Bab Gec 3101 Midterm Module 1

Republic of the Philippines
PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Basa Air Base Campus, Floridablanca, Pampanga
ART
Elem
ents
Sub-Topic and
 Elements of Visual
Princi
Arts
 Principle of Arts
 Artistic Criticism
ples
i
Course Learning Outcome
CLO1.
Module Learning Outcome
Demonstrate an
understanding and
Topic Learning Outcome
appreciation of arts
in general, including MLO1Explain how
their function, value their elements are
presented in the
and historical
different art work
significance. MLO2. Determine TLO2. Identify the
dominant elements underlying history
CLO3. Explain and used in hybrid or philosophy of the era
evaluate different modified art
or movement
theories of art expressions
CLO7. CLO 7Discover and MLO3.Define and

translate principles of TLO3. Identify the
deepen their
design in an artwork elements of art
identity through art
with respect to
their rationality,
culture and religion.
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Course Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ii
Academic Honesty Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPICS PAGE TIME ALLOTMENT
(MINUTES)
Elements and principle of art 1 35 Minutes
The elements of visual art 3 30 Minutes
Principles of arts 5 30 minutes
Artistic Criticism 10 25 minutes
Assignment 21 45 minutes
Activity 22 25 minutes
Formative assessment 23 45.8 minutes
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Academic Honesty Clause
Plagiarism is the use or close imitation of the language and thoughts of another author and the
representation of them as one’s original work. (1995 Random House Compact Unabridged Dictionary)
In the academe, it is an adaption or reproduction of an original intellectual creation, be it
concepts, ideas, methods, pieces of information or expressions of another author, whether individual,
group, or organization without proper acknowledgment. Moreover, plagiarism can range from borrowing
a particular phrase or sentence to paraphrasing someone else’s original idea without citing it. The most
common form of plagiarism, especially nowadays, is copying and pasting online material without
crediting the source.
Every student must practice Academic Honesty. Academic misconduct is subject to an academic
penalty by the instructor and/or disciplinary sanction by the College.
I _____________________________ fully understood the definition and description of
plagiarism stated above and I am familiar with the Student Conduct Code. I am aware that I shall be
penalized if plagiarism is found evident on my output which includes, gaining a failing grade.
As a college student and a member of scholarly community, I shall value other people’s ideas.
Thus, I pledged to commit to the following truthful statements:
1. I shall not submit other people’s work and present them as my own.
2. I will not take any passages from their own previous work without adding citations.
3. I will not rewrite someone else’s work without properly citing sources.
4. I shall not use quotations without citing the source.
5. I will not interweave various sources together in my work, without citing.
6. I will not rely too heavily on other people’s work.
7. I shall bring original thought into my own work.
8. I will not disclose any exams/questionnaires/activities after I have taken them.
9. I will not copy any material from another student and submit it as my own.
10. I shall not share my own completed output to another class/student.
__________________________
(Signature over Printed Name)
REFERENCE:
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-collegesuccess-lumen1/chapter/academic-honesty/
https://www.business.umt.edu/et
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ELEMENTS & PRINCIPLES OF ART
EXPLORE
Mediums and elements are the two major factors in creating an artwork. One can easily identify
the elements through the medium used. Elements is independent of medium; if we say that a painting is
made of watercolor, it is medium but when we say that the painting is made of warm and cool colors,
we are speaking of elements. Same also with music, when we say that a song was accompanied by
guitar or piano, we say it is medium but when we say that the song has its pattern of melody we pertain
to elements. The elements of art constitute an important part of the language of art. Basically, elements
of art are the primary source to have knowledge in understanding and appreciating art because it is
visually detectable. Thus, artist used elements as basic component in art making. In a practical sense it is
considered as the building blocks or ingredients of art. Expressing feelings and sentiments by the artist
using elements or visual vocabulary intelligently can be a great source for the audience to fully
understand an artwork Elements of art is one of the basics in understanding principles of art and art
criticism or art analysis.
Choose a song or musical recording from different genre like R&B, acoustics, love songs, etc.
Listen and define a song. What makes a song an experience to remember after listening to it, is it the
basic elements like melody, timbre, duration, loudness, or texture? If you experience all this element as
you listen to the song. Write it in your art journal and share your answer to your seatmate.
Look at any painting that you like. Look at the details of the artwork, such as color, line, shape,
texture, space and value. Can you identify each element from one another? How can you describe the
distinction of one element to the other? Write it in your art journal and discuss it with your seatmate.
ENRICH
Play Video:
1. Principles of Art
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_HkQuI6n-Q
2. How to look at Art - The elements of Art part1
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Source:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pigFSxi25qc&list=PLUPyLCL_r37YfalHGuBUXBzbaGO6l4tef
3. The Principles of Design
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=018N8p4Y3cA
The Elements of Visual Arts include Line, Shape, Form, Space, Color, Texture and Value.
1. LINE
line is the strongest and most important and influential. Without line there can be no shape.
Without shape there can be no form. Without form there can be no texture and there can be no pattern.
Lines are powerful tools that can be used smartly to lead the viewers eyes towards the point of interest
in a photograph, and alter the overall feeling and mood of an image. Line can be considered as the
oldest, simplest, and universal elements for creating visual arts. Connecting dots can be considered as
line Line is important in making any work of arts like in painting, sculpture and architecture. Through
lines, artist can make us know what the work is all about. Thick lines and thin lines are used to make
representation of shapes and forms, can create drawing and necessary in working with figurative and
non figurative art. The best quality of lines is giving direction in the artwork. The viewer's eyes can
recognize the movement for a better orientation. For a better understanding about this first vocabulary
of art, we have to consider the other functions of line;
 Outline and form
 Movement and emphasis
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https://quizlet.com/164543033/art-appreciation-principles-of-art-
balance-emphasis-movement-proportion-rhythm-unityvarietythe-
means-an-artist-uses-to-organize-elements-within-a-work-of-art-flash-
cards/
 Pattern and texture
https://www.slideshare.net/shaktinanda/basic-design-visual-arts-eelements-of-design
 Shading and modeling
https://www.artistsnetwork.com/art-techniques/beginner-artist/graphite-pencil-drawing-basics/
Kinds of Line
1. Vertical Line - Vertical lines depict power and strength stability, simplicity, poise or stature and
dynamism. An example of vertical line can be a man standing, a tall tree, a tall building and even
statues of saints. Some monuments of heroes with vertical lines suggest honor and dignity. It
also motivates certain emotion or even sentiments, a deeper sense of adoration and praise in
some architectural monuments like cathedrals.
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Jose Rizal
https://www.pinterest.ca/frederickjamieson/kor/
2. Horizontal Lines - Horizontal line is basically associated with rest and repose. It suggests serenity and
quietness, relaxation and reflection, stability and inaction Landscape often impart a feeling of tranquility
because of supremacy of horizontal line like the bodies of water meeting the sky in a sunset scene which
is commonly called horizon. Horizontal line is visible also in a dead man reclining, resting animals, a
serene sea and a cemetery
https://www.etsy.com/listing/765092786/foggy-countryside-horizontal-canvas?
epik=dj0yJnU9bXRsMXB3WGZlRkZHd1pmUnFPNnNYWTEtZV92QnJLQ2E
3. Diagonal Lines - Diagonal lines are lines of action and movement. 1t also suggests impulse, will power,
aspiration, passion, and emotion. Almost all artworks that suggest actions, assumes to have diagonal
lines. The degree of an action depends on the angle of the diagonal. A woman dancing with a position of
forty-five degrees is in its maximum of action while weak angles are below forty-five degrees gives an
impression of uncertainty, instability, insecurity and a sense of collapse. A man running, a bended tree
because of the wind, an air plane on it take off, and a flowing river comprise horizontal lines.
https://www.picturecorrect.com/tips/diagonal-lines-in-landscape-photography/
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4. Curved Lines - It is considered as "line of grace" and of beauty". It is associated with smooth
movements In graceful dance, simple smile or a tree bending because of heavy weight of fruits, or even
curly hair. Curved line is most pleasing among the other lines discussed. It implies softness, and
flexibility. Most common curved line can be associated with arches, scallops and spiral that can be easily
recognize in ornamental designs like the Maranao Okir in wood carvings like sari-manok.
https://theoearneygcsephotography.weebly.com/uploads/6/0/1/2/60122313/
line.jpg
5. Jagged Lines -Jagged lines is associated with pointed and sharp object that signifies difficulty and
discomfort. It also shows violence, torture, confusion, and conflict.
The Raft of Medusa by Théodore Géricault (1819)
https://mydailyartdisplay.wordpress.com/2011/06/10/the-raft-of-medusa-by-theodore-gericault/
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2. SHAPE
Shape is an enclosed area or surface. It can be easily identified because when a line crosses itself
or intersects with other lines to enclose a space it creates a shape. Shape is the principal element of
identification. For that shape to be successfully identifiable, it needs to be in strong contrast with its
surroundings so that it is detached from the clutter around it. It is impossible to create shape without
using other basic elements. Shape is responsible in creating the subject in art even representational or
abstract art. Shape can be two-dimensional and can be three dimensional. Two-dimensional exist with
height and width, while three-dimensional exist with height, width and volume. There are two
categories or classification of shape:
"Balancement". Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944) Russia
https://www.weinerelementary.org/kandinsky-and-variety.html
a. Geometric Shape
Its origin came from mathematical perspective. It includes Circles, Squares, rectangles and
triangles. We see them in architecture and manufactured items. Geometric shape can be Rectilinear or
Curvilinear. There are also Geometric shapes in different cultures and Geometric shapes in
Contemporary arts.
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Geometric Shapes
https:// www.pinterest.ph/pin/
210965563770858369/
b. Organic or biomorphic Shape –
Oftentimes we see them in nature and with characteristics that are free flowing, informal and irregular.
These shapes derived from any living organisms. Trees, flowers, birds, fishes and even sea shells are
organic shapes.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/7586113/
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3. FORM
It is the overall design of an artwork. It describes the structure of shape and object from the
different perspective. The organization of the object or thing in the entire composition is what makes
form identifiable. Almost all visual arts are concern with form since artist deliberately use forms create
movement that would lead the viewers eyes in full attention. Since form consist of size, height, width
and volume it always suggests visual weight. In painting which is two dimensional, the three-
dimensional or form can be recognizable if by using illusion and perspective as well as shading and
modeling, Such in the case of pyramid. Pyramid is presented as one triangle, but when it is view from
left and right sides using perspective or if it views from the top, the pyramid represents four triangles.
Sculpture and architecture deal with three dimensional forms.
http://www.theartverve.com/2016/08/shape-form-pattern.html
4. SPACE
Space is the surface or the area within the artwork. It constitutes the area or distance, between,
around, above or within things. Artist who deals in painting and architecture consider space to be of
great importance. Architecture can be considered as art of space. Buildings with its exterior, interior
appears to have a spacious element. In two-dimensional art like painting space includes the background,
the foreground and the middle ground for the viewers to visualize the distance within the artwork.
There are two kinds of space: Positive space is the space where most likely to be filled with shadows or
color while negative space is the empty area in the artwork,
http://graphics.stanford.edu/~niloy/research/constrained_mesh/constrainedMesh_sigga11.html
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5. COLOR
Color can be considered as the most expressive of all the elements of art. Colors can be easily
recognize in any visual experience. The primary source of colors came from light. We enjoy the beauty of
nature and things around us through colors with the aid of light, This light has vibrating waves that
varies in length which pass through our eyes and produce illumination of colors. The colors that we see
in objects or things around us varies because of the reflection and absorption of light. One of our basic
understanding about color spectrum was an experiment conducted by Isaac Newton in 1966 wherein a
white light of the sun passes through a prism which reveals an array of colors that we called rainbow.
These colors are: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo and Violet or ROY G BIV.
https://www.premiumbeat.com/blog/basic-
properties-color/
PROPERTIES OF COLOR
1. HUE - is the name of a color and the property which distinguishes one color from another. The major
hues are such as red, blue, or yellow.
2. VALUE - Value is the lightness or darkness of a hue (color). The value of a hue can be changed by
adding black or white.
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3. INTENSITY -Intensity is the brightness or dullness of a hue (color). Pure hues are high-intensity colors.
Dull hues are low-intensity colors.
https:// stpaulhs.wordpress.com/
2015/12/07/the-color-wheel/
CLASSIFICATION OF COLOR
1. Primary Colors - are hues

which can be mixed to create all other
colors. Primary Colors are basic and
cannot be mixed from other elements.
They are to color what prime numbers are to mathematics. One can mix to primaries to get a Secondary
Color.
https://medium.com/@avawill10/how-many-primary-colors-are-there-b6c0c9a71a96
2. Secondary Colors - are the hues between the primary hues on the color wheel. The secondary colors
are a combination of equal amount of two primaries. To get orange, you have equal parts of red and
yellow. To get Violet, you mix equal parts of red and blue. To get green, you mix equal parts of blue and
yellow.
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The 3 Secondary Colors
https://uxplanet.org/basic-guide-to-understanding-colors-2301c9d777f8
3. Intermediate Colors - These colors are created by mixing a secondary color with a primary color like
red-orange, red- violet, blue-violet, blue-green, yellow-green, yellow-orange.
428193877054550427/
4. Tertiary Colors - are created by mixing two complementary colors or mixing two colors that are
opposite from each other on the color wheel. One example is orange combined with green will result to
Citron (yellowish gray), orange mixed with violet will result to Russet (Reddish Gray) and green
combined with violet will result to buff (Bluish Gray).
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428193877054550427/
5. Warm and Cool Colors - Color can be associated with warmth and coldness in which the artist
considered in any composition. All colors can be grouped as cool colors and warm colors. Warm colors
express warmth; they are red, yellow and orange like sun, fire and golden fields. Warm colors are vivid
and energetic, and tend to advance in space. Warm colors suggest cheerfulness, joy and excitement.
Cool colors have the feel of being cold or cool; they are blue, violet and green like sky, sea, and earth.
Cool colors give an impression of calm, and create a soothing impression. Cool colors depict rest,
serenity and calmness. Warm colors always seem closer than cool colors and give an impression of
advancing towards the viewer, that is why it is called advancing colors while cool colors are called
receding or retreating colors. Cool colors are receding colors because when red, green and blue circles
are in the composition, red seems closest to the viewer and blue farthest away.
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/
54113632996673446/
COLOR HARMONY - is the correct arrangement or combination of colors. It creates a pleasing

arrangement which is essential in any visual experience. It also delivers visual interest and a sense of
order. In visual experiences, harmony is something that is pleasing to the eye. It engages the viewer and
it creates an inner sense of order, a balance in the visual experience. When something is not
harmonious, it's either boring or chaotic. The human brain rejects what it cannot organize, what it
cannot understand. To achieve harmony in arts and design it is necessary to consider Color Scheme.
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https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/449304500329797622/
COLOR SCHEME - In color theory, a color scheme is the choice of colors. Color schemes are used to
create style and appeal. A basic color scheme will use two colors that look appealing together. More
advanced color schemes involve several colors in combination, usually based around a single color, for
example, text with such colors as red, yellow, orange and light blue arranged together on a black
background in a magazine article. There are six formula in creating style and appeal:
1. Complementary Color Scheme- Colors that are opposite each other on the color wheel are
considered to be complementary colors (example: red and green) Complementary color schemes are
tricky to use in large doses, but work well when you want something to stand out. The high contrast of
complementary colors creates a vibrant look especially when used at full saturation
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2. Analogous Color Scheme - Analogous color schemes use colors that are next to each other on the
color wheel. They usually match well and create serene and comfortable designs. Analogous color
schemes are often found in nature and are harmonious and pleasing to the eye. Make sure you have
enough contrast when choosing an analogous color scheme.
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3. Triadic Color Scheme - A triadic color scheme uses colors that are evenly spaced around the color
wheel. A Triadic color schemes tend to be quite vibrant, even if you use pale or unsaturated versions of
your hues. To use a triadic harmony successfully, the colors should be carefully balanced. Let one color
dominate and use the two others for accent.
https://www.homedit.com/triadic-color-
scheme/
4. Split-Complementary Color Scheme - is a variation of the complementary color scheme. In addition to

the base color, it uses the two colors adjacent to its complement. This color scheme has the same strong
visual contrast as the complementary color scheme, but has less tension. The split complimentary color
scheme is often a good choice for beginners, because it is difficult to mess up
https://www.settingforfour.com/understand-
color-wheel-color-schemes-become-a-better-
decorator/
5. Rectangle or Tetradic Color Scheme - uses four colors arranged into two complementary pairs. This
rich color scheme offers plenty of possibilities for variation. Tetradic color schemes works best if you let
one color be dominant You should also pay attention to the balance between warm and cool colors in
your design.
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https://freshome.com/2014/10/30/10-color-
theory-basics-everyone-should-know/
https://www.pinterest.ph/gabriella3199/tetradic-color-scheme/
6. Square Color Scheme - The square color scheme is similar to the rectangle, but with all four colors
spaced evenly around the color circle. Square color schemes work best if you let one color be dominant.
You should also pay attention to the balance between warm and cool colors in your design.
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PSYCHOLOGY OF COLORS - Colors are known to have varied psychological and emotional connotation.
Thus, the meaning of color and its symbolism changes from one culture to other, Philippines has
distinctive symbolism and meaning of colors in the diverse cultural groups. Christianity has its own
meaning of colors. Thus, artist in the Philippines have strong influence from the western world regarding
symbolism and meaning of colors.
Black - Death, despair, gloom, sorrow (for fashion; elegance), mourning and darkness
Blue - Infinity, Freedom, Calmness, serenity, sadness, peace, masculinity and loyalty
Brown - Humility, earth, spiritual death, renunciation of the world
Green - Nature, Freshness, Prosperity, Hope, Money, life, good health and well-being and envy
Orange - Sweetness, Cheerfulness, energy, food, craving for food-
Pink - Femininity and love
Red - Bravery and courage, Energy, Passion, War, Warm, Ardent love and martyrdom
Violet - Royalty, Dull, penance, mourning, and power.
White -Purity, Clarity, Simplicity, Virginity, Peace, surrender, meekness, goodness and mourning
Yellow - Joyful, Life, Vibrant, Sunshine, Happiness, warmth and cowardice
6. VALUE - Right next to color, value can suggest emotional and dramatic impression by using lightness
and darkness in composition. Value is referred to Chiaroscuro meaning lightness and darkness (from the
Italian word chiaro "clear" and oscuro "dark". Thus, light and shadow mean the same thing It is a quality
that depends on the amount of light and dark in color. They give expression of depth and solidity in
visual art, Value is created by a certain source of light that strike or shines on an object creating
highlights and shadows. It also illuminates the local or actual color of the subject. Furthermore, value
creates depth within a picture making an object look three dimensional with highlights and cast
shadows, or in a landscape where it gets lighter in value as it recedes to the background giving the
illusion of depth. Value refers to the intelligent usage of tint, shades and tones in an artwork to achieve
the desired mood of the work. Shading, tinting and toning, may create no boundaries of transition in
surface rendering and when executed skillfully they appeared to be as realistic and natural. For
architecture and sculpture values change because of light while in painting the values are fixed.
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The Incredulity of Saint Thomas by Caravaggio
https://webartacademy.com/painting-techniques-chiaroscuro
Tint, Shades and Tones
If a color is made lighter by adding white, the result is called a tint. black is added, the darker
version is called a shade. And if gray is added, the result is a different tone.
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7. TEXTURE
Texture is found in all visual arts. It is the elements that deals primarily with the sense of touch
or the tactile sensation or stimuli. It is how the surface in a ceratin composition feels. Other elements
discussed like color, line, shape, form and value can be associated with the sense of sight. The
uniqueness of texture is distinctive because artist can create illusion like actual and stimulated that
resulted the richness and natural characteristics of artworks. Texture maybe described as smooth, hard,
soft, wet, dry, rough, slippery, etc.
https://digital-photography-school.com/working-with-textures-%E2%80%93-8-ideas-to-get-you-
started/?%3A+DigitalPhotographySchool+%28Digital+Photography+School%29=
Kinds of Texture
1. Actual Texture
Texture is capable of moving your deep emotions than any other elements. It refers to the real
texture of an object. In such cases like in architecture and sculpture, differences in texture can be felt
because of the different materials used like bronze, marble and ice for sculpture and bricks, concrete
and polished stone for architecture. Thus, when it comes to painting or two-dimensional art, actual
texture are found and felt as the artist incorporate other objects like scraps of cloth, bottle cups, leaves,
papers and others. This process is called collage which was introduced by Picasso and Braque. In mix
media art, artist can paste different objects with texture and at the same time use paints for the whole
artwork. Aside from collage and mix-media art, painter can create texture using paints with the aid of
brushes and palette knife. Post impressionist artist like Vincent Van Gogh used strokes using pigment
which give body to the artwork called impasto. Impasto is a technique used in painting using very thick
layers of paint using brush and palette knife.
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https://www.google.com/search?
q=Actual+Texture+&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwianYrV5O_sAhXnGKYKHQUoDu8Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=Actual+Texture+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAy
AggAMgIIADICCABQ6v8CWPfjE2Ck6hNoAHAAeACAAYIDiAGWBZIBBTItMS4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1
pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=GjymX5qoO-exmAWF0Lj4Dg&bih=754&biw=1536
2. Implied or Simulated Texture
Simulated texture is the imitation of real texture or real objects. It is obtained through visual
effects with the aid of other elements. Artist manipulate his medium to give an impression of texture
and visual effects. Visual texture is an illusion of texture created by the artist. Contemporary artist takes
simulated texture as a one of the great challenges in visual art.
https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/282460207855251916/
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PRINCIPLES OF ART
Principles of design is used to organize the elements of art in a certain composition. Basically, it
is the strategies in creating a good and beautiful design. It is the proper arrangement of different
elements to come up with a pleasurable art experience for the viewers. The effectiveness of elements of
art will defend on the proper usage and manipulation of the principles of design which is the guiding
principles and rules in art. The principles of arts and design are the following:
1. Emphasis- In visual art, emphasis or subordination is the focal point or the center of interest in an
artwork, it catches our attention so easily while the rest are subordinated. Usually the artist intentionally
creates something that would stand out in the whole composition so that it will grab the attention of the
viewer. It gives importance of what truly matters in the artwork
2. Balance - It has something to do with visual weight. An artist deliberately uses other elements like
value, color and texture to create visual weight and balance. An illusion of stability with the proper
use of certain elements is necessary in creating balance. Weight should be equally distributed on
each side of the center or fulcrum.
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There are three kinds of Balance
a. Symmetrical Balance - The most stable among the kinds of balance is symmetrical Balance or formal
balance, When one side of the composition mirrors the other.
https://www.quora.com/What-are-symmetrical-and-asymmetrical-balances
b. Asymmetrical Balance or informal balance - it is achieved when one side of the composition does not
reflect the design of the other but visually balanced. It can be obtained by using large object on the
other side and distribute the size of the bigger part to form smaller sizes on the other side. The two sides
are visually equal without being identical
http://idesignbyuh.blogspot.com/2011/01/asymmetrical-balance-
composition-by.html
C. Radial Balance - elements and objects had a central point. There is a circular distribution of elements
and objects in a composition,
https://www.quora.com/What-is-radial-balance-in-art
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3. Harmony - Harmony is essential to beauty. It is achieved by using similar elements and establishing
pleasing relationship with other elements through a body of work. Harmony shows interconnectedness
of elements used. Thus, it gives an uncomplicated look that may result to unity.
4. Variety - This principle creates an interest and appeal in a body of work. Using differences and
change may result to increasing visual interest. An artist may use variety to make you look at a
certain part or make the artwork more interesting. Other way to achieve variety is by using different
shapes, textures, colors and values in your work.
http://artconfidence.blogspot.com/2011/08/color-theory-and-balance.html
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5. Movement - It adds excitement to your work by showing action and directing the viewers- eye
throughout the picture plane. Other elements used repeatedly can give impact to this principle through
illusion like, color, line, form and shape.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAi0N9ELqNg
6. Rhythm- A regular repletion of elements can produce implied movement. Artists create visual rhythm
by repeating art elements and creating patterns. Alternating lights and darks also give a sense of rhythm.
Visual rhythm makes you think of the rhythms you hear in music or dance,
https://www.saatchiart.com/art/Painting-The-Rhythm-of-Life/83799/1258073/view
7. Proportion or Scale - The comparative relationship of one part to another with regards to size. It is
also the relationships of the size of objects in a body of work. Proportions give a sense of size seen as a
relationship of objects such as smallness or largeness.
http://egorman.weebly.com/proportionscale.html
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8. Unity - It can be accomplished by using all elements and some principles to create a pleasing image.
Unity is the feeling that everything in the work of art works together and looks like it fits
9. Contrast- Contrast can provide interest and excitement in an artwork or to any visual experience. Two
things that are very different create a lot of contrast (complementary colors, for example)
https://www.saatchiart.com/art/Painting-contrast-in-nature/967225/3435803/view
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ARTISTIC CRITICISM
An art criticism is an evaluation of a work of art. It is considered as formal analysis or work of
art.It is a tool to fully understand an artwork that would lead to a better art appreciation. One way of
seeing how the elements and principle works is through art analysis. Characteristics of a certain artwork
can be assessed as a means to measure the artist success in achieving his message in the artwork Some
advantage of art criticism is the following it will give you confidence to discuss works of art without
worrying about what other people might think. It will help you to organize your thoughts Develop the
courage to speak your mind and make sound aesthetic judgments. Art criticism can make the study art
less mysterious and more logical. It is a sequential approach for looking at and talking about art. It will
help you to interpret works of art. You do not have to be an art history expert or museum curator to
learn how to critique artwork. A quick reference to help understands, appreciate and analyze art is to
follow the following steps: Describe, Analyze, Interpretation, Judgement
1. Describe - Say something about the details of the artwork and the artist. Answering these questions
would lead to a better description and background of the artwork.
 What is the name of the artist who created the artwork?

 . What kind of artwork is it, what medium is it?
 . What is the name of the artwork?
 When was the artwork created?
 Name some other major events in history that occurred at the same time this artwork was
created.
 List the literal objects in the painting (trees, people. animals, mountains, rivers, etc.)
 What do you notice first when you look at the work(s)? Why?
 What kinds of colors do you see? How would you describe them?
 What shapes can we see? What kind of edges do the shapes have?
 Are there lines in the work(s)? If so, what kinds of lines are they?
 What sort of textures do you see? How would you describe them?
 What time of day/night is it? How can we tell?
 What is the overall visual effect or mood of the work(s)?
2. Analyze - Mentally separate the parts or elements, thinking in terms of textures, shape, colors, form,
value or lights and shadows, lines and space. It is also an important thing to consider the most significant
art principles that were used in the artwork. Describe how the artist used them to organize the
elements. Follow and answer the questions to know how
 . How has the artist used colors in the work(s)?

 What sort of effect do the colors have on the artwork?
 How has the artist used shapes within the work of art?
10
 How have lines been used in the work(s)? Has the artist used them as an important or dominant
part of the work, work(s)? Has the artist or do they play a different roll?
 What role does texture play in the work(s)? Has the artist used the illusion of texture or has the
artist used actual texture? How has texture been used within the work(s).
 How has the artist used light in the work(s)? Is there the illusion of a scene with lights and
shadows, or does the artist use light and dark values in a more abstract way?
 How has the overall visual effect or mood of the work(s)? been achieved by the use of elements
of art and principles of design.
 How were the artists design tools used to achieve a particular look or focus?
3. Interpretation - An interpretation seeks to explain the meaning of the work based on what you have
learned so far about the artwork, what do you think the artist was trying to say?
 What was the artist's statement in this work?

 What do you think it means?
 What does it mean to you?
 How does this relate to you and your life?
 What feelings do you have when looking at this artwork?
 Do you think there are things in the artwork that represent other things/symbols?
 Why do you think that the artist chose to work in this manner and made these kinds of artistic
decisions?
4. Judgement-After careful observation, analysis, and interpretation of an artwork, you are ready to
make your own judgment. This is your personal evaluation based on the understandings of the work(s).
Here are questions you might consider:
 Why do you think this work has intrinsic value or worth? What is the value you find in the
work(s)? (For example, is it a beautiful work of art, does it convey an important social message,
affects the way that I see the world, makes insightful connections, reaffirms a religious belief,
etc.)
 Do you think that the work(s) has a benefit for others?
 Do you find that the work communicates an idea, feeling or principle that would have value for
others?
 Could the reason you find the work lacking come from a poor use of the elements of art?
Explain.
 Is the subject matter unappealing, unimaginative, or repulsive? How?
 What kind of an effect do you think the work could have for others?
 Rather than seeing the work as being very effective or without total value, does the work fall
somewhere in between? Do you think that the work is just o.k.? What do you base this opinion
11
on? The use of elements of art? Lack of personal expression? The work lacks a major focus?
Explore your criticism of the work (s) as much as you would any positive perceptions. Realize
that your own tastes and prejudices may enter into your criticism. Give your positive and
negative perceptions.
(Sources from Artistic Criticism - How to Critique an Artwork, http://www.

Diversifiedsrts.wordpress.com)
12
KEY POINTS
ELEMENTS & PRINCIPLES OF ART line is the strongest and most important and influential. Without line
there can be no shape. Without shape there can be no form. Without form there can be no texture and
there can be no pattern. Lines are powerful tools that can be used smartly to lead the viewers eyes
towards the point of interest in a photograph, and alter the overall feeling and mood of an image. Line
can be considered as the oldest, simplest, and universal elements for creating visual arts.
The Elements of Visual Arts include Line, Shape, Form, Space, Color, Texture and Value.
line is the strongest and most important and influential. Without line there can be no shape. Without
shape there can be no form.
Kinds of Line
Vertical Line - Vertical lines depict power and strength stability, simplicity, poise or stature and
dynamism. An example of vertical line can be a man standing, a tall tree, a tall building and even statues
of saints. Some monuments of heroes with vertical lines suggest honor and dignity.
Horizontal Lines - Horizontal line is basically associated with rest and repose. It suggests serenity and
quietness, relaxation and reflection, stability and inaction Landscape often impart a feeling of tranquility
because of supremacy of horizontal line like the bodies of water meeting the sky in a sunset scene which
is commonly called horizon.
3. Diagonal Lines - Diagonal lines are lines of action and movement. 1t also suggests impulse, will power,
aspiration, passion, and emotion. Almost all artworks that suggest actions, assumes to have diagonal
lines.
4. Curved Lines - Curved Lines - It is considered as "line of grace" and of beauty". It is associated with
smooth movements In graceful dance, simple smile or a tree bending because of heavy weight of fruits, 5.
5. Jagged Lines -Jagged lines is associated with pointed and sharp object that signifies difficulty and
discomfort. It also shows violence, torture, confusion, and conflict.
or even curly hair.
2. Shape is an enclosed area or surface. It can be easily identified because when a line crosses itself or
intersects with other lines to enclose a space it creates a shape. Shape is the principal element of
identification. For that shape to be successfully identifiable, it needs to be in strong contrast with its
surroundings so that it is detached from the clutter around it
a. Geometric Shape
Its origin came from mathematical perspective. It includes Circles, Squares, rectangles and
triangles. We see them in architecture and manufactured items. Geometric shape can be Rectilinear or
Curvilinear. There are also Geometric shapes in different cultures and Geometric shapes in Contemporary
arts.
13
b. Organic or biomorphic Shape –

Oftentimes we see them in nature and with characteristics that are free flowing, informal and irregular.
These shapes derived from any living organisms. Trees, flowers, birds, fishes and even sea shells are
organic shapes.
3. FORM
It is the overall design of an artwork. It describes the structure of shape and object from the different
perspective. The organization of the object or thing in the entire composition is what makes form
identifiable.
4. SPACE
Space is the surface or the area within the artwork. It constitutes the area or distance, between, around,
above or within things. Artist who deals in painting and architecture consider space to be of great
importance.
5. COLOR
Color can be considered as the most expressive of all the elements of art. Colors can be easily recognize
in any visual experience. The primary source of colors came from light. We enjoy the beauty of nature
and things around us through colors with the aid of light,
PROPERTIES OF COLOR
1. HUE - is the name of a color and the property which distinguishes one color from another. The major
hues are such as red, blue, or yellow.
2. VALUE - Value is the lightness or darkness of a hue (color). The value of a hue can be changed by
adding black or white.
3. INTENSITY -Intensity is the brightness or dullness of a hue (color). Pure hues are high-intensity colors.
Dull hues are low-intensity colors.
CLASSIFICATION OF COLOR
1. Primary Colors - are hues which can be mixed to create all other colors. Primary Colors are basic and
cannot be mixed from other elements. They are to color what prime numbers are to mathematics. One
can mix to primaries to get a Secondary Color.
2. Secondary Colors - are the hues between the primary hues on the color wheel. The secondary colors
are is a combination of equal amount of two primaries. To get orange, you mi equal parts of red and
yellow. To get Violet, you mix equal parts of red and blue. To get green, you mix equal parts of blue and
yellow.
3. Intermediate Colors - These colors are created by mixing a secondary color with a primary color like
red-orange, red- violet, blue-violet, blue-green, yellow-green, yellow-orange.
14
4. Tertiary Colors - are created by mixing two complementary colors or mixing two colors that are
opposite from each other on the color wheel. One example is orange combined with green will result to
Citron (yellowish gray), orange mixed with violet will result to Russet (Reddish Gray) and green combined
with violet will result to buff (Bluish Gray).
5. Warm and Cool Colors - Color can be associated with warmth and coldness in which the artist
considered in any composition. All colors can be grouped as cool colors and warm colors. Warm colors
express warmth; they are red, yellow and orange like sun, fire and golden fields.
COLOR HARMONY - is the correct arrangement or combination of colors. It creates a pleasing

arrangement which is essential in any visual experience. It also delivers visual interest and a sense of
order. In visual experiences, harmony is something that is pleasing to the eye.
COLOR SCHEME - In color theory, a color scheme is the choice of colors. Color schemes are used to
create style and appeal.
1. Complementary Color Scheme- Colors that are opposite each other on the color wheel are considered
to be complementary colors (example: red and green) Complementary color schemes are tricky to use in
large doses, but work well when you want something to stand out. The high contrast of complementary
colors creates a vibrant look especially when used at full saturation
2. Analogous Color Scheme - Analogous color schemes use colors that are next to each other on the color
wheel. They usually match well and create serene and comfortable designs. Analogous color schemes are
often found in nature and are harmonious and pleasing to the eye. Make sure you have enough contrast
when choosing an analogous color scheme.
3. Triadic Color Scheme - A triadic color scheme uses colors that are evenly spaced around the color
wheel. A Triadic color schemes tend to be quite vibrant, even if you use pale or unsaturated versions of
your hues. To use a triadic harmony successfully, the colors should be carefully balanced. Let one color
dominate and use the two others for accent.
4. Split-Complementary Color Scheme - is a variation of the complementary color scheme. In addition to
the base color, it uses the two colors adjacent to its complement
5. Rectangle or Tetradic Color Scheme - uses four colors arranged into two complementary pairs. This
rich color scheme offers plenty of possibilities for variation.
6. Square Color Scheme - The square color scheme is similar to the rectangle, but with all four colors
spaced evenly around the color circle. Square color schemes work best if you let one color be dominant.
You should also pay attention to the balance between warm and cool colors in your design.
PSYCHOLOGY OF COLORS - Colors are known to have varied psychological and emotional connotation.
Thus, the meaning of color and its symbolism changes from one culture to other, Philippines has
distinctive symbolism and meaning of colors in the diverse cultural groups. Christianity has its own
meaning of colors. Thus, artist in the Philippines have strong influence from the western world regarding
symbolism and meaning of colors.
Black - Death, despair, gloom, sorrow (for fashion; elegance), mourning and darkness
15
Blue - Infinity, Freedom, Calmness, serenity, sadness, peace, masculinity and loyalty
Brown - Humility, earth, spiritual death, renunciation of the world
Green - Nature, Freshness, Prosperity, Hope, Money, life, good health and well-being and envy
Orange - Sweetness, Cheerfulness, energy, food, craving for food
Pink - Femininity and love
Red - Bravery and courage, Energy, Passion, War, Warm, Ardent love and martyrdom
Violet - Royalty, Dull, penance, mourning, and power.
White Purity, Clarity, Simplicity, Virginity, Peace, surrender, meekness, goodness and mourning
Yellow - Joyful, Life, Vibrant, Sunshine, Happiness, warmth and cowardice
6. VALUE - Right next to color, value can suggest emotional and dramatic impression by using lightness
and darkness in composition. Value is referred to Chiaroscuro meaning lightness and darkness (from the
Italian word chiaro "clear" and oscuro "dark". Thus
Tint, Shades and Tones

If a color is made lighter by adding white, the result is called a tint. black is added, the darker
version is called a shade. And if gray is dded, the result is a different tone.
7. TEXTURE
Texture is found in all visual arts. It is the elements that deals primarily with the sense of touch or
the tactile sensation or stimuli. It is how the surface in a ceratin composition feels.
Kinds of Texture
1. Actual Texture
Texture is capable of moving your deep emotions than any other elements. It refers to the real
texture of an object
2. Implied or Simulated Texture
Simulated texture is the imitation of real texture or real objects. It is obtained through visual
effects with the aid of other elements
PRINCIPLES OF ART
Principles of design is used to organize the elements of art in a certain composition. Basically, it is
the strategies in creating a good and beautiful design. It is the proper arrangement of different elements
to come up with a pleasurable art experience for the viewers
1. Emphasis- In visual art, emphasis or subordination is the focal point or the center of interest in an
artwork, it catches our attention so easily while the rest are subordinated.
2. Balance - It has something to do with visual weight. An artist deliberately uses other elements like
value, color and texture to create visual weight and balance.
There are three kinds of Balance
a. Symmetrical Balance - The most stable among the kinds of balance is symmetrical Balance or formal
balance, When one side of the composition mirrors the other.
b. Asymmetrical Balance or informal balance - it is achieved when one side of the composition does not
16
reflect the design of the other but visually balanced.
C. Radial Balance - elements and objects had a central point. There is a circular distribution of elements
and objects in a composition,
3. Harmony - Harmony is essential to beauty. It is achieved by using similar elements and establishing
pleasing relationship with other elements through a body of work
4. Variety - This principle creates an interest and appeal in a body of work. Using differences and change
may result to increasing visual interest.
5. Movement - It adds excitement to your work by showing action and directing the viewers- eye
throughout the picture plane.
6. Rhythm- A regular repletion of elements can produce implied movement. Artists create visual rhythm
by repeating art elements and creating patterns.
7. Proportion or Scale - The comparative relationship of one part to another with regards to size. It is also
the relationships of the size of objects in a body of work.
8. Unity - It can be accomplished by using all elements and some principles to create a pleasing image.
9. Contrast- Contrast can provide interest and excitement in an artwork or to any visual experience. Two
things that are very different create a lot of contrast (complementary colors, for example)
ARTISTIC CRITICISM
An art criticism is an evaluation of a work of art. It is considered as formal analysis or work of
art.It is a tool to fully understand an artwork that would lead to a better art appreciation. A quick
reference to help understands, appreciate and analyze art is to follow the following steps: Describe,
Analyze, Interpretation, Judgement
1. Describe - Say something about the details of the artwork and the artist. Answering these questions
would lead to a better description and background of the artwork.
 What is the name of the artist who created the artwork?
 . What kind of artwork is it, what medium is it?
 . What is the name of the artwork?
 When was the artwork created?
 Name some other major events in history that occurred at the same time this artwork was
created.
 List the literal objects in the painting (trees, people. animals, mountains, rivers, etc.)
 What do you notice first when you look at the work(s)? Why?
 What kinds of colors do you see? How would you describe them?
 What shapes can we see? What kind of edges do the shapes have?
 Are there lines in the work(s)? If so, what kinds of lines are they?
 What sort of textures do you see? How would you describe them?
 What time of day/night is it? How can we tell?
 What is the overall visual effect or mood of the work(s)?
2. Analyze - Mentally separate the parts or elements, thinking in terms of textures, shape, colors, form,
value or lights and shadows, lines and space. It is also an important thing to consider the most significant
art principles that were used in the artwork. Describe how the artist used them to organize the elements.
17
Follow and answer the questions to know how

 . How has the artist used colors in the work(s)?
 What sort of effect do the colors have on the artwork?
 How has the artist used shapes within the work of art?
 How have lines been used in the work(s)? Has the artist used them as an important or dominant
part of the work, work(s)? Has the artist or do they play a different roll?
 What role does texture play in the work(s)? Has the artist used the illusion of texture or has the
artist used actual texture? How has texture been used within the work(s).
 How has the artist used light in the work(s)? Is there the illusion of a scene with lights and
shadows, or does the artist use light and dark values in a more abstract way?
 How has the overall visual effect or mood of the work(s)? been achieved by the use of elements
of art and principles of design.
 How were the artists design tools used to achieve a particular look or focus?
3. Interpretation - An interpretation seeks to explain the meaning of the work based on what you have
learned so far about the artwork, what do you think the artist was trying to say?
 What was the artist's statement in this work?
 What do you think it means?
 What does it mean to you?
 How does this relate to you and your life?
 What feelings do you have when looking at this artwork?
 Do you think there are things in the artwork that represent other things/symbols?
 Why do you think that the artist chose to work in this manner and made these kinds of artistic
decisions?
4. Judgement-After careful observation, analysis, and interpretation of an artwork, you are ready to make
your own judgment. This is your personal evaluation based on the understandings of the work(s). Here
are questions you might consider:
 Why do you think this work has intrinsic value or worth? What is the valu you find in the work(s)?
(For example, is it a beautiful work of art, does it convey an important social message, affects the
way that I see the world, makes insightful connections, reaffirms a religious belief, etc.)
 Do you think that the work(s) has a benefit for others?
 Do you find that the work communicates an idea, feeling or principle that would have value for
others?
 Could the reason you find the work lacking come from a poor use of the elements of art?
Explain.
 Is the subject matter unappealing, unimaginative, or repulsive? How?
 What kind of an effect do you think the work could have for others?
 Rather than seeing the work as being very effective or without total value, does the work fall
somewhere in between? Do you think that the work is just o.k.? What do you base this opinion
on? The use of elements of art? Lack of personal expression? The work lacks a major focus?
Explore your criticism of the work (s) as much as you would any positive perceptions. Realize that
your own tastes and prejudices may enter into your criticism. Give your positive and negative
perceptions.
18
Assignment:
ENGAGE
19
PICK-A-PAINTING ACTIVITY
Choose any painting that would best describe the following Color Scheme. Use color wheel to trace the
legend of the colors used in the artwork. Paste the photo of the painting inside the box.
COLOR SCHEME PAINTING COLOR WHEEL
Example:
Split-Complementary
Color Scheme
Complementary Color Scheme
Analogous Color Scheme
Triadic Color Scheme
Split-Complementary
Color Scheme
Rectangle Color Scheme
Square Color Scheme
Activity
DESCRIBE A PAINTING ACTIVITY
20
Choose one painting. Describe the artwork using elements and principles of art. Identify the elements
and principles of art present in the artwork.
Elements of Arts How will you Principles of Art How will you
describe the describe the
elements in the principles of art in
artworks? the artwork?
21
SUMMARY
The elements of visual arts included line, shape, form, space, color,
texture and value.
22
1.line
Kinds of line
Vertical, horizontal, diagonal,curved lines, jagged lines
2. shape
Two categories of shape
Geometric shape, organic shape,
3. form
4. Space
5. color
Properties of color
Huer, Value, Intensity
Classification of color
Primary color, secondary color, intermediate color, tertiary color, awrm
and cool colors
Color harmony
Color scheme
6 formula in creating style and appeal
Contemporary color scheme, Analogous color scheme, triadic color
scheme, Split complementary color scheme, rectangle or tetradic color
scheme, and square color scheme
Psychology of colors
Blak, Blue, brown, Green, orange, Pink, red, Violet, White and Yellow
6. Value
7. Texture
Kinds of texture
Actual texture, Implied texture
Principle of art
1. Emphasis,
2. Balance
Kinds of Balance Symmetrical Balance, Asymmetrical balance or
informal balance, radical balance,
3. Harmony
4. Variety
5. Movement
6. Rhythm
7. Proportion or scale
23
8. Unity
9. Contrast
Artistic Criticisms
1. Describe
2. Analyze
3. Interpretation
4. Judgement
Assessment Rubric for Essay
Criteria
24
Areas of
4 3 2 1
Assessment
(Far exceeds Standard) (Exceeds standard) (Meets Standard) (Below Standard)
Statement demonstrate Statement demonstrate Statement demonstrate Statement demonstrate
strong, critical, reflective some critical, reflective superficial thoughts and superficial thoughts,
Ideas/ thoughts and presents thoughts and presents presents ideas ideas are vague or
Content ideas in an original manner ideas in a consistent in an acceptable manner unclear.
manner
Main points well developed Main points well Main points are Main points lack
with high quality and developed present with limited detailed development.
quantity support. Reveals with quality supporting detail and Ideas are vague with
Development high degree of critical details and quantity. development. Some little evidence of
thinking. Critical thinking is critical thinking is critical thinking.
weaved into points present.
Writing shows high degree Writing is coherent and Some organization; No organization; lack
of attention to logic and logically organized with attempt at a beginning/middle/end
Organization reasoning of points. Unity transitions used between beginning/middle/end
clearly leads the reader to ideas and paragraphs to
the conclusion and stirs create coherence. Overall
thought regarding the topic. unity of ideas is present
Sentence structure Sentence structure is Sentence structure is No sense of sentence
Sentence enhances meaning; flows evident; sentences mostly limited; sentences structure or flow
Structure throughout the piece flow need to flow
Mechanics Few (if any) error

(grammar, , Few errors Several errors Numerous errors
spelling, etc.)
25

Bab Gec 3101 Midterm Module 1

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Republic of the Philippines

PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

Course Learning Outcome

CLO7. CLO 7Discover and MLO3.Define and

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ii

Academic Honesty Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

The elements of visual art 3 30 Minutes

Principles of arts 5 30 minutes

Artistic Criticism 10 25 minutes

Formative assessment 23 45.8 minutes

Academic Honesty Clause

ELEMENTS & PRINCIPLES OF ART

2. How to look at Art - The elements of Art part1

3. The Principles of Design

 Outline and form

 Movement and emphasis

 Pattern and texture

 Shading and modeling

The Raft of Medusa by Théodore Géricault (1819)

"Balancement". Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944) Russia

b. Organic or biomorphic Shape –

1. Primary Colors - are hues

The 3 Secondary Colors

COLOR HARMONY - is the correct arrangement or combination of colors. It creates a pleasing

4. Split-Complementary Color Scheme - is a variation of the complementary color scheme. In addition to

Brown - Humility, earth, spiritual death, renunciation of the world

Orange - Sweetness, Cheerfulness, energy, food, craving for food-

Pink - Femininity and love

Violet - Royalty, Dull, penance, mourning, and power.

Yellow - Joyful, Life, Vibrant, Sunshine, Happiness, warmth and cowardice

The Incredulity of Saint Thomas by Caravaggio

Tint, Shades and Tones

2. Implied or Simulated Texture

There are three kinds of Balance

 What is the name of the artist who created the artwork?

 . How has the artist used colors in the work(s)?

 What was the artist's statement in this work?

(Sources from Artistic Criticism - How to Critique an Artwork, http://www.

b. Organic or biomorphic Shape –

COLOR HARMONY - is the correct arrangement or combination of colors. It creates a pleasing

Tint, Shades and Tones

reflect the design of the other but visually balanced.

Follow and answer the questions to know how

COLOR SCHEME PAINTING COLOR WHEEL

Complementary Color Scheme

Analogous Color Scheme

Triadic Color Scheme

Rectangle Color Scheme

Square Color Scheme

DESCRIBE A PAINTING ACTIVITY

Assessment Rubric for Essay

Mechanics Few (if any) error

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