17203 Engineering Dynamics 2

Reminder
Test
Date: 17 May 2023 (Wednesday)
Time: 8.00 PM
Venue: DK1 Hall (Orange building)
Duration: 1 hour 30 minutes
Covering Chapter 2 and 3

Objectives:
• To develop the principle of work and energy and apply it

to solve problems that involve force, velocity, and
displacement.
• To study problems that involve power and efficiency.
• To introduce the concept of a conservative force and
apply the theorem of conservation of energy to solve
kinetic problems.

Chapter 3. Kinetics of a Particle: Work & Energy
1. Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion
2. Equation of Motion
3. Equation of Motion for a
System of Particles
4. Equations of Motion:
Rectangular Coordinates
5. Equations of Motion: Normal
and Tangential Coordinates

A crane is lifting an object.
As the woman falls, her energy will have to be
absorbed by the bungee cord. The principles of
work and energy can be used to predict the
motion.
Applications
A roller coaster makes use of gravitational forces to assist the cars in reaching
high speeds in the “valleys” of the track.
How can we design the track (e.g., the height, h, and the radius of
curvature, r) to control the forces experienced by the passengers?
EMJ17203 Engineering Dynamics

Applications (Cont.)
Crash barrels are often used

along roadways in front of
barriers for crash protection.
The barrels absorb the car’s

kinetic energy by deforming.
If we know the velocity of an

oncoming car and the amount of
energy that can be absorbed by
each barrel, how can we design a
crash cushion?

Work and Energy
Another equation for working kinetics problems involving particles can
be derived by integrating the equation of motion (F = ma) with respect
to displacement.
By substituting at = v(dv/ds) into Ft = mat, the result is integrated to yield

an equation known as the principle of work and energy.
This principle is useful for solving problems that involve force, velocity,
and displacement. It can also be used to explore the concept of power.
To use this principle, we must first understand how to calculate the work of a
force.

3.1 Work of a Force
A force does work on a particle when the particle undergoes a
displacement along the line of action of the force.
Work is defined as the product of force

and displacement components acting
in the same direction. So, if the angle
between the force and displacement
vector is q , the increment of work dU
done by the force is
dU = F ds cos q
By using the definition of the dot

product and integrating, the total
work can be written as

Work of a Force
If F is a function of position (a common case) this becomes
If both F and q are constant (F = Fc), this equation further simplifies to
Work is positive if the force and the movement are in the same
direction. If they are opposing, then the work is negative. If the
force and the displacement directions are perpendicular, the
work is zero.

Work of a Weight
The work done by the gravitational force acting on a
particle (or weight of an object) can be calculated by
using
The work of a weight is the product of the magnitude of the particle’s weight and
its vertical displacement. If Δy is upward, the work is negative since the weight force
always acts downward.

Work of a Spring Force
When stretched, a linear elastic spring develops a
force of magnitude Fs = ks, where k is the spring
stiffness and s is the displacement from the
unstretched position.
The work of the spring force moving from position

s1 to position s2 is
If a particle is attached to the spring, the force Fs exerted on

the particle is opposite to that exerted on the spring. Thus, the
work done on the particle by the spring force will be negative

Spring Forces
It is important to note the following about spring forces.
1. The equations above are for linear springs only! Recall that a linear spring
develops a force according to
F = ks (essentially the equation of a line).
2. The work of a spring is not just spring force times distance at some point,
i.e., (ksi)(si). Beware, this is a trap that students often fall into!
3. Always double-check the sign of the spring work after

calculating it. It is positive work if the force on the object by
the spring and the movement are in the same direction.

3.2 Principle of Work & Energy
By integrating the equation of motion,  Ft = mat = mv(dv/ds),
the principle of work and energy can be written as
U1-2 is the work done by all the forces acting on the particle as it moves from point 1 to point 2.
Work can be either a positive or negative scalar.
T1 and T2 are the kinetic energies of the particle at the initial and final position, respectively.
Thus, T1 = 0.5 m (v1)2 and T2 = 0.5 m (v2)2. The kinetic energy is always a positive scalar (velocity is
squared!).
So, the particle’s initial kinetic energy plus the work done by all the forces acting on the
particle as it moves from its initial to final position is equal to the particle’s final kinetic
energy.
3.2 Principle of Work & Energy (Cont.)
Note that the principle of work and energy (T1 +  U1-2 = T2) is not a vector
equation! Each term results in a scalar value.
Both kinetic energy and work have the same units, that of energy!
In the SI system, the unit for energy is called a joule (J), where 1 J = 1 N·m.
In the FPS system, units are ft·lb.
The principle of work and energy cannot be used, in general, to determine forces
directed normal to the path, since these forces do no work.
The principle of work and energy can also be applied to a system of particles by
summing the kinetic energies of all particles in the system and the work due to all
forces acting on the system.

3.3 Principle of Work and Energy for a System of Particles
The principle of work and energy can be extended to include a system of

particles isolated within an enclosed region of space as shown in Figure.
Here the arbitrary ith particle, having a mass mi , is subjected to a resultant
external force Fi and a resultant internal force fi which all the other
particles exert on the ith particle. If we apply the principle of work and
energy to this and each of the other particles in the system, then since
work and energy are scalar quantities, the equations can be summed
algebraically, which gives
In this case, the initial kinetic energy of the system plus the work done by
all the external and internal forces acting on the system is equal to the
final kinetic energy of the system.

Work of Friction Caused by Sliding
The case of a body sliding over a rough surface merits special consideration.
Consider a block which is moving over a rough surface. If

the applied force P just balances the resultant frictional
force kN, a constant velocity v would be maintained.
The principle of work and energy would be applied as
This equation is satisfied if P = k N. However, we know

from experience that friction generates heat, a form of
energy that does not seem to be accounted for in this
equation. It can be shown that the work term (k N)s
represents both the external work of the friction force and
the internal work that is converted into heat.

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EMJ17203–Engineering Dynamics

Covering Chapter 1 and 2

EMJ17203 Engineering Dynamics 2

Covering Chapter 2 and 3

EMJ17203 Engineering Dynamics 3

• To develop the principle of work and energy and apply it

EMJ17203 Engineering Dynamics 4

EMJ17203 Engineering Dynamics 5

EMJ17203 Engineering Dynamics

Crash barrels are often used

The barrels absorb the car’s

If we know the velocity of an

EMJ17203 Engineering Dynamics

By substituting at = v(dv/ds) into Ft = mat, the result is integrated to yield

EMJ17203 Engineering Dynamics

Work is defined as the product of force

By using the definition of the dot

EMJ17203 Engineering Dynamics

If F is a function of position (a common case) this becomes

If both F and q are constant (F = Fc), this equation further simplifies to

EMJ17203 Engineering Dynamics

EMJ17203 Engineering Dynamics

The work of the spring force moving from position

If a particle is attached to the spring, the force Fs exerted on

EMJ17203 Engineering Dynamics

F = ks (essentially the equation of a line).

3. Always double-check the sign of the spring work after

EMJ17203 Engineering Dynamics

EMJ17203 Engineering Dynamics

The principle of work and energy can be extended to include a system of

EMJ17203 Engineering Dynamics 17

Consider a block which is moving over a rough surface. If

The principle of work and energy would be applied as

This equation is satisfied if P = k N. However, we know

EMJ17203 Engineering Dynamics

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