Mentor Di Logica (1) .It - en

Translated from Italian to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.
com
Logic Mentor
Volume 1
CISIA Editions
2018
Curators:Luisella Caire and Paola Suria Arnaldi
Editing and layout:Claudius Beccari
Reviewers:Claudio Beccari, Caludio Casarosa, Giuseppe Forte
©2018 CISIA Editions

ISBN: 978-88-940040-5-2
Copyright © 2018
CISIA – Inter-university consortium Integrated access systems - All rights reserved.
THERE IS
President
Prof. Andrea Stella University of Padua
Vice president
Prof. Bianca Maria Lombardo University of Catania
Director
Prof. Claudio Casarosa University of Pisa
Scientific Council
Prof. Claudio Beccari Turin Polytechnic
Prof. Anna Ciampolini Prof. Alma Mater Studiorum University of
Gioconda Moscariello Prof. Bologna University of Naples – Federico II
Marco Lonzi University of Siena
Prof. Alessandra Petrucci University of Florence
Prof. Roberto Piazza Polytechnic of Milan
Board of directors
Prof. Andrea Stella University of Padua
Prof. Bianca Maria Lombardo University of Catania
Prof. Claudio Casarosa University of Pisa
Prof. Alessandro Pozzetti Politecnico di Milano
Prof. Paolo Villani University of Salerno
Technical director
Joseph Strong
Site
Via Malagoli, 12
56124 PISA
www.cisiaonline.it
www.facebook.com/consorziocisia
Presentation
This text, both in print and (possibly) in the form of a PDF file, must be used as an interactive
book, either by leafing through it by hand following the instructions provided gradually, or
by following the links in the PDF file; practically all PDF viewers for calculators, iPADs of
various sizes, and not too small tablets, seem to be able to navigate a PDF document by
following hypertext links.
This booklet is a self-learning tool; it is not used to simulate a test, but to practice
answering closed-ended questions on specific subjects that are generally included in
university admission tests.
The booklet has a particular shape and cannot be used by reading the pages sequentially; a sequential
reading is deliberately almost incomprehensible. The reading should be done in this way: you start with
the first question; read the text and choose an answer by going to the page indicated at the end of the
answer. If the answer is right, the new page confirms it, perhaps adding some small information and
indicates the page where to find the next question. If, on the other hand, the chosen answer is wrong,
the new page explains why it is wrong and at the bottom indicates the page to return to the question
for which the wrong answer was chosen.
As can be seen, therefore, the reading path is forced through the indications of the pages to move to.
Instead, sequential reading is practically impossible because both the questions and the answers are
distributed "randomly" along the text and there are not two logically consecutive elements (questions
or explanations to the answers) placed in the text in adjacent positions.
In this particular mentor, propositional and graphical logic questions are presented; sometimes it is
necessary to do some simple calculations (which can be developed in the mind), but it is emphasized
that these questions which require simple calculations do not require any specific knowledge of
mathematics which has not been known since compulsory schooling.
Logic as such is generally not the subject of any course in upper secondary schools; but the questions
are formulated without using logical "jargon", but in natural language; no specific preparation is
therefore necessary; instead, it is necessary to know how to connect sentences or drawings intelligently
without misunderstanding between causes and effects.
The time to devote to each question should not be too long; however the review or self-
learning of logical concepts is something very different from tackling an admission test
implemented through a questionnaire full of closed multiple choice questions, having
on average a couple of minutes available for each question. The time needed to answer
in this kind of test together with the difficulty of the question itself is an essential
element for the effectiveness of the admission test; allows you to better separate the
sample of candidates who take the test in order to discriminate the preparation of
individual candidates. Usually this does not prevent brilliant candidates, who have
followed upper secondary studies ill-suited to the chosen faculty, from showing their
skills;
This is why reviewing logical reasoning skills is important; just as it is important to discover
before tackling university studies that you do not have a logical way of reasoning in some
areas, so as to be able to make the most of the explanations given to each answer of each
question in this text.
4
How to use the mentor
In the mentor, the questions and explanations of the closed answers they contain are
randomly shuffled, but next to each answer it is indicated on which page the explanation is
found by means of a small black hand whose index finger points to the page to which to
move; on the page indicated, the explanation is clearly identified as the answer 'X' to
question 'Y'. The explanation consists of a title that classifies the answer as right or wrong
and is followed by a short explanatory text possibly accompanied by formulas and drawings.
At the end of the short explanatory text, another little black hand indicates which page to go
to to continue using the mentor; in particular, if the answer given was wrong, the little hand
indicates to go back to the question that was not able to answer,
It should be noted that the questions are numbered sequentially in the mentor, but this game of referrals using the
page pointers proceeds in random order, which however at the end of the reading will have made it possible to reach
each question.
Reading does not take place sequentially according to the numbering of the pages, but only by
following the sequence of the pages indicated by the various little hands. Whether the mentor is
printed or in screen-readable e-book form, reading it in the natural sequence of pages is virtually
impossible. In short, one is forced to think carefully about each question in order to proceed with the
sequence of the right answers.
If a question is answered once or twice with a wrong answer, it is probable that the topic on
which the question relates constitutes a gap or that the topic has not been assimilated
properly. The mentor's goal of highlighting deficiencies in logical reasoning is achieved. The
reader then tries to understand why the answers given were wrong; explanations usually
clarify what errors of logical reasoning one has made, so by understanding the errors one
also understands how to reason logically.
If, on the other hand, the guided reading of the mentor proceeds well, it means that the reader has the
necessary knowledge and skills; he will take care of him, possibly, to point out if he has encountered
questions that have forced him to a lot of mental and material work to repeat the logical reasoning
carried out and will be able to acquire greater operational "ease". Again the goal of the mentor is
achieved; in fact, the reader has identified any weaknesses in him and has the opportunity to practice to
strengthen himself in the topics that have been the most difficult for him.
We hope that readers of this text will find the method followed in this mentor useful; we know
from experience that a book from about fifty years ago, set up in the same way as this mentor,
was very useful to the young people of the time. Today there are more modern means, but
learning is always based on individual cognitive experiences, exactly as it was then.
5
Start
Start from the page that contains the

question from which to start reading the
mentor, as indicated in the box
below.
question 41 on page 67
Question 1
A company has delivered frozen food to your home and now it is necessary to pay the delivery
boy (or delivery boys) who physically carried out the task. Delivery was made with a van. Only
employees Aldo, Bruno, Ciro were available that day. Knowing that Ciro doesn't work if Aldo
doesn't work too and that Bruno doesn't know how to drive, then:
A. Aldo will be paid ☛ page 76

B. only Bruno will be paid ☛ page 44
C. neither Aldo nor Bruno will be paid ☛ page 12
Q. Aldo will not be paid and Bruno will ☛ page 65
E. Ciro will be paid and Aldo will not ☛ page 47
Question 35 - Answer C is wrong
It's not the exact square; the law that generates the numbers on the sides and vertexes, internally or
externally to the figure is not identified.
☛to question 35 on page 55
Question 46 - Answer D is wrong
What if there were 5? Try to make a counter example.
Some reliable people are involved in politics!

Saidℙthe set of prime numbers, say that
∀ ∈ ℕ ∃ , > ∶ ∈ ℙAnd + 2 ∉ ℙ
it is not the refutation of the conjecture.

The denial of ownership requires that
∃ ∈ ℕ ∶ ∀ > ,with ∈ ℙ, + 2 ∉ ℙ
7
Question 2
How many triangles can you identify in the following figure?
TO.6 ☛ page 72
b.12 ☛ page 70
c.10 ☛ page 44
d.8 ☛ page 36
AND.16 ☛ page 25
You can play ball before 1pm and after 4pm on non-holidays, but it's not compulsory! The
formulation error is generated by the shift in position of the logical connective NOT. Indeed:
it is allowed to play…it means it is not forbidden to play…

Instead
it is forbidden NOT to play…it means you must, it is compulsory to play…!
Question 35 - Answer B is wrong
The missing figure is not a hexagon; moreover it is not possible to find a law that binds the writing of
numbers on the sides and in the vertexes, internally or externally.
Question 9 - Answer E is correct
Luigina herself says:
yesterday (Wednesday) I did NOT take a bath and went to the market
8
Question 3
A chemist, studying a solution that had turned orange, found that it contained sodium or
potassium (or both); he furthermore he observed that, ifNOTthere was sodium, there was iron,
and that, if there was potassium, there was also iodine.
Which of these situations can occur?
A. The solution contains only potassium and iron ☛ page 35
B. The solution contains only iron and iodine ☛ page 36
C. The solution contains sodium and potassium, and does not contain iodine ☛ page 45
D. The solution does not contain sodium or iodine ☛ page 25
E. The solution contains sodium only ☛ page 37
If the budget was not cut, the necessary and sufficient condition for prices to remain
stable was that all taxes should be raised, not just those of state employees.
We prove that, for any table of the proposed type, it is ≤ .
• self And are on the same line, then < ,because, by definition, is the smallest of the
numbers in its row;
• self And are in the same column, then < ,because by definition, is the largest of
the numbers in its column;
• self And are neither on the same row nor in the same column, then by calling the
number that is on the same line as and in the same column as ,the relationship must
hold < < ,by definition of and of .
So < .
The particular case
1 2 1 2 1 2
⇒ ⟹3= =
(3 4) 1 3 3 3 4 3
proof that it can also be = ;therefore ≤ .

In this question one could also proceed by exclusion, after having analyzed the other four answers and having
demonstrated that they are false, confident that every well-formulated question has only one correct answer!
9
Question 4
With which pair of numbers would you continue the following sequence of integers?
1,2; 2,4; 5,8; 10,14; 17,22; 26,32; …,…
TO.40,80 ☛ page 69
b.46,64 ☛ page 70
c.40,67 ☛ page 72
d.37,44 ☛ page 18
AND.44,16 ☛ page 48
Question 18 - Answer D is correct
If there are two glasses on the table then it is certainly true that there is a glass on the table! Attention
the meaning of a sentence, in logic, does not necessarily correspond to the interpretation that can be
given to that sentence in common language.
Another is the correct answer! Wish they were only 5! Play to convince yourself!
Question 47 - Answer E is wrong
With two archaebacteria time doesn't halve! If two archaebacteria are introduced into the pond, the
situation present on the second day is created by starting with only one archaebacteria.
The day before yesterday was Tuesday and Luigina had a bath, so she went to the market!
3 colors are too many.

10
Question 5
Which of squares no mereyoufrom 1at 5 i knowstit u comes correctly the req containing adro The
point interrogative?
9 9 9 9
16 16 16
36 36
9 9 9 9
16 16 16
?
9 9 9 9
36 36
16 16 16
9 9 9 9
4444 44
16 16 16
4444 44
4444 44
16 16 16 64 144 100
4444 44
444444
16 16 16
444444
1 2 3 4 5
A. Square 5 ☛ page 24
B. The square 3 ☛ page 23
C. Square 1 ☛ page 61
D. Square 2 ☛ page 26
E. The square 4 ☛ page 19
Julius Caesar won more than some others.

The law of formation of the sequence of numbers has not been identified correctly.
If Luigina takes a bath on Tuesday then she goes to the market. She doesn't say, but if she takes a bath every Tuesday!
11
Question 6
Of the two brothers Romulus and Remus, one is always sincere and the other is always a liar. If
Romulus says that the mother of the two is called Silvia and Remo says that she is blonde, he deduces
with certainty that:
A. if the mother is blonde, her name is not Silvia ☛ page 54

B. if the mother's name is Silvia, then she is blonde ☛ page 77
C. the mother is called Silvia and she is not blonde ☛ page 74
D. if the mother's name is not Silvia, then the mother is not blonde ☛ page 46
E. the mother's name is not Silvia ☛ page 64
That's not the right answer: draw a chessboard and play to convince yourself!
The hypothesis
It is not true that every parliamentarian is an honest and competent person

is equivalent to saying that
it is false that all parliamentarians are honest and competent

without excluding, however, that there may be honest and competent parliamentarians. Certainly there
is at least one parliamentarian who does not possess at least one of these two qualities: honesty or
competence.
If Aldo and Bruno aren't paid, then Ciro made the deliveries, but Ciro only works with
Aldo's help…
The premise does not take away the hope that some honest and competent person exists, is a candidate and becomes
a parliamentarian!
12
Question 7
The cook Giovanni observes that when cooking the roast, if you don't use the gas oven,
the meat is either raw inside or burnt outside, or both.
So it follows that:
A. if the inside of the roast is well cooked, it was cooked in a gas oven ☛ page 17
B. if the roast is well cooked inside or is not burnt on the outside it
was cooked in a gas oven ☛ page 45
C. if the roast is well cooked inside and has not burnt on the outside, it
was cooked in a gas oven ☛ page 52
D. if the roast is raw inside it has not been cooked in the gas oven ☛ page 47
E. if the roast was cooked in an electric oven the meat is raw on the
inside and burnt on the outside ☛ page 33
Question 13 - Answer A is correct
The global statement is false

Whoever breathes is alive, Piero does not breathe, therefore Piero is dead
In fact, the premise is true
whoever breathes is alive
but if Piero isn't breathing it doesn't necessarily mean that Piero isn't alive, he's dead. Piero
could, at that moment, hold his breath.
⟹ is not equivalent to (NOT ) ⟹ (NOT )

Whoever breathes is aliveis not equivalent toAnyone who doesn't breathe is not alivei.e. it isdied.
Question 42 - Answer C is correct
One of the two hypotheses of the question is:if you are few, you eat well
Therefore: • if you eat well Mr. Aquilotto CANNOT deduce how many we are eating:
few or many;
• if you eat badly Mr. Aquilotto can deduce that we are definitely NOT few.
If we interpret the question from the point of view of mathematical logic, place
=there are fewAnd =you eat well
so long as
⟹ is equivalent to (NOT ) ⟹ (NOT )

Mr. Aquilotto can deduce that:
if you eat NOT well (i.e. if you eat badly) then you are NOT few (i.e. many)
13
Question 8
Say how many stars if not but not in the square

even in the straight line
TO.2 ☛ page 31
b.3 ☛ page 41
c.4 ☛ page 59
d.5 ☛ page 24
AND.6 ☛ page 57
14 = 7 ⋅ 2 + 0,29 = 14 ⋅ 2 + 1, 60 = 29 ⋅ 2 + 2,123 = 60 ⋅ 2 + 3
Therefore:
= 123 ⋅ 2 + 4 = 250, = 250 ⋅ 2 + 5 = 505

Each number is twice the number before it plus the number of its position in the
sequence, minus two.
For example14is the second number in the sequence and is twice the number before it
(7)to which it must be added2 − 2 = 0.
29is the third number and twice the number before it (14)and must be increased by
3 − 2 = 1…
14
Question 9
Luigina says:
• on Tuesday, if I take a bath then I go to the market. The day before yesterday was Tuesday, and I had
a bath
• yesterday I didn't take a bath and went to the market
• today I will go to the market and maybe I will also have a bath
It necessarily follows that:

A. every time Luigina goes to the market, she doesn't take a bath ☛ page 31
B. Luigina always takes a bath on Tuesdays ☛ page 11
C. if Luigina takes a bath on Wednesday then she doesn't go to the market ☛ page 35
Q. the day before yesterday Luigina didn't go to the market ☛ page 10
E. sometimes Luigina goes to the market without having bathed ☛ page 8
The length dimension of the stick, i.e. 90 cm, exceeds one of the three dimensions indicated in the
standard 50 cm, 30 cm or 25 cm, therefore if you want to carry the stick in question with you, you
must pay an additional ticket. The information relating to the way the stick is held, i.e.
horizontally, is completely superfluous.
We are looking for a particular case that satisfies both the hypotheses of the question:
# married people > # single
# males > # females
both at the request of the affirmation:

• # couples > # single males
For example, let's choose two couples, one single male and zero single females. The number of couples is
greater than the number of single males.
We have shown that the statement itself is definitely NOT False.
15
The King does not listen to the Grand Chamberlain's advice to oppose the marriage only if the two young
people intend to get married in Superga. The bride and groom can therefore also choose the beautiful Basilica
of Superga to celebrate their wedding.
Let's rewrite the assumptions of the question:
• # married people > # singles
• # males > # females
and add the condition of the response:

• # unmarried males > # husbands
We look for a particular case in which all assumptions are satisfied.
For example, 12 married people (6 husbands and 6 wives), 8 single males and 4 single females. There are more
single males than husbands, so the proposed case is possible and the statement is true.
Only some reliable people (and therefore only some engineers) are involved in politics. So
only some engineers deal with politics.
Mr. Rossi is left-handed, but not all left-handed people are stabbers, much less murderers.
What are the relationships between the numbers 12 and 240 with the first or second sequence of numbers,
respectively?
Question 36 - Answer A is wrong
The correct answer is another: with a single 20 euro piece in the till, it would have a different total.
16
We identify the laws that generate the two sets of numbers, knowing that they can also be
different.
Let's rewrite the numbers of the first row of the table:
1,3,6,10, ,21,28
The difference between a number and the one that precedes it grows as the sequence of natural
numbers:
− 10 = 5 ⟹ = 15; 21 − = 6 ⟹ = 15
Let's rewrite the numbers of the second row of the table:
1,2,6,24,120, ,5040
The ratio between a number and the one that precedes it grows as the sequence of natural numbers:
/120 = 6 ⟹ = 720; 5040/ = 7 ⟹ = 720
The hypothesis
if NOT using the gas oven then the meat

either it's raw on the inside or it's burnt on the outside or both
is equivalent to say
roast well cooked inside and not burnt on the surface⟹gas oven In
fact, in mathematical logic:
We know the pot roast is cooked well on the inside, but how is the outside?
The occurrence of only one of the two conditions does NOT guarantee that it was cooked in a gas oven
How do the numbers 224 and 283 relate to the sequence?

On Sundays it is NOT possible to play ball in the courtyard at any time of the day.
17
At least one, but we're not sure it's all seven, fears not being among the top three!
I'm sorry, but the answer is not correct: it's easier to open the safe. Try to build the quads
that meet the conditions of the question.
Let's rewrite the assumptions:
• self he stabbed the victim, then he is left handed
• self he stabbed the victim, then he is the killer
We can deduce that

self he stabbed the victim he is left handed and he is the killer
But theselfinitial does not ensure that the victim was stabbed. The killer may have poisoned
her…
6 becomes 9 by adding an auction and subtracting one.

The difference between the first term of each pair and the corresponding one of the preceding
pair grows as the sequence of odd numbers. Self is the first term of the pair:
(2 − 1) = 1,(5 − 2) = 3,… ( − 26) = 11 → = 26 + 11 = 37
The difference between the second term of each pair and that of the previous pair grows as the
sequence of even numbers.
(4 − 2) = 2,(8 − 4) = 4,… ( − 32) = 12 → = 32 + 12 = 44
It's not the right number of Cyrillic numbers; three or four examples are enough.

18
The number of small gray squares, within each large square, is a decreasing perfect square (16,9,4
,?).The only perfect square less than 4 is 1. We therefore expect only one gray square. The
numbers written in each small square are perfect, increasing squares (9,16,36,?). The only perfect
square greater than 36 among the possible choices is 144.
We can also see that the product of the number of small squares by the number written on each
small square is always 144 (that is, the sum of all the numbers present in each large square is
always 144).
Ruggiero cannot be behind the odd door 3, behind which a deadly dragon is hidden!
The law of formation of the sequence has not been identified.

Agenore, who isn't out of tune, can listen to the blues and if so, he doesn't win the Lotto.
So this conclusion can be drawn from the premises; we are looking for a conclusion that is
surely false, and this is not.
• at least one male is married
• all graduates, if any, are unmarried
• all males are adults
We can deduce that:

all males are of age and at least one of age is married.
19
Question 10
We have to color the 11 regions delimited by the 4 circles of the figure so that two
regions that have a common arc are not of the same color.
How many colors must we use at a minimum to meet this requirement?
A.4 ☛ page 51
B.6 ☛ page 24
C.2 ☛ page 58
Q. 5 ☛ page 44
E.3 ☛ page 10
The hypothesis of the question
we all like coffee, except for Paola, who doesn't like it
he talks both about Paola and about his friends, other than Paola.
The hypothesis is denied not only if Paola likes coffee, but also if, in addition to Paola, at least one other friend
of Antonio's does not like coffee.
The denial of:

Umberto has at least one blond son
And
Umberto has no children or all of his children are NOT blond
The proposed answer is wrong because we know that Umberto's children, if they exist, are NOT blond
and not that at least one of Umberto's sons is NOT blond.
20
Let's rewrite the first hypothesis of the question:

self he stabbed the victim, then he is left handed
If Bianchi isn't left-handed, he's certainly not the stabber; but he could still be the killer.
The victim may have been poisoned, strangled… by Bianchi.
We remember that:
⟹ is equivalent to (NOT ) ⟹ (NOT ) NOT
left handed⟹NOT stabber
but
NOT stabber⟹ /NOT killer.
If the premise of the question is

then its negation is equivalent to:
either Paola likes coffee or there is someone among her friends, besides Paola, who doesn't like coffee
The proposed answer
one of the friends, who isn't Paola, doesn't like coffee
it takes into consideration only one of the two eventualities, compatible with the denial of
Antonio's affirmation.
In 30 days the pond fills up if there is only one archaea in the initial instant.
If with O, P, Q, R, S, we indicate the assets of Oronzo, Piero, Quirino, Rocco, Silvio, we can
write the following inequalities:
O > R,S > R,S > P,P > Q,Q > O
If we compare the relations we deduce that:
S>P>Q>O>R
So the third in order of wealth is Quirino.

21
Question 11
Which of the numbers , proposals should be included in the table?
1 3 6 10 21 28
1 2 6 24 120 5040
TO. = 14And = 720 ☛ page 29

b. = 14And = 240 ☛ page 37
c. = 15And = 720 ☛ page 17
d. = 12And = 240 ☛ page 16
AND. = 15And = 240 ☛ page 31
The law in force on the bus requires the purchase of an additional ticket if you are carrying an
object that has at leastasize greater than the three indicated.
We represent the third hypothesis of the question using Venn diagrams:
They don't win the Lotto
They listen to blues They win the Lotto
It's true: everyone who wins the Lotto does NOT listen to the blues!
With the logical implications we can reflect that
So: those who listen to blues music DO NOT win the Lotto
lottery winners DO NOT listen to blues music

22
Question 12
A survey shows that in Italy there are more married people than singles and more males than
females.
From these data we can deduce that only one of the following statements is definitely
FALSE; Which?
A. In Italy there are more couples than unmarried women ☛ page 25

B. In Italy there are more couples than single males ☛ page 15
C. In Italy there are more husbands than unmarried women ☛ page 62
Q. In Italy singles are more than double the number of couples ☛ page 38
E. In Italy there are more single men than husbands ☛ page 16
Different numbers that can be obtained from algebraic sums of the required type is not this. Look for a logical
method that allows you to understand the type of numbers generated.
The law that generates the number of small squares has been understood, but the law of formation of the numbers
written on their face has not been identified.
There is one statement, among those proposed, that can be deduced from the hypotheses of the question, so this is
not it.
5 becomes 6 by adding a single auction to the display.

Does he own a television or refrigerator exactly the50%of the population over 55:
400 + 250 − 150 = 500 ⟹ 50%
23
6 colors is too many.

On the sign it says:
It is allowed to play ball in the courtyard, except from 1.00pm to 4.00pm and on Sundays
which means that at 12 you can play ball in the courtyard, as long as it is NOT Sunday.
Totti pays, for each penalty saved by Buffon, more than he receives for each penalty scored; since he
receives 120 euros from Buffon, the number of penalties scored is higher than saved.
Totti has scored more than 6 penalties and Buffon has saved less than 6!
If the penalties saved by Buffon were 5, Totti would earn
(7 ⋅ 40 − 5 ⋅ 50)euros =30EUR
The saved penalties are not only 4; Indeed
(8 ⋅ 40 − 4 ⋅ 50)euros =120EUR
The stars counted are too many.

The book is thinner! Look for a method, starting from particular cases (if the book had nine pages,
if it had 99...), which allows to identify the thickness of the book.
The law that generates the number of small squares has been understood, but the law of formation of the numbers
written on their face has not been identified.
24
Question 13
Which of the following statements is certain?false?

A. He who breathes is alive; Piero is not breathing, therefore Piero is dead ☛ page 13
B. No Parisian is Italian; all Parisians speak French; but it is
not true that no Italian speaks French ☛ page 31
C. A square is always a rhombus ☛ page 64
D. What is written in A. is false ☛ page 58
E. Every professor has a register; Mario has no register, therefore
Mario is not a professor ☛ page 66
If the solution does not contain sodium it must have potassium and therefore also iodine.
Count better, triangles are less.

# married people > # single
# males > # females

• # couples > # single women
If we find at least one particular situation, compatible with the initial hypotheses of the question, which
also satisfies the requirements of the answer, then the statement is definitely NOT false and the answer
is wrong.
Suppose there are 11 single males and there are no single females. There must be more than 11
married people: let's choose, for example, 6 couples, that is 12 married people. We deduce that it is
possible that there are more couples than unmarried women.
Ruggiero could be behind door 2, but we don't know for sure.

25
Question 14
It reads on the bus
Passengers are required to pay an additional ticket for each bag exceeding at
least one of the following dimensions:50cm×30cm× 25cm.
Based on this rule, it can be deduced that:
A. you must not pay an additional ticket for an item exceeding 50cm in
length, 30cm in height and 25cm in thickness ☛ page 42
B. no additional ticket is payable for a stick 90cm long and 2cm in
diameter when held horizontally ☛ page 15
C. no additional ticket is payable for a stick 90 cm long and 2 cm in
diameter ☛ page 77
D. you must not pay an additional ticket for an item exceeding 50cm in
length or 30cm in height or 25cm in thickness ☛ page 22
E. you do not have to pay an additional ticket for a balloon with a diameter of
20cm ☛ page 49
Tondolini Martionals
submissive NOT submissive submissive stubborn
It could be true; to say that there are no Tondolini who are also Marziolani is equivalent to saying that
the set of Tondolini and that of the Marziolani are disjointed, and this is not incompatible with the
hypotheses of the question.
The chosen square is equal to the second of the ordered set of squares, but the third is not equal to the
first: so the squares do not appear to alternate!
26
Question 15
Two players, Aldo and Bruno, take turns placing their pawns on a chessboard3×3; the
pawns of the two players are equal, let's say all black.
The first player to complete a trio in a horizontal, vertical or one of the two
diagonal rows wins.
How many moves can the first player (Aldo) start the game with in order to
guarantee victory regardless of how Bruno plays?
A.8 ☛ page 49
B.1 ☛ page 48
C. 0, in the sense that Bruno can always respond appropriately and
guarantee victory ☛ page 12
Q. 5 ☛ page 10
E.9 ☛ page 60
This statement is compatible both with the conjecture and with its negation (if they are finite in
number, there is at least one): therefore it does not allow to refute or accept the conjecture.
Every well-structured question must have only one correct answer, but it's not this: 4 possibilities are
too many.
27
Question 16
Indicate how many different numbers can be obtained from algebraic sums of this type
±1 ±2 ±3 ±4 ±5
using all the digits from 1 to 5 and varying all the possible choices of the + or − signs (e.g
example: −1 − 2 + 3 + 4 + 5, 1 + 2 − 3 + 4 + 5,…).
A. 20 ☛ page 45
B. 24 ☛ page 23
C.31 ☛ page 73
Q. 16 ☛ page 78
E.32 ☛ page 73
The third digit is half of the fourth, so the fourth is even! It cannot be 4, but it must be
greater than 4 in order to have the three preceding digits smaller (the digits of the
combination of the safe are increasing).
• The fourth digit is 6. It cannot be 8, because in the third position there cannot be 4
• the third digit is 3
• the second digit, less than 3, can be 2 or 1: zero can only occupy the first position
• the first digit is 1 or 0, if 2 is in the second position; 0 if in second position there is 1
There are three possible combinations and three is the minimum number of attempts for Nonno Peperino:
(0,2,3,6),(1,2,3,6),(0,1,3,6)
5 becomes 6 by adding a single auction to the display.

The correct answer is another. Try to write some possible arrangements of the 5 numbers that satisfy the
premises; you will see that there are certainly more than six, even if you don't write them all.
28
The correct answer is not this. Try to write some possible arrangements of the 5 numbers that satisfy the
premises; you will see that there are certainly more than three, even if you don't write them all.
A third of first-term parliamentarians are 10 politicians: they could all be uninvestigated or

under investigation, but not definitively convicted.
Rocco is the least wealthy.
From 13 to 16 it is NOT allowed to play ball in the courtyard, on any day of the week. So at 14 o'clock the
ball game in the courtyard is prohibited.
What relationship does the number 14 have with the other terms of the first sequence?
Since one dragon is behind an odd door, the other two cannot be behind an even door. Ruggiero
is therefore behind an even goal.
If it is false that Umberto has at least one blond son then Umberto has no children or has children, for
example, with red hair.
29
Question 17
Which of the boxes numbered 1 to 5 replaces the box marked with the question
mark?
1 2 3 4 5
A.1 ☛ page 28
B.2 ☛ page 80
C.3 ☛ page 18
Q. 4 ☛ page 41
E.5 ☛ page 23
The hypothesis
it is not true that at least one male is not of age

allows us to conclude that all males are adults. Therefore there are no males, married
or single, not adults.
The first hypothesis of the question

whoever listens to rock or blues music is not out of tune
it is equivalent to saying that those who are out of tune do not listen to rock music or blues music.
Agenore is not out of tune and can, if he wants, listen to rock and/or blues music: so it is not excluded that he listens to
rock.
30
Only two stars satisfy the four conditions.

Kontakerikonta, while not knowing if the numbersIncrediblesthey are an infinite or finite quantity, formulate a
conjecture, a hypothesis about numbersIncrediblesif they are infinite in number. The pupil Rikontoijo discovers
that the conjecture is false, i.e. that the numbersIncrediblesare infinite, but do not have the property
hypothesized by Kontakerikonta: therefore prove thatIncredible numbers are infinite and none of them have
eight distinct prime factors.
A bit too many, a figure would have been used for each page and not a number per page!
Probably the concept of number has been confused with that of digits of a number!
What is the relationship between the number 240 and the other numbers in the second sequence?
Luigina herself says that on Tuesdays, if she takes a bath, then she goes to the market.
as the statement:
no Parisian is Italian; all Parisians speak French,
but it is not true that no Italian speaks French
it's true; we are, however, looking for the surely false reasoning!
31
We represent the first hypothesis of the question using Venn diagrams:
Not stoned
They listen to rock

or blues agent?
The first hypothesis of the question

whoever listens to rock or blues music is not out of tune
it is equivalent to saying that those who are out of tune do not listen to rock music or blues
music. Agenore is not out of tune so he can listen to rock or blues music.
So the proposed answer is certainly incompatible with the premises.
Charlemagne is the one who won the most.

You have been misled and, surely, you are in good company!
To be sure that there are two and only two glasses on the table, the statement should have said:
exactly two.
Are you sure there are two glasses, but it could be three, half a dozen…
If we find an easy counter example, we are sure of the statement < it is false. For example if the
table is:
1 2 1 2 1 2
⇒ ⟹3= =
(3 4) 1 3 3 3 4 3
If the first player takes 2 pebbles, 6 remain on the table and nothing prevents the second player from
winning by taking them all.
32
Question 18
The phraseThere are two glasses on the tableimplies that on the table:
A. there are two glasses and a bottle ☛ page 61

B. there are no bottles ☛ page 43
C. there are two glasses and two coffee cups ☛ page 73
D. there is a glass ☛ page 10
E. there are no three glasses ☛ page 32
The denial of:

And
if Umberto has children, then everyone is NOT blond, i.e. nobody is blond
The proposed answer suggests instead that there may be blond and non-blond children.
Ruggiero could be behind goal 0, but we don't know for sure.

The hypothesis

equivalent to
with electric oven (not gas)⟹roast with raw
meat inside or burnt outside or both
With the electric oven, the meat could also be raw on the inside or burnt on the outside
without excluding the possibility that it is raw on the inside and burnt on the outside.
We know that at least one of the seven candidates fears not finishing in the top three, but we
don't know if anyone believes they are in the top three.
33
Question 19
The warrior Bradamante is found in a room in the shape of a regular hexagon, with doors numbered
in succession from 0 to 5. Behind each door is hidden one and only one of the following: three deadly
dragons, the beloved paladin Ruggiero, the hippogriff and the mocking wizard Atlas. If an even door
conceals a dragon, all even-numbered rooms conceal dragons. Behind door 4 the hippogriff paws,
while a dragon's tail peeps out from under the door opposite it.
The magician says:the sum of Ruggiero's gate and the two adjacent gates is 6. With
certainty Bradamante can say that:
A. Ruggiero is behind an odd door ☛ page 29

B. Ruggiero is behind door 2 ☛ page 25
C. Ruggiero is behind goal 0 ☛ page 33
D. the magician has not given any new indications ☛ page 53
E. Ruggiero is behind goal 0 or behind goal 3 ☛ page 19
If Buffon had saved 5 penalties, Totti would have won
(7 ⋅ 40 − 5 ⋅ 50)euros =30EUR
The first hypothesis

if you are few, you eat well
it doesn't say how to eat if there are many of you.
The second hypothesis
if you are many, you spend little
it does not provide guidance on how to eat.
Mr. Aquilotto is wrong to deduce that if you are NOT few (that is, many) then you eat NOT well
(that is, badly).
Let's convince him, with the laws of mathematical logic: place
=there are fewAnd =you eat well
we know that
⟹ NOT is equivalent to (NOT ) ⟹ (NOT )
So:
/NOT good food.
There are NOT a few⟹
34
Question 20
Of a family it is known that:
• at least one male is not celibate
• all graduates are single
• it is not true that at least one male is not of age.
Only one of the following propositions can be deduced from the premises. Which?
A. No adult is unmarried ☛ page 58

B. All bachelors are university graduates ☛ page 63
C. At least one adult is married ☛ page 19
Q. At least one celibate is not of age ☛ page 30
E. At least one adult is not married ☛ page 48
From the hypotheses of the question we know that the defendanthe vigorously defends himself by declaring his
innocence, but we don't know if he's telling the truth or if he's lying!
The answer speaks of a set of numbers not taken into consideration by the professor.
From the hypotheses we know that:
yesterday (Wednesday) Luigina didn't take a bath and went to the market.
Luigina says what she did yesterday, Wednesday, but she doesn't say what she generally does on Wednesdays and she doesn't
even tell us if, when she takes a bath on Wednesdays, she goes or doesn't go to the market
If it contains potassium it must also have iodine.

35
Question 21
In the primary elections for choosing the premier candidate of Burgundia, each of the
seven candidates is sure to be able to rank among the three with the most votes. To deny
this sentence is to affirm that:
A. there is at least one candidate who fears being among the three least voted ☛ page 65
B. there is at least one candidate who is not sure of being among the top three with
the most votes ☛ page 46
C. some of the seven candidates are sure of being able to rank among the three with
the most votes ☛ page 33
D. every candidate is sure that he will not be able to rank among the three with the most
votes ☛ page 18
E. each of the seven candidates fears being among the three least voted ☛ page 46
Count better.
The solution must have either sodium or potassium or both. So

at least one of the two substances must be there.
If Bianchi is not left-handed, Lieutenant Piccione can deduce that Bianchi could not have stabbed the
victim, without excluding, however, that he could also be the murderer.
We remember that:
36
Question 22
A survey carried out among all 1,000 inhabitants of the town of Sparagna over
the age of 55 shows that 40% of them own a refrigerator, 25% own a television,
and 15% own both.
So, in the town of Sparagna:
A. under 55 less than 40% of the population owns a
refrigerator ☛ page 62
B. less than 45% of the population over 55 owns a television or
C. 50% of the population over the age of 55 owns neither a
television nor a refrigerator ☛ page 79
D. under 55 more than 25% of the population owns a
television ☛ page 78
E. More than 50% of the population over 55 has a television or
The possible substances contained in the solution are:
• sodium
• sodium, iodine
• sodium, iron
• sodium, iron, iodine
• sodium, potassium, iron, iodine
• potassium, iron and iodine
• sodium, potassium and iodine
The solution can therefore only contain sodium.

What are the relationships between the numbers 14 and 240 with the first or second sequence of numbers,
respectively?
37
Question 23
Given that:
• those who listen to rock or blues music are not out of tune
• Agenore is not out of tune
• blues listeners don't win the lottery
which of the following conclusionsNOTcan it be deduced from the above premises?
A. It is impossible for Agenore to listen to the blues ☛ page 32

B. A stoner doesn't listen to rock ☛ page 68
C. It is possible that Agenore will not win the Lotto ☛ page 19
Q. Whoever wins the Lotto doesn't listen to the blues ☛ page 22
E. It is not excluded that Agenore listens to rock ☛ page 30
Let's reformulate the hypothesis. Say that:

The commissioner you do not believe that the defendant did not visit the victim's
home during the time the victim died
is equivalent to saying that:
the commissioner believes the defendant went to the home of in the interval of time in
which she lost her life.
# married people > # single⟹#single <2(#couples)
# males > # females

• # singles >2(#couples)
Since the number of married people is double the number of couples, the first hypothesis is equivalent
to saying that the number of singles is less (not greater!) than double the number of couples. The
statement is therefore certainly FALSE.
38
Question 24
I consider a square table formed by 4 different numbers and arranged in 2 rows each
composed of 2 numbers:
cia
( )
are:
• 1the smallest of the numbers in the first row
• 2the smallest of the numbers in the second row
• the greater among 1 and 2
• 1the largest of the numbers in the first column

• 2the largest of the numbers in the second column
• the lesser between 1 And 2
Then we can conclude that:

TO. < ☛ page 32
b. = ☛ page 40
c. > ☛ page 50
d. ≥ ☛ page 47
AND. ≤ ☛ page 9
The number of Sparagna citizens over 55 with a television or refrigerator, taking into
account that 15% own both, is:
400 + 250 − 150 = 500 ⟹ 50%
The answer is wrong because it predicts a strictly larger percentage than the50%! (more than 50%)
and not of50%.
Try counting the pages by dividing them into blocks, based on the digits of each of its numbers: pages from 1
to 9; from 10 to…
39
Question 25
The Lady she was strangled in her own living room. The commissioner he does not
believe that the accused of murder (who vigorously defends himself by declaring his
innocence) did not go to the victim's house in the interval of time in which she lost her life.
It can be deduced that:
A. surely the defendant is not guilty ☛ page 35
B. the commissioner is convinced that the defendant did not go

to the victim's home during the time in which the victim lost
his life ☛ page 38
C. for the commissioner the defendant is certainly not guilty ☛ page 70
Q. surely the defendant is guilty ☛ page 78
E. the commissioner does not exclude that the defendant strangled
the lady ☛ page 66
If we find an easy counter example, we are sure of the statement = it is false. If the table is:
3 1 1 2 1 2
⇒ ⟹2= < =3
(2 4) 1 2 2 3 4 3
We rewrite the first hypothesis:

self he stabbed the victim, then he is left handed
Attention the error is classic:
⟹ It is NOT equivalent to ⟹
The stabber must be left-handed, but this does not mean that all left-handed people (for example
Mr. Rossi) are stabbers, much less murderers.
Consistent with the assumptions in the question, if the budget was not cut and all taxes
were raised then prices should remain stable.
40
If the symbols + + - - indicate how many rods must be turned on or off to display on the display
the number indicated beyond the = sign, with just two more auctions, 5 becomes 8!
☛on page 81
Re-read the question prompts and recount.

The second hypothesis of the question

if there are many, you spend little
it doesn't say it's cheapAlone if so many.
Mr. Aquilotto cannot deduce that, in order to spend little (individual spending), there must be
many: he can hope that the price is low even if he goes to dinner with a few friends.
One can convince Mr. Aquilotto of the groundlessness of his reasoning with the help of
mathematical logic by posing
=yes there are manyAnd =you spend little
and reminding him that
If with GC, N, CM, AM, ... we indicate the heritage of Julius Caesar, Napoleon, Charlemagne,
Alexander the Great, ... we can write the following inequalities:
≥ > , > >
Comparing the relations we deduce that
> > ≥ >
Augusto is the one who won the least!

Cyrillic numbers are much less numerous!

41
Question 26
The great number theorist Kontakerikonta discovered numbersIncredibles; he does not yet
know if they are finite in number, but he made the following conjecture:
• if they are infinite, at least one of them must have 8 distinct prime factors
His student Rikontoijo carefully studying these numbers proves that Kontakerikonta's
conjecture is false.
So Rikontoijo proved that:
A. if the numbersIncrediblesare a finite quantity, none of them have 8
distinct prime factors ☛ page 66
B. if the numbersIncrediblesare a finite quantity, they all have 8
distinct prime factors ☛ page 35
C. the numbersIncrediblesthey are infinite ☛ page 74
D. the numbersIncrediblesare infinite and none of them has 8 distinct
prime factors ☛ page 31
E. the numbersIncrediblesare infinite and all have 8 distinct prime
factors ☛ page 47
The dimensions of the object indicated in answer A exceed the maximum dimensions indicated in
the standard. Therefore, an additional ticket must be paid for an object of dimensions exceeding
50 cm in length, 30 cm in height and 25 cm in thickness.
On Sundays there is NO ball playing in the courtyard, neither at 2.00 pm nor at any other time!
The Grand Chamberlain advises the King to oppose the marriage of the Princess to the Toad if the young
people intend to get married in the Basilica of Superga.
The King, not opposing the celebration of the marriage in any form, leaves the young people the
faculty to decide freely even the place of the marriage.
42
Question 27
In the entrance hall of an apartment building hangs a sign with the following notice:
Playing football in the yard is allowed, except

from 13.00 to 16.00 and on Sundays
It can be deduced that in that condominium:
A. it is not forbidden to play football in the courtyard at 12.00, as long as it

is not Sunday ☛ page 24
B. it is not forbidden to play football in the courtyard on Sundays from
16.00 onwards ☛ page 17
C. on days other than Sunday it is forbidden not to play football in the
courtyard before 1.00pm and after 4.00pm ☛ page 8
D. it is not forbidden to play football in the courtyard at 2.00 pm, as long as
it is not Sunday ☛ page 29
E. it is not forbidden to play football in the courtyard at 2.00 pm, as long as
it is Sunday ☛ page 42
The figure you are looking for should not be a hexagon.

Who assures us that there are NO bottles on the table?

If the first player takes 1 pebble, the second player wins the game by taking the 7
pebbles left on the table.
The King does not want to oppose the celebration of the marriage with any formality; young people can
decide to marry or not to marry, to get married in the Basilica of Superga or elsewhere.
43
Question 28
A total of 3301 digits were used to number the pages of a book. The
pages of the book are:
A. between 1500 and 2000 ☛ page 39

B. between 2000 and 3000 ☛ page 24
C. less than 1000 ☛ page 77
D. more than 3000 ☛ page 31
E. between 1000 and 1500 ☛ page 75
The sequence of numbers is increasing!

5 colors is too many.

It is true that the number of days depends on the size of the pond, but knowing that with
one archaea it takes 30 days and that the pond is always the same, the time with two
archaea can be determined without knowing the size of the pond.
The missing figure is a square, but it's not the right one!
Some triangles are missing.

It's not possible: Bruno doesn't know how to drive and therefore needs a van driver.
44
The hypothesis

equivalent to
well cooked roast insideAnd not burned on the surface⟹gas oven
Indeed:
what if
=a∨ so do not ) = (NOTaha) ∧ (NOT )

So ifqAnd:
(roast raw inside)or(burned to the surface)or(both things)
so do notq) becomes:
(roast well done inside)And(not burned on the surface).
To be sure the roast has been cooked in a gas oven the meat must have
the inside well cookedAnd the outside not burned!
It is not the exact number: reflect starting from particular cases.

Observe that the first number of each pair belongs to an increasing sequence, while the
second to a decreasing one.
Julius Caesar won less than Napoleon.

Silvio is the richest.

If it contains potassium it must also have iodine.

45
Question 29
A Marziolano, observing that:
• half of all Tondolini are submissive
• Half of all Marziolani are stubborn
• half of all Marziolani are submissive
and bearing in mind that one cannot be both submissive and stubborn, he deduces that one
and only one of the following statementsNOTit can be true. Which?
A. Half of all Tondolini are stubborn ☛ page 52

B. All Tondolini are Marziolani ☛ page 66
C. All the Marziolani are Tondolini and no Tondolino is stubborn ☛ page 47
Q. There are no Tondolini who are also Marziolani ☛ page 26
E. Tondolini and Marziolani are the same set of people ☛ page 61
Question 21 - Answer B is correct
Let's rewrite the hypothesis.

All seven nominees are sure to place among the top three
The negation of the statement becomes:
There is at least one candidate who is NOT sure he ranks among the top three
There are two mistakes made in the formulation of the answer. We know that
1. at least one of the seven candidates fears NOT being among the top three, but we
are not sure that all seven fear NOT being in the top three
2. not being among the top three in the standings means placing among the four least voted
Romulus and Remus would both be liars: the hypotheses of the question ensure that only one of
them is a liar!
46
The affirmation is surely false: to say that all the Marziolani are Tondolini, is equivalent to saying that
the whole of the Marziolani is a subset of that of the Tondolini and therefore the stubborn Marziolani
are a subset of the NOT submissive Tondolini; therefore there are non-submissive Tondolini who are
stubborn.
Ciro works only with Aldo!

The hypothesis states that the cook Giovanni found

that without gas oven⟹the roast is raw inside
either burned externally or both
In mathematical logic
So a raw roast inside has not necessarily been cooked without a gas oven.
The gas oven is necessary to cook a roast well, but it is not sufficient. Other conditions may be
required: for example that the cook sets the oven at the right temperature, leaves the roast in the
oven for the necessary time, etc.
Kontakerikonta makes a conjecture about the numbersIncrediblesinfinite in number

at least one of them must have 8 distinct prime factors.
If the conjecture is false then
the set of Incredibles is an infinite quantity and does not exist
no Incredible number with 8 prime factors all distinct
This counterexample assures us that it is not true that ≥
3 1 1 2 1 2
⇒ ⟹2= < =3
(2 4) 1 2 2 3 4 3
47
The answer is wrong. The second numbers of each pair appear to be arranged in ascending
order…
Say there is a positive integer such that, for any number (prime or non-prime) with > , the
number + 2is not prime is equivalent to saying that prime numbers are finite!
It is a thought of common language, not logically deducible from the hypotheses of the question. It
could be a statement made between friends.
• at least one male is married
• all graduates are single
• all males are adults
We can deduce that:
all males are of age and that at least one male is married.
At least oneit might meaneveryone, therefore we have no elements to say if there are celibate
males.
The right answer to a question is always unique, but in this case it is another. Nonno Peperino
opens the safe with a maximum of two attempts only if he is lucky. Remember that Nonno
Peperino can also use zero.
The answer is wrong. It's better to try drawing a chessboard and do some simulations! Play
to convince yourself!
48
The correct answer is another. Doesn't that seem like a lot to you? There are 24 permutations of four things in
any order, but if you put the two even numbers in only even places, and the odd numbers only in odd places,
you don't have that many permutations to do.
The diameter of the flask does not exceed any of the three dimensions indicated in the standard. Furthermore,
given its spherical shape, the ball can be contained in a box of dimensions 20 cm x 20 cm x 20 cm, i.e. having
dimensions that DO NOT exceed the three maximum dimensions indicated by the standard. Therefore, the
passenger who intends to transport a balloon with a diameter of 20 cm does not have to purchase an
additional ticket.
If Buffon had saved 9 penalties, Totti would be in a loss!

Neither number is right. It's not the correct law. The second number of the pair should
be between 19 and 13.
There are those who won less than Alexander the Great.
In each question only one is the correct answer and it is not this. There are many 8 possibilities but they are
not the right number. Play to convince yourself!
40 MPs were investigated and definitively convicted, the other 80 were not investigated
or, if investigated, were not definitively convicted. Choosing three parliamentarians at
random, we might just come across three politicians belonging to the group of 80.
49
Question 30
Wanting to arrange the numbers
28 29 36 43 55
so that odds occupy an odd position and evens occupy an even position, in how
many different ways can this be done?
TO.3 ☛ page 29
b.24 ☛ page 49
c.12 ☛ page 80
d.5 ☛ page 50
AND.6 ☛ page 28
If we find an easy counter example, we are sure of the statement > it is false. Let's consider the
table:
1 2 1 2 1 2
⇒ ⟹3= =
(3 4) 1 3 3 3 4 3
The King does not listen to the advice of the Grand Chamberlain and the princess and the toad can get married where
and when they want.
The right answer is another: with no 20-euro piece, you wouldn't have 195 euros in cash.
Only one of the answers is correct and not this one! Try to write some possible arrangements of the 5
numbers that satisfy the premises; you will see that there are certainly more than five, even if you don't write
them all.
50
Question 31
There are five people with different financial situations.

Oronzo is richer than Rocco, whose wealth is more modest than that of Silvio, and the
latter in turn is more wealthy than Piero. Quirino is less wealthy than Piero, but better off
than Oronzo.
Who is third in wealth?
A. Peter ☛ page 66
B. Rocco ☛ page 29
C. Oronzo ☛ page 54
D. Silvio ☛ page 45
E. Quirino ☛ page 21
4 colors is too much.

Only one of the two numbers of the pair is correct: the second.
It's not the right answer. He cannot have 4 20-euro pieces; what pieces should the remaining 115
euros consist of?
The hypothesis
if you are few, you eat well

it doesn't say you eat wellAlone if there are only a few: Mr. Aquilotto cannot, therefore,
deduce that to eat well it is necessary to go to the Oca Giuliva in a few. He can hope that
even a merry party can eat well in company.
From the point of view of mathematical logic if
=you spend littleAnd =you eat well
so long as

Mr. Aquilotto has no information to deduce that if you eat well then there are few of you.
51
Question 32
Consider the following chain of propositions
Only engineers are reliable people. Some

reliable people are involved in politics
it can be deduced that:
A. nothing can be deduced ☛ page 23

B. no engineer deals with politics ☛ page 74
C. anyone involved in politics is not a reliable person ☛ page 7
Q. some engineers deal with politics ☛ page 61
E. all engineers deal with politics ☛ page 16
It could be true; it is possible that half of the Tondolini about whom the text says nothing, but who are
non-submissive, are stubborn.
We interpret the hypothesis of the question

with the language of mathematical logic.
Knowing that
what if
=a∨ so do not ) = (NOTaha) ∧ (NOT )
The hypothesis
NOT (gas oven)⟹ (raw meat inside) or (burned on the outside)

or (both things)
is equivalent to
NOT [(raw meat inside) or (burned on the outside) or (both things)]⟹NOT (NOTgas
oven)
that we can rewrite
(well cooked meat inside) And (not burned on the outside)⟹gas oven
52
Question 33
A famous conjecture states that
prime numbers such that + 2is a prime number are infinite.
To refute this statement is to prove that

A. for every positive integer and for every prime number with > the
number + 2it is not first ☛ page 68
B. there exist a positive integer and a prime number with > such
that the number + 2it is not first ☛ page 27
C. for every positive integer there is a prime number with > such
that the number + 2it is not first ☛ page 7
D. there is a positive integer such that, whatever is the prime
number with > ,the number + 2it is not first ☛ page 71
E. there is a positive integer such that, for any number (prime and
non-prime) with > ,the number + 2it is not first ☛ page 48
If the hippogriff paws behind an even door, then the dragons must be behind the odd doors
(1, 3, 5). On the other hand, a dragon's tail peeks out behind door 1.
Ruggiero, therefore, must be behind an even door other than number 4, behind which the
hippogriff paws. Ruggiero is therefore behind door 0 or 2.
The mocking wizard Atlas does not provide other information, because the only three consecutive doors with
the sum of the three numbers 6 are the doors with numbers (5, 0, 1) or (1, 2, 3)
Atlante therefore confirms the information already in Bradamante's possession: Ruggiero is
behind the only even goal in each hat-trick: goal 0 or goal 2.
The data of the question authorize to conclude the veracity of one of the proposed interpretations and the
falsity of four others (including this one).
53
Question 34
Grandpa Peperino no longer remembers thecombinationof his electronic vault. He

only mentions that:
• is four distinct digits between 0 and 9
• the 4 does not appear
• the third digit is half of the fourth
• the digits are increasing from the first to the last
How many are possiblecombinationsof Nonno Peperino's chest?

A.3 ☛ page 28
B.4 ☛ page 27
C.5 ☛ page 18
Q. 6 ☛ page 60
E.2 ☛ page 48
NOTEWe commonly speak of combinations of a safe; in reality they are dispositions, because it is
important to remember not only the figures, but also their order.
liar Sincere oar the mother is not Silvia and she is blonde
Romulus
sincere Remo liar the mother is Silvia and she is not blonde
So if the mother is blonde her name is not Silvia (and if her name is Silvia she is not blonde).
Oronzo is not the fourth in order of wealth

54
Question 35
Which of figures no eratand from 1 to 5 substitutes comes correctly the req containing adro The
point interrogative?
15 28 12 4 3
9 6
16 8 9
6 ?
3 4 3 9
6 3 20 4 6
42 6 6
24 64 12 4 96 72 12 4 6
4 4 54 30 4 6 6
144 16 16 8 120 48 16 8 6 6
4 12 4 66 18 6 6
72 24 4
80 4 4 12 4
6 6 6 6
1 2 3 4 5
A. Figure 2 ☛ page 67
B. Figure 3 ☛ page 8
C. Figure 4 ☛ page 7
D. Figure 5 ☛ page 43
E. Figure 1 ☛ page 44
If the first player takes 3 pebbles, the second player can take 5 and wins the game.
Playing is believing!
55
Question 36
Franco the tobacconist has 195 euros in cash and has no coins.
A customer asks him if he has to change 10, 20, 50 or 100 euros, but Franco reluctantly
replies no to all the requests.
How many 20-euro pieces does Franco have in the till?
A.1 ☛ page 16
B.4 ☛ page 51
C.3 ☛ page 62
Q. 2 ☛ page 63
E.0 ☛ page 50
Let us try to understand the law of growth of archaea.
.batt. g. 1 g. 2 g. 3 g. 4 … g. 29 g. 30
228 pond
1 1 2 4 8 …
full
1 20= 1 21= 2 22= 4 23= 8 … 228 229
We repeat the calculation with two bacteria, knowing that the full pond must contain229archaea.
.batt. g. 1 g. 2 g. 3 g. 4 … g. 28 g. 29
228 pond
2 2 4 8 16 …
full
2 21= 2 22= 4 23= 8 24= 16 … 228 229
We can observe that, starting with two archaebacteria on the first day, the number of
bacteria of any day is what there would be, with only one initial archaebacteria, the following
day. Then the pond fills up after 29 days.
The hypothesis
We all like coffee, except Paola, who doesn't like it
56
he says that
among all of Antonio's friends, only Paola doesn't like coffee

If this assumption is false then:
1.)Paola likes coffee as well as any other friend of Antonio's, other than Paola
or
2.)Paola likes coffee and there is at least one other friend of Antonio's, other than Paola, who doesn't
like coffee
or
3.)Paola doesn't like coffee and there is at least one other friend of Antonio's, other than Paola, who doesn't
like coffee
In the first two cases it is clear that:

Paola likes coffee
while the third hypothesis says that:
there is at least one other friend, besides Paola, who doesn't like coffee
The correct answer is:
either Paola likes coffee, or there is someone among her friends, besides Paola, who doesn't like coffee.
According to the hypothesis of the question, if the budget was not cut and all taxes were not
raised, prices should not remain stable. Prices would have remained stable if and only if taxes had
increased.
Recount better in the light of the requests of the question.

The first number of each pair seems to be obtained by adding, to the previous one, a power of 2,
in an increasing way:
5 = 3 + 2,9 = 5 + 4,? =9 + 8,33 = ? + 16
The number sought is therefore (9+8)=17.

The second number belongs to a descending sequence, with the same rule with which the first
numbers increase:
27 = 43 − 16,19 = 27 − 8,? =19 − 4,13 = ? − 2
The number sought is therefore (19-4)=15.
57
The statement to be evaluated:

no adult is unmarried.
is equivalent to:
all adults are married.
From the hypotheses of the question we know that
• at least one male is married;
• graduates, if any, are not married;
• all males are adults.
So at least one male in the family is married, but we are not sure that all males are
married.
If Buffon saved 6 penalties, Totti would have lost 60 euros: in fact, Totti pays Buffon 10 euros
more for each penalty saved than he receives from Buffon for each penalty scored!
It is true that the statement is false

Whoever breathes is alive; Piero is not breathing, therefore Piero is dead
because Piero could be alive and holding his breath. The question requires identifying the
statement that is definitely false and this is definitely true!
Let's proceed empirically: let's start from any area and color it with color 1. We insert a new
color if and only if we are forced to!
58
Question 37
Matlandia's economy minister says:
If the budget is not cut, then next year 2006 prices will remain stable
if and only if we raise all taxes
Assuming the absolute truth of this statement and relying only on it, what could
have happened in Matlandia in 2006?
A. The budget was not cut; all taxes were raised and prices
remained stable ☛ page 72
B. The budget was not cut; all taxes were raised and prices
rose ☛ page 40
C. The budget was not cut; taxes were not raised and
prices remained stable ☛ page 57
Q. The budget was not cut; taxes were raised only on the
salaries of state employees and prices remained stable ☛ page 9
E. The budget was not cut, and prices still rose ☛ page 64
Re-read the question prompts carefully and recount.

Let's reformulate the hypothesis.

it is equivalent to saying that there is at least one parliamentarian (we don't know how many) who
is not honest or is not competent or is neither honest nor competent. There may be honest and
competent parliamentarians in Arraffa, but we are not sure.
59

allows us to deduce that:
• Umberto has at least one son
• at least one of the children is blond
The negation of the statement is:

Umberto has no children or none of Umberto's children are blond.
It is not the correct answer: less attempts are enough for Nonno Peperino, if he thinks correctly and
remembers all the conditions.
Here is the chessboard:
(1,1) (1,2) (1.3)
(2.1) (2,2) (2.3)
(3.1) (3.2) (3,3)
Observe that the game choices have an evident symmetry: it is indifferent to place the first pawn
in
• (1,1),(1,3),(3,1),(3,3)
• (1,2),(2,1),(2,3),(3,2)
Let us therefore consider only one case.
• Aldo has the victory in the pocket, whatever Bruno's move, if he places his first pawn
in (2,2).
• If Aldo places his first pawn in a cell of the outer edge, corner (for example in (1,1))
or central (for example in (1,2)),he has the possibility of winning with his second or
third pawn, whichever cell Bruno chooses.
60
– If Bruno places his first piece in such a way that the two pieces on the board
are aligned with each other horizontally, vertically or diagonally: that's it!
– If Bruno places his first pawn so that it is neither horizontally, vertically, nor
diagonally aligned with his partner's first pawn, Aldo must place his second
pawn in the only empty cell located at the intersection of two lines (one
horizontal and one vertical) that do NOT have checkers yet and… he doesn't
win on his second move, but on the third.
Play to convince yourself!
The selected square contains too many small squares. It would be fine if the square with the
question mark was first.
engineers
Reliable
people who deal with
politics
From the hypotheses of the question we deduce that reliable people are engineers and that some reliable
people (therefore some engineers) are involved in politics.
We have no information to think that there is also a bottle on the table…

It could be true; nothing prevents the number of Marziolani and Tondolini from being the same and that they
are even the same set of people, described by different adjectives (submissive, stubborn ..), but compatible
with each other.
61
To prove that a certain statement is DEFINITELY NOT false, it suffices to find at least
one particular case in which that statement is TRUE.
• # married people > # singles
• # males > # females

• # husbands > # unmarried women
We choose a particular case that satisfies all the hypotheses of the question.
For example, let's take the case of two couples, one single male and zero single females.
There are two husbands, zero single women, so it is true that in Italy there are more husbands than single
women.
Question 44 - The answer E is correct
We summarize the situation in the table
30 MPs in their first term 90 par. one term after the first
40 par. investigated and convicted 80 par. not inq. or do not condemn def.
Since only 30 MPs are in their first term and 40 are definitively convicted, even if all the
new MPs had been convicted, necessarily at least 10 MPs, not of the first nomination,
were investigated and definitively convicted.
It's not the correct answer. If you had three €20 pieces, which tickets would make up the
remaining €135?
The hypotheses of the question do not provide information on citizens of Sparagna under the age of 55!
62
Question 38
Playing Risk, Julius Caesar won more than his nephew Augustus, but not Napoleon.
Alexander the Great won less than Charlemagne, but more than Napoleon.
Who won the least?
A. Charlemagne ☛ page 32
B. Alexander the Great ☛ page 49
C. Napoleon ☛ page 45
D. Augustus ☛ page 41
E. Julius Caesar ☛ page 11
The hypotheses of the question ensure that all university graduates are single, but not that all singles are university graduates.
⟹ is not equivalent to ⟹
How manypiecesfrom 5 euros, from 10 euros.... can you have Franco at the till, so as not to be able to satisfy the
customer's requests?
• 5 euro tickets: he must have one and only one to not be able to change 10 euros
• 10 euro tickets: he can have none or at most one, otherwise he could change 20 euros
• 50 euro tickets: must have one and only one

• tickets of 100 euros: he must have one, otherwise he could not have 195 euros in cash.
Surely Franco has on hand:
(1 ⋅ 100 + 1 ⋅ 50 + 1 ⋅ 5)euros =155EUR
The missing 40 euros can only be the sum of two 20-euro tickets.
63
Question 39
At the end of a training session for the national team, Totti and Buffon make the following bet:
Totti will take 12 penalties and Buffon will try to save them. For every penalty saved, Totti will
give Buffon 50 euros, while for every penalty scored, Buffon will give Totti 40 euros. After this,
the series of penalties is carried out at the end of which Totti must receive 120 euros from
Buffon.
How many penalties has Buffon saved?
A. 9 ☛ page 49
B.5 ☛ page 34
C.6 ☛ page 58
Q. 4 ☛ page 24
E.12 ☛ page 77
Romulus would certainly be a liar and the hypotheses of the question do not give us this certainty: one of the
two is a liar, but we don't know who!
Adding any Cyrillic number with itself, for the first property, I find a cyril. If to the new
result add again ,a new cyril is generated. I repeat the procedure times, and I find the
number :
= + +⋯+ = ⋅
is a Cyrillic number for the first property, ma it is not cyril for the second property. The
number of numberscirilli is zero (!)
The proposed statement is true: a rhombus is a quadrilateral with 4 sides congruent to each other and
pairwise parallel; the square is a particular rhombus with four angles all congruent to each other. The
question looks for the surely false statement!
The proposed answer, while stating that the budget was not cut, does not provide information on what
was decided about the taxes! So we cannot deduce whether prices remained stable or not.
64
Question 40
Lieutenant Piccione, during his investigations into a murder, ascertained these two facts:
• self he stabbed the victim, then he is left-handed;
• self he stabbed the victim, then he is the killer.
Which of these deductions is correct?
A. Inspector Piccione ascertains that Mr. Bianchi is not left-handed and

deduces that he is not the murderer ☛ page 21
B. The killer stabbed the victim ☛ page 18
C. Inspector Piccione ascertains that Mr. Rossi is left-handed and
deduces that he is the murderer ☛ page 40
Q. Commissioner Piccione ascertains that Mr. Bianchi is not left-handed
and deduces that he did not stab the victim ☛ page 36
E. Inspector Piccione ascertains that Mr. Rossi is left-handed
and deduces that he stabbed the victim ☛ page 16
If Bruno is paid, then with him was the driver who cannot be Aldo (unless Aldo works for
free). But if Ciro is the driver then Aldo is there too… who has to be paid.
The denial of:

each of the seven candidates is sure to place among the top three
And
at least one of the seven candidates believes he is NOT among the three with the most votes
Saying that at least one candidate fears not being among the three with the most votes is equivalent to saying that at
least one candidate fears being among the four with the least votes.
65
Let's reformulate the hypothesis. Claim that:
The commissioner you don't believe the murder defendant didn't go to the victim's home…
is equivalent to saying that:
the commissioner believes the defendant went to the home of in the time frame in which the
herself lost her life.
,therefore, it also takes into consideration that the defendant may be the murderer.
If in the Republic of Arraffa it is false that all parliamentarians are honest and competent, then it is true
that there is at least one parliamentarian who is not honest or is not competent.
The answer shifts Kontakerikonta's property for numbersIncredibles, of infinite quantity, to

those finite in number. The professor makes no assumptions about this set.
It could be true; from the conditions of the problem we have no information to exclude that in
reality the Tondolini are a subset of the Marziolani, with the same characteristics.
The reasoning proposed is true: if Mario were a professor, he would have a register. We must,
however, find the statement definitely false. We interpret the proposed deductions with
mathematical logic:
professor⟹registeris equivalent toI DO NOT register⟹NOT professor.
Piero is second in order of wealth.

66
Question 41
In the Republic of Grabber it is NOT true that
Every parliamentarian is an honest and competent person
Therefore, in the Republic of Grabber:
A. some parliamentarians are not honest or are not competent ☛ page 66

B. every member of parliament is either honest but not competent, or
competent but not honest ☛ page 69
C. some parliamentarians are honest and competent ☛ page 59
D. honest and competent people never become parliamentarians ☛ page 12
E. no parliamentarian is honest and competent ☛ page 12
• In sequence we find a triangle, a square, a triangle: the missing figure seems to be

a square.
• If one agrees to think of the numbers written on the outside of the polygon as positive, both on the sides and on
the vertexes, and those on the inside as negative, one can identify the law that links them: the number on the
vertex is the algebraic sum of the numbers written on the sides, positioned internally if negative, externally if
positive, according to the established convention.
In fact, if we analyze the vertices of the first triangle:
15 = 9 + 6; 3 = 6 − 3; 6 = −3 + 9
if we analyze the vertices of the first square:
28 = 16 + 12; 4 = 12 − 8; −4 = −8 + 4; 20 = 4 + 16
if we analyze the vertices of the second triangle:
3 = 9 − 6; −9 = −6 − 3; 6 = −3 + 9
• Only the square in figure 2 has this property
− 4 = −16 + 12; 4 = 12 − 8; −4 = −8 + 4; −12 = 4 − 16
• No other figure, neither square nor hexagon, has this property.
67
Question 42
A welcoming sign at the entrance to the restaurantThe Juliva Goosereads:
If you are few, you eat well. If

you are many, you spend little
Mr. Aquilotto, with his sharp mind, logically deduces that:

A. if you are few, you spend a lot ☛ page 76
B. to eat well you need to go in a few ☛ page 51
C. if you eat badly, there are many of you ☛ page 13
D. to spend little you need to be many ☛ page 41
E. if there are many of you, you eat badly ☛ page 34
The property must be valid∀ ,whole, therefore also for = 1.

Saidℙthe set of prime numbers, it follows that if
= 1 ∶ ∀ > 1, ∈ ℙ ⟹ + 2 ∉ ℙ
Then prime numbers of type + 2they do not exist. The denial of the conjecture does not state that they do not
exist, but that they are finite.
We represent the first hypothesis of the question using Venn diagrams:
Not stoned
They listen to rock or

blues Get stoned
We can deduce that a tone-deaf person doesn't listen to rock music.
68
Question 43
The King did not respect the advice of the Grand Chamberlain to oppose the celebration of the
marriage of the Princess with the Swan Neck to the toad she loved, should the young people
insist on celebrating the rite in the Basilica of Superga.
Princesses, at least those in fairy tales, follow their father's will. What do you
deduce?
A. The princess and the toad can get married, if they wish, in the
Basilica of Superga ☛ page 42
B. The Princess and the Toad are not getting married ☛ page 50
C. The princess and the toad will be able to get married, but not in the Basilica of
Superga ☛ page 16
D. The data of the problem do not authorize to conclude the veracity of
any of the proposed interpretations ☛ page 53
E. The princess and the toad will necessarily get married in the
Basilica of Superga ☛ page 43
From the hypothesis

we deduce that in Arraffa both honest and competent parliamentarians can exist, neither honest nor
competent, honest but not competent, not honest despite being competent. Surely, however, there is at least
one parliamentarian who does not possess at least one of the two qualities!
Honesty doesn't exclude competence and competence doesn't prevent honesty.
Give an example and you will see that the right answer is another.
There is only one correct answer for every well-formulated question, but this is not the correct answer.
The law of formation of pairs of numbers has not been identified. Indeed, what relation does 40 have to
the sequence of the first numbers of the previous pairs, and 80 to the sequence of the second numbers
of the previous pairs?
69
The commissioner believes the defendant went to the home of in the interval of time in
which she lost her life.
From the hypotheses, however, we have no information to know whether the commissioner considers
him the strangler or not.
There are 30 MPs in their first term; 40 MPs have been investigated and definitively
sentenced. We have no information on the fact that none of the 30 first-time MPs is in
the group of 40.
There are 12 triangles:
2 4 3
1 2
3 4
2 1
1
1 2
4 + 2 + 2 + 4 = 12
Umberto may not have children or may have children, for example, with black hair.
The answer to a question is always unique: unfortunately there is another correct answer! In fact, what
relationship does 46 have with the sequence of the first numbers of the previous pairs, and 64 with the
sequence of the second numbers of the previous pairs?
70
Question 44
Of the 120 Allegrandia parliamentarians, it is known that a third has been investigated by the
judiciary and definitively sentenced and three quarters are in their second (or in any case, not their
first) parliamentary term. It can be concluded that:
A. a quarter of parliamentarians are in their first term and have

been sentenced definitively ☛ page 73
B. none of the first-term MPs has been definitively convicted
☛ page 70
C. however three MPs were chosen, at least one of them was
definitively condemned ☛ page 49
Q. a third of first-term parliamentarians have been definitively
convicted ☛ page 29
E. there is at least one parliamentarian who has been definitively sentenced
and is in a mandate following the first ☛ page 62
To disprove the conjecture is to prove that the denial of the conjecture is true. We rewrite the
conjecture:
Prime numbers , such that + 2is a prime number, they are infinite
The denial of the conjecture becomes:
Prime numbers , such that + 2is a prime number, they are finite in number
that is, by taking increasingly larger positive numbers into consideration, from a certain moment on we
no longer encounter prime numbers that satisfy the property of the conjecture.
The negation of the conjecture can be rewritten by substitutingfrom some point on…with: there is
an integer such that, whatever is the prime number with > , And + 2it is not first.
The conjecture we have been discussing is the famous dei conjecturetwin primesPrime numbers that are 2
units apart from each other.
Examples of numberstwin primesI am:
(3,5),(5,7),(11,13),…,(239,241),…,(347,349),(461,463),…
but also
694 513 810 ⋅ 22304±1,1 159 142 985 ⋅ 22304±1
both of 703 digits.

71
Question 45
Indicate which of the pairs of numbers indicated should be inserted instead of the dots in the
following sequence
3, 43 ; 5, 27; 9, 19; …, …; 33, 13
A. 24, 74 ☛ page 76
B.19, 11 ☛ page 45
C.15, 15 ☛ page 51
D. 17, 15 ☛ page 57
E. 23, 13 ☛ page 49
There is only one correct answer for every well-formulated question! In fact, what relationship does 40 have
with the sequence of the first numbers of the previous pairs, and 67 with the sequence of the second numbers
of the previous pairs?
Triangles are more.

Let's rewrite the assumptions:
if the budget will not be cut:

prices will remain stable if and only if all taxes rise
The budget was not cut, all taxes were raised, so prices remained stable. By the
laws of mathematical logic:
⟺
equivalent to
⟹ And ⟹
stable prices⟹all taxes have been raised all

taxes have been raised⟹stable prices
naturally with an uncut budget.
72
Question 46
The great number theorist Valakekontojioo, studying integers1,2,3,4,5,… , found

that numbers could exist among themcyrils, which have these two properties:
• the sum of two cyril numbers (even equal) is a cyril
• the product of two Cyrillic numbers (even equal ones) is not a Cyrillic
His student Son Pyooh Foorb, carefully studying these numbers, discovered how many cyrils
there are, and precisely he deduced that the number of cyrils is:
A.3 ☛ page 18
B. 0 ☛ page 64
C.1 ☛ page 69
Q. 4 ☛ page 7
E. infinity ☛ page 41
It is true that the total combinations of the five signs + and − are232, but many combinations of signs do
not lead to different results.
Every number has its opposite (try to write some of them) and zero cannot be obtained. Therefore, only an
even number of cases can be obtained from algebraic sums of the type indicated.
The 30 first-term MPs (a quarter of MPs) could all be virtuous or NOT have been
definitively convicted. In fact, 40 out of 120 are definitively sentenced and they could all
be parliamentarians with a term after the first (80 out of 120).
We have no information to deduce that there are also two cups of coffee on the table.
73
Question 47
Archaebacteria are single-celled organisms that live in ponds and reproduce by fission (ie
each bacterium divides in two and forms two other equal bacteria).
If an archaebacterium is introduced into a certain pond, it reproduces by fission only
once every day, and after 30 days the surface of the pond is completely covered by
bacteria.
How many days will it take for the surface of the same pond to be completely
covered if two archaea are initially introduced?
A. 30 days ☛ page 21
B. 28 days ☛ page 74
C. 29 days ☛ page 56
D. depends on the surface area of the pond ☛ page 44
E. 15 days ☛ page 10
The formulation of the answer is wrong because it does not give information on the
factorization of numbersIncredibles, none of which must have 8 distinct prime factors. This
information is essential to prove Kontakerikonta's conjecture false.
Romulus would be sincere and Remus a liar: we know that only one of the two is sincere but we don't
know who. It could be Remo the sincere brother.
All and only engineers are reliable people; some reliable person deals with politics, then
some engineer deals with politics.
28 days are too few, because only half of the pond is covered.
74
Question 48
In a discussion among friends, Antonio says:
We all like coffee, except for Paola, who doesn't like it
Fabio observes that Antonio is

wrong. It follows that:
A. all friends like coffee ☛ page 80

B. Paola likes coffee ☛ page 20
C. one of the friends, who isn't Paola, doesn't like coffee ☛ page 21
D. either Paola likes coffee, or there are some of her friends, other
than Paola, who don't like coffee ☛ page 56
E. it is not possible that only one of the friends dislikes coffee ☛ page 48
We count the number of digits needed to number the pages of the book.
to number the pages between… necessary digits total digits

1÷9 1⋅9 9
10 ÷ 99 2 ⋅ 90 180
100 ÷ 999 3 ⋅ 900 2700
1000 ÷ 1500 4 ⋅ 501 2004
So the number of digits to number the pages of a book by:
number of pages necessary digits total pages

999 9 + 180 + 2700 2889 few!
1500 2889 + 2004 4893 too many!
The pages are between 1000 and 1500.
75
Question 49
Indicate what is the negation of the statement
A. At least one of Umberto's sons is not blond ☛ page 20

B. Umberto has no children or only non-blonde children ☛ page 60
C. All of Umberto's children are brown ☛ page 29
Q. Not all of Umberto's children are blond ☛ page 33
E. Umberto has all red-haired children ☛ page 70
The hypothesis
if there are many, you spend little

it does not provide information on expenditure (per person) if the dinner is with a few
friends. By the laws of mathematical logic, place
=yes there are many And =you spend little
we know that
⟹ It is NOT equivalent to (NOT ) ⟹ (NOT )
So, if there are NOT many, i.e. there are few, how much do you spend (per person)?
Mr. Aquilotto has no information to deduce that NOT a little is spent, that is a lot.
The delivery is made with a van, so Aldo or Ciro must be driving. If Ciro is there, Aldo must
be there too (be aware that Aldo could make deliveries without Ciro): therefore Aldo is
certainly present. We can't know if Ciro or Bruno is there too, but Aldo is certainly paid,
because he is present.
Neither number is exact. Reflect and look for another law of formation of pairs of numbers.
The first number of each pair belongs to an increasing sequence, while the second to a
decreasing one.
76
Question 50
Complete the following sequence with the two appropriate numbers:
7 14 29 60 123
TO. = 63, = 32 ☛ page 44

b. = 250, = 500 ☛ page 11
c. = 250, = 505 ☛ page 14
d. = 224, = 283 ☛ page 17
AND. = 240, = 485 ☛ page 19
If Buffon had saved 12 penalties, Totti would have given him 600 euros.
To win, the only strategy could be to leave the second player 4 pebbles on the table,
but… to leave 4, the first player would have to take 4 and this is prevented by the rule.
All that remains is to resign: the first player, whatever move he makes, loses.
In this case both Romulus and Remus would be sincere!

The length dimension of the stick, i.e. 90 cm, exceeds one of the three dimensions indicated in
the standard, 50 cm, 30 cm or 25 cm, therefore if you want to carry the stick in question with you,
you must pay an additional ticket.
The book is too thin; would be less than 270 pages!

77
• Each number is the algebraic sum of two even numbers; (±2,±4)and of three odd (±1,±3,±5),
so it is an odd number;
• every number has its opposite;
• the greater of the numbers is 1= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15which corresponds to the smaller of the numbers
2= −15;
• let's verify that all the odd numbers between − can be obtained15And15.
to)15 = +1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
b)13 = −1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
c)11 = +1 − 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
d)9 = +1 + 2 − 3 + 4 + 5or9 = −1 − 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
And)7 = +1 + 2 + 3 − 4 + 5or7 = −1 + 2 − 3 + 4 + 5
f)5 = −1 + 2 + 3 + 4 − 5or5 = +1 − 2 − 3 + 4 + 5…
g)3 = −1 + 2 + 3 + 4 − 5or3 = −1 − 2 − 3 + 4 + 5…
h)1 = +1 − 2 + 3 + 4 − 5or1 = −1 + 2 − 3 − 4 + 5…
In all, therefore, there are 16 different numbers, all odd between -15 and 15, 8 positive and 8
negative.
Let's reformulate the hypothesis. Say that:

you do not believe that the defendant did not go to the victim's home… is equivalent
to saying that:
the commissioner believes that the defendant went to the home of just in that time frame. From the
information given we cannot, however, deduce whether the commissioner do you know if the defendant is
also the strangler!
The survey carried out in Sparagna involved 1,000 inhabitants over the age of 55. We don't know
how many, under the age of 55, have a television.
78
Question 51
Two players take turns taking pebbles with the only rule being that neither 4 nor 8
can be taken.
The player who manages to get the last pebble wins.
If initially there are 8 pebbles, how many must the first player take to be able to
guarantee victory, assuming that in the following moves each player does not make
any mistakes?
A. Whichever number he picks, he will always win ☛ page 55
B. Whichever number he hits, he will always lose ☛ page 77
C.1 ☛ page 43
Q. 2 ☛ page 32
E.3 ☛ page 55
Since in Sparagna half of the citizens over the age of 55 who have a television or a
refrigerator or both are:
400 + 250 − 150 = 500 ⟹ 50%
the other half of the population, i.e. the50%,it has neither television nor
refrigerator. Let's visualize the situation with a Venn diagram scheme.
50%
no fridge or TV
15%
refrigerator
25% and television 10%
refrigerator only only television
All inhabitants of Sparagna over the age of 55

years
79
The denial of the statement
And
either Paola likes coffee or there is someone among her friends, besides Paola, who doesn't like coffee
The proposed answer only considers the case in which Paola likes coffee too and not the possibility that
there are some other friends who don't like it, given that Fabio claims that Antonio is wrong.
The 3 becomes 5 by turning on an auction again on the display and turning off another.
A set of 5 integers is given, three of which are odd and two are even. In the first position we can
put any of the three odd numbers (29, 43, 55); in second position, for each of the three odd
numbers, we can choose between the two even numbers (28, 36). Cases then become
3⋅2=6
In third position, for each of the previous six cases, we still have two choices between the two
remaining odd numbers. Possible cases become
3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 = 12
For the fourth and fifth position we NO longer have the possibility to choose, but we have to complete
each sequence with the only remaining even and the only remaining odd.
80
You have finished reading the mentor booklet.
81

Mentor Di Logica (1) .It - en

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Translated from Italian to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.

Editing and layout:Claudius Beccari

Reviewers:Claudio Beccari, Caludio Casarosa, Giuseppe Forte

©2018 CISIA Editions

Start from the page that contains the

A. Aldo will be paid ☛ page 76

Question 35 - Answer C is wrong

Question 46 - Answer D is wrong

What if there were 5? Try to make a counter example.

☛to question 46 on page 73

Question 32 - Answer C is wrong

Some reliable people are involved in politics!

Question 33 - Answer C is wrong

Saidℙthe set of prime numbers, say that

∀ ∈ ℕ ∃ , > ∶ ∈ ℙAnd + 2 ∉ ℙ

it is not the refutation of the conjecture.

∃ ∈ ℕ ∶ ∀ > ,with ∈ ℙ, + 2 ∉ ℙ

☛to question 33 on page 53

How many triangles can you identify in the following figure?

Question 27 - Answer C is wrong

it is allowed to play…it means it is not forbidden to play…

☛to question 27 on page 43

Question 35 - Answer B is wrong

Question 9 - Answer E is correct

Luigina herself says:

☛to question 22 on page 37

Question 37 - Answer D is wrong

Question 24 - Answer E is correct

We prove that, for any table of the proposed type, it is ≤ .

proof that it can also be = ;therefore ≤ .

☛to question 19 on page 34

1,2; 2,4; 5,8; 10,14; 17,22; 26,32; …,…

Question 18 - Answer D is correct

Question 15 - Answer D is wrong

Question 47 - Answer E is wrong

Question 9 - Answer D is wrong

☛to question 9 on page 15

Question 10 - Answer E is wrong

3 colors are too many.

Question 38 - Answer E is wrong

Julius Caesar won more than some others.

Question 50 - Answer B is wrong

Question 9 - Answer B is wrong

☛to question 9 on page 15

A. if the mother is blonde, her name is not Silvia ☛ page 54

Question 15 - Answer C is wrong

Question 41 - Answer E is wrong

It is not true that every parliamentarian is an honest and competent person

it is false that all parliamentarians are honest and competent

Question 1 - Answer C is wrong

Question 41 - Answer D is wrong

☛to question 41 on page 67

Question 13 - Answer A is correct

The global statement is false

⟹ is not equivalent to (NOT ) ⟹ (NOT )

☛to question 20 on page 35

Question 42 - Answer C is correct

⟹ is equivalent to (NOT ) ⟹ (NOT )

Say how many stars if not but not in the square