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    Hassan El Sayed
    This document introduces control systems and their components. It discusses James Watt's centrifugal governor, an early automatic control system. It also describes closed-loop and open-loop control systems, providing examples like an automobile steering system and fluid tank level control. The key components of a general control system are identified as the reference input, controller, actuator, process, sensor and feedback signal.

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    Week 1

    Uploaded by

    Hassan El Sayed
    14 views8 pages
    This document introduces control systems and their components. It discusses James Watt's centrifugal governor, an early automatic control system. It also describes closed-loop and open-loop control systems, providing examples like an automobile steering system and fluid tank level control. The key components of a general control system are identified as the reference input, controller, actuator, process, sensor and feedback signal.

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    This document introduces control systems and their components. It discusses James Watt's centrifugal governor, an early automatic control system. It also describes closed-loop and open-loop control systems, providing examples like an automobile steering system and fluid tank level control. The key components of a general control system are identified as the reference input, controller, actuator, process, sensor and feedback signal.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views8 pages

    Week 1

    Uploaded by

    Hassan El Sayed
    This document introduces control systems and their components. It discusses James Watt's centrifugal governor, an early automatic control system. It also describes closed-loop and open-loop control systems, providing examples like an automobile steering system and fluid tank level control. The key components of a general control system are identified as the reference input, controller, actuator, process, sensor and feedback signal.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 8

    Chapter 1

    Introduction to Control
    Systems
    Introduction to Control Systems
    • Automatic control has played a vital role in the advance of engineering and
    science. Automatic control has become an important and integral part of modern
    manufacturing and industrial processes.
    • The first significant work in automatic control was James Watt’s centrifugal
    governor for speed in the eighteenth century as shown in the following figure

    Fig. 1 Speed control system


    Introduction to Control Systems
    In such system (Speed control system):
    • The plant (controlled system) is the engine.
    • The controlled variable is the speed of the engine.
    • The control signal (the amount of fuel) to be applied to the plant (engine) is
    actuating signal.
    • An unexpected change in the load is a disturbance.

    Types of Control Systems


    (a) Closed-loop control system

    Feedback control systems are often referred to as closed-loop control system. In such
    system, the output signal has a direct effect upon the control action. Figure 2 is an
    example of such feedback control system.
    Types of Control Systems

    Fig. 2 (a) Automobile steering control system

    Fig. 2 (b) The driver uses the difference between the actual and the desired direction of
    travel to generate a controlled adjustment of the steering wheel
    Types of Control Systems

    Fig. 2 (c) Typical direction-of- travel response

    Manually controlled closed-loop system for regulating the level of fluid in a tank as
    shown in Fig. 3.
    Types of Control Systems

    Fig. 3 A manual control system for regulating the level of fluid in a tank by adjusting the
    output valve. The operator views the level of fluid through a port in the side of the tank.

    H.W. Draw the block diagram representing the closed-loop system shown in Fig. 3.

    Note: The automatic control is used to replace the human in such systems
    Types of Control Systems
    (b) Open-loop control system

    Those systems in which the output has no relation effect on the control action. In
    other words, in an open-loop control system the output is neither measured nor fed
    back for comparison with the input. A common example of an open-loop control
    system is an electric toaster in the kitchen and washing machine.

    Control system components

    • System, plant or process to be controlled.


    • Actuators, convert the control signal to a power signal
    • Sensors, provide measurements of the system output.
    • Reference input, represents the desired output.
    Types of Control Systems
    General control system

    Disturbance

    Reference Controlled Manipulated +


    input + Error signal variable
    Controller Actuator Process
    +
    -

    Feedback
    signal
    Sensor

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