Termodinamika Teknik Kimia 2 - Minggu 1

TERMODINAMIKA
TEKNIK KIMIA 2
Dr. Ifa Puspasari
Sasaran
• Dapat mengaplikasikan prinsip-prinsip termodinamika
• dan mampu melakukan analisis kinerja pada sistem
pembangkitan tenaga, sistem refrigerasi,
• dan dapat memahami konsep-konsep kesetimbangan
fasa dan kesetimbangan kimia
Pokok Bahasan/Materi
1. Review konsep-konsep fundamental termodinamika
2. Analisis termodinamika untuk proses alir
3. Sistem pembangkitan energi mekanis dari panas
4. Sistem refrigerasi
5. Kesetimbangan fasa
6. Kesetimbangan kimia
Thermodynamics
heat motion
Knowing the Variables
• Measure of amount or size
• Mass, m
• Number of moles, n
• Mass divided by molar mass (molecular weight)
• Volume, V
• Quantity given as the product of three lengths
• Specific volume: volume divided by mass
• Molar volume: volume divided by number of moles
• Specific density: reciprocal of specific volume
• Force, F
• Product of mass and acceleration
• Temperature
• Degree of hotness
• Unit: °C, °F, K, R
• Pressure
• Force per unit area
• Unit: atm, bar, torr, psi, Pa
• Energy:
• Kinetic energy, Ek
• associated with “motion”
• Potential energy, Ep
• associated with “position”
• Internal energy, U
• associated with “atomic motion & bonding”
• Heat
• Always flows from high T to low T
• For constant pressure system
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇
• For constant volume system

𝑄 = 𝐶𝑣 ∆𝑇
• The part of universe under our study
System
• The part of universe apart from system

Surrounding
• The condition in which a system is kept

State
• When system is moved from one state to another

Process
Classification of System
• Open System
• system in which exchange of both
energy and matter is possible
energy
mass
- allow mass transfer

- allow energy transfer
• Closed System
• system which permits only the
exchange of energy. No exchange
of matter
energy
mass
- no mass transferred
- allow energy transfer
• Isolated System
• System in which there is no
exchange of matter or energy
energy
mass
- no mass transferred
- no energy transferred
Types of Process
• Volume remains constant throughout the process
Isochoric
• Pressure remains constant throughout the process

Isobaric
• Temperature remains constant throughout the process

Isothermal
• There is no exchange of heat throughout the process

Adiabatic • dQ = 0
• Process in which initial and final state are same

Cyclic
Substance’s Properties
• Extensive property
• Depends on the quantity of material
• Eg.: mass
• Intensive property
• Does not depend on the quantity of material
• Eg.: pressure, density
• State function:
• Those variables which depends only on the state of the system and
not on the path through which it has been brought in that state.
• Eg.: potential energy, entropy, enthalpy
• Path-function:
• Those variables which depends on the path through which the
system has been brought in that state.
• Eg.: work, heat
• => boiling of water
• Energy can transfer (across boundary) only in 2 forms:
• Heat (Q)
• transferred by virtue of T difference
• Work (W)
• everything else
• Work and Heat
• Collisions: method to exchange energy between a system and surrounding

• Collision at macroscopic level: Work
• Collision at microscopic level: Heat
• Kicking football => Work
• Heating water in a beaker => Heat
Thermodynamics 1st Law
• Law for energy conservation
• ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 + 𝑊
• Sign convention:
• Anything that increases the energy of the system is taken as positive
and anything that decreases the energy is taken as negative.
• Work done on the system is positive
• Work done by the system is negative
• Heat given to the system is positive
• Heat given by the system is negative
• Q: A system has internal energy of 100 J. 50 J of heat is given to the

system and system does work of 30 J. Find the final energy of the
system.
System & Surrounding
Calculation of Work
• Work = F x s
• dw = F ds moveable piston
• dw = P A ds = P (A ds) P dV
𝑊= 𝑑𝑤 = 𝑃𝑑𝑉 ideal gas
cylinder
Reversible and Irreversible Process
• In a process, if the initial state of a system can be restored,
it is termed as reversible process, otherwise it is
irreversible process.
heap of sand
• Whenever a process takes a finite time to complete, that process

can be approximated as reversible process, that means, a friction
will not cause any mass loss.
Calculation of Work
𝑊=− 𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑑𝑉 = 0 𝑑𝑉 = 0
Isochoric
𝑊=− 𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑑𝑉
𝑊=− 𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑑𝑉 = −𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑃 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖
Isobaric
𝑊=− 𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑑𝑉 = − 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑉 − 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑉𝑑𝑉 = −𝑛𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛 𝑉𝑓 𝑉𝑖
Isothermal reversible process
𝑃𝑓 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑃𝑖 𝑉𝑖
𝑊=
ideal gas Adiabatic 𝛾−1
Calculating Work of Cyclic Process
• Wab = 0
• W bc = - 32 L.atm
8 atm b c • W cd = 0
P • Wda = 8 L.atm
• W net = - 24 L.atm
2 atm a d
1L V 5L
Quiz
1. Is the following a state function or path function?
a) Internal energy
b) Volume
c) Heat
d) Temperature
e) Work
f) Heat capacity
Quiz
2. Is the following extensive or intensive property?
a) Temperature
b) Volume
c) Pressure
d) Density
e) Viscosity
f) Internal energy
g) pH
h) Boiling point
Quiz
3. A cylinder contains 7 g of nitrogen gas. How much work
must be done to compress the gas at constant
temperature of 80 C until the volume is halved?
Quiz
4. A 0.3-m3 tank contains oxygen initially at 100kPa and
27°C. A paddle wheel within the tank is rotated until the
pressure inside rise to 150kPa. During the process 2KJ
of heat is lost to the surroundings. Determine the
paddle-wheel work done. Neglect the energy stored in
the paddle wheel.
Quiz
5. A piston-cylinder device contains 5kg of argon at
400kPa and 30°C. During equilibrium, isothermal
expansion process, 15KJ of boundary work is done by
the system, and 3KJ of paddle-wheel work is done on
the system. Determine the heat transfer for this process.
End of week 1
• Thermodynamics 1st law:
∆𝑈 = 𝑄 + 𝑊
• 1st law of thermodynamics does not tell of the above spontaneous

process is possible or not.
• 2nd law permit prediction on the direction of movement of a process.
1st law 2nd law

Thermodynamics 2nd Law
• Energy is spontaneously tend to flow only from concentrated in
one place to becoming diffused or dispersed or spread out.
• Thermal energy in the coffee has been given out to the surrounding,
so that it comes down to room temperature. => diffusion of energy
• Ice melting: energy from outside diffuse to the ice cube which has
lower energy, so that the water molecules melt.

Termodinamika Teknik Kimia 2 - Minggu 1

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TERMODINAMIKA

• For constant volume system

• The part of universe apart from system

• The condition in which a system is kept

• When system is moved from one state to another

- allow mass transfer

• Pressure remains constant throughout the process

• Temperature remains constant throughout the process

• There is no exchange of heat throughout the process

• Process in which initial and final state are same

• Work and Heat

• Collisions: method to exchange energy between a system and surrounding

• Q: A system has internal energy of 100 J. 50 J of heat is given to the

• Whenever a process takes a finite time to complete, that process

𝑊=− 𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝑑𝑉 = − 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑉 − 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑉𝑑𝑉 = −𝑛𝑅𝑇𝑙𝑛 𝑉𝑓 𝑉𝑖

Isothermal reversible process

• 1st law of thermodynamics does not tell of the above spontaneous

1st law 2nd law

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