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    1. There are several theories of intelligence that define and measure it in different ways, including as a general mental ability, multiple specific abilities, and types of reasoning skills. 2. Early researchers attempted to link intelligence to factors like head and brain size, but these proved unreliable and poorly correlated. Modern IQ tests instead measure cognitive performance on tasks. 3. IQ scores follow a normal distribution and are used to classify individuals as gifted, average, or having mental retardation based on standardized scores. The influence of nature and nurture on intelligence is an ongoing debate.

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    Intelligence PDF

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    1. There are several theories of intelligence that define and measure it in different ways, including as a general mental ability, multiple specific abilities, and types of reasoning skills. 2. Early researchers attempted to link intelligence to factors like head and brain size, but these proved unreliable and poorly correlated. Modern IQ tests instead measure cognitive performance on tasks. 3. IQ scores follow a normal distribution and are used to classify individuals as gifted, average, or having mental retardation based on standardized scores. The influence of nature and nurture on intelligence is an ongoing debate.

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    1. There are several theories of intelligence that define and measure it in different ways, including as a general mental ability, multiple specific abilities, and types of reasoning skills. 2. Early researchers attempted to link intelligence to factors like head and brain size, but these proved unreliable and poorly correlated. Modern IQ tests instead measure cognitive performance on tasks. 3. IQ scores follow a normal distribution and are used to classify individuals as gifted, average, or having mental retardation based on standardized scores. The influence of nature and nurture on intelligence is an ongoing debate.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    70 views19 pages

    Intelligence PDF

    Uploaded by

    miji_gg
    1. There are several theories of intelligence that define and measure it in different ways, including as a general mental ability, multiple specific abilities, and types of reasoning skills. 2. Early researchers attempted to link intelligence to factors like head and brain size, but these proved unreliable and poorly correlated. Modern IQ tests instead measure cognitive performance on tasks. 3. IQ scores follow a normal distribution and are used to classify individuals as gifted, average, or having mental retardation based on standardized scores. The influence of nature and nurture on intelligence is an ongoing debate.

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    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik

    Module 13: Intelligence

    Module 13

    Intelligence
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 13: Intelligence

    DEFINING INTELLIGENCE

    • Psychometric approach - measures or quantifies cognitive


    abilities or factors that are thought to be involved in intellectual
    performance
    – Two-factor theory (Charles Spearman)
    • says that intelligence has two factors:
    – “g” - general mental ability factor
    » represents what different cognitive tasks have
    in common
    – “s” - specific factors
    » which include specific mental abilities such as
    mathematical, mechanical, or verbal skills
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 13: Intelligence

    DEFINING INTELLIGENCE (CONT.)

    • Multiple-intelligence theory (Howard Gardner)


    – instead of one kind of general intelligence, there are at least
    seven different kinds which include:
    • verbal intelligence
    • musical intelligence
    • logical mathematical intelligence
    • spatial intelligence
    • bodily kinesthetic (body movement) intelligence
    • intelligence to understand oneself (intrapersonal
    intelligence)
    • intelligence to understand others (interpersonal
    intelligence)
    • naturalistic intelligence
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 13: Intelligence

    Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory


    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 13: Intelligence

    DEFINING INTELLIGENCE (CONT.)

    • Triarchic theory (Robert Sternberg)


    – says that intelligence can be divided into three different
    kinds of reasoning processes
    1. analytical or logical thinking skills that are measured by
    traditional intelligence tests
    2. problem-solving skills that require creative thinking and
    the ability to learn form experience
    3. practical thinking skills that help a person adjust to, and
    cope with, his or her sociocultural environment
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 13: Intelligence

    MEASURING INELLIGENCE

    • Earlier attempts to measure intelligence


    – head size or brain size and intelligence
    • Head size and intelligence (Francis Galton)
    – noticed that intelligent people often had intelligent relatives
    and concluded that intelligence was, to a large extent,
    biological or inherited
    – low correlation between head size and intelligence, using
    head size as a measure of intelligence was abandoned in
    favor of using skull or brain size
    • Brain size and intelligence (Paul Broca)
    • claimed there was a relationship between size of brain
    and intelligence
    • larger brains indicating more intelligence
    • later reanalysis of Broca’s data indicated that measures
    of brain size proved to be unreliable and poorly
    correlated with intelligence
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 13: Intelligence

    p284 BRAIN SIZE


    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 13: Intelligence

    MEASURING INTELLIGENCE (CONT.)

    • Earlier attempts to measure intelligence


    – brain size and achievement
    • enormous variation in brain size and achievement
    – brain size, sex differences, and intelligence
    • women’s brains weigh about 10% less than men’s
    • little or no difference in intelligence between men and
    women
    • larger size of men’s brains does not result in higher IQs
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 13: Intelligence

    MEASURING INTELLIGENCE (CONT.)

    • Binet’s breakthrough
    – believed that intelligence was a collection of mental abilities
    and that the best way to assess intelligence was to
    measure a person’s ability to perform cognitive tasks, such
    as understanding the meanings of words or being able to
    follow directions
    – Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale
    • contained items arranged in order of increasing difficulty
    • measured vocabulary, memory, common knowledge,
    and other cognitive abilities
    – mental age: measure of intelligence
    • method of estimating a child’s intellectual progeress by
    comparing the child’s score on an intelligence test to the
    scores of average children of the same age
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 13: Intelligence

    MEASURING INTELLIGENCE (CONT.)

    • Formula for IQ
    – Intelligence quotient
    • computed by dividing
    a child’s mental age
    (MA), as measured
    in an intelligence
    test, by the child’s
    chronological age
    (CA) and multiplying
    the result by 100
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 13: Intelligence

    MEASURING INTELLIGENCE (CONT.)

    • Wechsler Intelligence Scale


    – most widely used IQ tests
    – Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-III), ages 16 and
    older
    – Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III) for
    children ages 3-16
    – both have items that are organized into various subtests,
    which form 2 sections:
    • verbal section
    • performance section
    – verbal and performance combined give a single IQ
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 13: Intelligence

    MEASURING INTELLIGENCE (CONT.)

    • Two characteristics of tests


    – Validity
    • means that the test measures what it is
    supposed to measure
    – Reliability
    • refers to consistency: score on a test at one
    point in time should be similar to the score
    obtained by the same person on a similar test
    at a later point in time
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 13: Intelligence

    DISTRIBUTION & USE OF IQ SCORES

    • Normal distribution of IQ scores


    – Normal distribution
    • refers to a statistical arrangement of scores so that
    they resemble the shape of a bell and, thus, is said
    to be a bell-shaped curve
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 13: Intelligence

    DISTRIBUTION & USE OF IQ SCORES (CONT.)

    • Mental retardation: IQ scores


    – Mental retardation
    • refers to a substantial limitation in present
    functioning that is characterized by significantly
    subaverage intellectual functioning, along with
    related limitations in two of ten areas, including
    communication, self-care, home living, social
    skills, and safety.
    • borderline mentally retarded: IQs from 50 to
    75
    • mildly/moderately mentally retarded: IQs from
    35 to 50
    • severely/profound mentally retarded: IQs from
    20 to 40
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 13: Intelligence

    DISTRIBUTION & USE OF IQ SCORES (CONT.)

    • Mental retardation: IQ scores


    – Causes
    • Organic retardation
    – results from genetic problems or brain
    damage
    • Cultural-familial retardation
    – results from a greatly impoverished
    environment
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 13: Intelligence

    DISTRIBUTION & USE OF IQ SCORES (CONT.)

    • Majority of IQ scores
    – about 95%, have scores that fall between 70 and 130
    – Gifted IQ scores
    • Moderately gifted
    – usually defined by an IQ score between 130 and
    150
    • Profoundly gifted
    – usually defined by an IQ score around 180 or above
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 13: Intelligence

    NATURE-NURTURE QUESTION
    • What does Nature versus Nurture mean?
    – asks how nature (hereditary or genetic factors) interacts
    with nurture (environmental factors) in the development of a
    person’s intellectual, emotional, personal, and social
    abilities
    – Interaction of nature and nurture
    • Example: when researchers report that genetic factors
    influence intelligence (IQ scores) means that genetic
    factors influence cognitive abilities to varying degrees,
    depending on the environment
    – Twin studies
    • Fraternal twins
    – like siblings (brothers and sisters), develop from
    separate eggs and 50% of their genes in common
    • Identical twins
    – develop from a single egg and thus have identical
    genes, which means that they have 100% of their
    genes in common
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 13: Intelligence

    NATURE-NURTURE QUESTION (CONT.)

    • Adoption studies
    – children with limited social-educational
    opportunities and low IQs were adopted by
    parents who could provide increased social-
    educational opportunities
    – studies show that children with poor educational
    opportunities and low IQ scores can show an
    increase in IQ scores when they are adopted into
    families that provide increased educational
    opportunities
    Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik
    Module 13: Intelligence

    NATURE-NURTURE QUESTION (CONT.)

    • Interaction: nature and nurture


    – Heritability
    • number that indicates the amount or proportion
    of some ability, characteristic, or trait that can
    be attributed to genetic factors (nature)
    – Reaction range
    • indicates the extent to which traits, abilities, or
    IQ scores may increase or decrease as a
    result of interaction with environmental factors

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