Chapter 4 Curve fitting

What is curve fitting?

Finding a curve that best fit a set of data.
‫ايجاد منحنى (دالة) تمثل مجموعة من البيانات‬

1- Fitting to straight line

Here we try to find a straight line: 𝒚 = 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒙 that fits
x 𝑥0 𝑥1 𝑥2 … 𝑥𝑛
y 𝑦0 𝑦1 𝑦2 … 𝑦𝑛

‫ايجاد دالة فى شكل خط مستقيم تمثل مجموعة من البيانات‬

Least square method

Depends on finding the parameters 𝑎, 𝑏 in the equation of
The straight line such that minimize sum of square of error
between the obtained equation and the given data.
‫ فى معادلة الخط المستقيم السابقة للحصول على اقل‬a, b ‫ايجاد البراميترات‬
‫مجموع لمربعات الخطأ (الفروق) بين المعادلة المستنتجة والبيانات فى الجدول‬

Sum of square of error E

𝑛

𝐸 = ∑(𝑦𝑖 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑥𝑖 )2
𝑖=1
To minimize the error
𝑛
𝜕𝐸
=0 ⟹ −2 ∑(𝑦𝑖 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑥𝑖 ) = 0
𝜕𝑎
𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑦𝑖 = ∑ 𝑎 + ∑ 𝑏 𝑥𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

29
 𝑛 𝑛

𝑜𝑟 ∑ 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 ⟶ (1)
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

𝑛
𝜕𝐸
𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 =0 ⟹ −2 ∑(𝑦𝑖 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑥𝑖 ) 𝑥𝑖 = 0
𝜕𝑏
𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 = ∑ 𝑎 𝑥𝑖 + ∑ 𝑏 𝑥𝑖 2
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

𝑜𝑟 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 2 ⟶ (2)
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

Solving (1), (2) we get a , b in the required equation.

Example 1
Fit a straight line 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥 to the data
x 0 5 10 15 20 25
y 100 111 119 132 140 151
Solution
To use equation (1) , (2) above we construct the table
‫) نحتاج لتكوين الجدول التالى‬2( ‫) و‬1( ‫الستخدام المعادلة‬
x y 𝑥2 xy
0 100 0 0
5 111 25 555
10 119 100 1190
15 132 225 1980
20 140 400 2800
25 151 625 3775

∑ 𝑥𝑖 ∑ 𝑦𝑖 ∑ 𝑥2 ∑ 𝑥𝑦
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖
= 75 = 753 = 1375 = 10300

30
Substitute in equation (1), (2) above

753 = 6 𝑎 + 75 𝑏 → (1)

10300 = 75 𝑎 + 1375 𝑏 → (2)

Solving: a = 100.14, b = 2.03

The required st. line is 𝑦 = 100.14 + 2.03 𝑥

‫يمكن التحقق من صحة الدالة السابقة بالحصول منها على الجدول المعطى‬

Fitting to a parabola
Sometimes the data is known to be fitted by a parabola
‫احيانا تكون البيانات يمثلها دالة تربيعية‬

𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2

By the same method the required equations are

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑛𝑎 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑐 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 2 ⟶ (3)
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 2 + 𝑐 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 3 ⟶ (4)
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑥𝑖 2 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 2 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 3 + 𝑐 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 4 ⟶ (5)
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

Example 2
Fit a parabola 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 to the data

x 0 1 2 4 6
y 3 1 0 1 4

Solution:

31
To use equation (3), (4), (5) above we construct the table
x y 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 xy 𝑥 2𝑦
0 3 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 0 4 8 16 0 0
4 1 16 64 256 4 16
6 4 36 216 1296 24 144

∑ 𝑥𝑖 ∑ 𝑦𝑖 ∑ 𝑥 2 ∑ 𝑥 3 ∑ 𝑥4 ∑ x y ∑ 𝑥 2𝑦
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖
= 13 = 9 = 57 = 289 = 1569 = 29 = 161

Substitute in equation (3), (4),(5)

9 = 5 𝑎 + 13 𝑏 + 57 𝑐

29 = 13 𝑎 + 57 𝑏 + 289 𝑐

161 = 57𝑎 + 289 𝑏 + 1569 𝑐

Solving: a = 2.831, b = - 2.054 , c=0.378

The required parabola is 𝑦 = 2.831 − 2.054𝑥 + 0.378𝑥 2

2- Other fitting functions

It is difficult to derive equations to each functions

‫من الصعب استنتاج معادالت خاصة لكل دالة‬

If we can reduce other functions to the linear form, it will be

possible to use equation (1), (2) of straight line.
‫اذا امكن تحويل الدوال االخرى لشكل الدالة الخطية فيمكن عند ذلك استخدام‬
)2( ‫) و‬1( ‫معادالت الدالة الخطية السابقة‬

This will be shown in the following examples

32
 Example 3
Fit a function 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 to the data

x 1.2 2.8 4.3 5.4 6.8 7.9

y 7.5 16.1 38.9 67 146.6 266.2
Solution:
The required function ‫الدالة المطلوبة‬
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑒 𝑏𝑥

‫نحولها لشكل دالة الخط المستقيم‬

Taking natural logarithm for both sides
‫بادخال اللوغارتم على الطرفين‬
𝑙𝑛𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥
𝑂𝑟 𝑌 = 𝐴 + 𝑏 𝑥 (𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒)

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑌 = 𝑙𝑛𝑦 , 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎

Now we can use equation (1), (2)
)2( ‫) و‬1( ‫يمكن االن استخدام معادالت الدالة الخطية‬
𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑌𝑖 = 𝑛 𝐴 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 ⟶ (1)
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑌𝑖 = 𝐴 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 2 ⟶ (2)
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
The required table is
x y Y=lny 𝑥2 xY
1.2 7.5 2.015 1.44 2.418
2.8 16.1 2.779 7.84 7.781
4.3 38.9 3.661 18.49 15.742
5.4 67 4.205 29.16 22.707
6.8 146.6 4.988 46.24 33.918
7.9 266.2 5.584 62.41 44.114
∑ 𝑥𝑖 ∑ 𝑌𝑖 ∑ 𝑥 2𝑖 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑌𝑖
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖
=28.4 =23.232 =165.58 =126.68

33
Substitute in (1), (2)

23.232 = 6 A + 28.4 b

126.68 = 28.4 A + 165.58 b

Solving , A = 1.332 → a = e1.332 = 3.789

and b = 0.537

The required equation is

𝑦 = 3.789 𝑒 0.537𝑥

Example 4
𝑏
Fit a function 𝑦 = 𝑎 + to the data
𝑥

x 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.8 4

y 7.1 4.4 3.2 1.9 0.9

Solution:
The required function ‫الدالة المطلوبة‬
𝑏
𝑦= 𝑎+
𝑥

‫نحولها لشكل دالة الخط المستقيم‬

1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑋 =
𝑥
‫المعادلة بعد التحويل تصبح‬

𝑦 = 𝑎+𝑏𝑋

)2( ‫) و‬1( ‫يمكن االن استخدام معادالت الدالة الخطية‬

𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑛 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑋𝑖 ⟶ (1)
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑋𝑖 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑋𝑖 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑋𝑖 2 ⟶ (2)
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

34
The required table is
x y 1 𝑋2 Xy
𝑋=
𝑥
0.5 7.1 2 4 14.2
0.8 4.4 1.25 1.563 5.5
1.1 3.2 0.909 0.826 2.909
1.8 1.9 0.556 0.309 1.056
4 0.9 0.25 0.063 0.225

∑𝑦 ∑𝑋 ∑ 𝑋2 ∑ 𝑋𝑦

=17.5 =4.965 =6.761 =23.89

)2( ‫) و‬1( ‫بالتعويض فى المعادالت‬

17.5 = 5 𝑎 + 4.965 b

23.89 = 4.965 𝑎 + 6.761b

Solving 𝑎 = −0.034 , 𝑏 = 3.559

The required function ‫الدالة المطلوبة‬

3.559
𝑦 = −0.034 +
𝑥

Example 5
Fit a function 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 to the data

x 1 2 3 4
y 0.97 4.09 17.28 72.94
Solution:
The required function ‫الدالة المطلوبة‬
𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑏𝑥

35
 ‫نحولها لشكل دالة الخط المستقيم‪ .‬بادخال اللوغارتم على الطرفين‬
‫𝑏𝑛𝑙 𝑥 ‪𝑙𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎 +‬‬
‫المعادلة بعد التحويل تصبح‬
‫𝐵𝑥‪𝑌 = 𝐴+‬‬
‫𝐵 = 𝑏𝑛𝑙 ‪𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑌 , 𝑙𝑛𝑎 = 𝐴 ,‬‬

‫يمكن االن استخدام معادالت الدالة الخطية (‪ )1‬و (‪)2‬‬

‫𝑛‬ ‫𝑛‬

‫𝑖𝑥 ∑ 𝐵 ‪∑ 𝑌𝑖 = 𝑛 𝐴 +‬‬ ‫)‪⟶ (1‬‬

‫‪𝑖=1‬‬ ‫‪𝑖=1‬‬
‫𝑛‬ ‫𝑛‬ ‫𝑛‬

‫)‪∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑌𝑖 = 𝐴 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 + 𝐵 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 2 ⟶ (2‬‬
‫‪𝑖=1‬‬ ‫‪𝑖=1‬‬ ‫‪𝑖=1‬‬
‫‪The required table is‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫𝑦 𝑛𝑙 = 𝑌‬ ‫‪𝑥2‬‬ ‫‪xY‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0.97‬‬ ‫‪-0.03‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪-0.03‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4.09‬‬ ‫‪1.41‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2.82‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪17.28‬‬ ‫‪2.85‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪8.55‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪72.94‬‬ ‫‪4.29‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17.16‬‬

‫𝑥∑‬ ‫𝑌∑‬ ‫‪∑ 𝑥2‬‬ ‫𝑌𝑥 ∑‬

‫‪=10‬‬ ‫‪=8.52‬‬ ‫‪=30‬‬ ‫‪=28.5‬‬

‫بالتعويض فى المعادالت (‪ )1‬و (‪)2‬‬

‫‪8.52 = 4 A + 10 B‬‬
‫‪28.5 = 10 A + 30B‬‬
‫‪Solving 𝐴 = −1.47‬‬ ‫‪→ 𝑎 = 𝑒 −1.47 = 0.23‬‬
‫‪And 𝐵 = 1.44‬‬ ‫‪→ 𝑏 = 𝑒 1.44‬‬ ‫‪= 4.22‬‬
‫‪The required function‬‬ ‫الدالة المطلوبة‬
‫𝑥‪𝑦 = 0.23 ∗ 4.22‬‬

‫‪36‬‬
 ‫‪Example 6‬‬
‫‪Fit a function 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥 𝑏 to the data‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪2.54 5.79 13.22 21.42‬‬ ‫‪39.34‬‬
‫‪Solution:‬‬
‫‪The required function‬‬ ‫الدالة المطلوبة‬
‫𝑏𝑥 𝑎 = 𝑦‬

‫نحولها لشكل دالة الخط المستقيم‪ .‬بادخال اللوغارتم على الطرفين‬

‫𝑥𝑛𝑙 𝑏 ‪𝑙𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎 +‬‬
‫المعادلة بعد التحويل تصبح‬
‫𝑋 𝑏‪𝑌 = 𝐴+‬‬
‫𝑋 = 𝑥𝑛𝑙 ‪𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑌 , 𝑙𝑛𝑎 = 𝐴 ,‬‬

‫يمكن االن استخدام معادالت الدالة الخطية (‪ )1‬و (‪)2‬‬

‫𝑛‬ ‫𝑛‬

‫𝑖𝑋 ∑ 𝑏 ‪∑ 𝑌𝑖 = 𝑛 𝐴 +‬‬ ‫)‪⟶ (1‬‬

‫‪𝑖=1‬‬ ‫‪𝑖=1‬‬
‫𝑛‬ ‫𝑛‬ ‫𝑛‬

‫)‪∑ 𝑋𝑖 𝑌𝑖 = 𝐴 ∑ 𝑋𝑖 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑋𝑖 2 ⟶ (2‬‬
‫‪𝑖=1‬‬ ‫‪𝑖=1‬‬ ‫‪𝑖=1‬‬
‫‪The required table is‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪X=lnx‬‬ ‫𝑦 𝑛𝑙 = 𝑌‬ ‫‪𝑋2‬‬ ‫‪XY‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2.54‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0.93‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪5.79‬‬ ‫‪0.69‬‬ ‫‪1.76‬‬ ‫‪0.48‬‬ ‫‪1.21‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪13.22‬‬ ‫‪1.39‬‬ ‫‪2.58‬‬ ‫‪1.93‬‬ ‫‪3.59‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪21.42‬‬ ‫‪1.79‬‬ ‫‪3.06‬‬ ‫‪3.2‬‬ ‫‪5.48‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪39.34‬‬ ‫‪2.3‬‬ ‫‪3.67‬‬ ‫‪5.29‬‬ ‫‪8.44‬‬

‫𝑋∑‬ ‫𝑌∑‬ ‫‪∑ 𝑋2‬‬ ‫𝑌𝑋 ∑‬

‫‪=6.17‬‬ ‫‪=12‬‬ ‫‪=10.9‬‬ ‫‪=18.72‬‬

‫‪37‬‬
 ‫بالتعويض فى المعادالت (‪ )1‬و (‪)2‬‬

‫‪12 = 5 A + 6.17 b‬‬

‫‪18.72 = 6.17 A + 10.9 b‬‬

‫‪Solving 𝐴 = 0.93‬‬ ‫‪→ 𝑎 = 𝑒 0.93 = 2.53‬‬

‫‪and 𝑏 = 1.19‬‬
‫‪The required function‬‬ ‫الدالة المطلوبة‬

‫‪𝑦 = 2.53 𝑥 1.19‬‬

‫يمكن التحقق من صحة الدالة السابقة بالحصول منها على الجدول المعطى‬

‫‪Example 7‬‬
‫𝑥‬
‫= 𝑦 ‪Fit a function‬‬ ‫‪to the data‬‬
‫𝑥 𝑏‪𝑎+‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪0.16 0.26‬‬ ‫‪0.32‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬

‫‪Solution:‬‬
‫‪The required function‬‬ ‫الدالة المطلوبة‬
‫𝑥‬
‫=𝑦‬
‫𝑥𝑏‪𝑎+‬‬
‫نحولها لشكل دالة الخط المستقيم‬

‫مقلوب الطرفين‬
‫𝑥𝑏‪1 𝑎+‬‬ ‫𝑎‬
‫=‬ ‫𝑏‪= +‬‬
‫𝑦‬ ‫𝑥‬ ‫𝑥‬

‫‪38‬‬
 𝑌 =𝑎 𝑋+𝑏
1 1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑌 = , 𝑋=
𝑦 𝑥
)2( ‫) و‬1( ‫يمكن االن استخدام معادالت الدالة الخطية‬
𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑌𝑖 = 𝑛 𝑏 + 𝑎 ∑ 𝑋𝑖 ⟶ (1)
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑋𝑖 𝑌𝑖 = 𝑏 ∑ 𝑋𝑖 + 𝑎 ∑ 𝑋𝑖 2 ⟶ (2)
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

The required table is

x 𝑦 1 1 𝑋2 XY
𝑋= 𝑌=
𝑥 𝑦

1.917 15.721 1.341 9.372

Finally we get
𝑥
𝑦=
4.352 + 1.845 𝑥

Example 8
Fit a function 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥 to the data

x -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

y -2.48 -1.18 0.4 1.89 2.91 3.22

39
 ‫‪Solution:‬‬
‫‪The required function‬‬ ‫الدالة المطلوبة‬
‫𝑥 ‪𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos‬‬

‫نحولها لشكل دالة الخط المستقيم‬

‫بالقسمة على 𝑥 ‪cos‬‬
‫𝑦‬
‫𝑏‪= 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 +‬‬
‫𝑥 ‪cos‬‬
‫‪or‬‬ ‫𝐛‪𝐘=𝐚 𝐗+‬‬
‫𝑦‬
‫‪where‬‬ ‫=‪Y‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑛𝑎𝑡 = 𝑋‬
‫𝑥 ‪cos‬‬
‫يمكن االن استخدام معادالت الدالة الخطية (‪ )1‬و (‪)2‬‬
‫𝑛‬ ‫𝑛‬

‫𝑖𝑋 ∑ 𝑎 ‪∑ 𝑌𝑖 = 6 𝑏 +‬‬ ‫)‪⟶ (1‬‬

‫‪𝑖=1‬‬ ‫‪𝑖=1‬‬
‫𝑛‬ ‫𝑛‬ ‫𝑛‬

‫)‪∑ 𝑋𝑖 𝑌𝑖 = 𝑏 ∑ 𝑋𝑖 + 𝑎 ∑ 𝑋𝑖 2 ⟶ (2‬‬
‫‪𝑖=1‬‬ ‫‪𝑖=1‬‬ ‫‪𝑖=1‬‬

‫‪The required table is‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫𝑦‬ ‫𝑦 = 𝑌 𝑥𝑛𝑎𝑡 = 𝑋‬ ‫‪𝑋2‬‬ ‫‪XY‬‬

‫𝑥 ‪cos‬‬
‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪-2.48‬‬ ‫‪-1.56‬‬ ‫‪-4.58‬‬ ‫‪2.43‬‬ ‫‪7.16‬‬
‫‪-0.5‬‬ ‫‪-1.18‬‬ ‫‪-0.55‬‬ ‫‪-1.35‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪0.74‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0.4‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫‪1.89‬‬ ‫‪0.55‬‬ ‫‪2.15‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪1.18‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2.91‬‬ ‫‪1.56‬‬ ‫‪5.38‬‬ ‫‪2.43‬‬ ‫‪8.39‬‬
‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪3.22‬‬ ‫‪14.1‬‬ ‫‪45.52‬‬ ‫‪198.81‬‬ ‫‪641.83‬‬
‫=𝑌‬ ‫= 𝑌𝑋‬
‫𝑋∑‬ ‫∑‬ ‫‪∑ 𝑋2‬‬ ‫∑‬
‫‪47.52‬‬ ‫‪659.3‬‬
‫‪= 14.1‬‬ ‫‪= 204.27‬‬

‫‪40‬‬
 )2( ‫) و‬1( ‫بالتعويض فى معادلة‬
47.52 = 6 b + 14.1 a

659.3 = 14.1 𝑏 + 204.27 𝑎

Solving we get

𝑏 = 0.4 , 𝑎 = 3.199

The required equation

𝑦 = 3.199 sin 𝑥 + 0.4 cos 𝑥

41
 Exercise 2
To fit a straight line 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥 to the data

x 0 5 10 15 20 25
y 100 111 119 132 140 151
using the least square method to find a , b

1- One equation relating a, b

𝑎) ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 = 6 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑏) ∑ 𝑦𝑖 = 6 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥𝑖
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖

𝑐) ∑ 𝑦𝑖 = 5 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑑) ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥𝑖
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖

2 − ∑ 𝑥𝑖 2 =
𝑖
a) 75 b)753 c) 10300 d) 1375

3 − ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 =
𝑖

a) 10300 b)753 c) 75 d) 1375

4 − 𝑎, 𝑏 equal
𝑎) 𝑎 = 2.03, 𝑏 = 100.14 𝑏) 𝑎 = 2.12, 𝑏 = 100.31

𝑐) 𝑎 = 100.14, 𝑏 = 2.03 𝑑) 𝑎 = 100.31, 𝑏 = 2.12

5 − 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠

𝑎) 𝑦 = 2.03 + 100.14 𝑥 𝑏) 𝑦 = 2.12 + 100.31 𝑥

𝑐) 𝑦 = 100.14 + 2.03 𝑥 𝑑) 𝑦 = 100.31 + 2.12 𝑥

42
To fit a parabola 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 to the data

x 0 1 2 4 6
y 3 1 0 1 4

6- One equation relating a, b, c

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

𝑎) ∑ 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 2 + 𝑐 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 3
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

𝑏) ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 = 𝑎 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 2 + 𝑐 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 3
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

𝑐) ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 = 5 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 2 + 𝑐 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 3
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

𝑑) ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 = 5 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑐 ∑ 𝑥𝑖 2
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

7 − ∑ 𝑥𝑖 3 =
𝑖

𝑎) 57 𝑏)289 𝑐) 29 𝑑) 161

8 − ∑ 𝑥𝑖 2 𝑦 =
𝑖
𝑎) 57 𝑏)289 𝑐) 29 𝑑) 161

9−𝑎 =
𝑎) 2.831 𝑏)2.246 𝑐) 2.054 𝑑) 0.378

10 − 𝑐 =
𝑎) 2.831 𝑏)2.246 𝑐) 2.054 𝑑) 0.378

43
 To fit a curve 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 to the data

x 1.2 2.8 4.3 5.4 6.8 7.9

y 7.5 16.1 38.9 67 146.6 266.2

11 − We reduce the curve to straght line

𝑎)𝑌 = 𝑎 + 𝐵𝑥 , 𝑌 = 𝑙𝑛𝑦 , 𝐵 = 𝑙𝑛𝑏

𝑏)𝑌 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥 , 𝑌 = 𝑙𝑛𝑦

𝑐)𝑌 = 𝐴 + 𝑏𝑥 , 𝑌 = 𝑙𝑛𝑦 , 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎

𝑑)𝑌 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 , 𝑌 = 𝑙𝑛𝑦 , 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎 , 𝐵 = 𝑙𝑛𝑏

12) ∑ 𝑌𝑖 = ∑ lny =
𝑖 i

a) 28.4 b) 542.3 c) 23.232 d) 126.68

13) One equation that relates 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎 , 𝑏

a) 23.232 = 6 A + 28.4 b b) 28.4 = 6 A + 23.232 b

c)126.68 = 165.58 A + 28.4 b d) 28.4 = 165.58 A + 126.68 b

14) Finally, in the required function, 𝑎 =

a) 1.332 b) 0.537 c) 1.711 d) 3.789

15 − The required equation is

𝑎) 𝑦 = 𝑦 = 0.537 𝑒 3.789𝑥 𝑏) 𝑦 = 1.711 𝑒 3.789𝑥

𝑐) 𝑦 = 3.789 𝑒 0.537𝑥 𝑑) 𝑦 = 𝑦 = 1.332 𝑒 0.537𝑥

44
 𝑏
To fit a curve 𝑦 = 𝑎 + to the data
𝑥

x 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.8 4

y 7.5 16.1 38.9 67 146.6

1 6 − We reduce the curve to straght line using

𝑏 𝑏 1 𝑏
𝑎) 𝑋 = 𝑏)𝑌 = 𝑐) 𝑋 = 𝑑)𝑋 = 𝑎 +
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

17 − The resulting equation

𝑎) 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥 𝑏) 𝑌 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥
𝑐) 𝑌 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑋 𝑑) 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑋

18 − ∑ 𝑋 2 =

a) 4.965 b)23.89 c)8.2 d) 6.761

19 − ∑ 𝑋𝑦 =

a) 4.965 b)23.89 c)8.2 d) 6.761

Fit a function 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 to the data

x 1 2 3 4
y 0.97 4.09 17.28 72.94

20 − We reduce the curve to straght line

𝑎)𝑌 = 𝐴 + 𝑥 𝐵 , 𝑌 = 𝑙𝑛𝑦 , 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎 , 𝐵 = 𝑙𝑛𝑏

𝑏)𝑌 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑋 , 𝑌 = 𝑙𝑛𝑦 , 𝑋 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥

𝑐)𝑌 = 𝐴 + 𝑏 𝑋 , 𝑌 = 𝑙𝑛𝑦 , 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎 , 𝑋 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥

𝑑)𝑌 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑋 , 𝑌 = 𝑙𝑛𝑦 , 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎 , 𝐵 = 𝑙𝑛𝑏, 𝑋 = 𝑙𝑛𝑥

45
21) ∑ 𝑌𝑖 = ∑ lny =
𝑖 i

a) 5.82 b) 8.52 c) 30 d) 28.5

22) ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑌𝑖 =
𝑖

a) 5.82 b) 8.52 c) 30 d) 28.5

23) One equation that relates 𝐴 = 𝑙𝑛𝑎 , 𝐵 = 𝑙𝑛𝑏

b) 18.72 = 10.9 A + 6.17 B b) 6.17 = 18.72 A + 10.9 B

c) 10 = 28.5 a + 30 B d) 28.5 = 10 a + 30 B

24 − The required equation is

𝑎) 𝑦 = 4.22 ∗ 0.23𝑥 𝑏) 𝑦 = 0.23 ∗ 4.22𝑥

𝑐) 𝑦 = 4.22 ∗ 3.23𝑥 𝑑) 𝑦 = 3.23 ∗ 4.22𝑥

46