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    Lecture 1 - Mech

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    Hassan El Sayed
    This document provides an overview of an electric circuits course. It outlines the course contents including introductions to DC circuits, single phase AC circuits, and three phase AC circuits. It lists the textbook chapters which cover basic concepts such as systems of units, electric charge, current, voltage, power, energy, and circuit elements including sources, resistors, and dependent sources. It also provides explanations of Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws, and examples of their applications in circuit analysis.

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    Lecture 1 - Mech

    Uploaded by

    Hassan El Sayed
    17 views40 pages
    This document provides an overview of an electric circuits course. It outlines the course contents including introductions to DC circuits, single phase AC circuits, and three phase AC circuits. It lists the textbook chapters which cover basic concepts such as systems of units, electric charge, current, voltage, power, energy, and circuit elements including sources, resistors, and dependent sources. It also provides explanations of Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws, and examples of their applications in circuit analysis.

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    Lecture 1_mech

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    This document provides an overview of an electric circuits course. It outlines the course contents including introductions to DC circuits, single phase AC circuits, and three phase AC circuits. It lists the textbook chapters which cover basic concepts such as systems of units, electric charge, current, voltage, power, energy, and circuit elements including sources, resistors, and dependent sources. It also provides explanations of Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws, and examples of their applications in circuit analysis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    17 views40 pages

    Lecture 1 - Mech

    Uploaded by

    Hassan El Sayed
    This document provides an overview of an electric circuits course. It outlines the course contents including introductions to DC circuits, single phase AC circuits, and three phase AC circuits. It lists the textbook chapters which cover basic concepts such as systems of units, electric charge, current, voltage, power, energy, and circuit elements including sources, resistors, and dependent sources. It also provides explanations of Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws, and examples of their applications in circuit analysis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 40

    Electric Circuits

    EEPx82
    1
    Course Contents

    2
    Introduction to Electric circuits

    DC circuits
    • Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff's laws
    • Simple resistive circuit analysis
    Outlines • Analysis techniques
    • Circuit theorems
    Single phase AC circuits

    Three phase AC circuits


    3
    Text Books

    4
    Chapter 1:Basic
    Concepts

    1.1 Systems of Units.


    1.2 Electric Charge.
    1.3 Current.
    1.4 Voltage.
    1.5 Power and Energy.
    1.6 Circuit Elements.

    5
    A Basic Circuit
    All electric circuits have three main parts

    1. A source of energy
    2. A closed path
    3. A device which uses the energy

    If ANY part of the circuit is open the device will not work!
    1.1 System of Units (1)
    Six basic units
    Quantity Basic unit Symbol
    Length meter m
    Mass kilogram Kg
    Time second s
    Electric current ampere A
    Thermodynamic kelvin K
    temperature
    Luminous intensity candela cd
    7
    1.1 System of Units (2)
    The derived units commonly used in electric circuit theory

    Decimal multiples and


    submultiples of SI units 8
    1.2 Electric Charges

    • Charge is an electrical property of the atomic


    particles of which matter consists, measured in
    coulombs (C).

    • The charge e on one electron is negative and


    equal in magnitude to 1.602  10-19 C which is
    called as electronic charge. The charges that
    occur in nature are integral multiples of the
    electronic charge.

    9
    1.3 Current (1)

    • Electric current i = dq/dt. The unit of


    ampere can be derived as 1 A = 1C/s.
    • The direction of current flow

    Positive ions Negative ions

    10
    Types of Current
    DC = Direct Current - current flows in one direction
    Example: Battery

    AC = Alternating Current- current reverses direction many times


    per second.
    1.4 Voltage (1)
    • Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy
    required to move a unit charge through an
    element, measured in volts (V).

    • Mathematically, (volt)
    vab = dw / dq
    – w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulomb (C).

    • Electric voltage, vab, is always across the circuit


    element or between two points in a circuit.
    – vab > 0 means the potential of a is higher than potential
    of b.
    – vab < 0 means the potential of a is lower than potential
    of b. 12
    Power
    Power: it’s an indication of how much work (the
    conversion of energy from one form to another)
    can be accomplished in a specified amount of
    time, that is, a rate of doing work.

    1horsepower (hp)  746 (W)


    13
    Electric Power

    14
    Electric Power

    Power absorbed (dissipated) by a resistor


    I + V _ V2
    R P = VI = = I 2R
    R

    I + _
    Absorbed power
    E
    Battery power: P = EI
    _ I
    Supplied +
    power E
    delivered
    power
    15
    Electric Power
    Passive sign convention
    P = +vi p = –vi
    absorbing power supplying power

    p=0
    Σ Generated Power= Σ Consumed power
    16
    1.5 Power and Energy (2)
    • The law of conservation of energy

    p=0
    • Energy is the capacity to do work, measured
    in joules (J).
    t t
    • Mathematical expression w =  pdt =  vidt
    t0 t0

    17
    EXAMPLE
    Electrical Energy
    • Electric energy is measured in Wattseconds
    (W.s) or joules (J)
    •Electric energy is also measured in Watthour
    (Wh) or kilowatthour (kWh).

    Energy (Ws  J) = power(W)  time (s)

    power(W) time (h)


    Energy (kWh) =
    1000

    19
    1.6 Circuit Elements (1)
    Active Elements Passive Elements

    • A dependent source is an active


    element in which the source quantity
    is controlled by another voltage or
    current.

    • They have four different types: VCVS,


    CCVS, VCCS, CCCS. Keep in minds the
    Independent Dependant signs of dependent sources.
    sources sources 20
    DC Circuit Elements:
    Independent Sources
    • Independent sources do not depend on any
    quantity in the circuit.

    • Voltage source
    This source provides constant voltage.

    • Current source
    This source provides constant current.

    21
    Note.

    DC Voltage Source:

    1. Batteries (Chemical action or solar energy.


    2. Generators (electro-mechanical action)
    3. Power supplies (rectification- conversion process)

    22
    DC Circuit Elements:
    Dependent Sources

    • Dependent sources output is not constant. They depend on other


    quantities in the circuit such as a current in a branch or a voltage
    difference across another element.
    • Dependent source can’t be found alone in the circuit. They should be
    accompanied with independent source (s).

    23
    DC Circuit Elements:
    Dependent Sources
    (a) This is a voltage dependent voltage
    source. Its voltage output depends on a
    certain voltage in the circuit, which is
    called vx.
    (b) This is a current dependent voltage
    source. Its voltage output depends on a
    certain current in the circuit, which is
    called ix.

    24
    DC Circuit Elements:
    Dependent Sources
    (c) This is a voltage dependent current source.
    Its current output depends on a certain
    voltage in the circuit, which is vx.

    (d) This is a current dependent current source.


    Its current output depends on a certain branch
    current in the circuit, which is ix.

    25
    DC Circuit Elements:
    Dependent Sources

    • Examples of electric circuit that contain dependent sources.

    26
    • Dependent voltage source is one that’s output voltage is the function of voltage or
    current of any other part of the circuit. Similarly, dependent current source is one
    that’s output current is the function of current or voltage of any other parts of the
    circuit. The amplifier is an ideal example of dependent source where the output signal
    depends upon the signal given to the input circuit of the amplifier.

    27
    Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff's laws

    28
    Ohm’s Law

    • The current in a resistive circuit is directly


    proportional to its applied voltage and inversely
    proportional to its resistance.

    𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝑉)
    𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼 =
    𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑅)
    𝑉
    𝐼= (𝐴𝑚𝑝, 𝑜𝑟 𝐴)
    𝑅

    29
    Ohm’s Law

    • Polarity of Voltage and direction of Current


    • Flow of current is close to flow of water in pipes.
    • In passive elements (resistors), the current
    moves from the high potential to low potential.
    • In active elements (sources), the current takes
    the shown directions in case of discharging.

    30
    Discharge
    DC Power

    •Resistor power:
    • The power dissipated by any resistor can be calculated by many methods.

    𝑷 = 𝑽𝑰 (𝑾)

    • According to ohm’s law V=IR; therefore,

    𝑷 = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 (𝑾)
    𝑽𝟐
    𝑷= (𝑾)
    𝑹

    31
    Example
    a. Calculate the voltage 𝒗𝒂 .

    b. Determine the dissipated power in the resistor

    32
    Example

    𝑉𝑔 1000
    •𝑅 = = 5×10−3=0.2 MΩ
    𝑖𝑔
    • 𝑃 = 𝑖 𝑔2 𝑅=(5 × 10−3 )2× 0.2× 106 =5 W

    33
    Example

    • If Vg=50V, and R=4.7 kΩ, find the circuit current.

    V 50
    • ig= g = =10.64 mA
    R 4.7×103

    34
    Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

    •Kirchhoff's Current law (KCL)


    (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of the currents entering and leaving an
    area, system, or junction is zero.

    In other words

    35
    Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

    •Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum


    of the potential rises and drops around a closed loop (or
    path) is zero.

    v1-v2-v3+v4-v5=0

    • In other words

    36
    Example

    Find the Unknown voltage

    Apply KVL for circuit 1


    I
    E1-V1-4.2-E2=0
    16-V1-4.2-9=0
    V1=16-4.2-9=2.8 V

    37
    Example.
    Use KVL, KCL and Ohm’s law to find the current io. Is the generated
    power equal the consumed power?
    • Solution
    Apply KCL at node b:
    io+6=i1;therefore,
    i1-io-6=0 (1)
    Apply KVL on LHS loop
    120-vo-v1=0; ;therefore,
    120-10io-50i1=0 (2)
    solving equations (1) and(2), we get
    Io=-3 A , i1=3 A
    38
    • The power associated with 120 voltage source is:

    𝑷𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝑽 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝟑 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝑾 Absorbed

    • Power associated with 6 A current source is:

    𝑷𝟔𝑨 = 𝟔 𝟏𝟓𝟎 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝑾 Delivered

    Check: is the generated power=the consumed power?


    39
    Example.
    Find the value of R.
    • Solution
    Ohm’s law:
    11=120/24=5 A
    KVL on the RHS loop:
    120-8i2=0
    + -
    i2=120/8=15 A 1

    KCL at node 1 i1 i
    is +2
    Is=i1+i2=5+15=20 A
    -
    KVL on the LHS loop:
    200-Ris-120=0
    R=80/is=80/20=4 Ω

    40

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