Nirbhay Thesis
Nirbhay Thesis
Nirbhay Thesis
A Dissertation Submitted to
2018
Name of the course :- M.Sc. Nursing.
1 INTRODUCTION 1-3
Problem statement 10
Hypothesis 10
Assumption 13
Limitations 13
Ethical Aspects 14
Research approach 34
Research design 35
Sampling technique 36
Sampling size 36
Variables 37
Tool preparation 38
Feasibility test 43
variables.
RECOMMENDATIONS.
Discussion 80-81
Conclusion 82
Summary 83
CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE NO.
Implications 84
Recommendations. 86
BIBLIOGRAPHY 88-92
ANNEXURE 93-116
ABSTRACT 117
TABLE PAGE
1. Knowledge assessment 41
2 Attitude assessment 42
3. Scoring of practice 42
to age
to religion
to their education
to birth order
to type of family
FIGURE PAGE
to Age in years
to religion
to their education
to birth order
to type of family
research tool
VIII Tool
research tool
XIII Abbreviations
INTRODUCTION
Road Traffic Injuries are among the third leading causes of death for people
between 5 – 45 years of age. Unless immediate and effective measures are taken,
Road Traffic Injuries are predicted to become the 5th leading cause of death in the
world, resulting in an estimated 2.4 million deaths each year which can be avoidable
by taking simple road safety measures. Soon, pillion riders of two wheelers will have
to compulsorily wear helmet. Soon, pillion riders of two wheelers will have to
motorcycle-related injuries. Helmet use lessens serious injuries, lowers mortality rates
country, the number of road accidents have surged. Road traffic injuries (RTIs) and
fatalities have emerged as a major public health concern, with RTIs having become
one of the leading causes of deaths, disabilities and hospitalizations which impose
severe socio-economic costs across the world. World Health Statistics 2008 cited in
Global Status Report on Road Safety states that RTIs in 2004 were the 9th leading
cause of death and at current rates by 2030 are expected to be the 5th leading cause of
risk and exposure have grown. During the year 2010, there were around 5 lakh road
accidents, which resulted in deaths of 134,513 people and injured more than 5 lakh
1
persons in India. These numbers translate to 1 road accident every minute and 1 road
with one or two people. Thanks to their light-weight mechanism and affordable price,
two-wheelers have always been the preferred choice for many. In addition, if there is
not much luggage or one is only travelling within the vicinities of a city, especially at
peak hours, then two-wheelers tend to be the preferred mode of transport over four-
accidents and deaths has caused a serious concern in India and globally3.
road traffic crashes. Injuries to the maxillofacial region, following motorcycle crashes,
are a common cause of severe morbidity and mortality. World-wide, road traffic
injuries have been reported to be the leading causes of death among young people
years in 2010, with pedestrians, bicyclists and two-wheelers, who comprise the most
unprotected road users, accounting for around 40% of all fatalities. Amongst the
vehicle categories, two-wheelers accounted for the highest share in total road
accidents (23.8%) in 2010. Road traffic accidents present an economic burden on the
According to the WHO, India loses $20 billion on road accidents. It seems
intuitive that helmets should protect against head injuries but it is seen that many two
wheeler users prefers not to use one. A review of sixty-one observational studies
showed that motorcycle helmets were found to reduce the risk of death and head
injury in motorcyclists who crashed. From four higher quality studies helmets were
2
estimated to reduce the risk of death by 42% (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.68) and from
six higher quality studies helmets were estimated to reduce the risk of head injury by
As per The Motor Vehicles Act (1988) of India 129 r/w177, every person
driving or riding a two wheeled motorcycle shall, while in a public place, wear
protective headgear. Road accidents are an outcome of the interplay of various factors
Globally, road traffic injuries (RTIs) have increased from the 12th leading
DALYs in 2010. RTIs are the leading cause of death for young people (aged 15–29
responsible for 90% of the global RTI burden, with Asia accounting for 763,101
fatalities and 15.1 million DALYs annually. The road traffic fatality rate in Southeast
Asia is higher than any other Asian region, with an annual fatality rate of 21.2 road
traffic deaths per 100,000 people as of 2010. South Asia and Central Asia report an
annual death rate of 19.2 and 17.1 per 100,000 populations, respectively. According
to the Cambodia Road Crash and Victim Information System (RCVIS), within
Southeast Asia, Cambodia reports one of the highest annual road traffic fatality rates
per 10,000 registered vehicles (13.1), compared to Lao PDR (7.9) and Vietnam (3.0).8
3
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
category of motor traffic accidents (NHTSA, 2007). Several studies have been
done on issues around motorcycle injury protection (Chang & Yeh, 2006; Hung,
Stevenson & Ivers, 2008; Julianet al., 2002; Brown et al., 2009; Lin et al.,
2003). This is because motorcyclists are more at risk of sustaining injury than
motor vehicle drivers; per mile travelled, motorcycle riders have a 34 times risk
of death than the drivers of other types of vehicles. They are also 8 times more
people who are affected by road traffic accidents, for example in Tanzania 181
lives were claimed due to motorcycle accidents during the first quarter of 2010
(Nkwame, 2010).9
cheaper prices than other vehicles and good earnings from the motorcycle taxi
business which encourages more people especially youths to join this business
from all causes are a leading cause of death with 5.1 million people dying in
2000. Road traffic injuries account for the majority of morbidity and mortality
4
due to all forms of injuries. Globally every year 1.2 million people are killed
traffic crashes.11
people die from road traffic injuries– 362 deaths per day. Most of those who die
are young males at their most productive age, forcing many families in low
socioeconomic groups into poverty. If the current trend continues, mortality and
morbidity due to road traffic injuries will rise many fold, especially in low-
resources.12
public transport users, motorcyclist and cyclists). Road traffic injuries cost 1%–
1.5% of GNP to low and middle-income countries in direct and indirect costs.
Road traffic injuries are among the leading causes of death and life-long
disability globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that about
people aged 15–29 years and are among the top three causes of
900, 1.3 million and 1.4 million deaths from road traffic injuries
5
The statistics of RTA in our country shows that the actions taken by the
government are still not adequate to prevent accident cases. Strategy of WHO
the rapidly growing incidences of road traffic accident. This slogan gives us a
carried out in three of the study provinces - Phnom Penh, Kandal, and Kampong
Speu (phase I provinces). These surveys were used to gain insight into the
provinces, and monitor changes in knowledge, attitude, and practices at the sites
locations included places such as gas stations and rest stops that did not require
Interview locations were selected from among eligible locations that were close
to the observational sites. A total of 19 sites were selected across the three
(November 2010, May 2011, November 2011, May 2012, and November 2012)
by trained interviewers over a five-day period each time. Survey data were
interviews were conducted at varying times during the day, and day of the week
reported behavior patterns related to helmet use, including, but not limited to:
6
knowledge of legislation, perceptions on enforcement, helmet ownership, and
7
NEED FOR STUDY
“
There are no accidents without intensions” – Alex miller quote
Many people around the world die in motorcycle collisions Road traffic
injuries are a major public health problem and a leading cause of death and injury
around the world. Each year nearly 1.2 million people die as a result of road crashes,
and millions more are injured or disabled. In many low-income and middle-income
on the roads. Motorcycle and bicycle riders are at an increased risk of being involved
in a crash. This is because they often share the traffic space with fast-moving cars,
buses and trucks, and also because they are less visible.16
With the rapid expansion of motor vehicle use in low- and middle-
income countries, road traffic-related death and injuries are increasing sharply.
Projections show that, between 2000 and 2020, road traffic deaths will decline
injuries are predicted to be the third leading contributor to the global burden of
disease and injury. More than one million people died from road traffic crashes
injuries. They can lower mortality between 32% and 50%.India has a national
helmet law that makes helmet use mandatory for both motorcycle drivers and
8
law rests with individual states and is generally weak. In a recent exercise
conducted by the WHO, the enforcement of helmet law in India was rated 4 on a
are affected by road traffic crashes. The reason behind the reported increase in
relatively cheaper prices than other vehicles and good earnings from the
motorcycle taxi business encourages more people especially youths to join this
business.. Negative attitudes towards helmet use among other factors; explain
the reason behind the reported low rate of use. Some reasons for non-adherence
and non-use of helmet include feelings of discomfort due to heat during the hot
weather, and lateral vision and hearing ability impairment. However it has been
shown that helmets do not impair hearing ability and the lateral vision can be
because of riders without helmet. As a community health nurse I felt the need to
study on this aspect, which helps to understand about the concept of use of
9
PROBLEM STATEMENT
To find out the correlation between attitude and practice regarding use
HYPOTHESIS
H1: There is significant relation between the knowledge Attitude and practice
10
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
I. Assess:
In this study: It refers to identifying the knowledge, opinion and daily use of
II. Knowledge
III. Attitude
something”
In this study: “It refers to opinion of graduand students towards use of helmet”
IV. Practice:
In this study: “It refers to daily application of helmet during drives among
graduand students”.
11
V. Helmet:
In this study: “it refers to the protective hat that is used by graduand’ students
academic degree.
In this study: “it refers to the students who were doing under and post-
graduation course”.
12
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1. These study findings will indicate the existing knowledge regarding use
2. These study findings will indicate the existing attitude regarding use of
3. These study findings will indicate the existing practice regarding use of
4. These study findings will indicate the need to improve the knowledge
students.
5. This study will motivate the graduand student regarding use of helmet
ASSUMPTION
helmet
LIMITATIONS
13
ETHICAL ASPECT
research proposal .while conducting research ethical aspect had been taken into
the consideration .investigator had taken the prior permission from the
been taken from the participant before conducting the test, confidentiality and
14
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
problems that are scientifically based and emphases the selection, arrangement
clinical practice research and education. The utility of conceptual models comes
from the organization it provides for thinking, for observations and for
interpreting what is seen. It also gives directions to the investigator for relevant
framework deals with abstracts (concepts) that were assembled by virtue of their
Belief Model. It is one of the most widely used models to explain the belief on
health promotion of the people. This model was first developed in the early
i. Individual perceptions
15
i. Individual Perceptions:
demographic factors like age, education, religion, Birth order, type of family.
It is the factor that purports to trigger health action. Information guide sheet will
graduand students.
16
Figure No. 1 Conceptual framework Based on Modified health belief model
This chapter deals with introduction ,background of the study ,need of the study
18
Chapter II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Literature is a kind of intellectual light, which like the Light of the sun
Samuel Johnson.
The major literature review is conducted at the beginning of the research process
and limited review is conducted during the generation of the research report to
summary of written materials that contain information on research problem (Polit and
Hungler 1991).
knowledge base to carry out research and other non-research scholarly activities in
educational and clinical practice settings, in educational areas. The purpose of this
studying the problem. Review of literature broadens the understanding and gives
insight into the problem under study. This chapter attempts to presents a broad
review of studies done, the methodology adopted and conclusion arrived by earlier
investigators and helps to study the problem in depths. It also serves as a valuable
19
quick to understand, what has been done what is still unknown and untested. The
present study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding use of
The review of literature for the present study is explained under the
following headings:
Jessica Laureano Phillips et.al (Sep 2016) A study to examine the knowledge
regarding trends and use of helmet in Several US states repealed universal motorcycle
helmet laws in the 1990s and 2000s. We retrospectively analyzed the National Trauma
Data Bank's National Sample Program for 2003-2010. We also obtained data on US
motorcycle fatalities reported in the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and population
data from the U.S. Census Bureau to calculate motorcycle-related fatality rates over time.
A total of 255,914 patients met inclusion criteria, of whom 148,524 (58%) were
helmeted. During the study period, helmet use increased from 56% in 2003 to 60% in
2010 (p < 0.001). However, motorcycle-related fatality rates also increased in states with
and without universal helmet laws. However, fatalities due to motorcycle crashes have
20
Kim CY (28 April 2015) In this study the incidence and cost of motorcycle
strategy for reducing the morbidity. The review only included articles that were primary
studies, written in English, evaluations of periods after 1994, and published in a peer-
reviewed journal. Two independent authors extracted data using predefined data fields.
Meta-analysis was done using the R-meta for package. Twelve papers met the criteria for
in hospital costs per patient. Nonhelmeted patients also required more post discharge care
and were more likely to use publicly funded insurance. Studies also found lower injury
severity and better hospital course in the helmeted population. Motorcycle helmet use
Javad Rezazadeh.et.al. (2014 ) In this cross sectional study states that Traffic
crashes are the most common causes of serious fatal injuries in all age groups. 360
motorcyclists were selected from different fuel stations of Bojnourd in 2012. The data were
regarding knowledge, attitude, and performance. The results of one-way ANOVA showed
a significant relationship between knowledge and attitude and age, marital status,
occupation, level of education, place of residence, and having driver's license. However, no
significant relationship was found between knowledge and attitude and history of accident
in the past 12 months. Considering the fact that using helmets has preventive effects on
death and severity of injuries and in this study motorcyclist had moderate knowledge and
attitude in this regard, authorities are required to plan for increasing the society’s level of
21
John Civertron (September 2012) The experimental study was conduct on a
system for the automatic classification and tracking of motorcycle riders with and without
helmet. The trained classifier is incorporated into a tracking system where motorcycle
riders are automatically segmented from video data using background subtraction. The
heads of the riders are isolated and then classified using the trained classifier. Each
motorcycle rider results in a sequence of regions in adjacent time frames called tracks.
These tracks are then classified as a whole using a mean of the individual classifier
results. The study shows that the classifier is able to accurately classify whether riders are
most recent findings concerning research in the field of bicycle traumata combined with
the factor of bicycle helmet use. Due to this plurality of global publications and special
subjects, short time reviews help to detect recent research directions and provide also
information from neighbor disciplines for researchers. It can be stated that to date, that
although a huge amount of research has been conducted in this area more studies are
needed to evaluate and improve special conditions and needs in different regions, ages,
nationalities and to create successful prevention programs of severe head and face
injuries while cycling Focus was explicit the bicycle helmet use.24
traffic injuries (RTIs) are a leading cause of disability and fatality globally. Motorcycle-
related injuries, mainly head injuries, and related deaths and disabilities are a significant
contributor to the burden of disease in low- and middle-income countries. Helmets have
been proven to be an effective way to reduce the risk of head injury. As motorcycle use
22
continually increases in Cambodia, head injuries and related deaths and disabilities are
expected to rise. Two separate methodologies were employed for this study. The
Study reveal that the proportion of helmet wearing across all study sites was 25% at night
the association of helmet use with death in a motorcycle crash. The relative risk of death,
accounting for the matching on motorcycle and adjusted for age, sex, and seat posit this
on, for a helmeted rider compared with an unhelmeted rider was 0.61 (95% confidence
interval: 0.54, 0.70). The study suggest that conditional Poisson regression is useful for
the analysis of traffic crash data, where occupants are naturally matched in a vehicle and
campaigns and interventions have been implemented to tackle the problem, still the
children helmet wearing rate has been relatively low. Research was conducted in Ho Chi
Minh City during 3-month period. The study was carried out with a sample size of 288.
The study concluded that, normative influence and habit had positively influenced on
norms, and habit remained a significant predictor of parents’ intention to safety helmet
usage among children, and they mediated the impact of the campaign on parents’
intention. Descriptive norm was not significant in predicting parents’ behavior. Practical
23
implications for policy makers in promoting campaigns and intervention were also
discussed.27
interventions through continuous road safety educations programs and intensive law
enforcement to enhance the rates of safety helmet use among motorcycle riders in
Pakistan. In Pakistan motorcycle riders contribute more than 35% of road death toll
annually. Wearing a standard, good quality motorcycle helmet can reduce the risk of
death by 40% and the risk of serious injury by over 70%. A very low safety helmet use
rate is reported among Pakistani motorcyclists. This study was to explore the
determinants of helmet use among motorcyclists and establish a link between different
variables and use of helmet Participant’s between 41 to 50 years age group were using
safety helmet with higher percentage. Respondents with higher educational attainments
were using helmet in higher percentage. Law enforcement emerged as major determinant
of safety helmet use and 65.22% previously penalized riders were found respecting
helmet law. 38.53% private employees were found using safety helmet. This study
intensive law enforcement to enhance the rates of safety helmet use among motorcycle
riders in Pakistan. 28
Institute ‘Moto thesis’ studied perceptions on helmet usage and unorthodox practices
regarding helmet use in Greece. This study recognized that the development of
motorcyclist literature is the basis for the overall improvement (quantitative and
24
1,000 people (90% of them were pupils and 10% students; 70% of them were men and
asking them to fill out the online survey (only one response per club); the clubs were
asked to discuss this subject with their members and to fill out the questionnaire as a
result of this discussion. In total 36% of the clubs responded; most of them were located
was conducted in urban and peri-urban areas of Dares Salaam region in May, 2011 at
observation checklist. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. All commercial
motorcyclists were males, with the majority (64.8%) with primary education. The
However about two thirds of them (67.6%) reported to not wear helmet consistently.
Helmet wearing was strongly predicted by having a positive attitude towards helmet for
passengers (p=0.005), protective ability of helmet against head injury (p=0.003), wearing
helmet during night (p=0.001) and wearing helmet even for the experienced rider
(p=0.000). 30
25
Evi Germeni.et.al (October 2010) A study was conducted to Evaluate the
741 second grade students were selected with cluster randomized controlled trial. The
school environment has been often identified as a prosperous venue for public health
improvement 4 public, 4 private and 4 vocational high schools situated in Attica, Greece.
The samples were sorted by type and randomly assigned to receive a 1-month
intervention, based on the concepts of the Health Belief Model. This study suggests that
educational programs targeting road safety can lead to significant positive changes if
implemented during critical life periods, such as the transition to driving status.31
evidence for helmet use following legislation to identify the effectiveness of legislative
interventions to increase bicycle helmet use among all age groups. While the baseline rate
of helmet use among these studies varied between 4% and 59%, after legislation this
range changed to 37% and 91%. Helmet wearing proportions increased less than 10% in
one study, 10-30% in 4 studies, and more than 30% in 7 studies.While the effectiveness
of bicycle helmet legislation varied all studies demonstrated higher proportions of helmet
use following legislation, particularly when the law was targeted to a specific age group.
Legislation increased helmet use among cyclists. These results support legislative
26
immediately preceding and following enactment of the law were compared. The
motorcyclist fatality rate dropped from 10.3 per 10 000 registered motorcycles prelaw to
4.5 post law despite almost identical numbers of registered motorcycles. Motorcyclists
wearing helmets had a lower risk of traumatic brain injury than those not wearing
public health policy and may be responsible for saving many lives.33
Cody S Olsen (7 march 2016) in this cross sectional study Helmets were
effective in reducing injury in both helmet law settings; lower effectiveness estimates
were observed in universal law states. We pooled data from eleven states: five with
universal laws requiring all motorcyclists to wear a helmet, and six with partial laws
requiring only a subset of motorcyclists to wear a helmet. Data were combined in the Crash
Outcome Data Evaluation System’s General Use Model and included motorcycle crash
years 2005-2008. We estimated adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95 % confidence intervals
(CIs) for head, facial, traumatic brain, and moderate to severe head/facial injuries
associated with helmet use within each helmet law setting using generalized log- binomial
regression. Reported helmet use was higher in universal law states (88 % vs. 42 %).
Median charges, adjusted for inflation and differences in state-incomes, were higher in
partial law states Injuries to the head and face,including traumatic brain injuries, were
more common in partial law states. Medical charges and rates of head, facial, and brain
27
Kamulequeya.L.H.et.al. (September 2015) In this cross sectional study data
and means were used to summarize data. Odds ratios were calculated for association
between wearing helmets and occurrence and severity of head injury. All 328 participants
recruited were male. Of these, 18.6% used Protective gear and 71.1 % sustained head
injury. Helmets protected users from head injury and significantly reduced its severity
when it occurred. Protective gear use was low, with high occurrence of head injury
among commercial motorcycle riders in Uganda. This study suggest that there is more
effective strategies are needed to promote protective gear use among Uganda's
vehicle accidents is widely reported to decrease the rates of death and traumatic brain
injury. In 2000, the State of Florida repealed its mandatory helmet law to make helmet
use optional for individuals older than 21 with $10,000 of health insurance coverage. To
better ascertain the risks of cervical spine injury with non-helmet use in all two-wheeled
vehicles, we analyzed the University of Florida level one trauma center experience. We
reviewed the Traumatic injury database over a five-year period (January 1, 2005, to July 1,
2010) for all patients involved in two-wheeled vehicle accidents. Patients were stratified
according to vehicle type (motorcycle, scooter, and bicycle), helmet use, and the presence
28
Akaateba M.A. et.al. (22 November 2013) In this cross sectional study
states that Motorcyclists' injuries and fatalities are a major public health concern in many
developing countries including Ghana. This study therefore aimed to investigate the
prevalence of helmet use among motorcyclists in Wa, Ghana. The method used involved
a cross-sectional roadside observation at 12 randomly selected sites within and outside the
CBD of Wa. A total of 14,467 motorcyclists made up of 11,360 riders and 3107 pillion
riders were observed during the study period. Based on logistic regression analysis,
higher helmet wearing rates were found to be significantly associated with female gender,
weekdays, and morning periods and at locations within the CBD. The study concluded
that despite the existence of a national helmet legislation that mandates the use of helmets
by both riders and pillion riders on all roads in Ghana, helmet use is generally low in Wa.
This suggests that all stakeholders in road safety should jointly intensify education on
helmet use and pursue rigorous enforcement on all road types especially at locations
road traffic accidents helps us to know the Measures to be taken at different levels to
reduce suffering to human beings. Out of 131 sample the injuries to the limbs (96%) and
head (95%) occurred in most of the cases Followed by chest and abdomen. In head
region, scalp contusion, fissured fracture of the skull and subdural hemorrhage were more
commonly seen than other injuries. Contusions were more commonly seen in scalp and
brain unlike that of Abrasions present on chest, abdomen and limbs. Femur fracture
(n=16) was more than other long bones. This study is concluded that Head injury was the
29
primary cause of death (69%) in most of the cases. Fatal motorcycle accidents are
Matthew Byrnes et.al. (January 2012) The study was conducted to determine
the impact of motorcycle helmet use and helmet legislation on the risk of death or injury
due to motorcycle accidents. There has been a marked improvement in the safety profiles
of cars and in car crash outcomes; there has been a marked worsening in outcomes of
United States, but motorcycle collisions account for 10% of traffic deaths. Further,
motorcycle riders are 34 times more likely to die in a traffic collision than automobile
drivers. Motorcycle helmet use has been suggested to be an effective way to reduce death
and disability after traffic collisions, and enactment of universal helmet laws has been
Bette.C.L.et.al. (2009) The literature search in this review was of 507 citations,
from 1990 through 2009, identified in the U.S. National Library of Medicine. Out of 86
prescreened articles, 25 were potentially relevant to the topic and 11 were finally included
in the review. Of 11 studies, eight were published articles, two were published reports, and
one was an unpublished article. Helmet wearing proportions increased less than 10% in
one study, 10–30% in four studies, and more than 30% in seven studies. The authors used
Fatality Analysis Reporting System data, from 1980 through 1998, for motorcycles that
crashed with two riders and either the driver or the passenger, or both, died. The relative
risk of death, accounting for the matching on motorcycle and adjusted for age, sex, and
seat position, for a helmeted rider compared with an unhelmeted rider was 0.61 The
30
regression is useful for the analysis of traffic crash data, where occupants are naturally
to measure.40
regularly uses helmet. Motorcycle helmets were found to reduce the risk of head injury
and from five well-conducted studies the risk reduction is estimated to be 72%.
Insufficient evidence was found to estimate the effect of motorcycle helmets compared
with no helmet on facial or neck injuries. Study revealed that Motorcycle helmets reduce
the risk of mortality and head injury. Further well-conducted research is required to
determine the effects of helmets and different helmet types on mortality, head, neck and
facial injuries. An overall findings suggest that global efforts to reduce road traffic
of helmet use among motorcycle drivers in Hai Duong province of Vietnam during
winter/spring 2005, and to compare the rates of helmet use by road types. Population-
based observational surveys is used Male pillion passengers were less likely to wear
helmets than female pillion passengers (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.85). The number of
adult drivers using helmets is larger as compared with that of young drivers (OR 8.56,
95% CI 5.93 to 12.19). The rates of helmet use were significantly higher (p<0.001) on
compulsory roads and were 59.01%, 39.97%, 24.22%, 12.7% and 9.54% for national,
provincial, district, commune and Hai Duong inner-city roads, respectively. Helmet
legislation has increased the rate of helmet use by motorcycle drivers on compulsory
31
roads. Elsewhere, rate of helmet use is very low; indicating that in the absence of
were observed and interviewed (n=1114 in each observation). Results revealed that
87.9% used motorcycle for the commercial purposes. All motorcyclists were male, mostly
aged 18-29 years old. Death rate significantly rose from 122 to 254 per 100000
motorcyclists in Fars province since first observation (p < 0.0001). Helmet usage rate was
constant (13%). Recorded crashes increased from 16.4% to 23.1% in safe community
setting (p < 0.0001). 11% carried more than one pillion. No significant effect was noticed
between two settings. Interventions were not constant in safe community cities.
Community involvement into the safe program could ensure sustainability of initiatives.43
bicycle helmets reduce head, brain and facial injury for bicyclists of all ages involved in a
bicycle crash or fall. No randomized controlled trials were found. This review identified
5 well conducted case control studies were selected. Helmets provide a 63%-88%
reduction in the risk of head, brain and severe brain injury for all ages of bicyclists.
Helmets provide equal levels of protection for crashes involving motor vehicles (69%) and
crashes from all other causes (68%). Injuries to the upper and mid facial areas are reduced
65%.study conclude that Helmets reduce bicycle-related head and facial injuries for
bicyclists of all ages involved in all types of crashes including those involving motor
vehicles.44
32
Wen-Ta Chiu.et.al.(2000)This study evaluated the effect of the motorcycle
helmet law implemented in Taiwan on June 1, 1997. Collecting data on 8795 cases of
situation 1 year before and after implementation of the helmet law. After implementation
of the law, the number of motorcycle-related head injuries decreased by 33%from 5260
to 3535. Decreases in length of hospital stay and in severity of injury and better outcome
were also seen. The likelihood ratio χ2 test showed that severity decreased after the law’s
implementation (P<.001). Full helmets were found to be safer than half-shell helmets.
The helmet law effectively decreased the mortality and morbidity from motorcycle-
case patients were 235 persons with head injuries received while bicycling, who sought
emergency care at one of five hospitals. One control group consisted of 433 persons who
received emergency care at the same hospitals for bicycling injuries not involving the
head. A second control group consisted of 558 members of a large health maintenance
organization who had had bicycling accidents during the previous year. Based on his
research head injuries and deaths among army motorcyclists during the Second World
War.This study concluded that adoption of a crash helmet as standard wear by all
motorcyclists would save considerable lives, lost working time, and hospital resources46
33
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHEDOLOGY
investigator starts from the initial identification of the problem to the final
study was aimed at to asess knowledge attitude and practice regarding use of helmet
This chapter deals with a brief description of the different steps which were
under taken by the investigator for the study. It includes the research approach,
research design, variables, setting, population, and sample size, sampling technique,
description of the tool, content validity, pilot study, data collection procedure and
Research approach
appropriate choice of the research approach depends on the purpose of the research
34
Research design
The research design is a researcher plan for obtaining answers to the research
questions for testing the hypothesis. The research design spells out the basic
interpretable. Polit and Hungler stated that a research design incorporates the most
study.
survey design.
POPULATION
Population
According to (Polit & hungler, 1998), the term population includes all persons,
event and objects under study. In this study the population consisted of graduand
1. Target Population
According to (polit and beck), the target population is defined as, the
In this study target population was all the graduand students present in the
35
2. Accessible Population
defined as, the portion of the target population to which the researcher has
reasonable access.
selected college
Sample:-
Sample size:-The sample size was 100 graduand students of selected colleges
Sampling Technique:-
According to (Polit and Beck), the sampling technique defined as, the set of
population.
The study was based on convenient sampling technique. The subjects are
36
VARIABLES UNDER STUDY
1. Independent Variable
experimental variable.”
2. Dependent Variable
37
CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION
The criteria for sample selection are mainly depicted under two headings which
a. Inclusion criteria
b .Exclusion criteria
TOOL PREPARATION
The instrument selected for the study was the vehicle that would obtain best data to
Development of tool was based on research study for the collection of data;
research study. A questionnaire was formulated after reviewing the literature. There
38
Development of the tool
treatment of the problem. The tool acts as a best instrument to assess and
The tool used is a structured questionnaire, likert scale and check list to
1) Review of literature.
2) Preparation of Blueprint
practice was prepared as per the objectives and conceptual framework. The
39
3) Consultation with experts
The tool was given to the experts from the field of community Health
opinions and Suggestions were considered to modify the tool. The research
helmet among grandaunt students. Each item has four options with one
item was five and minimum score is one. Thus for 10 items, the maximum
obtainable score was 50. The total attitude subjected for classification as
40
Section D-it consists of 10 items regarding practice of use of helmet. Each
Response mode:
The subjects responded to each item by choosing one of the four options
for structured knowledge questionnaire. Only one option was true for the
asked question and respondents had to tick what they consider the right
option.
Scoring mode:
Each correct answer is given a score of one and wrong answers a score of
zero. The maximum score was 10. To interpret the knowledge the scores
knowledge
knowledge
41
Table no. 2: For assessing attitude
Poor 0 to 50 %
Average 51 to 70 %
Good 71 to 100 %
42
SETTING OF THE STUDY
students.
students understand the items and if the directions given are clear. The
instrument.
investigator established rapport with them easily and subjects were also co-
operative and they were ready to participate in the study so this study was
Availability of samples
The samples graduand students are available during this study data
collection.
43
VALIDITY, PILOT STUDY AND RELIABILITY
Content validity
English literature. Their suggestions were taken into consideration and the
Pilot study
“A pilot study is a miniature run of the main study." The pilot study was
down criteria. 10 graduand students were selected from college for pilot
took average time of about 50 to 60 minutes for each gaduand student. The
44
responded well for the questions and they did not experience any difficulty
in understanding the tool. The findings of the pilot study were analyzed.
The pilot study helped the investigator to visualize practical problems that
could be encountered while conducting the main study also gave an insight
into the actual process of data collection and analysis. The subjects who
were included in the pilot study were excluded in the main study.
Reliability
45
The most important and crucial aspect of any investigation is the
Prior to collection of the data, permission was obtained from the Principal
in colleges and the informed consent from the entire participants was taken
The data gathering process began from the data were collected for period
colleges.
46
Before giving the questionnaire, self -instruction of was given by the
was sought. The confidentiality about the data and finding was assured to
the participants.
The investigator and the subject were seated in a quiet place facing
each other and then conducted the structured interview questionnaire to get
The data collection took average time of about 50 -60 minute and
47
PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
inferential statistics. The following plan of analysis was made with the
opinion of experts. The analysis will be done based on the objectives and
hypothesis to be tested.
1. Descriptive statistics
2. Inferential Statistics
Descriptive statistics
Inferential Statistics
Chi-Square Test
48
RESULTS
This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of data collected to
49
DESIGN
Descriptive survey research design
PURPOSE
To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of graduand students regarding use of helmet
STUDY SETTING
Selected colleges
TARGET POPULATION
SAMPALING TECHNIQUE
SAMPLE
DATA ANALYSIS
Descriptive and inferential statistics
50
SUMMARY
,sampling and sampling technique , criteria for selection of samples ,selection and
51
CHAPTER IV
The analysis and interpretation of the data involve the objective material in
the possession of the researcher and his subjective reactions and to derive from the
data the inherent meaning in that relation to the problem. To avoid making
must be anticipated in detail, when plans are being made for collecting information.
The problem should be analyzed in detail to see that what data are necessary in its
solution and to be assured that the method used will provide definite answers. The
researcher must determine whether or not the factor chosen for study will satisfy all
the conditions of the problem and if the sources to be used will provide the requisite
data.
52
This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of data
The data collected were analyzed according to the plan for data analysis
findings have been tabulated according to the plan for data analysis and
To find out the correlation between knowledge and practice regarding use
To find out the correlation between knowledge and attitude regarding use
To find out the correlation between attitude and practice regarding use of
53
To find out the association between knowledge, attitude and practice
HYPOTHESIS
H1: There is significant relation between the knowledge Attitude and practice
H2: There is significant association between knowledge Attitude and practice score
Presentation of data:
54
SECTION 1
variables
100 subjects were drawn from the study population, who were graduand
55
Table No. 4:-Shows the frequency and percentage distribution of
19-21 10 10.00
22-24 33 33.00
1 Age
25-27 30 30.00
28-30 27 27.00
Hindu 49 49.00
Muslim 21 21.00
2 Religion
Christian 30 30.00
Other 0 0.00
Postgraduate 47 47.00
3 Education
Undergraduate 53 53.00
First 40 40.00
Fourth 16 16.00
Nuclear 60 60.00
Type of
5 Joint 30 30.00
Family
Extended 10 10.00
56
Table No. 5:- Frequency and percentage distribution of graduad
19-21 10 10.00
22-24 33 33.00
1 Age
25-27 30 30.00
28-30 27 27.00
Age Distribution
33
35 30
30 19-21
27
25
20 22-24
Frequency
15
10 10 25-27
5
0 28-30
19-2122-2425-2728-30
Figure no. 3: The Bar diagram shows graduand students according to their
age
57
Table no.6: percentage distribution of graduands students according
to their religion
Hindu 49 49.00
Muslim 21 21.00
2 Religion
Christian 30 30.00
Other 0 0.00
Above table depicts that graduand students most of them 49% were
Religion
49
20
10
0
0
HinduMuslimChristianOther
Religion
religion
58
Table no.7: - Frequency and percentage distribution of graduand
Postgraduate
47 47.00
3 Education
Undergraduate
53 53.00
Above table depicts that graduand students 53% are undergraduate and
Education
Postgraduate 47%
Postgraduate
Undergraduat e
Undergraduate 53%
59
Table no.8: - Frequency and percentage distribution of graduand
First 40 40.00
Second 14 14.00
4 Birth Order
Third 30 30.00
Fourth 16 16.00
Above table depicts that graduand students majority of them 40% of first
birth, 30% of third birth, 16% of fourth birth and 14% of second birth.
Birth Order
40
40
30
30
frequency
10
0
First Second Third Fourth
Birth Order
60
Table no.9: Frequency and percentage distribution of graduand
Nuclear
60 60.00
Type of
5 Joint
30 30.00
Family
Extended
10 10.00
Above table depicts that graduand students majority of them 60% were
staying in nuclear type of family, 30% were in joint type of family and
Type of Family
Extended, 10
Nuclear, 60
61
Section II
helmet
Inadequate 5 5.00
0-4
Adequate 39 39.00
8-10.
Above table depicts that graduand students most of them 56% having moderate
,39% having adequate ,5% of them having inadequate knowledge regarding use of
helmet
Knowledge
60 56
40 39
Frequency
Inadequate Moderate
20
Adequate
0
5
Inadequate Moderate Adequate
students.
62
Table no.11: Description of graduand students according to their
knowledge score
Knowledge
Sr. Chi Significanc
Variable Groups Adequat d.f. p value
No. Inadequate Moderate Square e
E
19-21 2 8 0
22-24 3 18 12
1 Age 15.04 6 0.02 Significant
25-27 0 17 13
28-30 0 13 14
Hindu 3 28 18
Muslim 2 12 7 Not
2 Religion 3.22 4 0.52
Christian 0 16 14 Significant
Other 0 0 0
Educatio Postgraduate 1 33 13
3 7.58 2 0.02 Significant
n Undergraduate 4 23 26
First 4 20 16
63
Above table depicts that the p value of the association test with knowledge
was less than 0.05 concludes that there was significant association between age
value of the association test with knowledge was more than 0.05 concludes that
Section III
helmet
helmet
Bad 44 73.33
10-30.
Attitude
Good 56 93.33
31-50
Above table depicts that graduand students most of them 93.33 were having good
64
Attitude
60 56
50
44
40
Frequency
30 Bad
Good
20
10
0
Bad Good
Fig no.9: The bar diagram shows attitude score of graduand students
The below table depicts that the association of attitude score with selected
65
Table no.13: Description of graduand students according to their
attitude score
Birth Second 7 7
4 1.05 3 0.78 Not Significant
Order Third 11 19
Fourth 7 9
Nuclear 29 31
Type of
5 Joint 10 20 1.98 2 0.37 Not Significant
Family
Extended 5 5
Above table depicts that the p value of the association test with attitude was less
than 0.05 concludes that there was significant association between age (x 2=12.99)
attitude regarding use of helmet. The p value of the association test with attitude
was more than 0.05 concludes that there is no any association between religion
66
(x2=0.93),education (x2=0.87),birth order (x2=1.05) , type of family (x2=1.98)
Section IV
Inadequate 1 1.67
0-4
Adequate 48 80.00
8-10.
Above table depicts that graduand students most of them 85% were
having moderate ,80% having adequate and 1.67% were having inadequate
Practice
60
40 51 48
Frequency
Inadequate
20 Moderate Adequate
0
1
Inadequate Moderate Adequate
Fig no.10: The line diagram shows practice score of graduand students
67
Table no.15: Description of graduand students according to their
practice score
19-21 0 10 0
22-24 1 18 14
1 Age 19.02 6 0.00 Significant
25-27 0 16 14
28-30 0 7 20
Hindu 1 27 21
Muslim 0 10 11 Not
2 Religion 1.89 4 0.76
Christian 0 14 16 Significant
Other 0 0 0
Postgraduate 0 32 15
3 Education 10.74 2 0.00 Significant
Undergraduate 1 19 33
First 1 20 19
Fourth 0 8 8
Nuclear 0 31 29
Type of Not
5 Joint 1 16 14 9.29 4 0.054
Family Significant
Extended 1 4 5
68
Above table depicts that the p value of the association test with practice
was less than 0.05 concludes that there was significant association between
association test with practice was more than 0.05 concludes that there was
students.
69
Section V
In this section deals with the relation between the knowledge score,
attitude score and practice score. This relation studies with the scattered
scores
70
Knowledge vs Attitude
45
40
35
Attitude
30 Series1
25
20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Knowledge
Above table and figure shows that there is significant correlation between
coefficient is 0.79.
71
Attitude vs Practice
12
10
8
Practice
6
Series1
4
0
20 25 30 35 40 45
Attiutde
vs practice score.
Above table and figure shows that there is significant correlation between
0.78.
72
Knowledge vs Practice
12
10
8
Practice
6
Series1
4
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Knowledge
Above table and figure shows that there is significant correlation between
coefficient is 0.92
graduand students.
73
So H1 and H2 hypothesis is accepted.
Accepted )
students. .( H2 Accepted )
74
. SUMMARY
This chapter dealt with the data analysis and interpretation and for this
purpose various methods has been utilized by investigator for data analysis
The major findings has been discussed briefly in this chapter and
75
CHAPTER V
conclusion from the findings, implications, discussion of the study and thus it helps
to put together all the pieces of the research study. this chapter ends with suggestion
The study was conducted with the purpose to assess knowledge attitude and
The data were collected by using structured questionnaire from 100 graduand
students .The analysis of the findings was done according to the study objectives by
To assess the practice regarding use of helmet among the graduand students
in selected colleges.
To find out the correlation between knowledge and practice regarding use
76
To find out the correlation between knowledge and attitude regarding use
To find out the correlation between attitude and practice regarding use of
In this study the majority of graduand students 33 (33%) were between 22-
postgraduate.
Majority of graduand students 40% of first birth, 30% of third birth, 16%
30% were in joint type of family and 10% were extended type of family.
77
Finding related to knowledge score of graduand students regarding
use of helmet
In this study the majority of graduand students 56% having moderate, 39%
of helmet
of helmet
The majority of graduand students 93.33 were having good and 73.33 were
of helmet
having adequate and 1.67% was having inadequate practice regarding use
of helmet.
demographic variables
helmet.
78
Finding related to association of attitude score with selected
demographic variables
demographic variables
There was significant association between age (x 2=19.02) practice regarding use
of helmet.
practice score of graduand students was studies with the of Karl pearson’s
79
students as Correlation coefficient is 0.78 and there is significant
DISCUSSION
to the objectives and hypothesis along with finding of the other studies.
demographic variables
first birth, Majority of graduand students 60% were staying in nuclear type
of family.
80
Majority of graduand students 93.33 were having good attitude score and
coefficient is 0.92.
81
CONCLUSION
The following conclusions were drawn on the basis of the findings of the study.
The present study shows that graduand students majority of them Majority
Majority of graduand students 93.33 were having good attitude score and
and attitude score, there is significant correlation between attitude and practice
score and there is significant correlation between Knowledge and practice score of
graduand students.
82
Summary
The purpose of the present study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and
The present study can be justified on the fact that most of the graduand student has
The descriptive research design was use for the study, which consist of
100 graduand students that are selected on the basis of convenient sampling
technique. The structured knowledge questionnaire, Likert scale and checklist was
Based on the objectives and the hypothesis the data was collected and
The findings of the study were showed that graduand student has moderate
knowledge (56%) and practice (85%), good attitude (93.33%) regarding use of
helmet.
83
IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY
research.
Nursing practice
Nursing service has directs significant impact on human health. The expanded
role of the professional nurse emphasizes those activities which promote health and
preventive behavior among peoples. The most of the grduand students do not have
the adequate knowledge regarding use of helmet; the presence study is an attempt to
assess knowledge, attitude and practice regarding use of helmet among graduand
84
Nursing administration
The nurse administrators can also organize and plan different program to
colleges.
Nursing education
improve practice .
nursing students.
85
Nursing research
To undertake research in any areas like urban and rural community area so
RECOMMENDATIONS
generalizations.
and practice regarding use of helmet among graduand students in rural and
urban community.
graduand students.
86
5. Manuals, information booklet, and self instruction modules may be
areas.
Summary
87
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Ashish T. et.al. Prevalence of road traffic accidents and driving practices among
traffic injuries during a year, a tertiary care hospital based study . 14 June
2016;4(7):2696-2700.
4. Davies.A. The burden of road traffic crashes, injuries and deaths in Africa.
2016;94:510-521.
riders.2008;(1).
in Rawalpindi.january 2007;663-668.
region, Tanzania.november,2011.
88
11. Davies Adeloye.et.al. The burden of road traffic crashes, injuries
analysis.2016;94:510-521.
57.
[MEDLINE Reference]
89
20. Jessica Laureano Phillips et.al.Trends in helmet use by motorcycle
Practices.March 2012;13(1):31-36.
1;156(5):483-7.
motorcyclists in Pakistan.2015;3(5).
90
30. Emmanuel Geofrey Mwakapasa. Attitude towards and practice of
region, Tanzania.november,2011
2010;25(5): 865–876.
3(1): 8.
2013;64:18-22.
91
38. Srinivasulu.P.et.al. Pattern of injuries to motorcyclists infatal road
2009.
riders.2008.
usage.2005.
in bicyclists.2000;(2):CD001855.
92
ANNEXURE-I
From,
Final year M.sc Nursing
---------------------------
Forwarded through,
The Principal
Respected Sir/Madam
Thanking you.
Yours sincerely
Place:
Date:
93
ANNEXURE- II
NAME: ………………………………………….
DESIGNATION: ……………………………….
colleges.”
REMARK
PLACE:
DATE: signature
94
ANNEXURE III
Total 30 100%
95
ANNEXURE-IV
This is to certify that, I have validated the tool on “A descriptive study to assess
the knowledge attitude and practice regarding use of helmet among graduand
student of…………………………………...
Place:………………..
96
ANNEXURE-V
Date
TO
…………………………………………………..
……………………………………………… ….
descriptive study to assess the knowledge attitude and practice regarding use of
helmet among graduand students at selected colleges”. Which is required for partial
97
ANNEXURE-VI
TO
…………………………………………………..
……………………………………………… ….
Degree in Nursing.
Thanking you
Principal
98
ANNEXURE - VII
CONSENT
I..................................................................................................... hereby
I have been explained about the study and I am fully aware of the study
Place:
99
ANNEXURE – VIII A
TOOL
Instruction: kindly give tick [√] for the most appropriate answers in the
Dear respondents, in this section the interviewer will ask some questions
for which there is a need to answer by you. The interviewer places tick
a score. Your responses will be kept confidential and is only for the study
Section D -: Checklist
100
Section A - Demographic Performa
1. Age:
a) 19-21 years { }
b) 22-24 years { }
c) 25-27 years { }
d) 28-30 years { }
2. Religion:
a) Hindu { }
b) Muslim { }
c) Christian {}
d) Others {}
3. Educational qualification
Postgraduate { }
Undergraduate {}
a) first { }
b) second { }
c) third {}
5. Type of family
a) Nuclear family { }
b) Joint family { }
c) Extended family { }
101
Section B - General information regarding uses of helmet among
grandaunt
1) What is a helmet
a) Bike accessories { }
b) Gear protector { }
c) Protective Cap { }
d) Bike part { }
b) To look good { }
d) To hide face { }
c) 6 months imprisonment { }
a) Driving experience { }
b) Driving in highways { }
c) Wearing a helmet { }
{ }
102
5) What is the minimum age limit to get a permanent license?
a) 16yr { }
b) 18yr { }
c) 20yr { }
d) 21yr { }
a) Men { }
b)Women { }
c)Children { }
b) Speed { }
c) Inexperience drivers { }
a) Prayer { }
103
9) The recent circular on motorcycle regulation by government of Maharashtra for
a) Have to submit in writing that the two-wheeler rider will not ride in highways{ }
b) Have to submit in writing that the two-wheeler rider will not make any accidents { }
c) Have to submit in writing that the two-wheeler rider as well as the pillion rider will
wear helmets.{ }
d) Have to submit in writing that the two-wheeler rider will not take children in the
pillion seat { }
c) Modular helmet { }
104
SECTION – C
Strongly Strongly
pillion rider
safety.
crash,
night.
105
9. Wearing Helmet is more
Section- D
QUESTIONS yes no
106
6. Are you comfortable in rotating your head after wearing helmet?
8. Are you wearing helmet at day drives as like as the night drives?
Answer key
1 6
2 7
3 8
4 9
5 10
Note:
107
ANNEXURE-IX
No modification
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
108
SECTION-B
No
10.
Note- Each item has only one answer. The correct answer carries ‘1’
109
SECTION-C
10.
110
SECTION-C Checklist (practice)
10.
Note- Each item has only one answer. The correct answer carries ‘1’
111
ANNEXURE- XI
He has given the thesis to me for English editing. I have edited his
thesis.
NAME:
DESIGNATION:
INSTITUTION:
SIGN:
DATE:
PLACE :
112
ANNEXURE-XII
VALIDITY OF
RESEARCH TOOL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
113
ANNEXURE-XII
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
TO,
The Librarian
-------------------------------
-------------------------------
undergoing for research study that purpose he would like to assess the
Thanking you
Principal
DATE:
PLACE:
114
ANNEXURE-XIII ABBREVATIONS
115
ANNEXURE – XIV
Pearson’s Correlation:
X X Y Y
r
nσ x σ y
2* r
Reliabilit y =
1 r
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chi-Square Test:
(| O - E |) 2
χ 2 E
E – Expected frequency
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
‘t’ test :
_ _ 2 2
_ _ S.D.1 S.D.2
(X X2 )
t 1
S.E.( X1 X2 )
S.E( X1 X2 ). n1 n2
116
ABSTRACT
Problem statement
selected colleges.
selected colleges.
4. To find out the correlation between knowledge and practice regarding use
5. To find out the association between knowledge attitude and practice scores
6. To find out the correlation between knowledge and attitude regarding use
7. To find out the correlation between attitude and practice regarding use of
117
HYPOTHESIS
students.
The research approach used was evaluative approach. The research design
selected for the study was a description design. The setting was selected colleges. The
sampling. The Structured knowledge questionnaire was used to collect data from
samples. The pilot study was conducted with 10 samples. Reliability was established
by Guttamann split –half method. Data was analysed by using descriptive and
inferential statistics.
RESULTS
In this study the majority of graduand students 33 (33%) were between 22-24
years, 30 (30%) between 25-27 years, 27 (27%) between 28-30 years and 10
Majority of graduand students 49% were hindus,30% were Christian and 21%
were Muslim.
118
Majority of graduand students 53% were undergraduate and 47% were
postgraduate.
Majority of graduand students 40% of first birth, 30% of third birth, 16% of
Majority of graduand students 60% were staying in nuclear type of family, 30%
were in joint type of family and 10% were extended type of family.
In this study the majority of graduand students 56% having moderate, 39% having
The majority of graduand students 93.33 were having good and 73.33 were
The majority of graduand students 85% were having moderate, 80% having
adequate and 1.67% were having inadequate practice regarding use of helmet.
There was significant association between age (x 2=15.4), education (x2=7.58) with
There was no any significant association between religion (x 2=3.22), birth order
There was significant association between age (x 2=12.99) attitude regarding use of
helmet.
helmet.
There was significant association between age (x 2=19.02) practice regarding use
of helmet.
119
There was no any association between religion (x 2=0.76), education (x2=10.74),
birth order (x2=2.73), type of family (x2=9.29) practice regarding use of helmet.
The result of the study indicated that graduand students in selected colleges
had moderate knowledge and practice and good attitude regarding use of
120