J E E VA V E L U I N T E R N AT I O N A L S C H O O L

A f f i l i a t e d To C e n t r a l B o a r d E x a m O f E d u c a t i o n

PHYSICS PROJECT

TO STUDY THE VARIATION IN CURRENT FLOWING IN A

CIRCUIT CONTAINING AN LDR BECAUSE OF A VARIATION IN
(A) THE POWER OF THE INCANDESCENT LAMP , USED TO '
ILLUMINATE ' THE LDR(KEEPINGALL THE LAMPS AT A
FIXEDDISTANCE).
(B)THE DISTANCEOF A INCANDESCENTLAMP (OF
FIXEDPOWER) USEDTO 'ILLUMINATE'THE LDR.

SUBMITTED BY

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 JEEVA VELU INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL .
Affiliated to central board of secondary
education

AISSCE (CLASS XII) Practical Project In Physics

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ____________of Class XII of JEEVA VELU INTERNATIONAL
SCHOOL has completed his project title ,“ TO STUDY THE FACTOR ON WHICH THE
SELF-INDUCTANCE OF A COIL DEPENDS BY OBSERVING THE EFFECT OF THIS
COIL, WHEN PUT IN SERIES WITH A RESISTOR (BULB) IN A CIRCUIT FED UP
BY AN A.C. SOURCE OF ADJUSTABLE FREQUENCY” under the supervision of
Mrs.DEEPIGA during the academic year 2022-23. I hereby certify that this project is up
to my expectation and as per the guidelines issued by CBSE.

This project file was submitted for the AISSCE(CLASS XII) Practical
Examination held on _____________at________________

TEACHER-INCHARGE INTERNAL EXAMINER

PRINCIPAL EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

It is my pleasure and duty to thank all the dignitaries who

have helped me in the project. I am indebted to my
respected senior principal Mr. K.S.SIVAPRAKASH who
his encouragement in doing this project efficiently.I am
deeply thankful to my beloved vice principal
Dr.KARTHIKEYAN for his encouragement and kind
suggestion for completion on this project.I extend my
sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to our subject teacher
Mrs.DEEPIGA for her valuable support and guidance in
carrying my project work.I also express my gratitude to all
my faculty members, Parents and my fellow mates who
have helped me to carry out this work. Last but not least, I
thank my Almighty God for his blessings showed on me
during this period.

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 INDEX
ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE

THEORY

PROCEDURE

RESULT
INDUCTANCE AND COIL

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 ABSTRACT:

In electromagnetism and electronics, inductance is the property of an electrical conductor

by which a change in current through it induces an electromotive force in both the conductor
itself and in any nearby conductors by mutual inductance. These effects are derived from two
fundamental observations of physics: a steady current creates a steady magnetic field
described by Oersted’s law, and a time-varying magnetic field induces an electromotive force
(EMF) in nearby conductors, which is described by faraday’s law of inductance. According to
Lenz’s law a changing electric current through a circuit that contains inductance induces a
proportional voltage, which opposes the change in current(self-inductance).
The varying field in this circuit may also induce an EMF in neighboring circuits (mutual
inductance).

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OBJECTIVE
To study the factor on which the self inductance of a coil depends by observing the effect of this
coil, when put in series with a resistor (bulb) in a circuit fed up by an A.C. source of adjustable
frequency.
THEORY
Self inductance is the property of a coil which opposes the change in current through it. The self
inductance of a coil (long solenoid) is
L =( μ_0 μ_r N2 A)/l
where µr = Relative magnetic permeability of magnetic material, µr =μ/μ_0
N =Total number of turns in solenoid
A = Area of cross-section of solenoid
l = Length of solenoid
Hence, the self inductance depends upon
No. of turns in solenoid
Geometry of coil, L A , L 1/l
Nature of core material, L µ
When an inductor is connected in series with a resistor (bulb) with a variable source of
frequency , then current flowing in the bulb is
Irms = E_rms/Z
where Z =√(R2 )+ ω2
2L = Impedance of the a.c. circuit
Here R = Resistance of bulb
L = Self inductance of coil
ω = 2πf = Angular frequency of a.c. source.

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The brightness of bulb i.e., Heat generated in
bulb is
H = I_rme2 Zt
P = H/t = Irms2 Zt
P = Irms2 √R2 + ω2

Materials Required:

A coil of large turns, a.c. source of adjustable frequency, an electrical bulb, (6V)
a.c. ammeter of suitable range rheostat, a soft iron rod, one way key, connecting
wires etc.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

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 Procedure:

• Make all connections as shown in circuit diagram.

• Switch on the A.C. supply and adjust the constant current in the circuit by using the variable
resistor (R1) (let frequency of source is 60 Hz and voltage is 6V).
• Record the current in A.C. ammeter and see the brightness of bulb.
• Now, put the soft iron rod inside the inductor core and record the current in A.C. ammeter
and again check the brightness of bulb. The current and brightness both decreases.
• Now, switch off the supply and decrease the frequency of A.C. source (say 50 Hz).
• Again switch on the supply and adjust the current in circuit at same constant voltage 6V by
using the rheostat. Note the current in ammeter and brightness of bulb. The current and
brightness both will increases.
• Again insert the iron in the core of coil and note the current and brightness. The current and
brightness both decreases.
• Repeat the steps 5, 6 and 7 for different frequency of A.C. source(say 40 Hz,30 Hz and 20
Hz).
Observations:
1. Least count of ammeter = .......... A
2. Zero error of ammeter= ............. A
3. Range of ammeter= ....................A

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 Result:
1. The current in the circuit decrease on inserting the iron rod in the core of coil at constant
frequent of applied voltage and brightness of bulb decrease and vice-versa.
2. The current in the circuit increase on decreasing the frequency of applied voltage and vice-
versa. Therefore, the brightness of bulb increase.
Precautions:-
1. The coil should have number of turn.
2. Current should be passed for a small time to avoid the heating effect.
3. There should not be parallax in taking the reading of ammeter.
Source of Error:-
1. The resistance of circuit mat increase slightly due to heating effect of current.
2. There may be eddy current in soft iron coil.
In electromagnetism and electronics, inductance is the property of an electrical conductor by
which a change in current through it induces an electromotive force in both the conductor
itself and in any nearby conductors by mutual inductance.

These effects are derived from two fundamental observations of physics: a

steady current creates a steady magnetic field described by Oersted’s law, and
a time-varying magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in nearby
conductors, which is described by Faraday’s law of induction. According to
Lenz’s law a changing electric current through a circuit that contains
inductance induces a proportional voltage, which opposes the change in
current (self-inductance). The varying field in this circuit may also induce an

EMF in neighboring circuits (mutual inductance)

The term inductance was coined by Oliver Heaviside in 1886. It is customary to use the
symbol L for inductance, in honors of the physicist Heinrich Lenz in the SI system, the
measurement unit for inductance is the Henry, with the unit symbol H, named in honor
of Joseph Henry who discovered inductance independently of, but not before, Faraday.

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L E N Z ' S L AW N A M E D A F T E R T H E P H Y S I C I S T
H E I N R I C H L E N Z W H O F O R M U L AT E D I T I N 1 8 3 4 ,
S AY S :

The direction of current induced in a conductor by a changing magnetic field due

to Faraday’s law of induction will be such that it will create a field that opposes
the change that produced it.

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Lenz's law is shown by the negative sign in
Faraday’s law of induction:-
It is a qualitative law that specifies the direction of induced current but says
nothing about its magnitude. Lenz's Law explains the direction of many effects
in electromagnetism, such as the direction of voltage induced in an inductor or
wire loop by a changing current, or why eddy currents exert a drag force on

moving objects in a magnetic field.

• It indicates that the induced voltage and the change in magnetic flux have
opposite signs.

•Lenz's law can be seen as analogous to Newton’s third law in classic

mechanics.

•For a rigorous mathematical treatment, see electromagnetic induction

and Maxwell’s equation.

•Inductors do this by generating a self-induced emf within itself as a result of

their changing magnetic field. In an electrical circuit, when the emf is
induced in the same circuit in which the current is changing this effect is
called Self-induction, ( L ) but it is sometimes commonly called back-emf as
its polarity is in the opposite direction to the applied voltage.

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When the emf is induced into an adjacent component situated within the same magnetic field,
the emf is said to be induced by -induction, (M) and mutual induction is the basic operating
principal of transformers, motors, relays etc. Self inductance is a special case of mutual
inductance, and because it is produced within a single isolated circuit we generally call self-
inductance simply, Inductance.
The basic unit of measurement for inductance is called the Henry, (H) after Joseph Henry, but
it also has the units of Webers per Ampere ( 1 H = 1 Wb/A ).

Lenz’s Law tells us that an induced emf generates a current in a direction which opposes the
change in flux which caused the emf in the first place, the principal of action and reaction.
Then we can accurately define Inductance as being: “a coil will have an inductance value of
one Henry when an emf of one volt is induced in the coil were the current flowing through
the said coil changes at a rate of one ampere/second”.
In other words, a coil has an inductance, ( L ) of one Henry, ( 1H ) when the current flowing
through it changes at a rate of one ampere/second, ( A/s ) inducing a voltage of one volt,
( VL ) in it.
This mathematical representation of the rate of change in current through a coil per unit time
is given as:
di/dt (A/s)
Where: di is the change in the current in Amperes and dt is the time taken for this current
change in seconds. Then the voltage induced in a coil, ( VL ) with an inductance of L
Henries as a result of this change in current is expressed as:
VL = -L di/dt (V)
Note that the negative sign indicates that voltage induced opposes the change in current
through the coil per unit time (di/dt).
From the above equation, the inductance of a coil can therefore be presented as:

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Inductance of a Coil
L = VL/(di/dt) = 1volt/(1A/s) = 1Henry
Where: L is the inductance in Henries, VL is the voltage across the coil and di/dt is the rate of
change of current in Amperes per second, A/s.
Inductance, L is actually a measure of an inductors “resistance” to the change of the current
flowing through the circuit and the larger is its value in Henries, the lower will be the rate of
current change.
We know from the previous tutorial about the inductor, that inductors are devices that can store
their energy in the form of a magnetic field. Inductors are made from individual loops of wire
combined to produce a coil and if the number of loops within the coil are increased, then for the
same amount of current flowing through the coil, the magnetic flux will also increase.
So by increasing the number of loops or turns within a coil, increases the coils inductance. Then
the relationship between self-inductance, ( L ) and the number of turns, ( N ) and for a simple
single layered coil can be given as:
Self Inductance of a Coil
L = Nφ/I

Where:
L is in Henries
N is the Number of Turns
Φ is the Magnetic Flux Linkage
Ι is in Amperes
This expression can also be defined as the flux linkage divided by the
current flowing through each turn. This equation only applies to linear
magnetic materials.

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FIGURE (a ): SOLENOID VOLTAGE
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END
OF
PROJECT

THANKYOU……….. 16