k|z:t hLjg

[ABUNDANT LIFE]
Effu–!

-o]z" v|L:6 / afOan;DaGwL /f]rs / ljZn]if0ffTds k':ts_

n]vsM
8f= ltdf]yL cof{n

k|z:t hLjg k|sfzg

gofFa:tL, ljZjljBfno dfu{, sf7df8f}F
kf]:6= aS; %***, kmf]g g+= $@*#$@^, $@&##)@
१
 k|z:t hLjg (Abundant Life) efu–!
Author : Timothy Aryal, PhD
Associate Professor (Psychology)
M.A. Clinical Psychology,
Ph.D. Counseling Psychology
Copyright   n]vsdf ;'/lIft
Publisher M k|z:t hLjg k|sfzg, kf]= aS; %***, sf7df8f}“
First Edition M @)%$
Second Edition M @)%*
Third Revised Edition M @)&%
d"No M pkxf/

gf]6 M of] k':ts cWoog kZrft n]vssf] ld;g sfo{df tkfO{+n] d"No r'sfpg'
k5{ eGg] k|]/0ff k/d]Zj/af6 kfpg' eof] eg] klxnf O{d]n n]Vg'xf];\ :
timothyaryal@gmail.com

wGojfb / ;dk{0fM k|z:t hLjg rr{sf ;Dk"0f{ ln8/x¿, cGtla{GtL ´'08

Pjd\ l6Kk0fL / /fo;'´fj lbg'x'g] ;Dk"0f{ dxfg'efjx¿nfO{ wGojfb JoQm ub}{
;Dk"0f{ kf7sHo"x¿df of] k':ts ;dk{0f ub{5f}+ Û

२
 ljifo ;"rL
kfgf g+=
 kf7sju{df cg'/f]w )$
!= hLjg ujfxL )%
@= afOan k/d]Zj/sf] jrg jf dflg;sf] ;°ng dfq} )*
#= o]z" v|L:6sf] hLjgsf ljz]iftfx¿ !*
$= o]z" v|L:6sf d'Vo lzIff / k|rf/x¿ #)
%= ljZjf; / cfZro{sd{ #&
^= xfd|f] zq' sf] xf] < $@
&= d'lQmsf dfu{x¿ w]/} 5g\ jf Pp6} dfq < $&
*= rr{ / Toxf“ tkfO{+sf] :yfg %%

३
 kf7sju{df cg'/f]w

of] ‘k|z:t hLjg efu–!’ kl/dflh{t ;+:s/0f k':ts

tkfO{+sf] xftdf pknAw u/fpg kfpFbf xfdLnfO{ Hofb} v';L nfu]sf]
5 . of] k'l:tsfdf o]z" v|L:6 / afOan ;DaGwL Hofb} dxTjk"0f{
s'/fx¿ ;/n / /f]rs 9Ën] k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . To;}n] xtf/df
xf]Og† t/ zfGtefj / km';{bsf] ;do ldnfP/ k"/f k'l:tsf
k9\g'xf];\ / k9]sf] s'/f lrGtg dgg ub}{ a'l4 nufP/ ljZn]if0f klg
ug{'xf];\ . kmn:j¿k tkfO{+n] Tof] cg'kd JolStnfO{ e]6\g' x'g]5
h;n] eGg'eof], ærf]/ t rf]g{, dfg{ / gfz ug{ dfq cfpF5 . d t
ltgLx¿n] hLjg kfpmg\ / Tof] k|z:t dfqfdf kfpmg\ eGg] x]t'n]
cfPFÆ -o"xGgf !)M!)_ . o]z" v|L:6n] of] k|z:t hLjg tkfO{+nfO{ lbg
rfxg'x'G5 . cGt:s/0fb]lv tLj| OR5f lnP/ cl3 a9\g'xf];\ . oL
;a} sfddf tkfO{+nfO{ ;kmntf ldnf];\ eGg] z'e–sfdgf;lxt
wGojfb Û

k|z:t hLjg rr{

kf]= a= g+= %***
ljZjljBfno dfu{, sf7df8fF} .
kmf]g g+= $@&##)@, $@*#$@^

४
 -kf7–!_

hLjg ujfxL
d cfkm"df s]xL hl6n k"jf{u|x / k|Zgx¿ lyP . kl5 cfP/ d}n] yfxf kfP“
JolStut ¿kdf ;To lrg]/ v|L:6sf] kl5 lx“8\g] lg0f{o gu/];Dd s'g} klg
JolQmn] v|Li6nfO{ v';L kfg{ ;Sb}g . o]z" cfkm}n] eGg'eof], æsf]xL d kl5 cfpg]
OR5f ub{5 eg] To;n] cfkm"nfO{ OGsf/ u/f];\, / lbgx'“ cfÇgf] q"m; af]s]/ d]/f]
kl5 nfuf];\ . lsgls h;n] cfÇgf] k|f0f arfpg] OR5f u5{, To;n] Tof]
u'dfpg]5 . t/ h;n] d]/f] vflt/ cfÇgf] k|f0f u'dfp“5, To;n] Tof] arfpg]5Æ
-n"sf (M@#–@$_
d cfkm"n] klxnf] k6s v|L:6sf] jrg ;'Gbf dgdf ldl>t ljrf/x¿
pTkGg ePsf lyP . Ps dgn] ljrf/ ubf{ o]z"sf] jrg ;To 5 eGg] nfUof]
t/ csf]{ dgn] o;sf] k5fl8 /fhg}lts p2]Zo 5 h:tf] nfUof] . o:tf
ljrf/x¿n] ubf{ d b'O{ jif{;Dd cndndf k/]“ . dnfO{ k6s v|L:6sf] af/]df w]/}
s'/fx¿ atfpg] JolQm :j= lht]Gb| a'9fyf]sL x'g'x'G5 . d aflx/ /fd|f] cyjf h]–
h:tf] b]lvPsf] eP klg Tof] ;dodf dnfO{ kfk, s'nt / dgf]ljsf/n] Hofb}
si6df k'¥ofPsf lyP . d}n] kfkaf6 5'6sf/f kfpg lgs} sf]lzz u/]“ . d
z/L/df ylste} hLjgaf6 x/]; vfO;s]sf] lyP“ . d}n] u/]sf sf]lzz /
sd{x¿n] d lbg k|ltlbg aGwgdf kl//x]sf] lyP“ . o; ;DaGwdf afOan eG5,
dflg; cfÇgf] sf]lzzn] kfkaf6 5'6sf/f kfpg ;Sg] eP vL:6 Joy}{df
dg'{eof], / pxf“n] d"v{ sfd ug'{eof], clg ltdLx¿ cem;Dd cfÇgf kfkdf g} 5f}
-Plkm;L %M*—(† ! sf]l/GyL !%M#–@!_ .

xfdL dflg;n] cfkm"nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ / 7Ls af6f]df lx“8fpg

k/d]Zj/sf] jrg / kljq cfTdfsf] ;xof]u cfjZos kb{5 . v|L:6nfO{ ljZjf;
ug'{ eg]sf] vLl:6og wd{ xf]Og o]z" v|L:6sf] kfOnf k5\Øfpg' xf] . o]z" v|L:6
pb]ssf k/d]Zj/ x'g'x'G5, pxf“n] d"bf{ lap“tfpg'eof]† /f]uLx¿ lgsf] kfg'{eof]†
;fd/L :qLn] lbPsf] kfgL lkpg'eof]† s'i7/f]uLnfO{ 5'g'eof] / lgsf] eof]† Tofu]sf
JolQmx¿sf] 3/df a:g'eof] / vfgf vfg'eof] . wd{u'?x¿nfO{ sk6Lx¿
eGg'eof] . pxf“n] h:tf] lzIff lbg'eof] x'ax' To:t} hLjg latfpg'eof] . pxf“
h:tf] ;To JolQmnfO{ ljZjf; u/L cg's/0f ug'{ h:tf] v';Lsf] s'/f / ;j{>]i7
lg0f{o k[YjLdf c¿ s]xL 5}g .

५
 hLjgdf w]/} s'/f xft kfg]{ rfxgf /fv]/ z+s/b]j SofDk;df Pd=la=P=
k9\g], xfO :s"ndf k9fpg], l/;r{ clkm;df cf+lzs sfd ug]{, clg l8NnLahf/
sf7df8f}“df Pp6f :6]zg/L / k':ts k;n ;~rfng u/]sf] lyP“ . crfgs Ps
lbg d]/f] 6fpsf] k"/} k5fl8 kmSof]{, cf“vfn] nueu c;L k|ltzt b]Vg 5f]8Øf] .
d]/f] dgn] ljrf/ ug{ yfNof] ca hLjg Joy}{ hfg] eof] . o:tf] kL8fsf] aLrdf
d]/f] dgdf Pp6f s'/f v]Ng yfNof], ædsxf“ cfpg]nfO{ s'g} /Lltn] d TofUg]
5}gƓ -o"xGgf ^M#&_ . of] jrg o]z" v|L:6n] af]Ng'ePsf] s'/f afOanaf6 /x]5
;f] d}n] w]/} kl5 cfP/ yfxf kfP“ . t/ jf:tljstf s] lyof] eg] d}n] lrg]sf
Pshgf l;sdL{Ho" cyf{t\ :j= lht]Gb| a'9fyf]sL af6 o]z" v|L:6n] xfdL dfgj
hfltnfO{ k|]d ug'{x'G5, lgsf] kfg'{ x'G5 / pxf“ ;To x'g'x'G5 eGg] s'/f ;'g]sf]
lyP“ .
o]z"sf] jrg ;'Gg', k9\g' / pxf“sf] af/]df l;8Lx¿ x]g'{ c;n sfo{ xf]
t/ Toltn] xfdL v|Ll:6og x'“b}gf}+ / /fd|f];“u s'/f ga'´L kl5 nfUg' klg x'“b}g .
ha;Dd v|L:6nfO{ ljZjf; u/L pxf“s} kfOnf k5\Øfpg] lg0f{o ub}{gf}+ ta;Dd
xfdLnfO{ s;}n] v|Ll:6og agfpg ;Sb}g . jf:tjdf v|Ll:6og x'g' eg]sf]
o]z"nfO{ k5\Øfpg] JolQmut lg0f{o xf] . o;} cfwf/df d}n] Åboaf6 v|L:6nfO{
eg] ‘d tkfO{+sxf“ cfp“5' / dnfO{ cgGt;Dd g5f]8\g'xf];\ .’ o; kl5 d
;fyLefOsf] ;xof]u lnP/ rr{ uP“, Toxf“ d]/f] lglDt kf:6/Ho"n] k|fy{gf ul/lbg'
eof] / d}n] r·fO kfP“ .

v|L:6n] dnfO{ s;/L arfpg'eof] <

o]z" v|L:6n] pxf“dfly ljZjf; ug]{x¿sf] hLjgdf crDdsf sfdx¿
ug{'x'G5 . ljZjf;åf/f oL s'/fx¿ xfdL x/]ssf]
hLjgdf k"/f x'g]5g\ . @)^& ;fn sflt{s
dlxgfdf d / d]/L >LdtL Pp6f vt/gfs /
8/nfUbf] ;jf/L b'3{6gfdf k¥of}“ . pQm b'3{6gfdf
36]sf 36gfx¿ / xfdLnfO{ k/d]Zj/n] s;/L
r·fO ug'{eof] o; v08df k|:t't lrqx¿n]
hfgsf/L lbg]5g\ . of] 36gfsf s'/fx¿ ‘k|z:t
hLjg efu–!’ / DVD df k|:t't u/]sf 5f}“ .
-tkfO{+n] oL ;a} s'/fx¿ DVD df klg x]g{ ;Sg'
x'g]5_ .

pQm 36gfsf sf/0f !$ lbg;Dd dnfO{ cNsf c:ktfn hfjnfv]n

sf7df8f}“df pkrf/ ug'{ k¥of] . t/ d]/L >LdtL ;fdfGo pkrf/ u/]/ ToxL lbg

६
3/ kmls{g\ . b'3{6gfsf] nut} d}n] elQm;fy o]z" v|L:6nfO{ r·fO / af“sL
hLjgsf] lglDt k|fy{gf r9fP“ . of] ;do Pjd\ To; k5fl8sf hLjgdf cfÇgf]
d'vaf6 wGojfb, ljZjf; / ;sf/fTds s'/fx¿ dfq} af]Ng] jf :jLsf/ ug]{
lg0f{o u/]sf] 5' .
o;}u/L o; 36gfn] gsf/fTds s'/fx¿ af]Ng / :jLsf/ ug{ gx'g] kf7
dnfO{ l;sfPsf] 5 . hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ;d:of, sl7g kl/l:ylt Pjd\ b'Mv
si6x¿df xfdL cfkm", kl/l:ylt / c¿ dflg;x¿nfO{ bf]if lbg], ;/fk lbg],
Pjd\ gsf/fTds s'/fx¿ l5§} af]Ng] sfd u5f}{“ . jf:tjdf c¿nfO{ bf]if lbP/
cfÇgf] ;d:of ;dfwfg x'“b}g . gsf/fTds s'/fx¿ af]Ng] / d'vnfO{ jzdf
/fVg gl;s]sf] JolQmn] hLjgdf w]/} b'Mv kfp“5 .

xfdL ;a}sf] hLjg k/d]Zj/sf] xftdf 5 . o]z"sxf“ cfpg] / pxf“nfO{

ljZjf; ug]{ x/]snfO{ of] hLjgsf];fy} o; kl5sf] cgGt hLjgel/ pxf“n]
;bf;j{bf g5f]8\g] k|lt1f ug'{ ePsf] 5 . si6sf] ;dodf ;xof]u kfpg v|L:6
sxf“ cfpg'k5{ . pxf“ xfdLnfO{ k|]d ug{, :jLsf/ ug{ / ;xof]u ug{ ;w}“ tof/
x'g'x'G5 . o; 36gfkl5 d}n] s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ kf7 l;s]sf] 5' . si6df k/]sf]
JolQm;“u s:tf] Jojxf/ ug'{k5{, r·fOsf lglDt
s;/L k|fy{gf ul/lbg'k5{, cy{k"0f{ ;do s;/L
pgLx¿sf lglDt vr{ ug]{, k/fdz{ s;/L
lbg'k5{, Pjd\ k/d]Zj/sf] glhs s;/L k|j]z
ug'{k5{ cflb s'/fx¿ o; 36gfaf6 JolQmut
¿kdf l;Sg] df}sf kfP“ . d d]/f d'lQmbftf o]z"
v|L:6nfO{ pxf“sf] k|]d, lzIff, r·fO / cg'u|xsf
lglDt wGojfb lbO/xG5' . kf7s dxf]bo, v'Nnf
Xbo lnP/ ljZJff;sf;fy o]z"sf] glhs
hfg'xf];\ pxf“sf] k|]d / wfld{stfnfO{ tkfO{+
cfkm"n] klg JolQmut ¿kdf cg'ej ug{ kfpg' x'g]5 . k/d]Zj/ slt enf]
x'g'x'G5 xfdL cfkm}n] JolQmut ¿kdf rfVg'k5{ .

७
 -kf7–@_
afOan k/d]Zj/sf] jrg xf] jf
dflg;sf] ;Íng dfq} <
afOansf s]xL /f]rs tYox¿M
 afOan u|Ls efiffsf] ælaalnofÆ zAbaf6 cfPsf] xf] . h;sf] cy{
k':tsx¿sf] k':ts eGg] x'G5 . o;nfO{ k/d]Zj/sf] jrg elgG5 .
 afOansf d"n n]vs kljq cfTdf x'g'x'G5 . o;sf x/]s kfgfx¿df
n]lvPsf s'/fx¿ k/d]Zj/sf] :jefj, sfo{k|lqmof /
pxf“sf] cgGt clek|fo s] 5 eGg] ;DaGwdf s]lGb|t
5g\ .
 afOan k/d]Zj/sf] kljq jrg xf] . afOansf]
s'g} klg cudjf0fL dflg;sf] OR5faf6 cfPsf]
xf]Og t/ kljq cfTdfaf6 k|]/0ff kfP/ dflg;x¿n]
k/d]Zj/sf] tkm{af6 af]n]sf x'g\ -@ ltdf]yL #M!^,
@ kq'; !M@)–@!_ .
 afOan k'/fgf] / gof“ b'O{j6f s/f/ ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 . o;df hDdf ^^
k':tsx¿ -k'/fgf] s/f/df #( / gof“ s/f/df @&_ 5g\ . ;fy} k"/f
afOandf !,!*( cWofo / #!,!)# kbx¿ 5g\ .
 afOan n]Vg] sfddf k/d]Zj/n] #( eGbf a9L ljleGg 7fp“ / k[i7e"ldsf
JolQmx¿ h:t} slj, d5'jf, /fhf, 8fS6/, bfz{lgs, cudjQmf cflbnfO{
k|of]u ug{'eof] . k"/f afOan sl/a !^)) jif{sf] cjlwdf n]lvPsf] xf] .
 k/d]Zj/sf] k|ToIf of]hgf / lgb]{zgljgf afOansf] Ps ¿ktf x'g ;Sb}g .
lsgeg] olt w]/} JolQmx¿åf/f ljleGg ;do, k[i7e"ld / ljljwtfdf
n]lvPsf] afOan s'g} klg s'/fdf dtleGg / lj/f]wfefif gx'g' Pp6f
cfZro{–sd{ xf] .
 k"/f afOansf] d'Vo ;Gb]z Pp6} ljifodf s]lGb|t 5 . Tof] xf], æo]z"
k/d]Zj/sf k'q v|L:6 x'g'x'G5 / pxf“df ljZjf; ug]{nfO{ cgGt hLjg
5Æ -o"xGgf @)M#!_ .
 afOan ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf a9L efiffdf 5flkg], laqmL x'g] / ?lrsf;fy
lrGtg dgg u/]/ kl9g] k':ts xf] .
 ;+;f/df ;a}eGbf a9L 3[0ff ul/g] k':ts afOan xf] . ljleGg o'udf
/fhfx¿, ;/sf/ k|d'vx¿ / clVtof/jfnfx¿n] afOannfO{ ;+;f/af6
lgd{"n ug]{ p2]Zon] vf]hL–vf]hL hnfpg] / gfz ug]{ sfd u/] t/
८
 k/d]Zj/n] o;sf] /Iff ug{'eof] . kmn:j¿k ;+;f/sf w]/} JolQmx¿sf]
xftdf of] k':ts ;/n k|sf/n] pknAw eO/x]sf] 5 .
 afOan ;a} ;dodf Ps¿k / /f]rs 5 . o;df k|of]u ePsf] efiff,
pkdf, b[i6fGt, ;flxTo ;a} bhf{, ju{ / :t/sf JolQmx¿sf nflu af]wuDo
5 . o;df s'g} ;+zf]wg, ;'wf/ / yk36sf] cfjZostf 5}g -k|sfz
@@M!*–!(, lxtf]kb]z #)M^_ .

afOansf] clVtof/;DaGwL l6sfl6Kk0fLM

o; ;+;f/df afOansf] hlt lj/f]w / 6Lsf–l6Kk0fL c¿ s'g} k':tssf]
ePsf] 5}g . olt w]/} lj/f]w, 3[0ff / 6Lsf–l6Kk0fL ;fdgf u/]/ k[YjLsf
dflg;x¿sf lglDt ;xh ¿kdf pknAw ePsf] k':ts afOan k9\g] x/]s
JolQmn] s]xL s'/fx¿ dgdf /fv]/ cl3 a9\g'kb{5, h:t}M lj/f]w / 6Lsf–
l6Kk0fLsf ljifox¿, o;sf sf/0fx¿, afOansf] agf]6 / clVtof/, o;sf]
lzIff / hfGg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ cflb . o:tf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿ ljrf/ ljdz{ gu/L
afOan cWoog u/]/ ;To hfGg / cflTds r'gf}tL kfpg ;lsGg .

afOan ;'?df tLgj6f efiff h:t}M lxa|", u|Ls / c/]ldsdf n]lvPsf]

lyof] . afOandf ePsf ^^ j6f k':tsx¿sf] ;+/rgf / agf]6 ldl>t k|sf/sf]
5 . oL k':tsx¿ s'g} P]ltxfl;s, s'g} lr6\7L, s'g} uB, k|]d uLt, pkb]zs,
hLjgL, ofqfqmd cflb ljifodf s]lGb|t 5g\ . afOannfO{ kljq n]vf]6 elgG5 .
k/d]Zj/n] dfgj hfltnfO{ pxf“sf] OR5f, clek|fo / k|]d;DaGwL k|s6
ug'{ePsf /x:odo s'/fx¿sf] n]vf]6 afOan xf] .

kfkL dflg;nfO{ kljq / wdL{ k/d]Zj/n] eGg'ePsf / ug'{ePsf

sfo{x¿sf] j0f{g o; k':tsdf qmlds ¿kdf ul/Psf] 5 . ;[li6sf] qmlds
j0f{g, dfgj hfltsf] ktg, v|L:6n] ;k{sf] lz/ s'RRofpg' x'g]5 eGg] k|lt1fb]lv
k/d]Zj/n] ug'{ePsf 36gfx¿, v|L:6sf] hGd, lzIff, d[To', k'g?Tyfg,
:juf{/f]x0f, pxf“sf] bf];|f] cfudg Pjd\ Gofosf s'/fx¿ o; k':tsdf cWoog
ug{ kfOG5 . k'/fgf] s/f/df ca|fxfdsf] af]nfx6 / cf1fsfl/tf clg c¿ y'k|}
cudjQmfx¿sf] hLjgLaf6 k/d]Zj/n] s;/L sfd ug'{eof] tL s'/fx¿ cWoog
ug{ kfp“5f}+ eg] gof“ s/f/sf] ;'?jft, o]z" v|L:6sf] j+zfjnL / alKt:df lbg]
o"xGgfsf] k|rf/af6 qmlds ¿kdf cl3 a9]sf] 5 . afOandf ePsf ^^ j6f
k':tsx¿ ;a}n] dflg;sf] kfksf] Ifdf / p4f/, v|L:6 / pxf“sf] alnbfgdf dfq
5 eGg] lzIff lbPsf 5g\ .

९
 k'/fgf] s/f/nfO{ ¿vsf] h/f / hu eGg ;lsG5 eg] gof“ s/f/nfO{ xf“uf
/ kmn eGg ;lsG5 . Pp6fljgf csf]{ cw'/f] / ck"0f{ 5 . Pp6f ¿vsf] kl/ro
jf ;kmntf h/f / xf“uf b'j}df lge{/ u5{ . afOansf] k'/fgf] s/f/ / gof“
s/f/ ljefhg ug{ g;lsg] u/L Ps cfk;df cGt;{DalGwt / cGtlg{lxt 5g\ .
oL b'j} s'/fnfO{ k/d]Zj/sf] jrg elgG5 -/f]dL #M@_ .

afOan dfgj hfltnfO{ k/d]Zj/sf] cgGt k|]d / of]hgfsf s'/fx¿ k|s6

ug]{ k':ts xf] . o;}u/L k/d]Zj/lagf dflg;sf] hLjg slt cw'/f] / ck"0f{ 5
To;sf] oyfy{ hfgsf/L klg afOann] lbG5 . afOansf] x/]s kfgfdf
k/d]Zj/sf] dgsf s'/fx¿ JoQm ePsf 5g\ . k/d]Zj/n] cfÇgf] kljq
cfTdfåf/f dflg;x¿nfO{ k|]/0ff lbP/ cfÇgf s'/fx¿ af]Ng jf n]Vg nufpg'
ePsf] xf] . t/ dflg;x¿n] cfÇgf] a'l4n] k/d]Zj/sf] af/]df j0f{g ug'{ ck"0f{ /
ck'/f] sfo{ xf] -@ ltdf]yL #M!^† @ kq'; !M@!_ .

k'/fgf] lgoddf ePsf] bz cf1f afx]s afOandf ePsf ;a} s'/fx¿

dflg;x¿n] k/d]Zj/sf] dfWod ag]/ n]v]sf x'g\ . afOansf] d'Vo ljifo d'lQm
xf] . dflg;nfO{ d'lQm lbg] ljifodf k/d]Zj/n] s/f/ af“Wg' ePsf] 5 . d'lQm lbg]
JolQm o]z" v|L:6 x'g'x'G5 . pxf“n] lbg'x'g] d'lQm / p4f/nfO{ ljZjf;åf/f l;Q}df
u|x0f ug'{kb{5 -Plkm;L @M*_ .
k'/fgf] ;dob]lv clxn];Dd dflg;x¿, bfz{lgsx¿, j}1flgsx¿ cflbn]
afOannfO{ k/d]Zj/sf] jrg xf]Og t/ dflg;x¿sf] /rgf / ;°ng eg]/ ts{
lbG5g\ . afOanleq s] s'/fx¿ 5g\ ;f] ;f]rljrf/ / ljZn]if0f gu/L af]Ng' /
ts{ k|:t't ug'{ c1fgtfsf] k|yd kl/ro lbg' xf] . dflg;n] ts{ ub}{df
afOansf] ;Totfdf s'g} x«f; cfp“b}g .

afOan hf] k/d]Zj/sf] cfTdf / ;f; xf] h;n] ljZjf; / wfld{stfdf

s;/L hLjg lhpg] ;f]sf] tflnd lbG5 -ehg;+u|x ##M^† cøo"a ##M$† pTklQ
!M@, @M&_ . afOansf] d"n n]vs k/d]Zj/ cfkm} x'g'x'G5 t/ jrg n]Vg]
qmddf pxf“n] dflg;x¿nfO{ Pp6f dfWodsf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/]/ ;xsdL{
agfpg'eof] . dflg; k/d]Zj/sf] ;xsdL{ eP/ c;n sfdsf lglDt pxf“sf]
dfWod aGg ;S5 .

o; k[YjLdf ePsf s'g} klg s'/fx¿ eGbf afOan x/k|sf/n] leGg / >]i7
5 . o]z"n] eGg'eof], æd pxL x'“ -d'lQmbftf_ eg]/ ljZjf; u/]gf} eg] ltdLx¿
cfÇgf kfkdf dg]{ 5f} -n"sf &M#)† o"xGgf *M@$_ .

१०
 afOan efif0f h:t} l6kf]6 ug{ nufP/ tof/ ePsf] k':ts xf]Og . o;
k':tsdf Pp6} 36gfnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/af6 k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;}sf/0f
dflg;n] cfÇgf] Ifdtfcg';f/ o; k':tsdf n]lvPsf s'/fx¿ ljZn]if0f u/]/
;To lrGg ;S5 . o; k':tsdf dflg;af6 ePsf / x'g;Sg] ;Dk"0f{ k|sf/sf
36LsdLx¿ / q'l6x¿sf] k|:6 pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . afOansf x/]s kfgfdf
dflg;nfO{ p4f/ ug]{, kfkaf6 5'6sf/f lbg], k/d]Zj/;“u ;DaGw ljsf; ug{
l;sfpg] cflb ljifodf k/d]Zj/sf] Xbodf ePsf s'/fx¿ k|s6 ePsf 5g\ .
jf:tjdf k/d]Zj/sf ;a} of]hgf / ljrf/x¿ afOandf n]lvPsf 5g\ . of]
k':ts k/d]Zj/sf] k|]/0ffaf6 tof/ ePsf] xf] . o;sf/0f o;nfO{ a'‰g /
Jojxf/df ptfg{ k|fy{gf, cWoog / ;dk{0f cfjZos k5{ -@ kq'; !M@!_ .

afOansf v08x¿ a'‰gsf lglDt Tof] ;dosf] ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts,

cfly{s, ef}uf]lns / cflTds cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L kfpg'k5{ . afOan Pp6f
P]ltxfl;s k':ts xf] t/ o;sf] lzIff / ;Gb]z lxhf], cfh, ef]ln clg afns,
hjfg / a[4 ;a}sf] lglDt k|of]ufTds 5 . of] k|of]ufTds k':ts xf] . o;sf
x/]s ;Gb]z jt{dfg ;dodf s'g} klg JolQmn] k|of]udf Nofpg ;S5 . afOan
cWoog ug]{ / k|of]udf Nofpg] sfo{df kljq cfTdfsf] ;xof]u clgjfo{ 5 .
pxf“sf] ;xof]ulagf dflg;n] cfÇgf] Ifdtf k|of]u u/]/ afOan JoVof ug{
vf]Hof] eg] p;n] af·f], ck"0f{, cJofjxfl/s Pjd\ b"lift s'/f dfq} aflx/ Nofpg]
5 . Pp6f ;To vf]hLug]{ JolQmsf lglDt afOan P]ltxfl;s, ef}lts, ;fdflhs,
j}1flgs / Jofjxfl/s b[li6sf]0faf6 k"0f{tof ;To 5 .
æk/dk|e'sf] Joj:yf l;4 5, k|f0fnfO{ k'ghL{ljt u/fpg] . k/dk|e'sf
sfg'gx¿ ljZj;gLo 5g\, lgaf]{wnfO{ a'l4dfg\ t'Nofpg] . k/dk|e'sf
lgodx¿ 7Ls 5g\, XbonfO{ cfgGb u/fpg] . k/dk|e'sf cf1fx¿ pHHjn
5g\, cf“vfnfO{ k|sfz lbg]Æ -ehg;+u|x !(M&–*_ .
æ;Dk"0f{ kljq–zf:q k/d]Zj/sf] k|]/0ffaf6 ePsf] xf], / of] l;sfpgnfO{,
ctL{ lbgnfO{, ;RofpgnfO{, wfld{stfdf tflnd lbgnfO{ nfebfos x'G5Æ -@
ltdf]yL #M!^_ .
afOansf] ;Dk"0f{ ;+/rgf cb\e"t lsl;dsf] 5 lsgeg] o;df pNn]v ePsf
36gfx¿, kfqx¿, efiffz}nL, n]Vg] tl/sf, ljifoa:t'sf] k|:t'lt, p4/0f ug]{
tl/sf k"0f{tof k|dfl0ft / ;To 5g\ . o;}u/L of] k':tsnfO{ ljleGg o'ux¿df
vt/gfs zf;s / lj/f]wLx¿af6 ;'/lIft /fVg / ;+/If0f ug{ k/d]Zj/n] s;/L
of]hgfa4 ¿kdf dflg;x¿nfO{ k|of]u ug'{eof] Tof] cWoog / cg';Gwfg ug{
nfossf] ljifo xf] . o;/L afOan xfd|f] xftdf s;/L cfOk'Uof] tL 36gfx¿

११
ljZn]if0f ubf{ k/d]Zj/ hLljt x'g'x'G5 eGg] k'li6 ldNb5 clg hf“r]/ pxf“nfO{
ljZjf; ug]{ st{Jo xfd|f] xf] .

afOansf] >]i7tf a'emfpg k|of]u ePsf s]xL pkdfx¿M

afOansf] >]i7tf k|s6 ug]{ y'k|} k|sf/sf pkdfx¿ 5g\ h;dWo] s]xLsf]
af/]df o; v08df cWoog ug]{5f}“ . o; k|sf/sf] pkdf jf lrq0fn] /x:osf
s'/fx¿ ;/n k|sf/n] k|s6 u5{g\ / tL s'/fx¿ ;a} :t/sf kf7sx¿n] ;lhn}
a'‰g / u|x0f ug{ ;S5g\ . h:t}M
-!_ cflTds b"w (Spiritual Milk):
aRrfsf] lglDt cfdfsf] b"w ;jf]{Qd kf}li6s
cfxf/ xf] . o;n] aRrfsf] ;dfg'kflts j[l4 x'g /
:j:y /xg k"/f d2t u5{ . o;} u/L afOan
xfd|f]lglDt cflTds b"w xf] . o; cflTds b"w
afOanaf6 kf}li6s tŒj kfpgsf] lglDt ;a} b'i6tf,
5n, sk6, O{iof{ / lgGbfx¿ Tofu]/ t[i0ffsf;fy ;]jg
ug{'k5{ -! kq'; @M!–@_ .

-@_ b'O{wf/] t/jf/ (Two Edged Sword):

afOansf] jrg olt w]/} ;zQm 5
h;n] >f]tf jf kf7snfO{ pgLx¿sf] kfksf]
lglDt sfon kf5{ / To;sf] Ifdf kfpg
v|L:6nfO{ ljZjf; ug]{ k]|/0ff lbPsf] x'G5 .
afOan eG5, æk/d]Zj/sf] jrg hLljt /
lqmofzLn x'G5 / s'g} klg b'O–{ wf/]
t/jf/eGbf a9L wfl/nf] x'G5 . o;n] k|f0f / cfTdfnfO{ To;sf hf]gL{–hf]gL{ /
xf8sf] u'bL;DdnfO{ efu–efu kf?Gh]n jf/kf/ 5]8\g] / Xbosf ljrf/ / OR5f
hf“Rg ;Sg] x'G5Æ -lxa|" $M!@_ .

-#_ 3g / cfuf] (Hammer and Fire):

k/dk|e' eGg'x'G5, æs] d]/f] jrg
cfuf] h:t} 5}g / < r§fgnfO{ r"0f{ r"0f{
kfg]{ s] Tof] Pp6f 7"nf] 3g´}“ 5}g / <Æ
k/d]Zj/sf] jrg aNbf] cfuf]´}“ 5
h;n] cfÇgf kf7ssf] hLjgdf ePsf
v/fa s'/fx¿ / ljrf/x¿nfO{ hnfpg

१२
;S5 . ;fy} xfd|f] Xbosf s7f]/tf / dfgjLo ts{ ljts{nfO{ 3gn] 9'·f kmf]/]´}“
6'qmf–6'qmf kfg{ ;S5 -old{of @#M@(_ .

-$_ Pp6f P]gf (A Mirror):

k/d]Zj/sf] jrgn] Pp6f P]gfsf] sfd u5{ .
h;/L P]gfn] xfd|f] d'vdf ePsf bfu / kmf]xf]/x¿
k|:6 b]vfp“5 kmn:j¿k xfdL To;nfO{ k'5]/ jf wf]P/
;kmf ug{ ;S5f}+ To;/L g} k/d]Zj/sf] jrgn] xfd|f]
Xbo / hLjgdf ePsf ;a} kmf]x/ s'/fx¿sf] cj:yf
5n{· b]vfp“5 . kmn:j¿k xfd|f kfkx¿ s] s] 5g\ /
To;sf] s;/L ;'wf/ ug]{ ;f] yfxf kfp“5f}+ -ofs"a !M@#–@$_

-%_ aQL (Lamp):

aQL ;w}“ c“Wof/f]df aflnG5 tfls To;sf]
d2tn] xfdLx¿ lx“8\g ;sf}+ . afOansf] ehg;+ux|
!!(M!)% df n]lvPsf] 5, ætkfO{+sf] jrg d]/f]
v'§fsf] lglDt aQL / af6f]sf] lglDt pHofnf] xf] .Æ
k/d]Zj/sf] jrgn] xfd|f] hLjgsf] ofqfdf aQLsf]
sfd u5{ .

-^_ cf}ifwL (Medicine):

s'g} klg 8fS6/n] la/fdLnfO{ hf“r u/]kl5
lgodk"j{s cf}ifwL vfg] / c¿ yk kfngf ug'{ kg]{
lgodx¿ klg atfOlbG5g\ . kljq afOan dxfg\
8fS6/ o]z" v|L:6n] xfdLnfO{ ;]jg ug{ -kfng
ug{_ lbg'ePsf] Ps dfq ;jf]{Qd cf}ifwL xf] .
h;n] lgod k'¥ofP/ cfb/;fy afOansf] ;]jg
u5{, p;n] cflTds, dfgl;s, zf/Ll/s /
;fdflhs :jf:Yo kfp“5 . h:t}M
 pxf“n] jrg k7fP/ ltgLx¿nfO{ lgsf] kfg{'eof] / ltgLx¿nfO{ d[To'sf]
vf8naf6 psf:g'eof] -ehg;+u|x !)&M@)_ .
 x] d]/f] 5f]/f, d]/f] s'/fdf Wofg b], d]/f jrgx¿ /fd|/L ;'g\, tL t]/f]
gh/af6 pDs]/ hfg gb], tL t]/f] Xboleq /flv5f]8\ . lsgeg] d]/f] jrg
kfpg]sf] lglDt Tof] hLjg xf] / To;sf] ;f/f z/L/sf] lglDt :jf:Yo xf]
-lxtf]kb]z $M@)–@@_ .

१३
-&_ kf]lifnf] ef]hg (Nutritious Food):
:jf:Yosf] dxŒj a'em]sf JolQmx¿n] cfÇgf]
:jf:y ;w}“ /fd|f] /fVg k"/f k|of; u5{g\ . o;sf]
lglDt kf}li6s tŒjo'Qm vfg]s'/f vfG5g\ . vf]O, xfd|f]
cfTdfsf] ef]hg < s] o;nfO{ :j:y agfpg' kb}{g <
afOan eG5, ‘xfd|f] cfTdfsf] ef]hg k/d]Zj/sf]
jrg xf] . o;nfO{ lgodk"j{s rkfP/ kRg] u/L vfg'k5{’ -dQL $M$_ .

-*_ lap (Seed):

c;n hldgdf /f]k]sf] lapn] cfÇgf] ;dodf k|z:t
kmn kmnfp“5 . k/d]Zj/sf] jrg Pp6f lap xf] .
of] lap dlnnf] Xbodf /f]k]sf] v08df l5§} pd|G5
/ ;dodf kmn kmnfp“5 . k/d]Zj/sf] jrg lhp“bf]
aLp xf] -!kq'; !M@#_ .

-(_ dx (Honey):
d}n] tkfO{+sf] jrg vfP“ / Tof] d]/f] d'vdf
dxem}“ ld7f] eof] . k/d]Zj/sf] jrgdf cj0f{gLo
ld7f; / cfgGb lbg] Ifdtf 5 -OhlsPn #M#_ .

xfdLn] afOansf] ;Totf hfGg' lsg cfjZos 5 <

o; ;+;f/df dfgj clwsf/ / cfjZostfx¿sf] af/]df lgs} 7"nf]
ax; rn]sf] 5 . dflg;n] af]Ng / n]Vg kfpg] cfjZostf, lzIff / :jf:Yo
;]jfsf] cfjZostf, /f]huf/L kfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf, ;'/Iff kfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf,
k|]d / :jLsf/sf] cfjZostf, lhpg'sf] p2]Zo, pGglt, ;kmntf cflbsf]
cfjZostf . oL ;a} cfjZostfx¿ cf–cfÇgf] :t/df dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ . o]z"n]
eGg'ePsf] 5, æklxn] pxf“sf] /fHo / pxf“sf] wfld{stfsf] vf]hL u/, / oL ;a}
yf]s ltdLx¿sf lglDt ylkg]5g\Æ -dQL ^M##_ . o]z"n] cfkm"dfly ljZjf; ug]{
ox"bLx¿nfO{ eGg'eof], æltdLx¿ d]/f] jrgdf /xØf} eg] ltdLx¿ ;f“Rr} d]/f
r]nf xf} . ta ltdLx¿n] ;To s] xf] ;f] hfGg]5f}, / ;Ton] ltdLx¿nfO{ :jtGq
t'Nofpg]5Æ -o"xGgf *M#!–#@_ . afOansf] ;Totf hfGgfn] lgDg k|sf/sf
kmfObfx¿ kfpg ;S5f}+ . h:t}M
!= xfd|f] cfTdfsf] d'lSt sd{n] xf]Og t/ o]z" v|L:6df ljZjf; u/]/ l;Q}df
kfOG5 eGg] s'/f hfGg afOann] a'l4 k|bfg u5{ -@ ltdf]yL #M!%† Plkm;L
@M*–(_ .

१४
@= h;n] k/d]Zj/sf] jrgnfO{ cfÇgf] Xbodf /fV5 Tof] JolQm k/d]Zj/sf]
lj?4 kfk ug{ 8/fp“5 -ehg;+u|x !!(M!!_ .
#= k/d]Zj/sf cf1fx¿ xf]l;of/L;fy kfng ug]{ JolQmn] cfÇgf ;a} dfu{df
pGglt u5{ / ;kmntf k|fKt u5{ -oxf]z" !M&–*_ .
$= k/d]Zj/sf] jrg afOan a'em]/ k9]sf] v08df ljZjf; a9\5 -/f]dL
!)M!&_ .
%= k/d]Zj/sf] jrgn] xfdLnfO{ cfÇgf kfksf] lglDt kZrftfkL agfp“5 -
k|]l/t @M!$, #&–#*_ .
^= z/L/ / cfTdfsf ;a} kfkaf6 z'4 x'g k/d]Zj/sf] jrgn] xfdLnfO{ d2t
k'¥ofp“5 -@ sf]l/GyL &M!_ .
&= k/d]Zj/sf] jrgn] xfdLnfO{ gof“ hLjg -cgGt_ k|bfg u5{ -! kq'; !M@#
s]–s:tf s'/fx¿sf] sf/0f k/d]Zj/sf] jrg -afOan_ xfd|f] hLjgdf
k|efjsf/L x'“b}g <
lap / hldgsf] oyf]lrt ;DaGwlagf gf6sLo ¿kdf s'g} klg ls;fgn] km;n
kmnfpg ;Sb}g . ha pGgt / :j:y lap tof/ ul/Psf] c;n hldgdf 5l/G5
ta To;n] tL;, ;f7L / ;o u'0ff kmn kmnfp“5 -dQL !#M@#_ . afOan
k/d]Zj/sf] hLljt jrg / ;f; xf] t/ klg olb xfd|f] Xbo tof/ 5}g eg]
o;n] xfd|f] hLjgdf hah{:tL sfd ub}{g . xfd|f] Xbosf] ljrf/, hLjgz}nL /
ljZjf;åf/f k/d]Zj/sf] jrgnfO{ cfÇgf] hLjg / Jojxf/df sfd ug{
lbg'k5{ . ha xfdL pxf“nfO{ sfd ug]{ cg'dlt lbG5f}+ ta pxf“sf] jrgn] qmlds
¿kdf xfd|f] hLjgdf sfd ub}{ hfG5 .
Pp6f ls;fgn] hldgdf lap 5/]kl5 cfÇgf] 3/df 9'Ss k/]/ a:g'
;/f;/L d"v{tf x'G5 . km;n s6gLsf lglDt tof/ geP;Dd p;n] lg/Gt/
sfd ul/ /xg'k5{ . k/d]Zj/sf] jrgdf ls;fgn] v]tL u/]h:t} lgoldt sfd
gu/];Dd rfx]sf] h:tf] kl/0ffd cfpg ;Sb}g . k/d]Zj/sf] jrgn] xfd|f]
hLjgdf sfd ug{ g;Sg'sf k|d'v sf/0fx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\, h:t}M
!= dflg;sf] k/Dk/f / k'vf{x¿sf] /Lltl/jfhdf Wofg lbg] JolQmn]
k/d]Zj/sf] jrgnfO{ ;lhn} csf]{lt/ kG5fp“5 -dQL !%M!–(_ .
@= dflg;sf] s'/fdf Wofg lbg] JolQmn] k/d]Zj/sf] jrg kfngf ug{ ;Sb}g .
o;}sf/0f o]z" v|L:6n] cfÇgf r]nf kq';nfO{ o:tf] hjfkm lbg' k/]sf] lyof],
æP] ;}tfg d]/f] ;fdg]af6 xl6hf, t“ d]/f] lglDt afwf xf];\, lsgeg] t“
k/d]Zj/sf s'/fdf xf]Og, t/ dflg;x¿sf s'/fdf Wofg lbG5;\Æ -dQL
!^M@#_ .
#= dflg;x¿sf ;fd'Gg] cfkm"nfO{ wdL{ 7x/fP/ pRr kfg{ vf]Hg] JolQmn] klg
k/d]Zj/sf] jrgdf 7Ss/ vfG5 -n"sf !^M!$–!%_ .
१५
$= h;/L Pp6f sd;n hldg -h:t}M 9'·]gL, emf8L / af6f]_df 5l/Psf] lap
pd|g ;Sb}g To;} u/L s7f]/tf, nf]e–nfnr, lrGtflkmqmL cflb ePsf]
Xbodf 5l/Psf] jrg k|efjsf/L x'“b}g -dQL !#M!(–@#_ .
%= ;}tfgsf] s'/f ;'Ggfn] k/d]Zj/sf] jrgsf] ;Totfk|lt cljZjf; a9\b}
hfG5 -pTklQ #M!–%_ .
afOan k9\g] / Jojxf/df nufpg] ;/n tl/sf
kljq afOan Pp6f o:tf] k':ts xf] h;sf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg, dgg /
kfngf ug{ hLjgsf] ;Dk"0f{ zlQm, ;do / Ifdtf vr{ u/] tf klg Tof] yf]/} g}
x'G5 . o;sf/0f tkfO{+ a'l4dfg\ x'g rfxg'x'G5 eg]
afOan k9\g'xf];\† olb tkfO{+ d'lQm kfpg rfxg'x'G5
eg] afOandf ljZjf; ug'{xf];\† olb tkfO{+ kljq /
lgbf]{if hLjg ofkg ug{ rfxg'x'G5 eg] afOannfO{
hLjgdf sfof{Gjog ug'{xf];\ . kmn:j¿k oL s'/fx¿
tkfO{+sf] hLjgdf ;fy{s x'g]5g\ .
afOan k9\bf ofb /fVg'kg]{ $ j6f s'/fx¿
!= of] k':ts k9\bf k|fy{gf u/]/ ;'? ug{'k5{ . k|]d / pT;fxsf;fy k9\g'k5{ .
@= k"/f Wofg lbP/ lrGtg dgg ub}{ k9\g'k5{ . lgodk"j{s lbglbg} k9\g'k5{ .
#= h'g v08n] cfÇgf] Xbo 5'G5 To;nfO{ lrGx -/·Lg k]lG;n_ nufpg'xf];\ /
hLjgdf sfof{Gjog ug{ k/d]Zj/sf] d2t lng'xf];\ .
$= olb afOan k9\b} hf“bf s'g} s'/f a'lemPg eg] k9\g g5f]8\g'xf];\ t/ To;
s'/fsf] pQ/ kfpg k|fy{gf u/]/ k/d]Zj/nfO{ g} ;f]Wg'xf];\ . ;fy} Hofb}
c;n / ;dlk{t v|Ll:6ognfO{ klg ;f]Wg ;lsG5 .
afOan k9\bf ckgfpg'kg]{ tLg s'/fx¿
!= cjnf]sg (Observation)
kljq afOan k/d]Zj/sf] cfTdfn] k|]/0ff lbP/ n]lvPsf] k':ts xf] .
To; sf/0f k|fy{gf;lxt cfÇgf] k'/f Wofg / ;dem nufP/ o;nfO{ cWoog
ug'{k5{ . Pp6f–Pp6f jfSon] s] eGb} 5 Wofg lbP/ x]g'{ cjnf]sg ug'{ xf] .
cjnf]sg ubf{ bf]x/LPsf zAb, b[i6fGt, pbfx/0f, lrq0f, cf1f–ctL{, r]tfjgL,
k|lt1f, 36gf, JolQmx¿, ;do / :yfg, eljiojf0fL, p4/0f, n]vssf] dgf]efj
/ hf]z clg zAb /rgf cflb ;a} s'/fx¿sf] klg Vofn ug{'kb{5 .
@= JofVof (Interpretation)
afOansf] s'g} klg v08 JofVof ubf{ kljq–cfTdfsf] d2t lng'k5{ .
afOanaf6 k/d]Zj/ xfdL;“u af]Ng'x'G5 . afOan af]Nb5 o;sf/0f tkfO{+n]
१६
;'Gg'xf];\ dfq . of] sfd k|fy{gf / b[9 OR5fsf;fy ug{'kb{5 . afOansf s'g}–
s'g} v08x¿ hl6n / ax'cy{ lbg] x'G5g\ To;}n] cfkm"nfO{ dg kg]{ lx;fan] cy{
nufpg' x'“b}g lsgeg] o;n] uNtL hGdfpg] 5 . JofVof ug]{ sfddf ;xfos
k'l:tsfx¿ h:t} l6Kk0fL, zAbsf]if, P6n;, ljifout ;Gbe{ k':tsx¿ cflbnfO{
cf}hf/sf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ d'Vo afOan g} xf] . afOanleq k:g
hfGof] eg] k/d]Zj/n] cfÇgf] cfTdfåf/f ;demzlQm vf]Nb} hfg'x'g]5 . afOan
cfkm}n] cfÇgf] JofVof ub{5, of] g} afOan cWoog ug]{ ;a}eGbf >]i7 tl/sf
xf] .
#= k|of]u (Application)
of] ;a}eGbf d'Vo sfo{ xf] . lsgeg] k|of]ulagf dflysf b'O{
r/0fx¿ cw'/f /xG5g\ . h;n] jrg kfng u5{ To;n] dfq k/d]Zj/af6
cflzif\ kfp“5 . cWoog u/]sf] s'/f Jojxf/df s;/L nufpg] eGg] ljifodf
lglZrt x'g' k|of]u ug{' xf] . Pp6f–Pp6f jrgnfO{ Jojxf/df nufp“b} qmd};“u
cl3 a9\g'k5{ . cfÇgf] jrgdf kSsf / lglb{i6 x'g'xf];\ . h:t}M k/d]Zj/nfO{
w]/} ;do lbG5', eGg' lglb{i6tf xf]Og . lsgeg] w]/} eg]sf] slt ;do xf] — !)
ldg]6 jf !) 306f < t/ d lbgdf @ 306f ;do k/d]Zj/nfO{ lbG5', laxfg
^–& / a]n'sL &–*, eGg' Hofb} lglb{i6 / k/d]Zj/nfO{ dg kg]{ sfo{ xf] . o:tf]
egfO / sfd u/fO pxf“nfO{ dgk5{ . afOannfO{ cfÇgf] hLjgdf k|ToIf ¿kdf
ptfb}{ hfg';\ h;nfO{ c¿n] k9\g]5g\ / pgLx¿n] klg ;TotfnfO{ hfGg]5g\ .
cfd]g .

१७
 -kf7–#_
o]z" v|L:6sf] hLjgsf ljz]iftfx¿
o]z" v|L:6sf] hGd, hLjgL, d[To', k'g?Tyfg cflb ;DaGwdf dflg;x¿
ljleGg k|sf/sf ts{x¿ u5{g\ . ;To hfGg', a'‰g' / gof“ s'/f l;Sg ts{ jf
k|Zg ug'{ Hofb} /fd|f] s'/f xf] . k|Zg ug]{ JolQmn] w]/} ;To s'/fx¿ /fd|f];“u
l;Sg ;S5 . t/ ;To OGsf/ ug{ ts{ ug'{ Pp6f vt/gfs sfo{ xf] . o]z" v|L:6
k/d]Zj/sf] /fHosf] d'Vo JolQm x'g'x'G5 . o]z"sf] af/]df cWoog ubf{ y'k|}
s'/fx¿df Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ . cf+lzs jf ck"0f{ hfgsf/L h;sf] Pp6f kIf
;To´}“ b]lvP klg To;n] xfdLnfO{ unt af6f]df k'¥ofp“5 g} .

o]z" v|L:6sf] hLjgLsf] af/]df JofVof ug]{ ;a}eGbf e/kbf]{ ;|f]t afOan
dfq} xf] . pxf“sf] af/]df hfGg rfxg] JolQmn] afOan cWoog ug'{kb{5 . h:t}
afOan aflx/sf] Oltxf;, ljåfg\x¿sf] n]vf]6, kf7\ok':ts cflb oL ;|f]tx¿ ;w}“
cf+lzs / af·f] l;4fGtdf eP/ n]lvPsf x'G5g\ . n]vsn] cfÇgf] dfgjLo 1fg
/ ts{sf] cfwf/df zAbx¿sf] hfn a'g]/ o]z" v|L:6sf] JolQmTj, pxf“n] qm";df
ug'{ePsf] p4f/sf] sfo{ / To;sf] cf}lrTodf z°f pTkGg u/fpg] s'/fx¿
k|:t't u/]sf x'G5g\ . o]z" v|L:6sf] hLjgsf ljz]iftfx¿ afOanaf6 o;
v08df cWoog dgg ug]{5f}+ .

!= o]z" v|L:6 z/L/df cfpg'cl3 ug'{ePsf sfo{x¿M

k/d]Zj/n] k'q o]z"nfO{ ;a} s'/fsf pQ/flwsf/L lgo'Qm ug'{eof] . pxf“åf/f g}
;d:t ;[li6 /Rg'eof] -lxa|" !M@_ . pxf“n] ;Dk"0f{ ljZjnfO{ cfÇgf] zlQmsf]
jrgn] ;DxfNg'eof] -lxa|" !M# v_ . ;a} yf]s o]z"åf/f algPsf x'g\, jf:tjdf
algPsf s'g} klg yf]s pxf“ljgf algPsf xf]Ogg\ -o"xGgf !M!–#_ .

@= o]z" v|L:6 z/L/df cfpg'cl3 pxf“nfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/Psf pkdfx¿M

o]z" v|L:6 dfgj z/L/df cfpg' cl3 k"0f{ ¿kdf k/d]Zj/ x'g'x'GYof] .
pxf“nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ afOandf k|of]u ul/Psf pkdfx¿n] o; tYosf] k'l:6
lbG5g\ . pxf“nfO{ ODdfg'Pn eg]/ ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5, h;sf] cy{ k/d]Zj/
xfdL;“u x'g'x'G5 -oz}of &M!$† dQL !M@#_ . o]z" hf] ODdfg'Pn x'g'x'G5 pxf“
xfdL;“u a:g / xfdLdf /fHo ug{ rfxg'x'G5 .

o;}u/L pxf“nfO{ zlQmzfnL k/d]Zj/, cgGtsf lktf -oz}of (M^,

!)M@)–@!_† k/d]Zj/sf k'q -ehg;+u|x @M&_† jrg -o"xGgf !M!, !$_ /
१८
dflg;sf] k'q -bflgPn &M!#_ cflb gfp“n] ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 . oL
;Daf]wgx¿nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ o]z" z/L/df cfpg' cl3 cyjf lxhf], cfh /
;bf;j{bf pxf“ l;4 k/d]Zj/ / kfk/lxt l;4 dfgj x'g'x'G5 -lxa|" !#M*_ .

#= o]z" v|L:6 z/L/df cfpg'sf p2]Zox¿M

k/d]Zj/sf] :jefj ljZn]if0f ubf{ b'O{j6f s'/fx¿n] o]z" z/L/df
cfpg'k/]sf] tYo k|:6 kfb{5g\ . klxnf], k/d]Zj/ GofoL x'g'x'G5 . pxf“ lgikIf
Gofo ug]{ wdL{ k/d]Zj/ x'g'x'G5 . o;sf/0f pxf“n] kfksf] Gofo ug'{x'G5 . of]
Gofodf s'g} cbnabn x'g ;Sb}g . dflg; kfkn] ubf{ of] Gofo kfpg of]Uo 5 .
csf]{, k/d]Zj/ k|]d x'g'x'G5 . pxf“n] xfdL dfgj hfltnfO{ lgM:jfy{ -cufk]_ k|]d
ug'{x'G5 . kfkdf km;]sf] dfgjnfO{ p4f/ ug{ cyf{t\ cgGt hLjg lbg pxf“sf]
Xbo pTk|]l/t 5 . o;sf/0f cfbdåf/f kfkdf km;]/ k/d]Zj/sf] qmf]w /
Gofodf k/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hfltsf kfknfO{ cfkm"n] ltg{ / Tof] cufk] k|]d
k|s6 ug{ o]z" qm';df dg'{eof] . of] qm';sf] d[To' xfd|f] ;§fdf lyof], o;sf/0f
pxf“ dfgj z/L/df cfpg'ePsf] xf] .
o]z" dfgj z/L/df cfpg'sf k|d'v sf/0fx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\M
xfdLnfO{ k/d]Zj/ lrgfpgM
o]z" hf] jrg x'g'x'GYof] pxf“ z/L/df cfpg'eof] / xfd|f] aLrdf
a:g'eof] -o"xGgf !M!$_ . pxf“n] xfdLnfO{ k/d]Zj/ lktfsf] af/]df l;sfpg /
lrgfpg rfxg'x'G5 . o;sf/0f o]z"n] k|Zgsf] hjfkm lb“b} lkmlnknfO{ eGg'eof],
æh;n] dnfO{ b]v]sf] 5 To;n] lktfnfO{ b]v]sf] 5Æ -o"xGgf !$M(_ . k/d]Zj/
o]z" v|L:6åf/f xfdL;“u af]Ng'x'G5 -lxa|" !M!–#_ .

xfdLnfO{ l;4 gd'gf lbgM

xfdL o]z" v|L:6sf] gd'gf cg's/0f ug{ af]nfOPsf 5f}+ . o]z"sf]
hLjgz}nL, sfo{x¿, lzIff, d[To', k'g?Tyfg cflb ;a} s'/fx¿ cg's/0f ug{
of]Uo 5g\ . pxf“ cfÇgf] jrg / sfddf l;4 x'g'x'G5 -! kq'; @M@!_ . pxf“nfO{
k5\Øfpg kfpg' xfd|f] lglDt ;f}efUo xf] . pxf“sf] gd'gf l;4 ePsf]n] xfdLnfO{
klg l;4tftkm{ a9fpg pxf“ ;Ifd x'g'x'G5 .

kfksf] k"0f{ alnbfg ug{M

o]z" z/L/df cfpg' ePsf]n] dfq} pxf“ xfd|f] ;§f alnbfg x'g ;Sg'eof] . pxf“n]
xfdL ;a}sf lglDt cfÇg} z/L/df d[To' ;xg'eof] -lxa|" @M(_ . olb pxf“ z/L/df
gcfpg'ePsf] eP xfd|f] ;§fdf qm";df dg{ ;Sg' x'g] lyPg . lsgeg] cljgfzL
k/d]Zj/ dfgj z/L/lagf dg{ ;Dej 5}g -! ltdf]yL !M!&_ . o;} u/L pxf“

१९
xfdL h:t} kfk ug]{ dflg; dfq x'g' ePsf] eP pxf“sf] d[To'n] kfk x/0f ug{
;Dej x'g] lyPg .

s[kfn' / ljZjf;of]Uo k|wfg k"hfxf/L x'gM

dflg;sf lglDt k/d]Zj/;“u lgj]bg ug]{ Pp6f k|wfg k"hfxf/Lsf]
cfjZostf k"/f ug{ o]z" z/L/df cfpg' ePsf] csf]{ sf/0f xf] . k'/fgf]
s/f/sf k"hfxf/Ln] of] sfo{ ug{ ;Dej lyPg . o]z" kfk/lxt, ljZjf;of]Uo
k|wfg k"hfxf/L x'g'x'G5 . lsgeg] pxf“n] s'g} k|ltjfb gu/L cfÇgf] k|f0f ck{0f
ug'{eof] . pxf“sf] alnbfg cfÇgf] kfksf] lglDt lyPg t/ xfd|f] ;§fdf lyof] o;
sf/0f pxf“ ;a}sf lglDt ;bf;j{bf k|wfg k"hfxf/L x'g'x'G5 -lxa|" %M#–^_ .

$= lsg / s;/L o]z" v|L:6 k/d]Zj/ x'g'x'G5 <

k/d]Zj/sf] /fHosf] d'Vo JolSt o]z" v|L:6 x'g'x'G5 . o]z" v|L:6sf]
af/]df cWoog ubf{ s]xL s'/fx¿ /fd|f];“u hfGg'kb{5 . o]z" v|L:6 k/d]Zj/
x'g'x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] k'li6 lbg] s]xL tYox¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\M

o]z"sf] hGd cb\e't hGd

o]z" v|L:6sf] hGddf /x:osf s'/fx¿, cy{ / dxŒj ljBdfg ePsf] x'gfn]
cb\e't elgPsf] xf] . cb\e't s'/fx¿ Hofb} /f]rs / cWoog dgg ug{ nfossf
x'G5g\ . o]z" v|L:6sf] hGd cb\e't x'g'sf s]xL sf/0fx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\M

o]z"sf] hGd ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] cudjf0fLM

 pxf“sf] hGd x'g' eGbf nueu &)) jif{ cl3 o:tf] eljiojf0fL ul/Psf]
lyof], æo;}sf/0f k/dk|e' cfkm}n] ltdLx¿nfO{ Pp6f lrGx lbg'x'g]5 . x]/ ¤
sGof ue{jtL x'g]5 / To;n] Pp6f 5f]/f] hGdfpg]5 / pgsf] gfp“ ODdfg'Pn
/flvg]5Æ -oz}of &M!$_ .

o]z"sf] hGdsf] cy{ / dxŒj

ta b"tn] ltgLx¿nfO{ eg], æg8/fcf], lsgeg] x]/, d ltdLx¿nfO{ a8f]
cfgGbsf] ;';dfrf/ ;'gfp“5', hf] ;a} dflg;x¿sf lglDt x'g]5 -n"sf @M!)_ .Æ
o; jfSonfO{ ljrf/ ljZn]if0f ubf{ xfd|f lglDt y'k|} ;Gb]zx¿ /flvPsf 5g\ .
h'g ;Gb]znfO{ tLgj6f zAbx¿n] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ . h:t}M g8/fcf], cfgGbsf]
;';dfrf/, ;a} dflg;sf lglDt . cyf{t\ o; ;+;f/ / To;df ePsf dflg;x¿
b'Mv, si6, ;d:of / d[To'sf] 8/n] hLjgel/ 56k6fPsf 5g\ . oL ;a}

२०
dflg;x¿sf lglDt o]z" v|L:6 Pp6f v';Lsf] ;';dfrf/ x'g'x'G5 . lsgeg]
pxf“sf] hLjgn] dfgj hfltnfO{ cfzf lbG5 / hLjg cy{k"0f{ agfp“5 .

o]z" gfp“ kfkaf6 p4f/ ug]{ gfp“ xf]

ltgn] Pp6f k'q hGdfpg]5g\ / ltdLn] pxf“sf] gfp“ o]z" /fVg]5f}, lsgeg]
pxf“n] cfÇgf dflg;x¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf kfkaf6 p4f/ ug{'x'g]5 -dQL !M@!_ .
o;}sf/0f o]z"n] eGg'eof], æltdLx¿n] d pxL x'“ eg]/ ljZjf; u/]gf} eg] cfÇgf
kfkdf dg]{5f} -o"xGgf *M@$_ .Æ k/d]Zj/sf] cg'u|x d Joy{ t'NofpGg, lsgls
Joj:yfåf/f wfld{stf x'G5 eg] v|L:6 Joy}{df dg{'eof] -unftL @M@!_ .

pxf“sf] gd|tfn] xfdLnfO{ gd| aGg k|]/0ff lbg'sf] ;fy} s/df kfb{5
ltdLx¿df of] dg xf];\, hf] v|L:6df klg lyof] . pxf“ k/d]Zj/sf] :j¿kdf
eP/ klg k/d]Zj/;“u} a/fa/ x'gnfO{ hf]ufO/fVg] wg h:tf] ;D´g' ePg, t/
cfkm"nfO{ l/ŒofO{sg sdf/fsf] ¿k lnP/ dflg;x¿sf] ;dfgtfdf x'g'eof] .
¿kdf dflg; h:tf] eP/ d[To';Dd} cf1fsf/L x'g'eof], qm";sf] d[To';Dd}
cfkm"nfO{ xf]Rofpg'eof] -lkmlnKkL @M%–*_ . sf]xL v|L:6df 5 eg] Tof] gof“ ;[li6
x'G5 . k'/fgf s'/fx¿ lalt;s] . x]/, tL gof“ eO;s]sf 5g\ -@sf]l/GyL %M!&_ .
lj1fg, lzIff, sfg"g, l;4fGt, lgod Pjd\ c¿ s'g} s'/fn] dflg;sf] dg z'4
kf/]/ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sb}g, t/ o]z" v|L:6n] dfq kl/jt{g ug{'x'G5 . o]z"sf]
hLjgLn] xfdLnfO{ gd| aGg dfu{ lgb]{zg lbG5 clg xfdL gd| aGb} hfG5f}+ .

%= o]z" v|L:6sf] 8/nfUbf] d[To'

o]z" v|L:6sf] d[To' 8/nfUbf] / sxfnL nfUbf] lyof] . t/ of] d[To'
;'lgof]lht, k"j{–3f]lift, k/d]Zj/sf] of]hgf / OR5fcg';f/ lyof] . o]z"sf] d[To'
-alnbfg_ xfd|f] ;§fdf ePsf] xf] . o; sf/0f of] d[To' s;/L / lsg eof] eGg]
s'/f dgg u/]sf] v08df pxf“dfly ljZjf; ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . o]z" v|L:6sf]
;dodf d[To'b08 lbg] k|lqmof / z}nL ljrf/
ubf{ Tof] lgb{oL Pjd\ cdfgjLo k|s[ltsf] lyof] .
o]z"sf] xft / v'§fdf lsnf 7f]sL d[To'b08
lbOof] . qm";sf] d[To' cToGt} si6bfoL x'G5 /
o:tf] d[To' x'“bf :jf;k|Zjf;df Hofb} sl7gfO
kb{5 . o]z"n] klxn] g} k|f0f TofuL ;Sg'ePsf]
hfg]/ l;kfxLx¿n] pxf“sf] xft v'§f ef“r]gg\ .
pxf“sf] sf]vfdf efnf /f]Kbf hd]sf] /ut / kfgL

२१
aUof] To;n] pxf“ dl/;Sg'ePsf] yk k|df0f lbof] -o"xGgf !(M##–#$_ . d]l8sn
lj1fgsf cg';f/ o:tf] /ut / kfgLn] d[To' e};s]sf] :jLsf/ u5{ .
o]z"n] cfÇgf] d[To' ;DaGwL r]nfx¿nfO{ klxn] g} k6s–k6s :ki6
lzIff lbg'ePsf] lyof], ædflg;sf] k'q dflg;x¿sf] xftdf ;'lDklbOg]5, /
ltgLx¿n] pxf“nfO{ dfg]{5g\, / pm dfl/Psf] tLg lbgkl5 km]l/ hLljt eO{
p7\g]5g\Æ -ds"{; (M#! v_ . o]z"sf] d[To' cgGtb]lv k/d]Zj/n] to ug'{ePsf]
Pp6f of]hgf lyof] . of] d[To' sf/0fjz cyjf ox"bLx¿sf] b'i6tfn] x'g cfPsf]
36gf dfq} lyPg . pxf“sf] /utdf dflg;sf] kfkn] pgLx¿sf] gzf–gzfdf
aUg] kfkL /utsf] sf/0f cfpg] ;a} b08x¿af6 5'6sf/f lbG5 -! kq'; !M!(–
@)_
pxf“sf] d[To'n] xfd|f kfksf] k|folZrt u5{ . kfk 9fSg', x/0f ug'{ /
Ifdf ug'{nfO{ k|folZrt elgG5 . o]z"sf] d[To' xfdLnfO{ ;a} lsl;dsf
cz'4tfaf6 5'6sf/f lbg ePsf] lyof] -lxa|" (M!$_ . o]z"sf] d[To'nfO{ sfg"gL
If]qdf k|of]u x'g] zAbx¿n] k:6 a'´fp“5g\ . pxf“ sfg"gL ¿kdf xfd|f] ;§f jf
abnfdf dg'{ eof] . o]z"sf] d[To' xfd|f] ;§fdf, xfd|f kfkx¿ af]Sg / b08 ltg{
ePsf] lyof] . æt/ pm xfd|f ck/fwsf] lglDt 3fon eof] . p;n] xfd|f cwd{sf]
lglDt rf]6 kfof] . xfd|} zflGtsf] lglDt b08 p;dfly k¥of] / p;n] kfPsf]
sf]/f{sf] rf]6n] xfdL lgsf] eof}+ . xfdL ;a} e]8f´}“ a/flnPsf 5f}+ . xfdL x/]s
cfÇg} af6f]lt/ nfu]sf 5f}+, / k/dk|e'n] p;dfly xfdL ;a}sf] cwd{
xflnlbg'ePsf] 5Æ -oz}of %#M%–^_ . ælsgls xfdL pxf“df k/d]Zj/sf]
wfld{stf aGg ;sf}+ eg]/ kfk glrGg' x'g]nfO{ k/d]Zj/n] xfd|f vflt/ kfk
agfpg'eof]Æ -@ sf]l/GyL %M@!_ .
xfd|f] ;§fdf / xfd|f] :yfgdf kfk ghfGg'x'g] k/d]Zj/sf] k'q o]z"
alnbfg x'g'eof] . pxf“ ;a}sf ;Dk"0f{ kfkx¿sf nflu Ps k6s pxf“ dg'{eof] .
pxf“ xfd|f] kfk p7fO n}hfg] y'df x'g'x'G5 -o"xGgf !M@(† @ sf]l/GyL %M!$† !
kq'; #M!*† unftL #M!#_ . o]z"sf] alnbfgn] xfdLnfO{ cfÇgf bf]ifx¿af6 k"0f{
¿kdf Ifdf ub{5 . pxf“sf] d[To'åf/f k/d]Zj/sf] wfld{stf xfdLn] ljZjf;
u/]/ cfÇgf] agfpg ;S5f}+ -/f]dL *M#–$_ . o;sf/0f pxf“sf] /utåf/f wdL{
7xl/Psf x'gfn] ´g\ a9L xfdL k/d]Zj/sf] qmf]waf6 pxf“åf/f arfOg]5f}+ .
-/f]dL %M(_ .
o]z"sf] d[To'n] k/d]Zj/sf] qmf]wnfO{ zfGt kfb{5 . kfkL dflg;x¿sf
lglDt wdL{ k/d]Zj/n] tf]Sg'ePsf ;Dk"0f{ b08 ;hfo o]z"sf] d[To'n] k"/f
ub{5 . k/d]Zj/ wdL{ / Gofostf{ x'g'x'G5 . o;sf/0f kfksf] b08 lbg' pxf“sf]
st{Jo xf] . t/ pxf“ cg'u|xdf wgL x'g'x'G5 . o;sf/0f v|L:6sf] d[To' d]/f]
lglDt lyof] eGg] s'/f h;n] :jLsf/ u5{ p;n] k/d]Zj/sf] qmf]waf6 5'6sf/f

२२
kfp“5 . Pp6f xflsd, ;]gfklt, GofofwLz, cyjf 3/sf] d'nLn] uNtL /
kfkk|lt cjZo cfÇgf] k|ltlqmof b]vfp“5 . pm cf“vf lrDn]/ a:b}g . o;sf/0f
afOan eG5 pxf“sf] b08df sf] v8f x'g ;S5 < k/d]Zj/nfO{ wGojfb xf];\
xfdLn] o]z" v|L:6df ;a} kfksf] Ifdf kfp“5f}+ -lxa|" @M!&† ! o"xGgf $M!)_ .
k/d]Zj/sf] wfld{stf, qmf]w / b08nfO{ o]z"sf] d[To'n] k"/f u5{ .
o]z"sf] d[To'n] dflg;nfO{ 5'6sf/f lbG5 . 5'6sf/f Jofkfl/s sf/f]af/;“u
;DalGwt zAb xf] . 5'6sf/f lbg] JolQm rl/qjfg\, cfly{s ¿kdf ;DkGg,
bofn' cflb x'g'k5{ . clg dfq p;n] c¿nfO{ 5'6fpg ;S5 . o]z" ;Dk"0f{
dfgj hfltnfO{ 5'6sf/f lbg OR5's, Ifdtfjfg\, d"No lbg ;Ifd / bofn'
k/d]Zj/ x'g'x'G5 . 5'6sf/f lbg C0f cyf{t\ b08 ;hfosf] d"No ltg'{k5{ h'g
si6bfoL / dx“uf] x'G5 . o]z"n] dflg;nfO{ 5'6sf/f lbg cfÇgf] ;Dk"0f{ /ut
aufpg' eof], Ps yf]kf klg af“sL /fVg' ePg -ds"{; !)M$%† Plkm;L !M&†
lxa|" (M!%† unftL #M!#_ .
o]z"sf] d[To'åf/f xfdLn] k/d]Zj/df ldnfk kfp“5f}+ . o]z" dg'{x'“bf
dlGb/sf] kbf{ dflyaf6 tn;Dd Rofltof] -dQL @&M%!_ . of] kbf{n] dflg; /
k/d]Zj/aLrsf] ljefhg cyf{t\ kfknfO{ cl°t ub{5 . of] ljefhgsf] cGTo
dflyaf6 cyf{t\ k/d]Zj/af6 dfq ;Dej x'G5 . o;sf/0f kbf{ dflyaf6
tn;Dd Rofltof] . kbf{ tnaf6 RofltPg o;sf/0f dflg;n] cfÇgf] sf]lzz /
Tofun] k/d]Zj/ lrGg, e]6\g / pxf“nfO{ v';L kfg{ ;Dej 5}g . dflg;n]
cfÇgf] k|oTg u/]/ kfksf] aGwgaf6 5'6sf/f kfpg ;S5 . kbf{n] ubf{
k/d]Zj/sf] lj/f]wL / zq' x'g k'u]sf] dfgj hfltn] ca o]z"åf/f ldnfk /
:jLsf/ k|fKt u5{ -unftL #M!#–!$_ .
afOansf lgDg v08x¿ dgg ug{'xf];\ clg tkfO{+ cfkm}n] klg Pp6f
lgisif{ lgsfNg ;Sg'x'g]5 .
 wd{zf:qcg';f/ s;/L v|L:6 xfd|f kfksf] lglDt dg{'eof] -! sf]l/GyL
!%M#_ .
 pm dflg;x¿af6 3[l0ft eof] / xfdLn] p;nfO{ s'g} df]nsf] ug]gf} .
lgZro p;n] xfd|} si6x¿ ;xØf] / xfd|f] b'Mv ef]Uof] . tfklg xfdLn]
p;nfO{ k/d]Zj/af6 lxsf{OPsf], lkl6Psf] / b'Mvdf k/]sf] 7fGof}+ .
t/ pm xfd|f ck/fwsf] lglDt 3fon eof] . p;n] xfd|f cwd{sf] lglDt
rf]6 kfof] . xfd|} zflGtsf] lglDt b08 p;dfly k¥of] / p;n] kfPsf]
sf]/f{sf] rf]6n] xfdL lgsf] eof}+ -oz}of %#M#–%_ .
 ca k|foM dWolbg ePsf] lyof] / t];|f] kx/;Dd} ;a} b]zel/ cGwsf/
eof] . ;"o{sf] t]h sd eof] / dlGb/sf] kbf{ df´df Rofltof] . rsf]{
:j/n] s/fP/ o]z"n] eGg'eof], æx] lktf, d d]/f] cfTdf tkfO{+sf] xftdf

२३
 lhDdf lbG5' .Æ olt eg]/ pxf“n] cfÇgf] k|f0f TofUg'eof] -n"sf
@#M$$–$^_ .
 ¿kdf dflg;h:tf] eP/ d[To¬;Dd} cf1fsf/L x'g'eof]Ù qm';sf] d[To';Dd}
cfkm"nfO{ xf]Rofpg'eof] -lkmlnKkL @M*_ .
 of] hfg]/ ls gfz x'g] kbfy{x¿ cyf{t\ rf“bL cyjf ;'gn] ltdLx¿sf
lktf–k'vf{af6 rlncfPsf] Joy{sf] /Lltaf6 ltdLx¿n] 5'6sf/f kfO{
lslgPsf xf]Ogf}, t/ y'dfsf] h:tf] lgisn°, lgbf]{if / cgdf]n /utn],
cyf{t\ v|L:6sf] /utn] lslgPsf xf}, hf] ;+;f/sf] pTklQeGbf
cufl8b]lv g} lrlgg' ePsf] lyof], t/ ltdLx¿sf vflt/ ;dox¿sf]
cGtdf k|s6 x'g'eof] . ltdLx¿ h;n] pxf“nfO{ d/]sfx¿af6
lap“tfpg' x'g] / pxf“nfO{ dlxdf lbg'x'g] k/d]Zj/df pxf“åf/f ljZjf;
u/]sf 5f} ls ltdLx¿sf] ljZjf; / cfzf k/d]Zj/df /xf];\ -!kq';
!M!*–@!_ .

^= o]z"sf] ljhoL eGbf ljhoL k'g?Tyfg

o]z" v|L:6n] cfÇgf] d[To' / k'g?Tyfg ;DaGwL k|:6;“u r]nfx¿nfO{ atfpg'
ePsf] lyof] . t/ of] s'/fsf] /x:o ga'´]/ r]nfx¿ cGof}ndf k/]sf
lyP . o; 36gfnfO{ afOann] o;/L JofVof u/]sf] 5M
 t/ xKtfsf] klxnf] lbg laxfg
l´;ld;]df ltgLx¿n] tof/ u/]sf
tL ;'ulGwt d;nfx¿ lnP/
lrxfgdf cfP . ltgLx¿n] 9'·f
lrxfgaf6 u'8fO/fv]sf] e]§fP . t/
leq k;]/ ltgLx¿n] k|e' o]z"sf]
nf; e]§fPgg\ . ha ltgLx¿ o;
ljifodf cndNn kl//x]sf lyP,
ta x]/, rxlsnf] kf];fsdf b'O{ dflg;x¿ ltgLx¿sf glhs v8f eP .
ltgLx¿ 8/n] cflQP/ e'O“lt/ 3f]K6], ta pgLx¿n] ltgLx¿nfO{ eg],
æltdLx¿ lhp“bf]nfO{ d'bf{x¿sf ;fydf lsg vf]Hb5f} < pxf“ x'g'x'Gg, t/
lap“tg'ePsf] 5, ufnLndf x'g'x'“bf ltdLx¿nfO{ o;f] eg]/ eGg'ePsf]
s'/f ;D´, ‘dflg;sf] k'qnfO{ kfkL dflg;x¿sf xftdf ;'lDkg' / qm';df
6f“lug' / t];|f] lbgdf lap“tg' cfjZos 5 .’Æ clg ltgLx¿n] pxf“sf
jrg ;D´] -n"sf @$M!–*_ .
 ufl8g'eof]Ù afOancg';f/ t];|f] lbgdf pxf“sf] k'g?Tyfg eof] -!sf]l/GyL
!%M$_ .
२४
  lsgeg] olb ltdLn] k|e' o]z"nfO{ cfÇgf] d'vn] :jLsf/ u¥of} /
k/d]Zj/n] pxf“nfO{ d/]sfx¿af6 lap“tfpg'eof] egL Xbodf ljZjf;
u¥of} eg] ltd|f] p4f/ x'g]5 -/f]dL !)M(_ .
 lsgeg] pxf“df O{Zj/Tjsf] ;f/f kl/k"0f{tf zf/Ll/s ¿kd} af; ub{5
-sn:;L @M(_ .
 :ju{af6 cf]ln{P/ cfpg'ePsf] dflg;sf] k'qafx]s sf]xL klg :ju{df
plSnPsf] 5}g -o"xGgf #M!#_ .
afOan alx/sf Oltxf;sf/x¿ dWo] s]xL JolQmx¿ eGg] u5{g\ o]z"sf]
z/L/ r]nfx¿n] rf]/]/ nu]sf x'g\ t/ pxf“ jf:tjdf af}l/ p7\g'ePsf] xf]Og .
o;}u/L csf{y/Lsf JolQmx¿n] eg]sf 5g\ pxf“ qm";df d'5f{ dfq kg'{ ePsf]
lyof] jf:tjdf dg'{ePsf] lyPg . lrxfgsf] lr;f] xfjf, cf}ifwL jf x]/ljrf/åf/f
:j:y x'g'eof] .
o]z" z/L/df lap“tg' ePsf] xf]Og lsgeg] :qLx¿ unt cyf{t\ l/Qf]
lrxfgdf k'u]sf lyP . lrxfg l/Qf] b]v]/ pxf“ lap“tg' eof] eGg] ´'6f] k|rf/
u/] . r]nfx¿n] o]z" lap“tg' x'G5 eGg] e|d klxn]af6} km}nfPsf lyP . o;sf/0f
pgLx¿ cfÇgf] ljrf/df e|ldt eP . oL s'g} klg ts{x¿ cfkm}df o'lQm;·t /
k|dfl0ft 5}gg\ . Pp6f JolQmn] z'4 ljj]s /fv]/ oL ts{x¿ u5{ eg] p;n] oL
;a} s'/fx¿ ´'6f] kfpg]5 . o]z"sf r]nfx¿n] pxf“sf] nf; rf]/]/ nu] eGg ;Sg]
Oltxf;sf/n] Tof] nf; sxf“ nu] ;f] klg atfpg ;Sg'k5{ .
jf:tjdf nueu @))) jif{ cl3 o]z"sf] ;dodf ePsf s'g} klg
36gfx¿ clxn]sf] o'udf h:tf] ljleGg k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ sf6–5fF6 ug]{,
n'sfpg] jf ´'6f] k|rf/ ug]{ ;Defjgf lyPg . afOan cfkm} Pp6f Oltxf;sf]
k':ts klg xf] . o]z"sf] hLjgL k|ToIf ¿kdf b]v]sf, ;'g]sf cg'ej u/]sf
JolQmx¿n] k|ToIf ujfxL ;°ng u/]/ ;';dfrf/sf rf/j6f k':tsx¿ h:t}
dQL, ds"{;, n"sf / o"xGgf n]v]sf x'g\ .
oL rf/ hgf n]vsx¿n] cf–cfÇgf] k|ToIf ujfxLsf ;fy;fy} uxg cWoog
cg';Gwfg u/]/ oL rf/j6f ;';dfrf/sf k':tsx¿ n]v]sf x'g\ . oL
;';dfrf/sf k':tsx¿ o]z" v|L:6sf] hLjgsf ;Dk"[0f{ 36gfx¿ qmlds ¿kdf
k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ . o]z"sf] k'g?Tyfgn] xfd|f] cfzf ;To s'/fdf :yflkt 5
eGg] k|df0f lbG5 . k'g?Tyfglagf afOansf] lzIff / xfd|f] ljZjf; ;a} Joy{
x'G5 . d[To'nfO{ lht]/ lap“tg' ePsf o]z"n] dfq xfdLnfO{ d[To'sf] 8/ /
aGwgaf6 5'6sf/f lbg ;Sg'x'G5 -n"sf @$M#(† dQL @*M(† o"xGgf @)M!*_ .
afOansf ;Dk"0f{ 36gf / tYox¿ k"0f{tof j}1flgs ¿kdf tof/ ul/Psf
5g\ . of] s'g} syf, sfNklgs pkGof;, cGwf] l;4fGt cyjf dflg;sf] ;+/rgf
२५
xf]Og . dflg;nfO{ ´'6f] k|efj kfg]{ cyjf e|ddf kfg]{ p2]Zon] of] k':ts tof/
ePsf] 5}g .
o]z" k'g?Tyfg x'g'ePsf] s'/f ;To xf] . o;sf/0f y'k|} k|df0fx¿ afOandf
5g\ h:t}M o]z"n] vfgf vfg'eof] -n"sf @$M$!–$#_ . o]z" z/L/df k'g?Tyfg
gx'g'ePsf] eP Pp6f dflg;n] h:tf] vfgf vfg' ;Dej 5}g . pxf“sf] z/L/df
x8\8L / 5fnf lyof] h'g k'g?Tyfgsf] k|df0f xf] . pxf“sf] z°f ug]{ r]nf yf]dfn]
lsnf 7f]lsPsf] xftdf cfÇgf cf}“nf l5/fP/ dfq} lglZrt eP -n"sf @$M#(–
$#_ . o]z"n] km's]/ kljq cfTdf lbg'eof] . k'g?Tyfg ePsf] z/L/df dfq
Zjf;k|Zjf; x'G5 -o"xGgf @)M@@_ . o]z" z/L/df sf]7fleq k|j]z ug'{eof]
-o"xGgf @)M!(_ . pxf“ d[To'af6 hLljt x'g]df klxnf] x'g'xG5 -! sf]l/GyL
!%M@)_ . o;} u/L :ju{ k'u]kl5 x/]s ljZjf; ug]{x¿n] o]z" d]/f kfksf] lglDt
d/]/ k'g?Tyfg x'g'ePsf k|df0fx¿ o]z"sf] dlxldt z/L/df b]Vg kfpg]5g\ -!
o"xGgf #M!^_ .

o]z"sf] JolQmTjsf /x:ox¿M

o]z" v|L:6 k/d]Zj/sf] tkm{af6 dfgj hfltsf lglDt kfksf] alnbfg x'g
cfpg'ePsf] JolQm Pjd\ Ifdf / cgGt hLjgsf] Ps dfq ;|f]t x'g'x'G5 . o;
cl3sf v08x¿df afOansf] dxŒj k|:6 ug]{ s]xL pkdfx¿sf] af/]df cWoog
ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . o;} u/L o]z" v|L:6sf] JolQmTjsf /x:o k|s6 ug]{ s]xL pkdf
jf zAbx¿ afOandf k|of]u ePsf 5g\ . oL zAbx¿n] ulx/f] cy{ JoQm u5{g\
h;dWo] s]xL d'Vo pkdfx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ . h:t}M
!= o]z" v|L:6 k/d]Zj/sf] y'df x'g'x'G5
kz' tyf kIfLx¿sf] /utn] dflg;sf]
kfk x/0f ug{ c;Dej 5 . To;} u/L kfk
x/0f ug{ /ut aufpg'k5{ . of] /ut aufOg]
y'df lgivf]6 / lgisn° x'g'k5{ . oxL y'df
v|L:6 x'g'x'G5 . dflg;sf] kfksf] k|folZrtsf]
lglDt k/d]Zj/ cfkm}n] tof/ kfg{'ePsf]
x'gfn] o]z" k/d]Zj/sf] y'df x'g'x'G5 . xfdLn]
tof/ kf/]sf alnx¿sf] /utn] kfkx/0f ug{
;Sb}g, t/ kfksf] ;D´gf /lx/xG5 -lxa|"
!)M#–$† ! kq'; !M!(_ .
o"xGgfn] o]z"nfO{ cfkm"lt/ cfp“b} ug{'ePsf] b]v]/ eg], æx]/, ;+;f/sf] kfk
p7fOn}hfg] k/d]Zj/sf y'df ¤ -o"xGgf !M@(_ .
२६
 ;+;f/sf ;a} dflg;n] u/]sf ;a} kfkx¿ x/0f ug{sf] lglDt o]z" y'dfsf]
¿kdf qm";sf] 8/nfUbf] lgb{oL d[To' ;xg o; ;+;f/df cfpg'eof] . o;} sf/0f
afOan eG5, k/d]Zj/n] xfdL dfgj hfltnfO{ o:tf] 7"nf] k|]d ug{'eof] ls pxf“n]
cfÇgf] Ps dfq k'q o]z"nfO{ xfd|f lglDt lbg'eof], o;sf/0f pxf“dfly ljZjf;
ug]{ sf]xL klg gfz gxf];\, t/ To;n] cgGt hLjg kfcf];\ -o"xGgf #M!^_ .
@= o]z" ;+;f/sf] Hof]lt x'g'x'G5
o]z"n] eGg'eof], æd ;+;f/sf] Hof]lt x'“ . dnfO{ k5\Øfpg] cGwsf/df
lx“8\8'n ug]{5}g, t/ To;n] hLjgsf] Hof]lt kfpg]5 .Æ Hof]lt ;“u;“u} lx“8\8'n
ug]{ JolQm c“Wof/f]df lx“8\g'kb}{g lsgeg] p;sf] af6f]nfO{ Hof]ltn] pHofnf]
agfPsf] x'G5 . xfd|f] hLjgsf] ;Dk"0f{ dfu{ pHofnf] agfpg] Hof]lt v|L:6
x'g'x'G5 . Hof]lteGbf w]/} cl3 bu'g]{ / kl5 kg]{ JolQmrflx“ cGwsf/df g}
lx“8\8'n u5{ . o"xGgf *M!@
#= o]z" c;n uf]7fnf] x'g'x'G5
s] tkfO{+n] uf]7fnf] gePsf e]8fx¿
b]Vg'ePsf] 5 < ltgLx¿ x}/fg eP/ nIo
vf]Hb} e8\lsPsf x'G5g\ . s'g} Ajf“;f]sf]
d'vdf, s'g} le/df / s'g} emf8Ldf
km“:5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] qmGbg / ?jfO ;'Gbf
xfd|f] dg kUn]/ cfp“5 . cfh o]z"
v|L:6lagf dflg;x¿ klg 7Ls o:t}
cj:yfdf k/]sf 5g\ . h:t}
-s_ o]z"n] eGg'eof], æd c;n uf]7fnf]
x'“ . c;n uf]7fnf]n] cfÇgf
e]8fx¿sf lglDt cfÇgf] k|f0f ck{0f
u5{ . t/ hf] uf]7fnf] g} xf]Og To;n] Ajf“;fnfO{ cfPsf] b]v]/ e]8fx¿nfO{
5f]8L Tof] efU5, lsgeg] To;n] e]8fsf] s]xL jf:tf ub}{gÆ -o"xGgf
!)M!!–!#_ .
-v_ æltdLx¿ e]8fx¿´}“ a/flnPsf lyof}, t/ ca ltdLx¿sf cfTdfsf] uf]7fnf
/ ;+/Ifs o]z" v|L:6 sxf“ kmls{ cfPsf 5f}Æ -!kq'; @M@%_ .
$= o]z" v|L:6 e]8fx¿sf] 9f]sf x'g'x'G5
o]z"n] eGg'eof], æ;f“Rr} d ltdLx¿nfO{ eG5', e]8fx¿sf] 9f]sf d} x'“ . olb
sf]xL dflg; daf6 leq k:of] eg] Tof] arfOg] 5 / leq–aflx/ cfpg]–hfg]
ug]{5 / vs{df rg{ kfpg]5Æ -o"xGgf !)M&–(_ .
२७
%= o]z" v|L:6 af6f], ;To / hLjg x'g'x'G5
o]z"n] eGg'eof], æaf6f] ;To / hLjg
d g} x'“ .Æ dåf/f afx]s sf]xL klg
lktfsxf“ hfg ;Sb}gÆ -o"xGgf !$M^_ .
^= o]z" ;f“rf] bfvsf] af]6 x'g'x'G5
o]z"n] eGg'eof], æ;f“rf] bfvsf]
af]6 d x'“ / d]/f lktf ls;fg x'g'x'G5 .
ddf x'g] k|To]s xf“uf h;n] kmn kmnfp“b}g
pxf“n] To;nfO{ 5f“6\g'x'G5 / kmn kmnfpg] x/]s xf“ufnfO{ ´g\ a9L kmn kmnf];\
eg]/ pxf“n] l5“jNg'x'G5Æ -o"xGgf !%M!–@_ .
&= o]z" v|L:6 /fhf x'g'x'G5
o]z" v|L:6 /fhf x'g'xG5 eGg] s]xL afOanLo k|df0fx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\M
o]z" /fhf eP/ hlGdg'eof]
ox"bLx¿sf /fhf eP/ hGd]sf pxf“ sxf“ x'g'x'G5 < lsgeg] xfdLn]
pxf“sf] tf/f k"j{lt/ b]Vof}+ / bz{g ug{ cfPsf 5f}+ -dQL @M@_ .
/fhfnfO{ ;'g cflb r9fP/ b08jt\ ug{'k5{
3/leq k;]/ ltgLx¿n] ;fgf afnsnfO{ pxf“sf cfdf dl/odsf]
;fydf b]v] / 3f]K6f] k/]/ pxf“nfO{ b08jt\ u/] clg cfÇgf sGt'/ vf]]n]/
pxf“nfO{ ;'g, w"k / d"/{sf e]6L r9fP -dQL @M!!_ .
/fhfsf] /fHofleif]s x'G5
uwf / To;sf] aRrf NofP/ tLdfly n'ufkmf6f cf]5ØfP / o]z"
To;dfly a:g'eof] . eL8df w]/} h;f]n] cfÇgf n'ufkmf6f af6f]df cf]5ØfP /
c¿x¿n] ?vsf xf“uf sf6]/ af6f]df cf]5ØfP . pxf“sf cluclu uPsf /
kl5kl5 nfu]sf eL8x¿ o;f] eGb} s/fP, æbfpbsf k'qnfO{ xf];Ggf ¤
k/dk|e'sf] gfp“df cfpg] wGo x'g\, k/dwfddf xf];Ggf ¤Æ -dQL @!M&–(_ .

/fhfsf] xftdf /fhb08 / lz/df /fhd's'6 x'G5

ltgLx¿n] sf“8fsf] d's'6 agfP/ pxf“sf] lz/df nufOlbP / pxf“sf]
bflxg] xftdf lgufnf] /flvlbP / pxf“sf] ;fd' 3'“8f 6]s]/ pxf“nfO{ o;f] eGb}
luHofP, æx] ox"bLx¿sf /fhf, ;nfdÆ -dQL @&M@(_ .

२८
/fhfsf] clwsf/ x'G5
 clg ltgLx¿sxf“ cfP/ o]z" ltgLx¿l;t o;f] eGb} af]Ng'eof], æ:ju{ /
k[YjLdf ;f/f clwsf/ dnfO{ lbOPsf] 5Æ -dQL @*M!*_ .
 pxf“n] ofs"asf] 3/fgfdfly ;bf–;j{b} /fHo ug{'x'g]5 / pxf“sf] /fHosf]
cGTo x'g]5}g -n"sf !M##_ .
 h;/L lktf cfkm}df hLjg 5, p;/L g} pxf“n] k'qnfO{ klg cfkm}df hLjg
x'gnfO{ lbg'ePsf] 5, p;nfO{ OG;fkmsf] km};nf ug]{ clwsf/ lbg'ePsf] 5,
lsgeg] pm dflg;sf] k'q xf] . o;df crDd gdfg, lsgeg] a]nf cfp“5,
ha lrxfgdf x'g]x¿ ;a}n] p;sf] :j/ ;'Gg]5g\ . enf] ug]{x¿ hLjgsf]
k'g?Tyfgsf] lglDt, t/ s'enf] ug]{x¿rflx“ OG;fkmsf] k'g?Tyfgsf] lglDt
lgl:s cfpg]5g\ -o"xGgf %M@%–@(_ .
 clg ;ftf}“ b"tn] km's]Ù To;kl5 :ju{df o;f] eGg] 7"nf–7"nf cfjfh eP,
æk[YjLsf] /fHo xfd|f k|e'sf] / pxf“sf v|L:6sf] /fHo ePsf] 5Ù pxf“n] ;bf–
;j{bf /fHo ug{'x'g]5Æ -k|sfz !!M!%_ .
/fhfsf] d'Vo sfd x'G5
o]z" v|L:6 /fhf x'g'x'G5 . o]z"n] /fhfsf] ¿kdf O{Zj/Lo sfo{x¿
ug'{eof] . pxf“n] /fhf eP/ ug{'ePsf / ug{'x'g] d'Vo sfdx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\M
 ta pxf“n] ltgLx¿nfO{ eGg'eof], æcfcf], xfdLx¿ cGt sxL“ cf;kf;sf
;x/x¿df hfcf}+ / Toxf“ klg d k|rf/ u¿“, lsgls o;}sf] lglDt d
cfPsf] x'“Æ -ds{"; !M#*_ .
 pxf“n] b'Mv ef]lu;Sg' ePkl5 rfnL; lbg;Dd ltgLx¿sxf“ b]vfkb}{ /
k/d]Zj/sf] /fHosf] ljifodf s'/f ub}{ w]/} cr's k|df0fx¿af6 cfkm"nfO{
lhp“bf] klg b]vfpg'eof] -k|]l/t !M#_ .
 h;n] kfk u5{ Tof] ;}tfg af6sf] xf] . lsgls ;}tfgn] ;'?b]lv g} kfk ub}{
cfPsf] 5 . ;}tfgsf sfdx¿ gi6 ug{nfO{ g} k/d]Zj/sf k'q k|s6
x'g'ePsf] xf] -!o"xGgf #M*_ .
 k/d]Zj/n] gf;/tsf o]z"nfO{ kljq cfTdf / zlStn] cleif]s ug{'eof] .
pxf“ ;'sd{ ub}{ / ;}tfgaf6 k]lnPsf ;a}nfO{ lgsf] kfb}{ lx“8\g'eof], lsgls
k/d]Zj/ pxf“sf] ;fydf x'g'x'GYof] -k|]l/t !)M#*_ .

२९
 -kf7–$_
o]z" v|L:6sf d'Vo lzIff / k|rf/
o]z" v|L:6 k/d]Zj/af6 cfpg' ePsf] dxfg\ lzIfs x'g'x'G5 . pxf“sf] k|To]s
jrg csf6Ø / clVtof/k"0f{ 5 . pxf“n] lbg'ePsf] lzIff / ug{'ePsf sfdx¿
Psfk;df kl/k"/s 5g\ . pxf“n] h:tf] lzIff lbg'eof] To:t} sfd klg ug{'eof] .
pxf“sf] lzIffdf dflg;x¿ 5Ss
ky]{ . pxf“nfO{ s'/fdf km;fpg ljleGg
k|sf/sf k|Zg / c8\sf]x¿ ;f]Wg] uy]{ .
t/ o]z"n] ltgLx¿sf] d'v g} aGb x'g]
u/L hjfkm lbg'x'GYof] . h:t} xfdL dWo]
sf] 7"nf] eGg] ljifodf r]nfx¿n] ax;
ub}{ lyP . t/ o]z"n] ltgLx¿sf] ljrf/
yfxf kfP/ Pp6f afnsnfO{ cfÇgf] 5]p
/fv]/ ltgLx¿nfO{ eGg'eof], æltdLx¿nfO{ d ;f“Rr} eGb5', dg kl/jt{g eP/
ltdLx¿ ;fgf afnsx¿ h:tf ePgf} eg] slxNo} :ju{sf] /fHodf k:g]5}gf}Æ
-dQL !*M!–$† ds{"; (M##–#&_ .
afOansf x/]s kfgfx¿df o]z"sf] k|]d / pxf“n] ug'{ePsf] p4f/sf]
sfo{nfO{ j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . afOan cfkm} pxf“sf] lzIff / k|rf/sf s'/fx¿n]
el/Psf] 5 . pxf“sf ;a} lzIffx¿ xfd|f lglDt Tolts} dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ . pxf“sf]
;Dk"0f{ lzIff / k|rf/nfO{ l56f] / ;/n k|sf/n] a'‰g ;f/f+zsf] ¿kdf s]xL
k|d'v s'/fx¿nfO{ o; v08df x]g]{5f}+ . h:t}M
o]z" v|L:6n] lbg'ePsf] ;a}eGbf dxfg\ cf1f
olb s'g} JolQmn] o]z" v|L:6n] lbg' ePsf dxfg\ cf1f k"/f Xbon] kfng
u5{ eg] p;n] k/d]Zj/sf] ;a} cf1f kfng u/]sf] x'G5 . o]z" v|L:6 xfdL
dflg;nfO{ wd{sd{sf] ef/L af]sfpg cfpg'ePg t/ xfdLnfO{ p4f/ ug{ /
cf1fsf/L agfpg cfpg'eof] . pxf“sf cf1fx¿ ;/n 5g\ / kfngf ug{ of]Uo
5g\ . ;a}eGbf dxfg\ cf1fM
k|ydM æt}“n] k/dk|e' cfÇgf k/d]Zj/nfO{ cfÇgf] ;f/f Xbon] / cfÇgf]
;f/f k|f0fn], cfÇgf] ;f/f ;d´n], cfÇgf] ;f/f a'l4n] / cfÇgf] ;f/f zlQmn] k|]d
ug{" .Æ

३०
 bf];|f]M æt“}n] cfÇgf] l5d]sLnfO{ cfkm}nfO{ h:t} k|]d ug{"Æ -dQL @@M#^–#(Ù
ds{"; !@M@*–#$_ .
olb xfdLn] oL b'O{j6f cf1fx¿ kfngf ug{ ;Sof}+ eg] xfdL k/d]Zj/sf
;Rrf ;Gtfg x'g]5f}+ . xfd|f] dfgjLo an / a'l4df oL cf1fx¿ kfngf ug{
;Sb}gf}F . lsgeg] xfdL cfÇgf] :jefjdf :jfyL{, 5nL, kmf]x/L / cz'4 5f}+ t/
kljq cfTdfsf] ;xof]udf oL sfo{x¿ ug{ ;S5f}+ .
o]z" v|L:6n] ug{'ePsf] d'Vo k|rf/
o]z" v|L:6n] ug{'ePsf]] d'Vo k|rf/ of] xf], æ;do k"/f ePsf] 5 /
k/d]Zj/sf] /fHo glhs cfOk'u]sf] 5 . kZrftfk u/ / ;';dfrf/df ljZjf;
u/ -ds"{; !M!%_ .Æ o; k|rf/åf/f o]z" v|L:6n] xfdLnfO{ s] eGg vf]Hb} x'g'x'G5
5f]6s/Ldf x]/f}+ .
!= ;do k"/f ePsf] 5
o]z" v|L:6n] ug'{ ePsf] k|rf/sf] klxnf] jfSo æ;do k"/f ePsf] 5Æ xf] .
;do k"/f ePsf y'k|} k|df0fx¿ afOann] b]vfPsf] 5 . oL dWo] d'Vo ¿kdf
tLgj6f k|df0fx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ . h:t}M
-s_ dflg;sf] ;doM dflg;sf] cj:yf / hLjgsf s'/fx¿ lrGtg dgg ubf{
;do k"/f ePsf] tYo k'li6 x'G5 . ;a} k|sf/sf ef}lts ;'ljwfx¿ eP/
klg p;sf] cfo' 36\b} uPsf] 5 . ljleGg k|sf/sf k|ljlwx¿n] hLjgsf]
Pp6f kIfdf ;/ntf cfPsf] 5 t/ p;sf] hLjgdf a9\bf] qmddf lrGtf–
lkmqmL / czflGtx¿ ylkPsf 5g\ . ef}lts ;'lawfx¿ gx'g', ul/aLsf
;d:ofx¿ ´]Ngkg'{ Pp6f ;d:of xf] eg] csf]{ tkm{ lrGtf–lkmqmL, lg/fzf,
czflGt cflb ;d:ofx¿ al9/x]sf 5g\ h'g csf]{ hl6n ;d:of xf] . oL
s'/fx¿sf] ljifodf afOan eG5, czflGt / ;d:ofx¿af6 5'6sf/f kfpg
k/d]Zj/sf] jrgn] gof“ u/L hlGdg'k5{ . k/d]Zj/sf] jrg hLljt / ;w}“
/lx/xg] aLp xf] h;n] dflg;nfO{ hLjg k|bfg u5{ .
xfdL dflg;x¿ a'af–cfdfaf6 ue{wf/0f u/L hlGdof}+ o;sf/0f j+zf0f'åf/f
clejefjssf u'0fx¿ xfdLdf ;b{5g\ . o;} u/L ha xfdLn] k/d]Zj/sf]
jrgdf ljZjf; u/L o]z"nfO{ :jLsf/ ub{5f}+ xfdLn] gof“ hLjg kfp“b5f}“ .
k/d]Zj/sf] jrg xfd|f] Xbodf /f]lkPkl5 To;n] a9\b} uP/ kmn kmnfp“5
-cøo"a !$M!–@† ! kq'; !M@#_ .
:qLaf6 hGd]sf]] dflg; cNkfo'sf] / czflGtn] el/Psf] x'G5Ù Tof] km"n´}“
kmqmG5 / cf]OnfOxfN5Ù Tof] Ifl0fs 5fof“ h:t} x/fOxfN5Ù /x“b}g .

३१
 o;sf/0f oL s'/fx¿af6 d'lQm kfpg k/d]Zj/sf] jrgaf6 gof“ hGd
kfpg'k5{ . k/d]Zj/sf] hLljt / lgTo /xg] cljgfzL jLo{af6 gof“ hGd
kfpg ;lsG5 -!kq'; !M@#_ .
-v_ k|s[ltsf] ;doM kfkn] ubf{ dflg;n] dfq xf]Og ;f/f ;[li6n] klg si6
ef]lu/x]sf] 5 -/f]dL *M!(–@!_ . k/d]Zj/sf] jrgn] elQmxLg dflg;sf]
OG;fkm / ljgfzsf lbg;Ddsf] nflu clxn]sf] cfsfz / k[YjL cfuf]sf]
lglDt ;f“lr/flvPsf 5g\ . k/dk|e'sf] lbg dxfg\ / ;fx|} 8/nfUbf] 5 . Tof]
s;n] ;xg ;S5 / < lsgeg] ;"o{ / rGb| c“Wof/f x'G5g\ / tf/fx¿n]
rds lb“b}gg\ -@kq'; #M&† of]Pn @M!)–!!_ .
-u_ dflg;x¿sf] Jojxf/ / ;dosf] ;°]tM ;do k"/f ePsf] k|df0f
dflg;x¿sf] Jojxf/af6 klg a'‰g ;lsG5 . of] tYonfO{ afOann]
k|:6;“u klxn] g} pNn]v ul/lbPsf] 5, æt/ of] a'l´/fv ls cflv/L
lbgx¿df 8/nfUbf ;dox¿ cfpg]5g\ . lsgeg] dflg;x¿ cfkm}nfO{ dfq
dfof ug]{, ?lkof“ k};fsf] df]x ug]{, 3dG8L, x7L, c¿sf] abgfd ug]{, afa' –
cfdfsf] cf1fkfng gug]{, a}u'gL / ckljq, :jfefljs k|]d/lxtsf, v';L
kfg{ g;lsg], c¿sf] abVjfO“ ug]{, b'/frf/L, qm"/, c;n s'/fnfO{ 3[0ff ug]{,
ljZjf;3ftL, pQfpnf, cx°f/n] km'n]sf, k/d]Zj/nfO{ eGbf ;'v
ljnf;nfO{ k|]d ug]{, elQmsf] e]ifrflx“ lng] t/ To;sf] zlQmnfO{ OGsf/
ug]{ x'g]5g\ . o:tf dflg;x¿af6 cnu a;Æ -@ ltdf]yL #M!–%_ .
@= k/d]Zj/sf] /fHo glhs cfOk'u]sf] 5
;do k"/f ePkl5 Toxf“ s'g} s'/f tof/ x'G5 . h:t}M v]tL s6gL ug{ tof/
x'G5† tna kfS5 cflb . o;/L g} k[YjLsf dflg;x¿sf lglDt k/d]Zj/sf]
tkm{af6 Pp6f pkxf/ tof/ ePsf] k/d]Zj/sf] /fHosf s]xL k|d'v
5 . Tof] xf] æk/d]Zj/sf] /fHoÆ lqmofsnfkx¿
cyf{t\ o]z" v|L:6 . o]z" v|L:6sf]]
d'lQm lbg] / p4f/ ug]{ of]hgf 3 3 .4 0 % 3 3 .3 0 %

k/d]Zj/sf] /fHosf d'Vo

lqmofsnfk x'g\ . k/d]Zj/sf]] /fHo
glhs cfPsf] s'/fnfO{ pDsg
3 3 .3 0 %
glbO{ cfÇgf] agfpg' xfdL x/]s
JolQmsf] a'l4dfgL lg0f{o xf] . l zI ff
k/d]Zj/sf] /fHosf] yk hfgsf/L k|r f/
lbg] afOansf lgDg s'/fx¿ dgg r ·fO / cfZr o { sd{
u/f}+M

३२
 o]z"n] Pp6f b[i6fGtaf6 k/d]Zj/sf] /fHonfO{ uf8wgsf] dxŒj;“u t'ngf
ub}{ eGg'eof], æ:ju{sf] /fHo s'g} Pp6f v]tdf uf8L /fv]sf] uf8wg h:tf] xf],
hf] Pshgf dflg;n] e]§fP/ n'sfO/fV5 / cfglGbt eP/ pm hfG5 / cfkm";“u
ePsf] ;a} a]R5 / Tof] v]t lsG5 .Æ o; b[i6fGtn] xfdLnfO{ eGb} 5 h:tf];'s}
d"No r'sfpg' k/] klg Tof] s'/f u/]/ k/d]Zj/sf] /fHo k|fKt ug{'k5{ -dQL
!#M$$_ .
lsgeg] k/d]Zj/sf] /fHodf xfdLn] h'g cfgGb kfp“5f}+ Tof] cfgGb c¿
s'g} s'/fn] lbg ;Sb}g . k/d]Zj/sf] /fHo eg]sf] vfg' / lkpg'df xf]Og, t/
kljq cfTdfdf wfld{stf, zflGt / cfgGb xf] -/f]dL !$M!&_ .
#= kZrftfk u/
;do k"/f ePsfn] xfdLn] cfn6fn ug{' a'l4dfgL xf]Og . lsgeg] o:tf]
5f]6f] ;dodf k/d]Zj/sf]] /fHo :jod\ o]z" v|L:6 xfd|f] glhs cfpg'ePsf] 5 .
pxf“ xfd|f] glhsdf 5“b} kZrftfk u/]/ pxf“nfO{ cfÇgf] agfpg'k5{ . kZrftfk
ug{ l9nf] ug{'x'“b}g eGg] Pp6f 3tnfUbf] pvfg 5, æafx| ah] kZrftfk u/f}+nf
eg]/ s7f]/ gag\Ù P3f/ ah]/ tL; ldg6d} dg{'k¥of] eg] s] xf]nf <Æ
kZrftfksf] zflAbs cy{ k5'tfpg' jf b'Mv JoQm ug{' xf] . t/ o]z"n] eGg'ePsf]
kZrftfksf] cy{ w]/} ulx/f] 5 . h;df d'Votof rf/j6f s'/fx¿ kb{5g\ .
h:t}M
kZrftfk Ö x]g'{ ± yfxf kfpg' ± b'Mv dfGg' ± TofUg' / gof“ dfu{df
lx“8\g'
oL rf/ txx¿nfO{ 7Ls;“u k"/f gu/];Dd kSsf kZrftfk u/]sf]]
dflgb}g . o]z" v|L:6n] eGg'ePsf] kZrftfkn] dfu{ kl/jt{gnfO{ a'´fp“5 eGg]
s'/f hfg]/ To;sf] lglDt b'Mv dfGb} Tof] af6f] kl/Tofu u/L o]z" v|L:6sf]
af6f]df lx“8\g' kZrftfksf] ;xL cy{ xf] . lsgeg] o]z" af6f], ;To / hLjg
x'g'x'G5 -o"xGgf !$M^_ .
-s_ x]g{'M xfd|f] cj:yf 5n{· b]vfpg] P]gf afOan xf] . ha xfdL lrGtg
dggsf;fy afOan k9\5f}+ ta To;n] xfd|f] hLjgsf kfkx¿, rfnrng,
Jojxf/x¿ ;a} P]gfn] d'vsf]] bfu b]vfP´}“ k|:6 ¿kdf b]vfOlbG5 . afOann]
xfdLnfO{ s] eGb}5 æx]g{'Æ kZrftfksf] klxnf] sbd xf] . o;/L x]g'{ eg]sf]
cfÇgf] d"Nof°g ug'{ xf] .
-v_ yfxf kfpg'M ha xfdL P]gf x]5f}{+ ta xfd|f] cj:yf yfxf kfp“5f}+ .
k/d]Zj/sf] jrgn] xfd|f] hLjgsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 To;sf] ;f“rf] hfgsf/L
lbG5 . xfdL nf]eL 5f}+ < jf lrGtf u5f}{+ < 3dG8L 5f}+ jf ´"6 af]N5f}+ < xfd|f
३३
Xbosf k|To]s s'/fsf] hfgsf/L afOan k9]/ yfxf kfOG5 . o;/L cfÇgf]
cj:yf æyfxf kfpg'Æ kZrftfksf] bf];|f] sbd xf] .
-u_ b'Mv dfGg'M kfkn] ;w}“ v/fa kl/0ffd Nofp“5 -/f]dL ^M@#_ . o;sf] lglDt
xfdLn] JolQmut ¿kdf k/d]Zj/;“u Ifdf dfUg'k5{ . b'Mv dfGg' eg]sf] kfk /
To;n] Nofpg] kl/0ffdnfO{ ;tk|ltzt 3[0ff u/L p4f/sf] lglDt k/d]Zj/sf]
r/0fdf kg{' xf] . h] s'/fnfO{ xfdL 3[0ff u5f}{+ Tof] xfdL k'gM ug{ rfxGgf}, xf]Og
/ < o;/L b'Mv dfGg' eg]sf] Xbo kl/jt{g ug]{ JolQmut lg0f{o ug'{ xf] .
-3_ TofUg' / gof“ dfu{df lx“8\g'M of] kZrftfksf] clGtd sbd xf] . cfkm"nfO{
g/fd|f] kl/0ffddf k'¥ofpg] dfu{nfO{ Tofu]kl5 gof“ dfu{df lx“8\g'k5{ . of] gof“
dfu{ o]z"sf] jrgn] atfPsf] af6f] xf] . wdL{x¿ of] af6f]df 7]; gnfuLsg
lx“8\5g\ . of] af6f]df lx“8\g ;'? ug'{ kZrftfksf] jf:tljs cy{ hLjgdf
sfof{Gjog ug'{ xf] .
k/d]Zj/sf] k|]dn] xfdLnfO{ k'gM zf]s ug{ gkg]{ u/L d'lQmsf] lglDt
kZrftfk pTkGg u/fp“5 . t/ ;f+;fl/s zf]sn] d[To' pTkGg u5{ . kfk ug]{
k|To]s kfksf] bf; xf] . ;a} dflg;n] kfk u/]sf 5g\ . Ps hgf klg wdL{ 5}g .
kfkLnfO{ kZrftfksf] lglDt af]nfpg / :jtGq ug{ o]z" o; ;+;f/df
cfpg'ePsf] xf] -/f]dL ^M@#† o"xGgf *M#%–#^_ . kfksf] bf;Tjsf] aGwgaf6
5'6sf/f kfpg tLj| OR5f geP;Dd kZrftfk cy{k"0f{ x'“b}g .
Pp6f x/fPsf] 5f]/fsf] b[i6fGt lb“b} o]z"n] eGg'eof], æs'g} dflg;sf b'O{
5f]/f lyP . sfG5f rflx“n] afa'nfO{ eGof], ‘lktfHo" d]/f] efudf kg]{ wg–
;DklQsf] lx:;f dnfO{ lbg'xf];\ .’ ta ltgn] cfÇgf] ;DklQ ltgLx¿nfO{
af“l8lbP . s]xL lbg laTb} hf“bf ;a} wg–;DklQ a6'n]/ sfG5f] 5f]/f] 6f9f b]zdf
uof] / Toxf“ ef]u–ljnf;df cfÇgf] ;DklQ p8fof] . To;n] ;a} ?lkof“–k};f vr{
ul/;s]sf] lyof] . To;}j]nf To; b]zdf 7"nf] clgsfn k¥of] / To;nfO{ cefj
x'gyfNof] . Tof] uof] / To; b]zsf] Pshgf gful/ssxf“ To;n] sfd dfUof] .
p;n] To;nfO{ cfÇgf] v]tdf ;'“u'/x¿ r/fpg k7fof] . ;'“u'/n] vfg] rf/f]n]
To;n] cfÇgf] k]6 eg{ rfxGYof] lsgeg] s;}n] To;nfO{ s]xL lb“b}g lyof] .
ha To;sf] r]t v'Nof], To;n] eGof], d]/f afa'sf w]/} Hofnfbf/L rfs/x¿
e/k]6 vfP/ pafg]{ u5{g\ t/ drflx“ ef]sn] dl//x]5' . d p7]/ cfÇgf afa'sxf“
hfg]5' / pxf“nfO{ eGg]5', ‘a'af d}n] :ju{sf] lj?¢df / tkfO{+sf] b[li6df kfk
u/]sf] 5' . ca pk|fGt d tkfO{+sf] 5f]/f elgg] of]Uosf] 5}g . dnfO{ tkfO{+sf
Hofnfbf/L rfs/x¿dWo] Pp6f ;/x t'Nofpg'xf];\ .’ ta Tof] p7]/ cfÇgf
afa'sxf“ uof] . t/ Tof] w]/} 6f9f 5“bf To;sf afa'n] To;nfO{ b]v] / ltgL bofn]
el/P / bf}8]/ uO{ To;nfO{ c“ufnf] xfn]/ r'Dag u/] .
३४
 dflysf] b[i6fGtaf6 xfdLn] w]/} s'/fx¿ l;Sg ;S5f}+ . x/fPsf] 5f]/f
xfdLx¿ xf}+ . ;'“u'/n] kfknfO{ cl°t u5{ . xfdL ;+;f/df ;'“u'/ kmf]x/df v]n]´}“
kfk;“u v]n]sf 5f}+ . ;+;f/sf] kfkdf x/fPsf] 5f]/fsf] r]t v'n]kl5 cfÇgf
afa';“u p;n] Ifdf dfUg] lg0f{o u¥of] / ;dosf] cGt/fndf cfÇgf] lg0f{o
sfof{Gjog ug{ ;'“u'/ r/fpg] sfd 5f]8L -TofuL_ cfÇgf afa'sf] 3/df kmSof]{ .
ha xfdL cfÇgf k/d]Zj/ lktf;dIf kms{G5f}+ ta pxf“sf] Xbo bofn] el/G5 /
xfdLnfO{ r'Dag ub}{ c“ufnf] xfNg'x'G5 . s] tkfO{+ r"0f{ / kZrftfkL Xbo lnP/
o]z" sxf“ hfg tof/ x'g'x'G5 < pxf“n] tkfO{+nfO{ klv{/xg' ePsf] 5, s[kof l9nf]
gug'{xf];\ .
$= ;';dfrf/df ljZjf; u/
afOan eG5, æolb ltdLn] o]z"nfO{ k|e' egL cfÇgf] d'vn] :jLsf/ u¥of} /
k/d]Zj/n] pxf“nfO{ d/]sfx¿af6 hLljt kfg'{eof] egL Xbodf ljZjf; u¥of}
eg] ltd|f] p4f/ x'g]5 . Xbon] ljZjf; u/]df lgbf]{if 7xl/G5 / d'vn] :jLsf/
ubf{ p4f/ kfp“5 -/f]dL !)M(–!)_ . kZrftfk u/]/ ha dflg; k'/fgf
s'/fx¿af6 kms{G5 ta o]z"nfO{ ljZjf; ug{' cfjZos 5 . o;/L o]z" v|L:6n]
ug{'ePsf] k|rf/df æljZjf; u/Æ clGtd dxŒjk"0f{ sbd xf] .
o]z" v|L:6n] lbg'ePsf] lzIff / pxf“sf] af/]df lbOPsf] afOanLo JofVof
;';dfrf/ xf] . dfgj hfltnfO{ k/d]Zj/n] lbg'ePsf] p4f/sf] ;Gb]z o]z";“u
5 . To;}n] o]z"df ljZjf; ug]{nfO{ pxf“sf] gfp“df cgGt hLjg 5 . o]z"df
ljZjf; ug{ afOann] ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hfltnfO{ cfu|x ul//x]sf] 5 .
s] s'/f ljZjf; ug]{ <
!= o]z"nfO{ x]g]{ / ljZjf; ug]{ k|To]sn] pxf“df cgGt hLjg k|fKt u5{
-o"xGgf ^M$)_ .
@= o]z"n] eGg'eof], æ;f“Rr} d ltdLx¿nfO{ eGb5' h;n] d]/f] jrg ;'G5 /
dnfO{ k7fpg]nfO{ ljZjf; u5{, To;l;t cgGt hLjg 5 . Tof] Gofodf
cfp“b}g t/ d[To'b]lv hLjgdf k|j]z u/]sf] x'G5Æ -o"xGgf %M@$_ .
#= æk/d]Zj/n] ;+;f/nfO{ o:tf] k|]d ug{'eof], ls pxf“n] cfÇgf Psdfq k'q
o]z"nfO{ lbg'eof], tfls pxf“dfly ljZjf; ug]{ sf]xL klg gfz gxf];\, t/
To;n] cgGt hLjg kfcf];\Æ -o"xGgf #M!^_ .
$= æo]z" v|L:6 xfd|f kfksf] lglDt dg'{eof] / xfdLnfO{ wdL{ 7x/fpg d[To'af6
k'g?Tyfg x'g'eof]Æ -/f]dL %M*, !)M(_ .
ljZjf; ug{' lsg cfjZos 5 <
!= xfdLn] cfÇgf] sfdaf6 p4f/ kfpg c;Dej 5 . cg'u|xaf6 ljZjf;åf/f
ltdLx¿n] p4f/ kfPsf 5f} / of] ltdLx¿ cfkm}af6 xf]Og, of] t

३५
 k/d]Zj/sf] j/bfg xf] . sd{x¿åf/f xf]Og, gq t dflg;n] 3dG8 ug]{5
-Plkm;L @M*–(_ .
@= ljZjf;ljgf k/d]Zj/nfO{ k|;Gg kfg{ c;Dej 5 -lxa|" !!M^_ .
#= xfdL ;a} cz'4 dflg;´}“ ePsf 5f}+ / xfd|f ;a} wfld{s sfd kmf]xf]/ ´'qf]´}“
5g\ . xfdL ;a} kft´}“ cf]OnfOxfN5f}+ / xfd|f kfkn] xfdLnfO{ atf;n] ´}“
p8fOn}hfG5g\ -oz}of ^$M^_ .
$= kfkdo z/L/lt/ nfu]sf] dg rflx“ k/d]Zj/k|lt zq'tf xf] -/f]dL *M&_ .
%= ToxL dflg; ;'vL xf], h;n] d]/f] jrg ;'G5, hf] lbgx'“ d]/f] 9f]sflg/
klv{/xG5 . lsgeg] h;n] dnfO{ e]§fp“5 To;n] hLjg kfp“5 / k/dk|e'sf]
lgufx k|fKt u5{ . t/ h;n] dnfO{ e]§fpg r'S5, To;n] cfkm}nfO{
gf]S;fgL u5{ . dnfO{ 3[0ff ug]{ ;a}n] d[To'l;t k|]d /fV5 -lxtf]kb]z
*M#$–#^_ .

३६
 -kf7–%_
ljZjf; / cfZro{–sd{
afOan ljZjf; / cfZro{–sd{sf] cg'kd k':ts xf] . v|L:6 ljZjf;df
cfZro{sd{ ug]{ k/d]Zj/ x'g'x'G5 . afOan eG5, æljZjf;lagf k/d]Zj/ e]6\g
;lsGg;fy} ljZjf;lagf k/d]Zj/nfO{ v';L kfg{ klg ;lsGg . ljZjf; /
cfZro{–sd{sf] ulx/f] / jf:tljs cy{ a'´fpg] b'O{j6f afOansf 36gfx¿ x]/f}+ .
36gf -!_ o]z"n] kIff3ftLnfO{ lgsf] kfg'{eof]
s]xL lbgkl5 pxf“
skmg{x"ddf kms{g'eof], clg
dflg;x¿n] pxf“ 3/df x'g'x'G5
eGg] ;'g] . clg olt w]/} dflg;x¿
hDdf eP ls ltgLx¿ Toxf“
c6fPgg\, oxf“;Dd ls 9f]sfsf]
aflx/ klg 7fp“ ePg / pxf“n]
k/d]Zj/sf] jrg k|rf/
ub}{x'g'x'GYof] . clg rf/ hgfn]
af]s]sf] Ps hgf kIf3ftLnfO{ lnP/
dflg;x¿ pxf“sxf“ cfP . eL8sf]
sf/0fn] o]z"sf] glhs To;
dflg;nfO{ k'¥ofpg g;Sbf
ltgLx¿n] pxf“ x'g'ePsf] 3/dflysf] 5fgf vf]n] / p3fl/Psf] 7fp“af6
kIff3ftLnfO{ Tof] ;'t]sf] vf6;d]t tn cf]/flnlbP . o]z"n] ltgLx¿sf] ljZjf;
b]v]/ To; kIff3ftLnfO{ eGg'eof], æP 5f]/f, ltd|f kfkx¿ Ifdf ePÆ -ds"{;
@M!–%_ .
æd ltdLnfO{ eGb5' . p7, ltd|f] vf6 p7fpm / 3/ hfpm .Æ Tof]
p7\of] / t'?Gt} vf6 p7fP/ ;a}sf ;fd'Gg]af6 uOxfNof] . oxf“;Dd ls ;a}hgf
cfZro{rlst eP / ‘xfdLn] t o:tf] slxNo} b]v]sf 5}gf}’ eGb} ltgLx¿n]
k/d]Zj/sf] dlxdf u/] -ds"{; @M!!–!@_ .

३७
36gf -@_ /ut axg] :qL lgsf] eO{
afx| jif{ cl3b]lv /ut aUg] /f]u
ePsL Pp6L :qL Toxf“ lyO{ . To;n] w]/}
8fS6/x¿sf xftaf6 cg]s si6 kfP/
cfkm";“u ePsf ;f/f wg–bf}nt vr{ u/]/
klg lgsf] geO{ a? ´g\ v/fa xfntdf
k'u]sL lyO{ . o]z"sf] ljifodf To;n] ;'g]sL
lyO{ / le8sf] kl5lNt/af6 cfP/ pxf“sf]
j:q dfq 5f]O{ . lsgls To;n] dgdg} egL,
‘d}n] pxf“sf] j:q dfq 5f]P“ eg] klg d
lgsf] x'g]5' .’ clg t'?Gt To;sf] /ut aUg
aGb eOxfNof] / cfÇgf] z/L/sf] /f]u lgsf]
ePsf] To;n] yfxf kfO{ .
cfkm"af6 zlQm aflx/ lg:s]sf] ´§} o]z"n] yfxf kfP/ eL8df kl5lNt/
kms]{/ ;f]Wg'eof], æs;n] d]/f] j:q 5f]of] <Æ r]nfx¿n] pxf“nfO{ eg], æle8n]
7]nd7]n u/]sf]] t tkfO{+n] b]Vg'ePs} 5 / klg tkfO{+ eGg'x'G5, ‘s;n] dnfO{
5f]of] <’Æ
pxf“nfO{ 5'g] sf] xf] egL pxf“n] rf/}lt/ x]g{ nfUg'eof] . ta cfkm"nfO{
h] ePsf] lyof] ;f] yfxf kfP/ Tof] :qL 8/n] sfDb} cfP/ o]z"sf] clu 3f]K6f] k/L
/ pxf“nfO{ ;a} ;To s'/f elglbO{ . ta pxf“n] To;nfO{ eGg'eof], æP 5f]/L, ltd|f]
ljZjf;n] ltdLnfO{ lgsf] kf/]sf] 5 . zflGt;fy hfpm . ltd|f] /f]u lgsf] ePsf]
5Æ -ds"{; %M@%–#$_ .
36gf ! / @ af6 lzIff
dflysf b'a} 36gfdf ljZjf; s] xf] eGg] s'/f k|:6 b]vfOPsf] 5 .
k/d]Zj/sf] jrg ;'g]kl5 To;sf] k|ltpQ/df ul/g] cf1fsf/L lqmofsnfk g}
ljZjf; xf] . afOann] h] eG5 Tof] ug'{ ljZjf; xf] . ljZjf; sfddf k|s6
x'“b}g eg] Tof] d[t xf] . ljZjf; rflx“ cfzf /flvPsf s'/fsf] lgZrotf /
gb]lvPsf s'/fsf] b[9 e/f];f xf] .
k/d]Zj/sf] lglDt s'g} s'/f c;Dej 5}g . t/ pxf“sf] sfd ug]{ tl/sf
pxf“sf] jrg afOan cg';f/ dfq x'G5 . tkfO{+ / d]/f] ts{ cg';f/ pxf“n] sfd
ug{'x'Gg . cfkm" / cfÇgf s'/fx¿df xf]Og t/ k/d]Zj/sf] jrgcg';f/ v|L:6df
e/ kg{' ljZjf; xf] . afOann] xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] ;Lldt / :jfyL{ ;|f]tdf e/f];f
gug{ cf“vf vf]lnlbG5, kmn:j¿k ;a} ;Dejsf dflns k/d]Zj/df dfq e/
kg{ l;S5f}+ .
३८
 dflysf b'a} 36gfdf cfZro{–sd{sf] /fd|f] gd'gf xfdLn] b]lv;s]sf 5f}+ .
xfd|f] dfgj 1fg, a'l4 / Ifdtf aflx/sf] sfd hf] k/d]Zj/n] o]z" v|L:6sf]
gfp“df ug{'x'G5 Tof] g} cfZro{–sd{ xf] . r·fO -lgsf] kfg]{_ / cfZro{–sd{ oL
b'a} s'/fx¿ xfdL dfgj hfltnfO{ k/d]Zj/n] k|]d :j¿k k|s6 ug{'x'g] O{Zj/Lo
zlQmsf k|df0fx¿ x'g\ . o; k|]dnfO{ xfdLn] gd|tf / ljZjf;åf/f dfq u|x0f
ug{ ;S5f}+ . cfÇgf] :jfy{ k"lt{ / b]vfj6L sfd ug{ oL s'/fx¿ kfpg ;lsGg .
of] k/d]Zj/n] cfÇgf] jrgdf eGg' ePcg';f/ x'g'k5{ . ljrf/ 7Ls 5}g eg]
k/d]Zj/sf] s[kf kfpg ;lsGg .
k/d]Zj/n] xfdLnfO{ cfˆgf] ljZjf; lbg rfxg'x'G5
afOan eG5– k/d]Zj/sf] lglDt ;a} s'/f ;Dej 5 -dQL !(M@^_ .
;fy} ljZjf; ug]{sf] nflu t ;a} s'/f ;Dej 5 -ds"{; (M@#_ . ljZjf;åf/f
dfq k/d]Zj/sf] k|]d / ;a} k|lt1fx¿ k|s6 x'g ;S5g\ . To;}n] k/d]Zj/ xfd|f]
ljZjf; a9]sf] rfxg'x'G5 . o]z"n] ds"{; !!M@@–@$ df eGg'ePsf] 5,
æk/d]Zj/sf] h:tf] ljZjf; ltdLx¿df xf];\ . ;f“Rr} d ltdLx¿nfO{ eGb5', olb
s;}n] cfÇgf] Xbodf z°f ub}{g t/ cfkm"n] eg]sf] s'/f k"/f x'G5 egL ljZjf;
u/]/ o; kxf8nfO{ -;d:of, b'Mv, si6, /f]u_ ‘pv]lnP/ t“ ;d'b|df v;\’ eGof]
eg], To;sf] lgldQ To:t} x'g]5 . o;sf/0f d ltdLx¿nfO{ eGb5', ltdLx¿n]
k|fy{gfdf h] ;'s} dfU5f} ;f] kfPsf 5f} eGg] ljZjf; /fv / Tof] ltdLx¿sf]
x'g]5 .Æ
o]z" v|L:6sf] ljZjf; s:tf] lyof] < pxf“n] af]Ng' dfq x'GYof] / Tof] k"/f
x'GYof] . h:t}M pxf“n] af]Ng'eof]† cf“wL zfGt eof]† cGwfn] b[li6 kfof]† /ut axg]
:qL lgsf] eO{† kIff3ftL lx“8\g] eof]† hGd} s'“hf] lx“8\g yfNof]† e"tn] uf“lhPsf]n]
5'6sf/f kfof]† d[t nfh/; lap“ltof] cflb cg]s . v|L:6n] xfdLnfO{ o:tf]
ljZjf; lbg rfxg'x'G5 t/ o;sf] lglDt xfdLn] d"No r'sfpg'k5{ . h:t}M
k/d]Zj/sf] jrgn] eg] cg';f/sf] cf1fsfl/tf, kljqtf, ;dk{0ftf / afOan
cWoog ub}{ k|fy{gf ug]{ hLjg x'g'k5{ .
o]z" v|L:6n] lbg'x'g] r·fO / cfZro{–sd{ s;/L cfˆgf] agfpg] <
o]z"sf] hGd h:t} pxf“sf] d[To'
k/d]Zj/sf] k"j{of]hgf cg';f/ dfgj
hfltnfO{ kfkaf6 5'6sf/f lbg,
p;sf] b'i6tfaf6 kl/jt{g u/L cgGt
hLjg lbg k/d]Zj/n] k"/f ug'{ePsf]
s[kfsf] sfo{ xf] . o]z"sf] d[To'n]
kfkaf6 Ifdf, /f]u ladf/ af6 r·fO
३९
/ k/d]Zj/;“u ldnfk u/fp“5 .
k/d]Zj/ zt{cg';f/ sfd ug{'x'G5 . pxf“ uf]ndfnsf k/d]Zj/
x'g'x'Gg . pxf“n] eGg'ePsf] zt{ xfdLn] k"/f u¥of}+ eg] pxf“n] xfd|f] hLjgdf
cfÇgf] k|lt1f k"/f ug{'x'G5 . xfd|f] gd|tf / ljZjf; pSt zt{sf] klxnf]
v'8\lsnf xf] . t/ of] afx]s c¿ v'8\lsnfx¿ klg 5g\ . h:t}M
!= o]z" sxf“ cfpg]M o]z"n] eGg'ePsf] 5 dsxf“ cfpm . pxf“sxf“ cfpg afwf
lbg] ;a} s'/fx¿ h:t}M cfÇgf] unt wf/0ff, ;°L0f{ ;+:sf/, ;+;f/sf]
/d´d, ;dfhsf] s';+:sf/, dfg dof{bf Pjd\ ;Ddfg, wg ;DklQsf] df]x
cflb Tofu]/ cfpg'k5{ .
@= pxf“sf] h'jf af]Sg]M ;+;f/df af]s]sf] ef/L / af]´sf] h'jf kmfn]/ o]z"sf]
xNsf h'jf af]Sg'k5{ . cyf{t\ cfÇgf] kfkL hLjg pxf“nfO{ lbO{ pxf“sf] kljq
hLjg cfkm"n] lng'k5{ .
#= o]z";“u l;Sg]M o]z" dxfg\ lzIfs x'g'x'G5 . xfdL x/]snfO{ 7Ls;“u
l;sfpg] Ifdtf pxf“;“u dfq 5 . xfdLn] o]z"nfO{ glrg]sf] ;dodf l;s]sf
;a} v/fa s'/fx¿ TofUb} pxf“n] l;sfpg' x'g] ;To s'/fx¿ l;Sg'k5{ .
l;sfO /fd|f] x'g lzIfs dfq /fd|f] eP/ k'Ub}g t/ l;Sg] JolQm klg gd|,
lh1f;', l;Sg rfxg], cg'zf;g :jLsf/ ug]{ x'g'k5{ .
$= Ifdfsf] Xbo x'g'k5{M Ifdf dfUg] / c¿nfO{ Ifdf lbg] sfd ul//xg' kb{5 .
Ifdfn] k|]d a9fp“5 / nueu *)Ü eGbf a9L dgf]j}1flgs ;d:ofx¿
;dfwfg ub{5 -of] dgf]lj1fgsf] c8\sn xf]_ .
%= afns´}“ gd| aGb} hfg]M o]z"n] eGg'ePsf] 5, ‘ltdLx¿ ab\lnP/ afns´}“
gd| ePgf} eg] k/d]Zj/sf] /fHodf k:g ;Sg]5}gf} .’
^= qm";df s] eof] Tof] s'/f ;o k|ltzt a'´]/ cfˆgf] agfpg]M qm";df hLjg
;f6\g] sfd eof] . xfd|f lglDt kljq / lgbf]{if k/d]Zj/sf k'q Toxf“
dg'{eof] . pxf“n] xfd|f kfksf] ;§f y'sfO, lk6fO, sf]/f{, lgGbf / lsnfsf]
7f]sfO vfP/ d[To' ;xg'eof] . ;a} s'/f xfd|f] ;§fdf ePsf x'g\ . of] s'/fsf]
oyfy{tf ga'´];Dd pxf“n] lbg'x'g] k|]d / r·fOsf] l:y/ cg'ej xfdLn] ug{
;Sb}gf}F . efjgfdf xf]Og jf:tljs cy{ a'´]/ o;nfO{ cfÇgf] agfpg' kb{5 .
&= tkfO{+sf] wf/0ff 7Ls x'g'k5{M tkfO{+n] cfÇgf] :jfyL{ OR5f / cfsfª\Iff
cg';f/ k/d]Zj/nfO{ sfd ug{ s/ gug'{xf];\ . o;f] ubf{ tkfO{+ lbg k|ltlbg
7"nf] ;d:ofdf kb}{ hfg'x'g]5 . lsgeg] dflg;n] h] /f]K5 ToxL kfpF5 xf]Og
/ < o;sf/0f k/d]Zj/n] cfÇgf] jrgdf s] eGg'ePsf] 5 To;cg';f/
cfÇgf ljrf/ / wf/0ffnfO{ kl/jt{g ug'{xf];\ clg 7Ls wf/0ff lnP/ pxf“
sxf“ hfg'xf];\ . k/d]Zj/sf] glhs hfg] Pjd\ pxf“sf] jrg l;Sg / kfngf
ug{ kl5 gkg'{xf];\ .

४०
*= ljZjf;, :jLsf/ / sfof{GjogM o]z" v|L:6 k/d]Zj/sf k'q x'g'x'G5 /
pxf“n] qm";df h] hlt s'/f ug'{eof] Tof] d]/f] lglDt lyof] clg pxf“ d[To'af6
lap“tg'eof] eGg] s'/f Xbon] ljZjf; u/L d'vn] :jLsf/ ug'{k5{ . ;fy}
d'vn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] s'/f sfof{Gjog klg ug'{k5{ . ljZjf;nfO{ cfÇgf]
hLjgdf sfof{Gjog ug{' Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ sbd xf] . w}o{tf, ;xgzLntf,
nugzLntf, gd|tf, kljqtf gePdf sfof{Gjog k"/f x'g;Sb}g .
k/d]Zj/n] ca|fxfdnfO{ t]/f ;Gtfg cfsfzsf tf/f´}“ x'g]5g\
eGg'ePsf] lyof] . ltgL -hf] k|fo !)) jif{sf lyP_ cfÇgL >LdtLsf]
d'bf{;/L z/L/sf] cj:yf hfg]/ klg ljZjf;df slQ klg sdhf]/ ePgg\ .
k/d]Zj/sf] k|lt1fsf] af/]df cljZjf;n] 8udufPgg\ t/ k/d]Zj/nfO{
dlxdf lbP/ ljZjf;df l:y/ eO/x] . h] pxf“n] k|lt1f ug{'ePsf] 5 Tof]
k"/f klg ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf pgL lgZro eP . o;sf/0fn] of]
pgsf] lglDt wfld{stf ulgof] . ;fy} h; h;n] o]z" xfd|f k|e'nfO{
d'bf{af6 lap“tfpg' x'g] dfly ljZjf; u5{g\ ltgLx¿ klg wfld{s
ulgg]5g\ . hf] xfd|f] ck/fwsf] lglDt ;'lDkg'eof] / xfdLnfO{ wdL{ 7x/fpg
lap“tg'eof] -/f]dL $M!*–@% _ .

४१
 -kf7–^_
xfd|f] zq' sf] xf] <
Pp6f ljhoL cflTds hLjg ofkg ug{ xfdLnfO{ b'Mv lbg] zq'nfO{
/fd|f];“u lrg]sf] x'g'k5{ . s'g} klg o'4df ljho kfpg klxnf zq'sf] zlQm,
of]hgf / h'lQmx¿ cflbsf] olsg ¿kdf cg';Gwfg u/]/ n8\g ;'? u/]sf]
v08df pNn]vgLo ljho xfl;n x'G5 . 7Ls of] s'/f o]z" v|L:6nfO{ ljZjf;
u/]/ pxf“df lhpg] qmddf klg nfu" x'G5 . xfd|f] zq' sf] xf] < o;n] s] s:tf
sfdx¿ u5{ < o]z" lsg cfpg'eof] < zq'dfly s;/L ljhoL kfpg] < cflb
s'/fx¿sf] af/]df afOanaf6 x]/f}+ .

xfd|f] zq'sf] kl/ro

kljq afOan eGb5, xfd|f] zq' Pp6f cflTds JolQm xf] . of] ;'?df
k/d]Zj/sf] ;]jf ug]{ Pp6f b"t lyof] . p;sf] ;kmntf, ;'Gb/tf, wg–;DklQ
cflbsf sf/0f p;df 3dG8 cfof] . p;n] cfkm"nfO{ k/d]Zj/eGbf dfly
k'¥ofpg rfxØf] . kmn:j¿k k/d]Zj/n] p;nfO{ Toxf“af6 kftfn;Dd cyf{t\
vf8nsf] tNnf] 5]p;Dd Çof“lslbg'eof] . o;sf gfp“x¿ 5g\ h:t} ;}tfg,
n';Lkm/, b'i6, ;+;f/sf] zf;s, cfsfzsf] zlQm, lj/f]wL, k/LIfs, 5nL, ´"6,
kfkL, afnlha'n, clh·/, uh{g] l;+x cflb . JolQmTjsf lglDt cfjZos kg]{
dgf]j}1flgs tŒjx¿ h:t} 1fg, OR5f / ;+j]u oL tLg} s'/fx¿ xfd|f] zq'
;}tfgdf x'G5g\ -ds"{; !M@$, dQL !@M$$_ . o;sf/0f /fd|f];“u lrg]/ To;sf
hfnx¿af6 hf]lug'k5{ .

;}tfgsf k|d'v lqmofsnfkx¿

afOancg';f/ zq' ;}tfgsf k|d'v lqmofsnfkx¿ lgDg 5g\ .
-!_ ;d´zlQm cGwf agfp“5
o]z" v|L:6 hf] k/d]Zj/sf] ¿k x'g'x'G5, pxf“sf] dlxdfsf] ;';dfrf/
ltgLx¿n] gb]v"g\ eg]/ o; ;+;f/sf] b]jn] cyf{t\ ;}tfgn] v|L:6nfO{ ljZjf;
gu/]sfx¿sf] ;d´nfO{ cGwf t'NofOlbPsf] 5 -@ sf]l/GyL $M$_ .
dfgj z/L/sf] ;a}eGbf >]i7 sfo{k|0ffnL æ;d´zlQmÆ xf] . ;d´zlQm
c“Wof/f] ePkl5 JolQmn] 7Ls–a]7Ls 5'§Øfpg ;Sb}g . of] s'/f k|:6;“u a'‰gnfO{
o]z"sf] egfO d"Nof°g u/f}+, æk/d]Zj/ ltdLx¿sf lktf x'g'x'“bf] xf] t ltdLx¿n]
dnfO{ k|]d ug]{ lyof}, lsgeg] d k/d]Zj/sf tkm{af6 cfP“, cfPsf] 5' . d cfÇg}
ts{af6 cfPsf] xf]Og t/ pxf“n] dnfO{ k7fpg'eof] . ltdLx¿ lsg d]/f] s'/f
a'‰b}gf} < lsgeg] ltdLx¿ d]/f] s'/} ;'Gg ;Sb}gf} -o"xGgf *M$@–$#_ .Æ o]z"sf]
४२
s'/f a'‰gnfO{ ;j{k|yd xfd|f] ;d´zlQm vf]lng'k5{ . of] sfd k"/f x'g o]z"sf]
jrg k|z:t ;'Gg'k5{ . ;}tfgn] ;'?af6} o]z"sf] s'/f g;'g"g\ eg]/ ljleGg
k|sf/sf if8\oGq ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . h:t} ;a} wd{ gzf xf]† ;a} af6f]n] Ps} 7fp“df
k'luG5† o]z"nfO{ ul/a, ljb]zL, clzlIft, tNnf] ju{n] ljZjf; u5{g\† o]z"sf]
k':ts k9\g] / ;'Gg] klg km';{b 5}g . 3[0ff, k"jf{u|x cflbn] ubf{ dflg;x¿
o]z"sf] s'/f ;'Gg ;Sb}gg\ . t/ ;d´zlQm pHofnf] x'g o]z"sf] jrg k|z:t
dfqfdf ;'Gg / a'‰g afOansf lgDg cf1fx¿ kfng ug{'k5{ .
æd]/f] jrgdf /xØf} eg] ltdLx¿ ;f“Rr} d]/f r]nf xf} / ;To s] xf] ;f] hfGg]5f}
/ ;Ton] ltdLx¿nfO{ :jtGq t'Nofpg]5 -o"xGgf *M#!–#@_ . v|L:6n]
ltdLx¿nfO{ :jtGq u/fof] eg] ltdLx¿ lgZro :jtGq x'g]5fÆ -o"xGgf *M#^_ .
-@_ ;}tfgn] cfkm"nfO{ :ju{b"t´}“ agfP/ 5Ng] sfd u5{
;}tfgn] ug]{ csf]{ d'Vo sfd æ5nÆ xf] . dflg;nfO{ 5n ug{{ gSsnL
e]if wf/0f ub{5 . of] s'/f afOann] xfdLnfO{ o;/L hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5,
æ;}tfgn] klg Hof]ltd{o :ju{b"tx¿sf] e]if wf/0f u5{ . o;sf/0f of] s'g} cgf}7f]
s'/f xf]Og, ls To;sf bf;x¿n] klg wfld{stfsf bf;x¿sf ¿kdf cfÇgf e]if
abN5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] cGTo ltgLx¿sf sfdcg';f/ x'G5Æ -@sf]l/GyL !!M!$–
!%_ . ;}tfgaf6 cfpg] 5nsf s'/fx¿ kTofpg' xflgsf/s 5 . ;'g ;SsnL xf]
jf gSsnL xf] ;f] s;L nufP/ dfq} lrGg ;lsG5 . To;} u/L afOansf]
jrgn] ;a} s'/f hf“Rg ;lsG5 .
;To / ´"6 lrGg] tl/sf
-s_ x/]s c;n ?vn] c;n} kmn kmnfp“5 t/ lau|]sf] ?vn] v/fa kmn
kmnfp“5 . kmnaf6 ?vsf] klxrfg x'G5 . ;}tfg / To;sf ;]jsx¿sf]
;f“rf] kl/ro kfpg ltgLx¿sf] kmn cyf{t\ sfd x]g'{k5{ . o]z" v|L:6sf]
egfO, hLjgL / sfd ;tk|ltzt Ps–cfk;df kl/k"/s / ;To 5g\ . o;}
sf/0f o]z"n] eGg'eof], æltdLx¿ dWo] s;n] dnfO{ kfksf] bf]if nufpg
;S5f} <Æ -o"xGgf *M$^_ .
-v_ ;}tfg ;'?b]lv g} xTof/f lyof] / ;To;“u To;nfO{ s]xL jf:tf 5}g .
lsgeg] To;df s]xL ;To 5}g . Tof] ´"6 af]N5 lsgeg] Tof] ´"6 / ´"6sf]
lktf xf] -o"xGgf *M$$_ .
-u_ cfÇgf] k'/fgf] if8\oGq cyf{t\ z/L/sf] clenfiff, cf“vfsf] clenfiff /
hLjgsf] z]vL k|Tof/f]k0f u/]/ dflg;x¿nfO{ 5Ng rfxG5 -! o"xGgf
@M!^, pTklQ #M!–^_ .
-3_ afOan eGb5, æh'g;'s} cfTdfnfO{ ljZjf; gu/, t/ cfTdfx¿
k/d]Zj/af6 cfPsf x'g\ ls xf]Ogg\ ltgLx¿sf] hf“r u/ . lsgeg] w]/}
´"6f cudjQmfx¿ o; ;+;f/df lgl:scfPsf 5g\ . o]z"nfO{ :jLsf/ gug]{
x/]s cfTdf k/d]Zj/af6 xf]OgÆ -! o"xGgf $M!–#_ .
४३
-ª_ h;;“u v|L:6 x'g'x'G5 To;;“u hLjg 5, h;;“u k/d]Zj/sf k'q v|L:6
x'g'x'Gg To;;“u hLjg x'“b}g -! o"xGgf %M!@_ .
-#_ ;}tfgn] rf]g]{, dfg]{ / gfz kfg]{ sfd u5{
;}tfgsf] t];|f] k|d'v sfd rf]g]{, dfg]{ / gfz kfg]{ xf] . of] sfd k"/f ug{
p;n] y'k|} k|sf/sf if8\oGqx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{ rfxG5 . o;n] xfd|f] ;do,
:jf:Yo, kl/jf/, an, a'l4, cy{, zflGt, cfgGb cflb rf]/]/ dfg{ / gfz kfg{
rfxG5 . o; ljifodf afOann] xfdLnfO{ o;/L ;hu agfPsf] 5 .
-s_ v|L:6sf jrg ;'g]/ ljZjf; gu¿g\ / gaf“r"g eg]/ ;}tfgn] ltgLx¿sf
Xboaf6 -cyf{t\ h;n] ;'g]sf] s'/f dgg u/]/ a'´]sf x'“b}gg\_ jrg rf]/]/
n}hfG5 -n"sf *M!@_ .
-v_ ;Tosf] aLrdf ´"6 5g]{ sfd u5{ . cyf{t\ xfdLx¿ a]xf]l;of/ ePsf]
j]nfdf v|L:6 lj/f]wL s'/fx¿ Xbodf 5g{ rfxG5 . o;sf/0f Xbosf] 9f]sf
;w}“ aGb /fVg'k5{ tfls rf]/ ´'SSofP/ leq gk;f];\ -dQL !#M@$–#)_ .
-u_ v|L:6df x'g]x¿sf] lj/f]w ug]{, bf]if lbg] sfd u5{ -k|sfz !@M!)_, t/
xfdLn] 86]/ To;sf] d'sflanf ug'{k5{ .
-3_ dflg;x¿nfO{ lsl;d lsl;dsf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;+j]ufTds, ;fdflhs,
kfl/jfl/s, cfly{s cflb ;d:ofx¿ Pjd\ /f]u–ladf/ / si6x¿ Nofpg]
sfd u5{ -ds"{; %M!–!&_ . t/ o]z" v|L:6 l;sfp“b}, /fHosf] ;';dfrf/
k|rf/ ub}{, dflg;x¿df ePsf x/]s lsl;dsf /f]u / zf/Ll/s b'a{ntf
lgsf] kfb}{ ;f/f ufnLnel/ 3'Dg'eof] . ljleGg k|sf/sf /f]u / kL8fn]
;tfOPsfx¿, e"t nfu]sf, 5f/]/f]u nfu]sf / kIff3ft ePsfx¿ ;a}nfO{
dflg;x¿n] pxf“sxf“ NofP / pxf“n] ltgLx¿nfO{ lgsf] kfg'{eof] -dQL
$M@#–@$_ .
-ª_ v|L:6df ljZjf; u/]sfx¿nfO{ wDsfpg], t;f{pg], kmsfpg], ;D´f}tf ug]{
cflb sf]l;; u5{ t/ To;sf] k|ltsf/ ug{'k5{ clg Tof] efU5 -! kq';
%M*–(† ofs"a $M&_ .
-r_ ;}tfgn] v|L:6nfO{ k/d]Zj/sf k'q eg]/ :jLsf/ ub{5 / 8/n] sf“Kb5 t/
pxf“sf] cf1f kfng rflx“ ub}{g . v|L:6nfO{ lrg]/ cf1f kfng gugf{n]
g/fd|f] kl/0ffd cfp“5 -ds"{; %M&† n"sf $M$!† ofs"a @M!(† ehg;+u|x
($M@)_ .

४४
o]z" v|L:6 lsg cfpg'eof] <
o]z" v|L:6 o; ;+;f/df cfpg'sf tLgj6f k|d'v sf/0fx¿ 5g\ h:t}
k[YjLsf ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hfltsf] kfksf] b08 r'Stf ug{, dfgj hfltnfO{ k/d]Zj/
lrgfpg / ;}tfgsf sfd gfz ug{ . afOan eGb5M
-s_ h;n] kfk ub{5 Tof] ;}tfg tkm{sf] xf] . ;}tfgn] ;'?b]lv g} kfk ub}{ cfPsf]
5 . ;}tfgsf sfdx¿ gi6 kfg{nfO{ g} k/d]Zj/sf k'q v|L:6 o; ;+;f/df
cfpg'ePsf] xf] -!o"xGgf #M*_ .
-v_ k/d]Zj/n] gf;/tsf o]z"nfO{ kljq cfTdf / zlQmn] cleif]s ug{'eof] .
pxf“ ;'sd{ ub}{ / ;}tfgaf6 k]lnPsfx¿nfO{ lgsf] kfb}{ lx“8\g'eof], lsgls
k/d]Zj/ pxf“sf] ;fydf x'g'x'GYof] -k|]l/t !)M#*_ .
-u_ k/d]Zj/af6 hGd]sf] x/]sn] ;+;f/dfly ljho k|fKt u5{, / ;+;f/nfO{
lhTg] ljho xfd|f] ljZjf; xf] . ;+;f/ dfly ljho k|fKt ug]{ sf] xf] < ToxL
xf], h;n] o]z" v|L:6 k/d]Zj/sf k'q x'g'x'G5 egL ljZjf; u5{ -!o"xGgf
%M$–%_ .
-3_ 7"nf] :j/n] lrRRofP/ ;}tfgsf] b"t e"tn] eGof], ‘x] ;jf]{Rr k/d]Zj/sf
k'q o]z", tkfO{+sf] d;“u s] ;/f]sf/ < d k/d]Zj/df zky xfn]/ tkfO{+nfO{
laGtL ub{5', ls dnfO{ b'Mv glbg'xf];\ -ds"{; %M&_ .’ lsgeg] o]z"n] ;}tfg
/ To;sf] ;a} ;]jsx¿nfO{ cfuf] / uGws bGsg] s'08df Çof“lslbg]
km};nf ul/;Sg'ePsf] 5 -k|sfz @!M*_ .
tkfO{+ xf]l;of/ x'g'kg]{ s'/fx¿
k/d]Zj/sf] cf1f pNn‹gnfO{ afOann] d"lt{–k"hf eGb5 . cfÇgf] an,
a'l4, ¿k, Ifdtf, pknlAw, wg–;DklQ cflbdf cledfg ug{' jf e/f];f ug{' klg
d"lt{–k"hf xf] . ;j{zlQmdfg\ Ps dfq hLljt k/d]Zj/afx]s c¿ b]jLb]jtf,
dflg;, k|s[lt, kz'–kIfL, d[t cfTdf k'Hg' klg d"lt{–k"hf xf] .
d"lt{–k"hfn] s:tf] kl/0ffd Nofp“5 ;f] a'´fpg k/d]Zj/n] ;'tL
sk8fsf] Pp6f pkdf b]vfpg'ePsf] 5 . k/d]Zj/n] old{of cudjQmfnfO{
;'tLsf] sk8f lsg]/ sDd/df af“Wg nufpg'eof] / To;kl5 Tof] k6'sfnfO{
vfN6f]df vg]/ uf8\g nfpg'eof] / s]xL lbgkl5 To;nfO{ k'gM vg]/ lgsfNg
eGg'eof] . t/ Tof] t k"0f{¿kn] dlsP5 / a]sfdsf] eP5 . o;kl5 k/d]Zj/n]
eGg'eof], d"lt{–k"hfn] dflg; Tof] k6'sf´}“ a]sfdsf] x'G5 -old{of !#M!–!)_ .
xfd|f] z/L/ k/d]Zj/sf] kljq–cfTdfsf] dlGb/ xf] . k/d]Zj/sf] cfTdf
xfdLdf a:g'x'G5 . o;sf/0f of] z/L/nfO{ gfz ug]{ s'/fx¿ vfg' x'“b}g h:t}M
hf“8–/S;L, r'/f]6, la“8L, ;'tL{ cflb . ;fy} of] z/L/nfO{ gfz ug]{ sfdx¿

४५
Jolerf/, rf]/L, nf]e, h'jf–tf;, s'6lk6, dGqtGq, b'ZdgL cflb ug{' x'“b}g -!
sf]l/GyL #M!^–!&_ .
d"lt{–k"hfn] Nofpg] k|d'v kl/0ffdx¿ oL x'g\ h:t}M ul/aL, /f]u–ladf/,
lga'{l4, Jolerf/, dBkfg, 3';, t:s/L, c;kmntf, zq'sf] ;]jf ug{'kg]{, clgsfn
/ ;/fkx¿ cflb x'g\ -old{of !)M!–!)† oz}of $%M!^, @)† Joj:yf @* k"/}†
k|:yfg @)M!–^† unftL #M!#_ .
s'g} klg JolQmn] b'O{j6f dflnssf] ;]jf ug{ ;Sb}g . lsgeg] To;n]
Pp6fnfO{ 3[0ff / csf]{nfO{ k|]d ug]{5 . cyjf Pp6fl;t 6f“l;g]5 / csf]{nfO{
To;n] t'R5 uGg]5 . o;sf/0f ltdLx¿n] k/d]Zj/ / ;}tfg -jf wg–;DklQ_
b'a}sf] rfs/L ug{ ;Sb}gf} -dQL ^M@$_ . o;sf/0f ;To s'/f a'´]/
/fhLv';L;fy tkfO{+n] k/d]Zj/sf] ;]jf ug]{, pxf“;“u /xg] / pxf“nfO{ v';L kfg]{
lg0f{o ug'{k5{ .

४६
 -kf7–&_
d'lQmsf dfu{x¿ w]/} 5g\
jf Pp6f dfq} <
o; k[YjLdf d'lQmsf dfu{x¿ w]/} 5g\, h'g af6f] lx“8] klg :ju{ hfg
;lsG5 eGg] dt rf/}lt/ JofKt 5g\ . o; k[YjLsf ;a} k|d'v wd{x¿
Pl;ofaf6 ;'? ePsf x'g\ . o;sf/0f Pl;of dxfb]zdf a;f]jf; ug]{ JolQmx¿n]
wd{df cf:yf /fVg' :jfefljs s'/f xf] . ;fy} ljleGg k|sf/sf ts{ ug'{ klg
;fGble{s s'/f xf] . ;a} wd{df ;+:yfks / c¿ ;Gtx¿ x'G5g\ . h;n] cf–
cfÇg} k|sf/sf ljrf/x¿ JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . jf:tjdf dflg;sf ljrf/x¿,
ts{x¿ / egfOx¿ rrf{ ug{ g;lsg] y'k|f]x¿ g} 5g\ . xfdL dflg;n] h]hlt
s'/f u/] klg kfk / d[To'af6 5'6sf/f lbg] af6fx¿ w]/} 5}gg\, t/ Pp6f dfq}
5 . lsgeg] ;To Pp6} dfq x'G5 .
k[YjLsf ;a} wd{x¿ kfkdf hlGdP/, kfk ub}{ubf{ hLjgsf] lg/fzf /
d[To'sf] 8/n] eolet eP/ tL s'/fx¿af6 d'Qm x'g wd{sd{k|lt cf:yf /fvL
vf]htnf; u/]sf x'g\ . Pp6f d/0fzLn dflg;n] vf]h]/ agfPsf lgod /
/Lltlyltn] xfd|f] kfk Ifdf x'g / p4f/ kfpg ;Dej 5}g . xfd|f] vf]h
tnf;af6 o; ;+;f/df y'k|} s'/fx¿ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 t/ kfk Ifdf / d'lQm
sdfpg jf vf]h]/ kQf nufpg ;lsGg . d'lQmsf dfu{x¿sf] af/]df o;
k[YjLsf dflg;x¿ e|ddf k/]sf 5g\ . xfd|f] b]z cyjf xfdL a;f]jf; ug]{
dxfb]zsf k|foM w]/} dflg;x¿ lktfk'vf{b]lv rlncfPsf] k/Dk/f cg'z/0f u/]/
p4f/ kfOG5 eGg] s'/f ljZjf; u5{g\ .
To;} u/L c¿ dflg;x¿ kfk Ifdf / p4f/df s'g} rf;f] /fVb}gg\ .
o;} u/L dflg;x¿ le8nfO{ cg';/0f u5{g\† clg c¿x¿ eG5g\, d gfl:ts x'“†
d sfddf ljZjf; u5'{† d ;a} wd{df cf:yf /fV5'† d ;a} wd{af6 5fg]/ c;n
s'/fx¿ lnG5'† d wd{x¿df ljZjf; ulb{g“† of] /fhgLlt / gzf xf] cflb cflb .
h'g;'s} s'/f ljZjf; u/]/ p4f/ kfpg ;Dej 5}g . cyjf d Pp6f uf8f r9]/
k[YjL e|d0f u5'{ eGg] lg0f{o ug{' Pp6f g;'xfpg] Hofb} sRrf sbd xf] .
jf:tjdf d'lQm, p4f/, cgGt hLjg l´gf] dl;gf] s'/f xf]Og . o;nfO{ uDeL/
eP/ ljrf/ gu/]sf] v08df xfdLn] cgGt hLjg u'dfpg]5f}+ .
tkfO{+ Pp6f gof“ 7fp“ cyjf s'g} ljsl;t ;x/df k'Ug'eof] eg] nueu
lbgsf] b'O{ ah]kl5 cfh /flt d sxf“ a:g]5' < ;'/Iff vf]Hb} tkfO{+sf] k|yd sbd
a]n'sL a:g] 8]/f, nh jf sf]7fsf] Joj:yf ug'{x'g]5 . Ps /ft af6f]df, uNnLdf
jf v'Nnf cfsfz d'lg latfpg sl7g k5{ . Ps /ftsf] lglDt b'O{ ah]af6 /flt
४७
a:g] 7fp“ vf]htnf; ug'{k5{ . o;}n] k[YjLdf /x“bf;Ddsf] lglDt ;'/Iff kfpg
dflg;x¿ kl/jf/, 3/, sf]7f, ;/;fdfg, lzIff, tflnd, Joj;fo, hflu/,
cfly{s ;|f]t, a9'jf, pGglt cflbsf] tLa| OR5f /fV5g\ . jf:tjdf oL s'/fx¿
vf]hL ug'{ cfjZostf xf] . t/ of] 5f]6f] hLjg kl5sf] nfdf] hLjgsf lglDt
´g\ slt w]/} vf]hL ug'{ kg]{ xf]Og < cfhef]ln dflg;x¿ kmf]g, Od]n cflbåf/f
klxn]af6} gof“ 7fp“df a:g], ;'Tg] / 3'Dg] 7fp“x¿sf] k"j{ hfgsf/L, nfUg] vr{,
latfpg] ;do cflbsf] lgZrotf u5{g\ .
s]xL jif{ cl3 xfd|f] kl/jf/ ef/tsf] a}·nf]/ k'Uof}+ . /fltdf a:g] 7fp“
vf]Hg lgs} sl7g k¥of] . cGTodf Pp6f nh e]§fof}+ . aflx/af6 x]bf{ cfsif{s /
cfly{s b[li6sf]0faf6 ;ffGble{s lyof] . ha vfgf vfP/ ;'Tg yfNof}“ xfdLnfO{
cgluGtL p8';x¿ 6f]Sg cfP . tL p8'; df/]/ jf aQL afn]/ a;] klg
5'6sf/f kfpg ;s]gf}+ . cGTodf nhsf] d]g]h/nfO{ ;d:of atfof}+, pxf“n] sf]7f
;f/]/ sk8fdf cf}ifwL 5g'{ eof] . t/ klg ;d:of ;dfwfg ePg . xfd|f] lglDt
Tof] /ft si6sf] /ft, hLjgdf gla;{g] /ft Pjd\ g/s s:tf] x'g]5 To;sf]
Pp6f ´ns g} eof] . cgGt hLjg h] xf]nf To;/L g} 6g]{5 eg]/ a]jf:tf ug]{
s'/f xf]Og . unt 7fp“df Ps /ft latfpg olt w]/} si6 x'G5 eg] xfd|f] hLjg
unt 7fp“df k'Uof] eg] cgGt hLjg slt w]/} si6bfoL x'g]5 < o;sf/0f
afOann] cgGt hLjg k/d]Zj/;“u pxf“sf] pkl:yltdf latfpg clxn]af6} 7Ls
lg0f{o ug{ cfu|x u/]sf] 5 .
slxNo} kfk gu/]sf] clg d[To'nfO{ lht]sf] JolQmn] dfq cgGt hLjgsf]
af/]df xfdLnfO{ ;To s'/f atfpg ;S5 . jf:tjdf kfk gu/]sf] wdL{ clg
d[To'nfO{ lht]sf] ljhoL JolQmn] dfq xfdLnfO{ kfkaf6 5'6fpg ;S5 . d'lQm /
cgGt hLjgsf] af/]df s'/f ubf{ ;a}eGbf a9L ljrf/ ug'{ kg]{ ljifo, ækfk,
d[To' / 5'6sf/fÆ x'g\ . ef/tsf] gof“ lbNnL k'Ug rLgsf] a]Olh· hfg] a;
cyjf hxfhdf r9\g' Pp6f c;fGble{s d"v{ sfd xf] . k[YjLdf w]/} jif{ 3'd]/
x08/ vfPkl5 rfx]sf] 7fp“df k'Ug ;lsG5 eGg] tkfO{+sf] ts{ x'g ;S5 . t/
:ju{ hfg] sfd k}bn ofqf, l/S;f, 7]nf, afOs, a;, sf/, 6«]g, uf8f,
kfgLhxfh, Kn]g, /s]6 cflb s'g}af6 ;Dej 5}g . k[YjLsf ofqf k"0f{tof km/s
k|sf/sf 5g\ . xfdL cfÇgf] tl/sfn] lx“8]/ k[YjLsf] s'g} 7fp“df k'Ug ;Sb}gf}+ eg]
:ju{ k'Ug xfd|f] cfÇgf] tl/sfaf6 ´g\ slt w]/} c;Dej x'g]5 .
o]z"n] kfk ug'{ ePg g d[To'n] pxf“nfO{ lrxfgdf /f]s]/ /fVg ;Sof] .
Pp6f kfk u/]sf] JolQmn] csf]{ JolQmnfO{ kfkaf6 5'6fpg ;Sb}g . o;} u/L
ul0ft ljifodf km]n ePsf] JolQm ul0ft ljifo k9fpg] lzIfs aGg vf]Hg' jf pm
lzIfs aGg ;S5 eGg] ts{ ug'{ sfg"g / Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf klg gldNg] s'/f
xf] . afOannfO{ cWoog dgg ubf{ o]z" Pp6f o:tf] JolQm x'g'x'G5 h;n] dfq}
cfÇgf] k|f0f kfkLsf] p4f/sf] lglDt ck{0f ug'{eof] . pxf“n] s'g} kfk ug'{ ePg,

४८
´"6 af]Ng' ePg . o]z" /fhf x'g / d'lQmbftf x'g hlGdg' ePsf] xf]Og pxf“
hlGdg' cl3 g} /fhf / d'lQmbftf x'g'x'G5 . dflg;sf] kfk x/0f ug{ kfk /lxt
z/L/sf] alnbfg cfjZos k/]sf]n] pxf“ k/d]Zj/ eP/ klg dfgj z/L/df
k|s6 x'g'k/]sf] xf] .
d tkfO{+nfO{ dfgj :jefjaf6 s]xL s'/f k|:6 kfg{ rfxG5' . kfk Ifdf
/ cgGt hLjg sdfpg ;ls“b}g . xfdLn] a'‰g'kg]{ s'/f of] 5, sdfpg ;lsg]
s'/f s]xL lglZrt JolQmn] dfq cfh{g ug{ ;S5g\ . Pp6f sIffdf jf v]ndf
;a} hgf k|yd x'“b}gg\ t/ Ps hgf dfq} . o;/L g} d'lQm sdfpg ;lsg] eP
k[YjLsf s]xL lglZrt JolQmn] To;nfO{ sdfP/ :ju{nfO{ cfÇgf] sAhfdf kfg]{
lyP . d'lQm, p4f/ / cgGt hLjg ;a}sf lglDt, ljgf e]befj, l;Q}df kfpg]
s'/f x'g\ . o;nfO{ sd{ u/]/ xf]Og t/ ljZjf;åf/f l;Q}df u|x0f ug'{k5{ .
l;Q}df kfOg] s'/fx¿ ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{, d"Nojfg / k/d]Zj/sf] tkm{af6 dfq}
k|fKt x'G5g\ . k/d]Zj/n] dfgj hfltsf lglDt l;Q}df d'lQm, xfjf, kfgL /
;"o{sf] k|sfz Joj:yf ug'{ePsf] 5 . t/ oL s'/fx¿nfO{ b"lift agfpg] sfd
dflg;n] u5{ . cfTdfsf] lglDt d'lQm / z/L/nfO{ clt w]/} cfjZos kg]{ xfjf,
kfgL / ;"o{sf] k|sfz dflg;n] sd{ u/]/ k|fKt ug{ ;ls“b}g . sd{n] dflg;nfO{
:jfyL{ / 3d08L agfp“5 t/ ljZjf;n] gd| agfp“5 . :ju{df kfkL /
3d08LnfO{ k|j]z lgif]w 5 . ;a}eGbf vt/gfs kfk 3d08 xf] h;n] ubf{
dflg; cfkm"nfO{ ljz]if JolQm 7fG5 / k/d]Zj/sf] ;xof]u lagf d'lQm sdfpg
;lsG5 eGg] e|ddf kb{5 .
o; k[YjLdf ePsf d'lQmsf s'g} klg dfu{x¿n] sd{, dfgj sf]l;; /
wd{sfo{df ljZjf; u5{g\ t/ afOan eG5 d'lQm v|L:6n] qm";df ug'{ePsf]
sfo{nfO{ ljZjf; u/]/ l;Q}df kfOG5 . kfkL dflg;n] d'lQm sdfpg c;Dej 5
o;sf/0f kfk gug'{ ePsf o]z"n] ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hfltsf] kfk cfÇgf] z/L/df
lt/]/ pkxf/ :j¿k d'lQm sdfOlbg'ePsf] 5 . o; d'lQmnfO{ u|x0f ug'{
dflg;sf] st{Jo xf] . cfkm"n] sdfpg g;lsg] s'/fdf cfÇgf] hLjg cyf{t\ ;do,
wg, an–a'l4 nufgL u/]/ wd{sd{ ug'{ ´g\–´g\ aGwgdf kb}{ hfg' xf] .
dflg;sf wd{sd{x¿ Pp6f lb;f–lk;fa nfu]sf] ´'q] sk8f eGbf klg kmf]x/L
x'G5g\ eGg] s'/f afOann] k|:6 kf/]sf] 5 -oz}of ^$M^_ .
o]z" d'lQmbftf / kfkaf6 5'6fpg] JolQm x'g'x'G5 -dQL !M@!† n"sf
@M!!_ . o]z"n] eGg'eof], æaf6f], ;To / hLjg d x'“Æ -o"xGgf !$M^_ . o]z" dfq
:ju{ hfg] af6f] x'g'x'G5 . oxL af6f]af6 dfq} :ju{ k'Ug ;lsG5 . clg of]
af6f]df s;/L lx“8\g' k5{ To;sf] ;To lzIff pxf“af6 cfp“5 / To; af6f]df
lx“8\g cfjZos hLjgsf] ;|f]t klg pxf“ x'g'x'G5 . dnfO{ cfÇgf ;fyLx¿n] ;a}
eGbf a9L k|Zg ug]{ / c;xdt hgfpg] afOansf] v08 oxL xf] . o]z"sf] o;
egfO ljrf/ ubf{ pxf“ dfq af6f] x'g'x'G5, pxf“ afx]s c¿ ax'dfu{x¿n] :ju{

४९
k'¥ofpg / ;To l;sfpg ;Sb}gg\ eGg] s'/f k|i6 x'G5 . o]z"sf] k|:6 / l;wf
s'/f dflg;nfO{ dg gkg'{, To;df lj/f]w ug'{ :jfefljs s'/f xf] . d lzIfs x'“,
/ SofDk;df k9fp“5', s] d}n] cfÇgf] kl/ro lb“bf, æd SofDk;df k9fpg] Pp6f
lzIfs x'“, d]/f] gfp“ 8f= ltdf]yL cof{n xf], d gof“a:tL sf7df8f}“df cfÇgf] $
hgfsf] kl/jf/df a:5', o;} u/L dnfO{ k':ts n]Vg dg k5{Æ o:tf] ljj/0f
;lxtsf] cfÇgf] jf:tljs kl/ro lbg' :jfefljs ;To s'/f xf]Og / < o:tf]
kl/ronfO{ x]kfxf / 3d08L eGg ldN5 / < o]z" jf:tjdf hf] x'g'x'G5 ;f] s'/f
k|:6;“u eGg'eof] . pxf“n] gePsf] s'/f eGg' ePg o;sf/0f pxf“sf] egfOdf
7Ss/ gvfO{ To;nfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{ k5{ .
o]z"n] cfÇgf] kl/ro :ki6 zAbdf atfpg'eof] . o;} u/L pxf“n]
lbg'ePsf] cfÇgf] kl/rocg';f/ d[To'nfO{ lhTg'eof] . w]/} JolQmn] cfkm"nfO{ ;To
/ p4f/s x'“ eg]/ e|ddf kfg]{ s'/fx¿ u5{g\ t/ cGTodf u'Kt kfkx¿ ub}{,
si6 ef]Ub} d[To'df k'U5g\ . o]z"sf] lrxfg l/Qf] 5, pxf“sf j:qx¿ clxn] klg
;'/lIft 5g\, pxf“ /f]uladf/ nfu]/ jf a'9f] eP/ dg'{ePsf] xf]Og t/ xfdL dfgj
hfltsf ck/fwsf lglDt qm";df dg'{eof] . xfd|f ck/fwn] ubf{ pxf“ ck/fwL
algg'k¥of] . Pp6f lzIfssf] x}l;otn] d cfkm"n] w]/} k|sf/sf JolQmx¿sf]
hLjgL, lzIff / sfdsf] af/]df cWoog ug]{ df}sf kfPsf] 5' . t/ o]z"sf] h:tf]
;/n, k|:6, kfk/lxt, nIo k|]l/t dxfg\ JolQmTj ePsf] c¿ s'g} JolQm e]6]sf]
5}g h'g ;Dej klg 5}g . Pp6f ¿vsf] kl/ro To;sf] kmnaf6 x'G5 To;} u/L
dflg;sf] kl/ro p;sf] jrg / sfdaf6 x'G5 . o; ;[li6df jrg / sfd
x'ax' ldNg] JolQm v|L:6 dfq} x'g'xG5 .
kfkaf6 5'6sf/f kfpg Pjd\ cgGt hLjgdf k|j]z kfpg o]z" dfq
af6f] x'g'x'G5 . o; k[YjLdf gfd rn]sf lzIffno cyjf sfof{nox¿sf lglb{i6
kf]zfs x'G5g\ . o;sf/0f h'g;'s} kf];fs nufP/ Toxf“ k|j]z kfpg ;lsGg .
lzIffno / :ju{ w]/} km/s 7fp“ x'g\, o;sf/0f o]z"sf] /utn] kfkx¿ wf]P/
wfld{stfsf] j:q nufPsf] JolQmn] dfq :ju{df k|j]z kfp“5 . k/d]Zj/sf] OR5f
5 x/]s JolQmn] v|L:6nfO{ lrg"g\ / cgGt hLjg k|fKt u¿g\ -! ltdf]yL @M$_ .
ljZjf; ug]{x¿sf lglDt v|L:6 d'lQmbftf x'g'x'G5 -! ltdf]yL $M!)_ . dflg;x¿
gfz gxf]pmg\ eg]/ o]z"n] w}o{;fy klv{/xg' ePsf] 5 -@ kq'; #M(_ . o]z"n] s'g}
b]z / hfltsf] lglDt dfq xf]Og t/ ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hfltsf] lglDt k|folZrt
alnbfg lbg'ePsf] 5 -! o"xGgf @M@_ .
æls :ju{df, k[YjLdfly / k[YjLd'lg ePsf] x/]s k|f0fLn] o]z"sf] gfp“df
3'“8f 6]Sg'k5{ . / x/]s lha|f]n] k/d]Zj/ lktfsf dlxdfsf] lglDt o]z" v|L:6nfO{
k|e' egL :jLsf/ ug'{k5{Æ -lkmlnKkL @M!)–!!_ .
æc¿ s;}df d'lQm 5}g, lsgls xfdLn] d'lQm kfpgnfO{ :ju{d'lg
dflg;x¿df c¿ s'g} gfp“ lbOPsf] 5}gÆ -k|]l/t $M!@_ .

५०
 Pp6f c;n, ;f]´f], sd af]Ng], bofn', ;xof]uL / ldng;f/ JolQm klg
leqL dg'ioTj / g}lts ¿kdf kfkL g} 5 . kfkL x'gnfO{ s'g} ck/fw ug'{ kb}{g
lsgeg] dflg; j+zf0f'ut ¿kdf hGdhft kfkL 5 . kfk ug'{ p;sf] hGdhft
cfGtl/s :jefj xf] . o;sf/0f d}n] kfk u/]sf] 5}g, d c;n / wdL{ 5' eGg]
7fGg' e|ddf kg'{ xf] . ha xfdLn] kfkL :jefj, To;sf] aGwg / k|efjsf] af/]df
k|:6;“u yfxf kfp“b} hfG5f}+ ta d'lQmbftfn] lbg'x'g] d'lQmsf] dxŒj slt w]/} 5
a'‰g yfN5f}+ . k/d]Zj/sf] glhs gcfpg', pxf“nfO{ gvf]Hg', pxf“af6 6f9f hfg',
pxf“lagf lhpg] lg0f{o ug'{, cfÇgf] lglDt lhpg', cfkm}nfO{ dfq v';L kfg{ rfxg',
k/d]Zj/ h:t} aGg] rfxgf /fv]/ 3d08L aGg', ug'{ kg]{ sfdx¿ gug'{ clg
gug'{ kg]{ sfdx¿ ug'{ kfksf k|d'v nIf0fx¿ x'g\ -! o"xGgf !M*† /f]dL &M!$–
@)_ . kfkn] dflg;nfO{ d[To'df k'¥ofp“5 -OhlsPn !*M@)_ . kfkn] ubf{
dflg;sf] :jefj, sfd, ljrf/, jrg, p2]Zo ;a} kmf]x/L / k/d]Zj/ lj¿4
;lqmo x'G5g\ -ds"{; &M!*_ .
kfkn] ubf{ dflg; k/d]Zj/af6 la/fgf] ePsf] 5 . dflg;sf] dg
kfksf] sf/0f cflTds s'/fsf lglDt c“Wof/f] ePsf] 5 . pm k/d]Zj/sf]
OR5faf6 6f9f uPsf] 5 clg p;sf] ljj]s k/d]Zj/k|lt cr]t ag]sf] 5
-Plkm;L $M!*_ . afOann] eg]sf] 5 z/L/lt/ nfu]sf] dg k/d]Zj/tkm{ zq'
ag]sf] x'G5 -/f]dL *M&_ . kfkn] ubf{ dflg; k/d]Zj/sf] qmf]w k|fKt ug{ of]Uo
ag]sf] 5 . afOann] of] klg k|:6 atfPsf] 5 ls kfkL dflg;sf] Xbo ;a}eGbf
a9L 5nL x'G5 -old{of !&M(_ . dflg;sf] 5nL Xboaf6 v/fa ljrf/, xTof,
rf]/L, k/:qLudg, Jolerf/, ´"6f] ujfxL / lgGbf aflx/ cfp“5g\ h;n]
dflg;nfO{ cz'4 t'Nofp“5g\ -dQL !%M!(–@)_ . o:tf] XbonfO{ pkrf/ u/]/
7Ls 7fp“df Nofpg v|L:6 dfq} ;Ifd x'g'x'G5 .
Pp6f cgf1fsf/L JolQmn] csf]{ JolQmnfO{ cf1fsf/L agfpg ;Sb}g .
o]z" xfdLnfO{ wdL{ agfpg k"0f{ ¿kdf cf1fsf/L x'g'eof] . pxf“ xfd|f kfksf
sf/0f Pp6f ck/fwL´}“ xft km}nfP/ qm";sf] lgb{oL si6 ;x]/ k|f0f TofUg'eof] .
pxf“n] ;xg' ePsf] zf/Ll/s si6 / dfgl;s tgfj Hofb} si6bfoL lyP . h'g
kfknfO{ pxf“ 3[0ff ug'{x'G5 dflg;sf vflt/ ToxL kfk cfkm}n] af]Sg'eof] -oz}of
%#M&, !@† o"xGgf !M@(† sn:;L #M!#† ! kq'; @M@$_ . o]z"n] si6bfoL
kfkx¿ af]Sg'x'“bf eGg'eof], æd]/f] cfTdf d[To';Dd} zf]sn] Jofs'n ePsf] 5 .
ltdLx¿ oxL“ a; / hfuf /xf]Æ -ds"{; !$M#$_ . o]z" xfd|f lglDt kqmfp kg'{
ePkl5 r]nfx¿n] 5f]8]/ uP pxf“ PSn} x'g'eof] -dQL @^M%^_ . ;Tosf] kl5
lx“8\g] JolQm s]xL ;dosf lglDt PSn} k5{ . ;a}af6 Toflu“bf s:tf] kL8f x'G5
tL ;a} pxf“n] xfd|f lglDt cg'ej ug'{eof] . dflg;x¿ vf; u/]/ glhssf
ldqx¿af6 Toflu“bf Hofb} si6sf] cg'ej x'G5 h;nfO{ d cfkm"n] klg w]/} k6s
cg'ej u/]sf] 5' . TofluPsf JolQmx¿ cfTdxTof ug{ rfxG5g† b'Jo{;gdf

५१
km“:5g\† ljiffbdf k'U5g\ clg pgLx¿ c¿sf lglDt c;n s'/f ;f]Rg klg
;Sb}gg\ t/ v|L:6n] ;f/f dfgjhfltsf] d'lQm / p4f/sf lglDt v';L;fy qm";df
k|f0f ck{0f ug'{eof] . o;sf/0f afOan eG5, æv|L:6 o]z"df ljZjf; ug]{x¿nfO{
b08sf] cf1f 5}g -/f]dL *M!_ .
k/d]Zj/sf] b[li6df kfkn] ubf{ dflg; d[To'of]Uo, qmf]wsf ;Gtfg,
lj/fgf, aGwg / ;}tfgsf] kGhfdf k/]sf 5g\ . t/ k/d]Zj/nfO{ wGojfb xf];\
h;n] xfdLnfO{ v|L:6 o]z"åf/f 5'6sf/f lbg'ePsf] 5 . o;sf/0f kfksf] ;d:of
;dfwfg u/]/ dfq} :ju{df k|j]z kfOG5 h;sf] Pp6} af6f] o]z" x'g'x'G5 -o"xGgf
!$M^_ . d'lQmsf ax'dfu{x¿ dflg;x¿n] tof/ u/]sf af6f]x¿ x'g\ t/ o]z"
k/d]Zj/n] tof/ ug'{ePsf] Pp6f dfq} af6f] x'g'x'G5 . :ju{, k[YjL xf]Og
o;sf/0f d'lQm kfpg / :ju{ hfg xfdL dflg;n] dfu{ tof/ ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ .
o]z"sf] hLjg ;/n, kljqtf, wfld{stf, k|]d / Ifdfn] kl/k"0f{ 5 .
jrgdf n]lvPsf] 5 O{Zj/Tjsf] ;a} kl/k"0f{tf o]z"sf] z/L/df jf; u5{
-sn:;L @M(_ . o]z"sf] hLjgn] xfdL ;a}nfO{ df]lxt / :tAw kfb{5 . pxf“sf]
hLjgz}nLn] s;nfO{ k|efj kfb}{g / < pxf“n] g kfk ug'{eof] g pxf“ slxNo}
la/fdL x'g'eof] < o:tf] hLjg lhpg] OR5f pxf“af6 xfdLdf cfp“5 . pxf“sf]
hLjg p2]Zo k|]l/t lyof] h'g xfd|f lglDt l;4 gd'gf xf] . o]z"sf] p2]Zo k|]l/t
hLjgz}nLn] d cfkm" clws k|efljt / wGojfbL ePsf] 5' . d Pp6f
dgf]lj1fgsf] lzIfs ePsf]n] o]z"sf] hLjg / sfo{x¿nfO{ dgf]j}1flgs
b[li6sf]0faf6 ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfo{ lj= ;+= @)$( ;fnaf6 ul//x]sf] 5' . Pp6f
lzIfsn] o]z"nfO{ lzIff lbg'x'g] dxfg\ lzIfssf] ¿kdf ljrf/ u5{, clg To;}
u/L s'g} klg k];f jf sfo{ If]qsf] JolQmn] pxf“nfO{ To;}cg'¿k ljrf/ u5{g\ .
h;n] h;/L o]z"nfO{ ljZn]if0f u/] klg pxf“ ;a}sf lglDt l;4 gd'gf x'g'x'G5 .
dgf]lj1fgsf y'k|} cg';Gwfgx¿n] k'li6 ub{5g\ ls p2]Zo k|]l/t hLjg
ePsf JolQmx¿ p2]Zo gePsf JolQmx¿sf bf“hf]df ;kmn, ljhoL / c¿
JolQmsf lglDt pbfx/0fLo aGg ;S5g\ . efjgf cyjf wd{sf] g;fdf nfu]/
cGwfw'Gw k|sf/n] k|df0f gePsf s'/fx¿ ljZjf; ug'{ x/k|sf/n] xflgsf/s
5 . d tkfO{+nfO{ o]z"sf] p2]Zo ;DaGwL s]xL tYox¿ k|:t't ug{ rfxG5' .
lktfsf] OR5f k"/f ug'{ o]z"sf] p2]Zo lyof] -o"xGgf ^M#*† dQL %M!&†
lxa|" %M*_ . o; sf/0f pxf“n] k6sk6s eGg'eof], ædnfO{ k7fpg' x'g]sf]
OR5fcg';f/ ug'{ / pxf“sf] sfd k"/f ug'{ g} d]/f] ef]hg xf]Æ -o"xGgf $M#$,
%M#^_ . o]z" lktfsf] OR5f k"/f ug{ :ju{ 5f]8L o; k[YjLdf cfpg'eof] . pxf“n]
cfÇgf] OR5f / JolQmut lg0f{oåf/f lktfsf] OR5fnfO{ cfÇgf] p2]Zo
agfpg'eof] . kfksf] kl/0ffd h:t} aGwg, si6, Gofo, b08, qmf]w / d[To'sf]
eflubf/ ePsf] dfgj hfltnfO{ pxf“sf] c;Ld k|]d, Ifdf / cg'u|xsf sf/0f
o]z"n] oL ;a} s'/f cfÇgf] z/L/df ef]u]/ 5'6sf/f / p4f/ lbg] lg0f{o ug'{eof] .

५२
o;sf/0f d'lQm, p4f/ / cgGt hLjg sdfpg ;lsGg o;nfO{ ljZjf;åf/f
u|x0f ug'{k5{ . o]z"n] ug'{ ePsf] lg0f{o, qm";sf] si6bfoL d[To', k'g?Tyfg ;a}
xfdL dflg;sf] ;§f cyjf xfd|f lglDt lyP . k/d]Zj/sf] jrgn] eGb5 kfksf]
Hofnf d[To' xf] t/ k/d]Zj/sf] cg'u|xåf/f xfdLn] l;Q}df o]z"df cgGt hLjg
kfp“5f}+ -/f]dL ^M@#_ .
o]z" :ju{af6 k[YjLdf cfpg'eof] lktfsf] OR5f k"/f ug{ cyf{t\
dflg;nfO{ p4f/ ug{ . t/ xfdL dflg;x¿ ;w}“ dfly hfg cyf{t\ pGglt /
k|ult, ;kmntf, ;]jf–;'lawf, dfgdof{bf k|fKt ub}{ cfÇgf OR5fx¿ k"/f ug{
rfxG5f}+ . xfd|f lglDt pxf“sf] dxfg\ k|]d / alnbfgnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{ xfd|f]
a'l4dfgL lg0f{o xf] . jf:tjdf ;kmntf / dxfgtf tn hfg'df 5, hxf“
dflg;x¿ v|L:6ljgf ;xf/f ljxLg eP/ d[To'df 56k6fPsf 5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df
tn hfg' eg]sf] lau|g' jf c;kmn x'g' xf]Og t/ hfgLa'´L dxfg\ p2]Zo lgwf{/0f
ug{' xf] .
æltdLx¿df o:tf] dg xf];\, hf] v|L:6 o]z"df klg lyof] . k/d]Zj/sf]
:j¿kdf eP/ klg pxf“n] k/d]Zj/sf] a/fa/L x'g] s'/fnfO{ Pp6f klqm/fVg]
j:t'h:tf] 7fGg' ePg . t/ cfkm}nfO{ l/TofO{sg sdf/fsf] ¿k wf/0f u/]/, tyf
dg'io eP/ hGdg'eof] . :j¿kdf dflg; h:t} eP/ cfkm}nfO{ xf]Rofpg'eof], /
d[To';Dd} cyf{t\ qm";sf] d[To';Dd} cf1fsf/L /xg'eof] . To;}sf/0f k/d]Zj/n]
pxf“nfO{ clt pRr kfg{'eof], / pxf“nfO{ Tof] gfp“ k|bfg ug{'eof], hf] x/]s
gfp“eGbf pRr 5Æ -lkmlnKkL @M%–(_ .
d cfkm"n] v|L:6nfO{ cfÇgf] d'lQmbftf / dflnssf] ¿kdf ljZjf; ug{
;Sg'sf] sf/0f afOandf n]lvPsf] jrgsf] cy{ d]/f] Xbodf k|j]z eP/ xf] .
h:t} ‘dsxf“ cfpg]nfO{ s'g} /Lltn] d TofUg]5}g“’ -o"xGgf ^M#& v_ . o; v08n]
eGg vf]h]sf] s'/f d}n] Hofb} ;/n k|sf/n] a'‰g] df}sf kfP“ . hf] o]z"sxf“ cfp“5
pxf“nfO{ lrGb5, pxf“sxf“ cfpg afwf lbg] s'/fx¿ cfkm}n] ;fdgf ub{5, Tof]
JolQm dfq} pxf“sxf“ cfpg ;S5 clg To;nfO{ o]z"n] o; hLjgdf / z/L/sf]
d[To' kl5sf] hLjgdf slxNo} g5f]8\g] k|lt1f ug'{ePsf] 5 .
jf:tjdf ;a}n] ;a}nfO{ 5f]8\5g\, xfd|f lk|o JolQmx¿n] Pslbg
5f]8\g]5g\, c´ eGg] xf] eg] hLjg ;fyL;“u klg Pslbg la5f]8 x'g]5 t/
v|L:6n] pxf“nfO{ ljZjf; ug]{x¿nfO{ slxNo} g5f]8\g] k|lt1f ug'{ ePsf] 5 . of]
Pp6f v08n] d]/f] Xbo 5f]of] / Xbosf cf“vf vf]lnlbof] . kf7s dxf]bo
tkfO{+sf lglDt o; ;fgf] k'l:tsfdf cg]sf}“ v08x¿ k|:t't ePsf 5g\ h;nfO{
tkfO{+n] cfÇgf] Xbodf k|j]z lbg'x'g]5 .
o]z" vL:6 tkfO{+sf] hLjgdf /fhf / d'lQmbftf eP/ /fHo ug{ kfpg'
eof] eg] cjZo tkfO{+sf] hLjg o]z"sf] h:t} p2]Zo k|]l/t x'g]5 . xfd|f] hLjgsf]
k|yd p2]Zo o]z"nfO{ lrGg' / pxf“sf] dlxdfsf] lglDt af“sL hLjg ck{0f ug'{

५३
xf] . c:j:y k|sf/n] cfÇgf] :jfy{sf] lglDt dfly hfg] kL8f, si6, d]xgt,
5nsk6 / Tof] k|fKt ug{ g;s]/ dfgjhflt ;d:ofdf k/]sf] 5 t/ v|L:6n]
xfdLnfO{ cfÇgf] ;Gtfg cyf{t\ 5f]/f / 5f]/L agfpg' x'G5 clg xfdL Pp6f
lglb{i6 nIo k"/f ug{ dflg;sf] ;]jfdf tn hfg ;S5f}+ .

५४
 -kf7–*_
rr{ / ToxfF tkfO{+sf] :yfg
rr{sf] d'Vo zAb Psn]l;of xf] . Psn]l;of (Ecclesia) u|Ls efiffaf6 cfPsf]
zAb xf] . h;sf] cy{ æaf]nfOPsfx¿ jf 5flgPsfx¿Æ eGg] x'G5 . o;
;+;f/sf] aGwg / bf;Tjaf6 5'6sf/f kfO{ ;w}“sf] lglDt v|L:6;“u /xg
af]nfOPsf JolQmx¿sf] ;d"x g} rr{ xf] .
rr{ Pp6f cflTds 3/ xf] .
o; 3/df tkfO{+sf] cflTds hLjgsf]
kfng–kf]if0f / x]/–ljrf/ x'G5 . h;/L
Pp6f gjhft lzz'nfO{ cleefjssf]
cfjZostf kb{5 7Ls To;/L g}
v|Ll:6ogx¿sf lglDt rr{sf]
cfjZostf kb{5 . rr{df v|L:6sf]
/utn] bfd lt/]/ lslgPsf JolQmx¿
x/]s xKtf e]63f6 u5{g\† afOanaf6 l;S5g\† k|fy{gf u5{g\† ehg ufp“5g\† e]6L
r9fp“5g\ . o; k|sf/sf] sfo{qmdn] x/]s JolQmnfO{ v|L:6df alnof] x“'b} hfg /
ljZjf;df cl3 a9\g d2t k'Ub5 . o]z"sf] jrgn] dflg;nfO{ ;+;f/af6
af]nfpg] / 5fGg] sfd ug{'x'G5† pxf“sf] /utn] w'g'x'G5 / kljq cfTdfn] ;'g
vf/]´}“ xfdLnfO{ kljq agfp“b} v|L:6sf] l;4tftkm{ a9fpg'x'G5 . oL ;a} sbddf
Pp6f ;Rrf v|Ll:6og ljZjf;of]Uo x'g'kb{5 . v|L:6 kljq x'g'x'G5 To;}n] rr{
klg kljq x'g'kb{5 .

v|L:6 rr{sf] hu x'g'x'G5

rr{ ;'? ug]{ JolQm :jod\ v|L:6 x'g'x'G5 . v|L:6n] eGg'eof], æd d]/f] rr{
r§fgdfly :yflkt ug]{5' / g/ssf 9f]sfx¿ To;dfly ljhoL x'g]5}gg\
-dQL !^M!*_ .Æ s'g} JolQm jf ;d"xn] ;'? u/]sf] sfd ;dosf] cGt/fndf
gi6 eP/ uPsf] xfdLn] b]v]s} 5f}+ . t/ rr{nfO{ s'g} klg cf“wL–t'kmfgn]
xNnfpg ;Sb}g lsgeg] Tof] afn'jfdf xf]Og r§fg -v|L:6_ df :yflkt ePsf] 5 .

v|L:6 rr{sf] lz/ x'g'x'G5

dfgj z/L/df lz/n] z/L/ ;~rfng / ;+/If0fdf k|d'v e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .
o;/L g} Psn]l;ofsf] ;~rfng / ;+/If0f ug]{ lz/ v|L:6 x'g'x'G5 . lz/ :ju{df
x'g'x'G5 z/L/ cyf{t\ Psn]l;of k[YjLdf 5 . o;}n] z/L/n] 7Ls lgb]{zg kfpg
k|fy{gf / afOan cWoogdf k|z:t ;do lbg'k5{ . o]z" z/L/ cyf{t\ rr{sf]

५५
lz/ x'g'x'G5† pxf“ g} ;'? x'g'x'G5† d/]sfx¿af6 hLljt x'gx] ¿df pxf“ Ho]i7
x'g'x'G5 -sn:;L !M!*_ .

rr{sf] j[l4 x'G5

p4f/ kfpg]x¿nfO{ k|e'n] lbglbg} ltgLx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf ylklbg'eof] -k|]l/t
@M$&_ / rr{ k|ltlbg a9\b} hfG5 rr{df ylkPsf JolQmx¿nfO{ k/d]Zj/sf]
jrgaf6 l;sfpg] sfd ln8/x¿n] ug'{k5{ .
v|L:6n] rr{sf] ;+/If0f ug'{x'G5
v|L:6n] rr{nfO{ k|]d ug{'eof] / To;sf] lglDt cfkm"nfO{ ck{0f ug{'eof] . rr{ bfu
jf rfp/L k/]sf] gxf];\ t/ t]h:jL, kljq / lgivf]6 xf];\ eg]/ o;sf] kfng–
kf]if0fsf] lglDt cflTds ef]hg afOan rr{nfO{ lhDdf lbg'ePsf] 5 -Plkm;L
%M@%–@&_ .

rr{sf k|d'v sfd–st{Jox¿

rr{sf kf:6/ / cu'jfx¿n] Toxf“sf v|Ll:6ogx¿nfO{ v|L:6sf] l;4tftkm{
8f]¥ofpg] sfd u5{g\ . o;/L 8f]¥ofp“bf afOanaf6 lzIff lb“b} cfÇgf] hLjgsf]
gd'gfaf6 l;sfpg'kb{5 . d'Vo ¿kdf rr{sf sfd–st{Jox¿ lgDg 5g\ .
!= v|L:6sf] ujfxL lbg]M o]z" v|L:6nfO{ glrg]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ pxf“sf] af/]df
atfpg] sfd rr{sf] xf] . v|L:6n] cf1f lbg'ePsf] 5, hfpm === === To;}n]
v|Ll:6ogx¿ lgw{Sstfsf;fy ‘d'lQm / kfksf] Ifdf v|L:6df dfq 5’ eGg]
ujfxL lbG5g\ . o;/L rr{sf] d'Vo sfd / u'0f æhfpm Û ujfxL b]pm ÛÛ
/fhb"tsf] sfd u/ ÛÛÛÆ cflb x'g\ . oL ;a} v|L:6sf cf1fx¿ x'g\
-dQL @*M!*–@)_ . k/d]Zj/sf cf1fx¿ uxlsnf 5g\ To;df cf1fsf/L
x'g' xfd|f] st{Jo xf] .
@= k/d]Zj/sf] cf/fwgf ug]{M
s'g} lglb{i6 ;do / :yfgdf v|Ll:6ogx¿ e]nf x'g], ;·lt ug]{, k|fy{gf ug]{,
cflb s'/fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] sfd rr{n] ug'{k5{ .
#= v|Ll:6ogx¿nfO{ alnof] agfpg]M v|Ll:6ogx¿sf] d'Vo st{Jo o]z"
v|L:6nfO{ dg kg]{ hLjg lhpg' xf] . o;sf/0f pgLx¿nfO{ v|L:6sf] k|]d /
zlQmsf] /x:odf anjfg\ agfpg rr{n] afOandf cfwfl/t ctL{, r]tfjgL,
;'´fj, ;Nnfx lbO/xg'kb{5 -Plkm;L $M!!–!%, %M@%–@&† @ltdf]yL $M!–
@† tLt; @M!!–!%† o"xGgf !)M!)_ .
$= alKt:df lbg] tyf ljljw sfd ug]{M o]z" v|L:6nfO{ ljZjf; u/]kl5
pxf“nfO{ kSsf ¿kdf k5\Øfpg OR5's JolQmnfO{ kfgLsf] alKt:df lbg]
sfd rr{n] ub{5 . o;sf] ;fy} k|e'ef]h v'jfpg], ljjfxsf] sfo{qmd, d[To'
५६
 ;+:sf/ ug]{ / /f]u–ladf/ Pjd\ ;d:ofdf k/]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ e]6\g] /
k|fy{gf ul/lbg] cflb sfd rr{sf x'g\ -dQL @*M!*–@), k|]l/t @M#*–$!_ .

rr{k|lt x/]s v|Ll:6ogsf] bfloTj

o; k[YjLdf o]z" v|L:6sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ sfd rr{n] ub{5 . rr{sf] sfd /
bfloTj k"/f ug{ v|Ll:6ogx¿n] cf–cfÇgf] bfloTj 7Ls;“u k"/f ug{'k5{ . h:t}M
!= rr{n] Joj:yf u/]sf ;]jf–;·ltx¿df ;lqmotfsf;fy efu lng] / rr{sf]
cg';f;gdf /xg] -k|]l/t @M$@_ .
@= rr{sf sfdx¿ /fd|f];“u ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ?k}of“–k};f ;°ng
ug{ :jOR5f / cGo e]6Lx¿ pbf/lrQn] lbg'k5{ . afOan eG5, ‘b]pm t
ltdLnfO{ lbOg] 5’ -n"sf ^M#*_ .
#= rr{åf/f v|L:6sf] dlxdf rf/}lt/ km}lngsf nflu v|Ll:6ogsf] hLjg
Hof]lt´}“ rlDsg] / g"g´}“ klUng] x'g'k5{ -dQL %M!#–!^_ .
$= cfÇgf] Ifdtf / v'aLsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ . k/d]Zj/n] x/]s JolQmnfO{ ljz]if
v'aL / of]Uotf lbg'ePsf] x'G5 . oL s'/fx¿ k/d]Zj/sf] dlxdfsf] lglDt
rr{df k|of]u ug{'k5{ . rr{n] dnfO{ s] u¥of] xf]Og rr{nfO{ d s] ug{ ;S5'
o:tf] wf/0ff x/]s v|Ll:6ogdf x'g'k5{ .

rr{ hfg'kg]{ sf/0f

h;/L aln/x]sf] cfuf]af6 Pp6f bfp/fnfO{ lgsfNof] eg] Tof] lgE5,
cflTds hLjg klg To:t} 5 . rr{df kljq zf:qaf6 uxg k|jrg, lzIff /
ctL{ ;'Gg kfpg'x'G5† Toxf“ tkfO{+sf] lgldQ k|fy{gf x'G5 / c¿x¿sf] hLjgdf
o]z"n] ug{'ePsf s'/fx¿ b]v]/ tkfO{+nfO{ v|L:6df a9\b} hfg yk d2t k'Ub5 .
v|Ll:6og hLjg ;fd"lxs hLjg xf] . To;}n] x/]s v|Ll:6ogsf] cflTds,
zf/Ll/s / ;fdflhs hLjgdf rr{sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 . Pp6f l;·f] 3/df
Pp6f O{+6fsf] h'g :yfg x'G5, rr{df tkfO{+sf] klg ToxL :yfg x'G5 . cyf{t\
tkfO{+ Pp6f d'Vo / ax'd"No JolQm x'g'x'G5 . cfÇgf] bfloTj /fd|f];“u k"/f
ug{'xf];\ . sfd wGbf / x/]s kl/l:yltnfO{ Psflt/ kG5fP/ lgoldt ¿kdf ;w}“
rr{ hfg] ug{'k5{ . k/d]Zj/nfO{ klxnf] :yfg lbg'k5{ .

o]z"nfO{ JolQmut d'lQmbftf / k|e'sf] ¿kdf u|x0f ug]{ tl/sf

klxnf oL kbx¿ dgg ug{'xf];\M
 lsgeg] dflg;n] ;f/f hut xft kf/]/ cfÇgf] k|f0f u'dfof] eg] To;nfO{ s]
kmfObf x'G5 < -ds"{; *M#^_ .

५७
 x]/, d 9f]sfdf pleP/ 9s9sØfp“5' . s;}n] d]/f] :jf]]/ ;'g]/ 9f]sf
vf]lnlbof] eg] d To;sxf“ leq k:g]5' / To;;“u ef]hg vfg]5' / To;n]
d;“u vfg]5 -k|sfz #M@)_ .
 olb ltdLn] o]z"nfO{ k|e' xf] egL cfÇgf] d'vn] :jLsf/ u¥of} / k/d]Zj/n]
pxf“nfO{ d/]sfx¿af6 hLljt kfg{'eof] egL cfÇgf] Xbodf ljZjf; u¥of}
eg] ltd|f] p4f/ x'g]5 -/f]dL !)M(_ .

of] k|Fy{gf bf]xf]¥ofpg'xf];\ .

k/d]Zj/ d}n] tkfO{+sf] jrgaf6 d kfkL /x]5' eGg] s'/f yfxf kfP“ . d]/f
kfksf] lglDt tkfO{+n] qm";df b'Mv–si6 ;xg'eof] . d ljZjf; u5{' tkfO{+ d]/f]
lglDt dg{'eof] / d/]sf]af6 hLljt x'g'eof] . o]z" cfÇgf]
/utn] d]/f kfkx¿ w'g'xf];\ hf] d}n] dflglnPsf] 5' . ca
cfhaf6 d]/f] Xbodf ;bfsf] lglDt /fHo ug{'xf];\ . dnfO{
;w}“ l;sfp“b} tkfO{+sf] kfOnf k5\Øfpg d2t ug{'xf];\ .
tkfO{+ d]/f k|e' / d'lQmbftf x'g'x'G5 . of] k|fy{gf o]z"
v|L:6sf] gfp“df dfUb5' . cfd]g
o]z" v|L:6nfO{ ljZjf; u/]kl5sf] hLjg s:tf] x'g'k5{ <
!= gof“ hLjgsf] 9f“rfdf lhpg yfNg'xf];\ .
 cfÇgf Xbosf] s]Gb|df o]z"nfO{ /fHo ug{ lbg'xf];\ -unftL @M@)†
@sf]l/GyL %M!&_ .
 o]z"sf] cf1f kfng ug{'xf];\ -/f]dL !@M!–@† o"xGgf !$M@!_ .
 k/d]Zj/sf] jrgn] eg] cg';f/ lhpg'xf];\ -@ltdf]yL #M!^† oxf]z"
!M*_ .
 lg/Gt/ k|fy{gf ug{'xf];\ -o"xGgf !%M&† lkmlnKkL $M^–&_ .
 rr{ hfg] / ;·lt ug]{ sfd ul//xg'xf];\ -dQL !*M@)† lxa|" !)M@$–
@%_ .
 c¿x¿nfO{ cfÇgf] ujfxL lbg'xf];\ / v|L:6sf] k|]d af“8\g'xf];\ -dQL
$M!(–@)† /f]dL !M!^_ .
@= cfˆgf] xf]Og v|L:6sf] ;|f]tdf e/ kg'{xf];\ .
 k/d]Zj/sf] cfTdfdf e/ kg{'xf];\ -!sf]l/GyL #M!^, @M!@_ .
 k/d]Zj/sf] andf e/ kg{'xf];\ -oz}of $!M!)† lkmlnKkL $M!#_ .
 k/d]Zj/sf] ljZjf;of]Uotfdf e/ kg'{xf];\ -ljnfk #M@@–@#† uGtL
@#M!(_ .
 k/d]Zj/sf] zflGtdf e/ kg{'xf];\ -oz}of @^M#† !kq'; %M&_ .

५८
  k/d]Zj/n] tkfO{+sf ;a} vf“rf] k"/f ug{'x'G5 -/f]dL *M#@† lkmlnKkL
$M!(_ .
#= o]z" v|L:6sf] c;n r]nf aGg'xf];\ .
 hLjgsf] x/]s If]qdf o]z"nfO{ klxnf] :yfgdf /fVg'xf];\ dQL ^M##†
n"sf (M@#_ .
 o; ;+;f/sf] 9f“rfaf6 cnu x'g'xf];\ -! o"xGgf
@M!%–!^† @sf]l/GyL ^M!$–!*_ .
 c¿x¿sf] ;]jf ug{'xf];\ -ds{"; !)M$%† @
sf]l/GyL $M%_ .
 pbf/ Xbon] lbg yfNg'xf];\ -lxtf]kb]z #M(–!)†
@ sf]l/GyL (M^–&_ .
 o]z"sf] ;]jf ug]{ sfddf Xbosf] cf“vf vf]Ng'xf];\
-dQL @*M!*–@)† k|]l/t !M*_ .
$= o]z" v|L:6sf] :j¿kdf a9\b} hfg'xf];\ .
 v|L:6sf] k|]ddf a9\g'xf];\ -o"xGgf !#M#$–#%† !o"xGgf #M!*_ .
 v|L:6sf] gd|tfdf a9\b} hfg'xf];\ -lkmlnKkL @M#–$† !kq'; %M%–^_ .
 v|L:6sf] kljqtfdf a9\b} hfg'xf];\ -Plkm;L %M#† !kq'; @M!!_ .
 v|L:6sf] OdfGbfl/tfdf a9\b} hfg'xf];\ -lxa|" !!M^† /f]dL $M@)–@!_ .
 v|L:6´}“ c;n sfddf a9\b} hfg'xf];\ -dQL %M!^† unftL ^M(–!)†
k|]l/t !)M#*_ .

५९
 sl7g zAbfjnL
)!= cgGt hLjg (Eternal life): o]z" v|L:6;“usf] cgGt ;·lt† cflTds
hLjg .
)@= cg'u|x (Grace): cof]Uo kfkL dflg;n] v|L:6df d'lQm kfpg'† l;Q}df
cof]Uo JolQmn] kfpg] p4f/† k/d]Zj/sf] s[kf / bof† pkxf/ .
)#= cfd]g (Amen): To:t} xf];\† dfu]sf] s'/f k"/f xf];\† o]z"sf] gfp“df
k/d]Zj/;“u k|fy{gf ubf{ cGTodf cfd]g elgG5 .
)$=wdL{ (Righteous): lgbf]{if jf kljq 7xl/g'† o]z"df ;a} dflg; wdL{
7xl/g ;S5g\† kfksf] b08af6 d'lQm, Ifdf k|fKt .
)%= wfld{stf (Righteousness): o]z" v|L:6nfO{ wf/0f ugf{n] xfd|f] hLjgdf
v|L:6sf] wfld{stf k|s6 x'G5† k/d]Zj/ / dflg;;“u 7Ls ;DaGw x'g' .
)^= kZrftfk (Repentance): cfÇgf] kfksf] lglDt ckm;f]; u/]/ To;nfO{
5f]8L o]z"sf] kl5 lx“8\g'† kl/jlt{t hLjg† d'lQmsf] klxnf] zt{ .
)&= k'g?Tyfg (Resurrection): PskN6 d/]/ klg k'gM hLljt eP/ p7\g' .
o]z"n] Ps lbg xfdLnfO{ z/L/d} lap“tfpg' x'g]5 .
)*= alKt:df (Baptism): ;kmfO† v|L:6;“u Ps x'g'† v|L:6sf] cf1f† kfgLdf
k"/f 8'Ag'† v|L:6df p4f/ / ljho kfpg' . kfksf] lglDt dg'{ .
)(= d'lQm (Salvation): p4f/† df]If† sNof0f† d[To'af6 5'6sf/f† v|L:6df
cgGt hLjg .
!)= ljZjf; (Faith): o]z"sf] jrg / sfdnfO{ Xbob]lv xf] eGg' /
To;}cg';f/ rNg'† v|L:6sf] jrg ;'Ggfn] ljZjf; a9\5 .
!!= ;·lt (Fellowship): o]z";“u ;·lt† v|Ll:6ogx¿sf] e]63f6† k|fy{gf
cflb .
!@= :ju{b"t (Angel): k/d]Zj/sf ;]js / ;Gb]z jfxs† dflg;sf] ;]jf klg
u5{g\ .

६०
 n]vssf] ;DaGwdf
ltdf]yL cof{n cWofkg, cg';Gwfg / n]vgsfo{ dg k/fpg] JolQm
x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn] lqe'jg ljZjljBfno g]kfnaf6 lrlsT;f dgf]lj1fgdf
:gftsf]Q/ / blIf0f ef/tsf] d};"/ ljZjljBfnoaf6 k/fdz{
dgf]lj1fgdf ljBfjfl/lw xfl;n ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfF dgf]lj1fg
ljifosf ;x—k|fWofks Pjd\ lq–rGb| ax'd'vL SofDk; dgf]lj1fg
ljefu Pd=P= sfo{qmdsf ;+of]hssf] ¿kdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . cof{n
>LdtL, Ps 5f]/f / Ps 5f]/Lsf ;fy sf7df8f}Fsf] gofFa:tL,
s'n]Zj/df a:g'x'G5 .
k6s–k6s vt/gfs d[To'sf cfs|d0fx¿df kg]{ s|ddf cof{nn] o]z" v|L:6nfO{ ljZjf; ug]{
df}sf kfpg'eof] . ljZjf; ug'{ cl3, pxfF o]z" v|L:6k|lt gsf/fTds / k"jf{u|xL x'g'x'GYof] . o]z"
v|L:6n] pxfFnfO{ vt/gfs kIff3ft, jiffF}{;Ddsf] dgf]j}1flgs ;d:of Pjd\ 8/nfUbf] ;jf/L
b'3{6gfaf6 arfpg'eof] / k"0f{ rËfO lbg'eof] . o]z" v|L:6n] af]Ng'ePsf] jrg, ædsxfF cfpg]nfO{
s'g} /Lltn] d TofUg]5}gF -o"xGgf ^M#&_Æ v08af6 o]z"n] pxfFnfO{ k|sfz lbg'eof] / o; egfOsf]
/x:o a'‰g] Åbo lbg'eof] kmn:j¿k pxfFn] o]z"nfO{ k5\ofpg] / k|]d ug]{ lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg'eof] .
o]z"n] rËfO / gofF hLjg glbg'ePsf] eP pxfF Pp6f k/cfl>t ckfË cyjf k[YjLaf6 labf
eO;Sg' x'g] lyof] .
o]z" v|L:6sf] jrgn] ha xfd|f] Åbodf k|j]z kfpF5 ta xfdLn] o]z" v|L:6sf dxfg\
/x:ox¿ a'‰g]5f}+ / pxfFnfO{ cfˆgf] hLjgsf] /fhf agfpg tof/ x'g]5f}+ . o]z" vL:6n] tkfO{+sf]
hLjgdf cfZro{sd{sf sfo{x¿ ug{'sf] ;fy} cfkm"nfO{ k|s6 ug{{ rfxg'x'G5 . kf7s dxf]bo,
tkfO{+nfO{ k|]d ug'{x'g] / tkfO{+sf kfksf lglDt s|";df cfˆgf] k|f0f lbg'ePsf o]z"n] af]nfO
/xg'ePsf] 5 . olb tkfO{+sf] hLjgdf dfgj Ifdtf aflx/sf ;d:of / /f]ux¿ 5g\ eg] tkfO{+sf
lglDt k|fy{gf ul/lbg ltdf]yL cof{n k|tLIff/y x'g'x'G5, s[kof cfˆgf ;d:ofx¿ hfgsf/L
u/fpg'xf];\ . 8f= cof{nsf lgDg k':tsx¿ laqmLdf pknAw 5g\ M
)!= :j:y cGt;{DaGw / k|efjsf/L g]Q[Tj,
)@= l/; / lrGtfdfly ljho kfpg] pkfo,
)#= k|efjsf/L cWoog afgL,
)$= c;n klt / kTgL s;/L aGg]<
)%= v|Ll:6og ljjfx / kl/jf/,
)^= dgf]j}1flgs ;d:of / ;dfwfg,
)&= Effective Study Habits (English),
)*= bzf+z / e]6L lbg] afOanLo t/Lsf,
)(= rr{ / ToxfF tkfO{+sf] bfloTj,
!)= cGtla{GtL k|fy{gfsf] dxTj,
!!= k|z:t hLjg efu–@,
+===================================
n';fg dfg dfg] ->]i7_, k|z:t hLjg rr{
gofFa:tL, ljZjljBfno dfu{, sf7df8f}F
kf]:6= aS; %***, kmf]g g+= $@&##)@
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