Lesson 2 Sources of Farm Power

AB MACHINERY AND MECHANIZATION
Lesson 2 Outline
Sources of Farm Power

Human Power
Animal Power
Rule of Tens
Practice Problem
Cagayan State University

ABE 12 - AB Machinery and Mechanization
Prepared by: Engr. Richmond S. De Leon, RABE
SOURCES OF FARM POWER
Human Power
Animal Power
Electrical Power
Mechanical Power
Renewable Sources

FORCE, WORK, & POWER
FORCE
a force can be visualized as push or pull that tends to move an object
in tillage tools, this force is usually referred to as draft
Newton (N), kilogram of force (kgf), pound of force (lbf)
WORK
Work is a unit of energy and is a function of force and distance, usually expressed in
Newton-meter(N-m), kilogram of force-meter (kgf-m), or Joule (J)
work = FORCE x Distance
unit of time is not required
POWER
Rate at which the work is performed
the faster the work needs to be done, the larger the power requirement
Units: horsepower (hp), kilowatt (kW), Newton-Meter/second (N-m/s), pferde
starke (ps)

HUMAN POWER

HUMAN POWER
Oldest source of power in the farm

Humans use muscles to cover distances, carry
payloads, hunt animals, and cultivate the soil
A human can develop 0.5hp from food
consumption, however only 0.1hp is available for
useful work

HUMAN POWER
Lowest power output among the available power

sources
Suited to perform tasks that require intelligent
judgement
Humans cannot compete with animals/machines in
repetitive jobs (pumping water for irrigation)
Prone to sickness, diseases, even death

HUMAN POWER
Humans learned to use tools to make work easier
Humans learned to use hauling equipment (sleds), then

added rollers underneath, and then later invented the wheels
Humans discovered that animals can be tamed to be utilized
in the farms for hauling carts or carrying as pack animals

HUMAN POWER
Farm Labor
Requirement
Definition: The amount of work performed
by a human worker in one day*. It is to
estimate the total amount of uninterrupted
labor required to complete an operation.

Labor requirement (man-days per hectare)

returns the estimate of how much laborers
are needed to service an area (in this case,
hectare) in a given time.

*1 work-day is equivalent to 8-hours
Source: Beeghy, W. 1972. Nutrition, Employment and Working Efficiency: Toward Measuring
Human Activity in the Rural Tropics. Cornell Agricultural Economics Staff Paper No. 72-73,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

HUMAN POWER
Sample Problem 1:
Three (3) hectare of rice farm is to be
harvested using sickle. The farm owner
wishes to finish the task in the same day.
How many laborers does he need to hire?

a. if the prevailing labor cost is P450/day,

how much should the farmer pay for?
b. if the farmer employs 40 people, how

long will it take to finish the harvesting
operation? (express in hours)
Source: Beeghy, W. 1972. Nutrition, Employment and Working Efficiency: Toward Measuring
Human Activity in the Rural Tropics. Cornell Agricultural Economics Staff Paper No. 72-73,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

HUMAN POWER
Humans are still the predominant source of power in the

farm because of:
Size of Farm
Topography
Crops grown
Low labor cost
High equipment and fuel cost
Some operation in the farm needs human
intelligence

ANIMAL POWER

ANIMAL POWER
it can generate 1hp walking

continuously under favorable
conditions
In the Philippines, Carabao is the

major beast of burden
works mostly for pulling

operations

ANIMAL POWER
Advantages Disadvantages
Lower initial cost low work capacity 25-50hr/ha
easy to maintain (6-8hrs a day only)
rarely bogs down on mud more labor input (cannot work
can work closer to the levees (pilapil) alone)

applicable in most terrain conditions prone to disability, sickness
can reproduce limited to work that requires

produces milk, leather, meat, pulling
fertilizer requires attention (feeding,

pasturing) and training
produces waste
ANIMAL POWER
Computation of Animal Power
Power = Draft x Speed

where:
draft = N, lbf, Kgf
speed = m/s, kph, ft/s
animal power = W, hp, N-m/s

ANIMAL POWER
Sample Problem 2:
Compute the power required if a carabao is to pull a load of 655N

traveling at 0.8m/s

HUMAN POWER AND ANIMAL POWER
Rule of power rating for the more

sophisticated machinery in larger
Tens
farm setting
average power rating of single cylinder

gasoline/diesel engines
average power delivery of the major

beast of burden given a favorable
environment
In an agriculture point of
view, mechanization will
make the job easier,
increasing the power
available to meet the
requirement in a particular
farm operation
power output of an adult, healthy
human in a favorable environment

Sources of Farm Power
Assignment:
Determine the time (t) in hours needed to plow a 3-hectare rice field using a 16cm animal-
drawn plow with an average depth of cut of 10cm traveling at 3.2kph and operating
efficiency of 95%
a. what is the total distance traveled by the farmer upon completion of the operation?
b. if the draft required to pull the plow is 55kg, determine the combined power output of
the farmer and the animal. (express in kW)


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AB MACHINERY AND MECHANIZATION

Sources of Farm Power

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

Oldest source of power in the farm

Cagayan State University

Lowest power output among the available power

Cagayan State University

Humans learned to use hauling equipment (sleds), then

Cagayan State University

Labor requirement (man-days per hectare)

*1 work-day is equivalent to 8-hours

Cagayan State University

a. if the prevailing labor cost is P450/day,

b. if the farmer employs 40 people, how

Cagayan State University

Humans are still the predominant source of power in the

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

it can generate 1hp walking

In the Philippines, Carabao is the

works mostly for pulling

Cagayan State University

can work closer to the levees (pilapil) alone)

can reproduce limited to work that requires

fertilizer requires attention (feeding,

Power = Draft x Speed

Cagayan State University

Compute the power required if a carabao is to pull a load of 655N

Cagayan State University

Rule of power rating for the more

average power rating of single cylinder

average power delivery of the major

Cagayan State University

Cagayan State University

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