Modern History Test 1 Solution

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‘SAMADHAN’ Prelims Test SERIES 2023

Modern History
Answers with detailed explanation
Ans. Explanation
1. D Queen Victoria's Proclamation of 1 November 1858 declared that thereafter India would be governed by
and in the name of the British Monarch through a Secretary of State.
• The assumption of the Government of India by the sovereign of Great Britain was announced by Lord
Canning at a durbar at Allahabad in the ‘Queen’s Proclamation’ issued on November 1, 1858.
• It was by this proclamation that the governor-general acquired the additional title of ‘Viceroy’.
Hence statement 1 is correct.
• Many of the promises made in that proclamation appeared to be of a positive nature to the Indians. As per
the Queen’s proclamation, the era of annexations and expansion had ended and the British promised to
respect the dignity and rights of the native princes.
• The Indian states were henceforth to recognize the paramountcy of the British Crown and were to
be treated as parts of a single charge. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• The people of India were promised freedom of religion without interference from British officials.
• The proclamation also promised equal and impartial protection under the law to all Indians,
besides equal opportunities in government services irrespective of race or creed. Hence statement 3
is correct.
• It was also promised that old Indian rights, customs, and practices would be given due regard while
framing and administering the law.
2. C In 1715, an English mission led by John Surman to the court of the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar secured
three famous Farmans, giving the Company many valuable privileges in Bengal, Gujarat and Hyderabad. The
Farmans thus obtained were regarded as the Magna Carta of the Company.
Farrukhsiyar (1713-1719) after killing Jahandar Shah with the help of Sayyid brothers—Abdulla Khan and
Hussain Ali became the new emperor. In 1719, the Sayyid brothers, with the help of Peshwa Balaji
Vishwanath, dethroned Farrukhsiyar. Later they blinded and killed him. It was the first time in Mughal
history that an emperor was killed by his nobles.
3. B Afonso de Albuquerque succeeded Almeida as the Portuguese governor in India and was the real
founder
of the Portuguese power in the East.
Statement 1 is incorrect. It was Francisco De Almeida who came up with the blue water Policy to make
the Portuguese the master of the Indian Ocean.
Statement 2 is correct. Afonso de Albuquerque banned the practice of sati in his area of influence.
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Also, in
order to secure a permanent Portuguese population in India he encouraged his men to take Indian
wives.
Statement 3 is correct: Afonso de Albuquerque captured Goa from Sultan of Bijapur Adil Shah in
1510.
The principal port of the Sultan of Bijapur became the first bit of Indian territory to be under the
Europeans
since the time of Alexander the Great.

4. A Statement 1 is correct: Dupleix was, the originator of the system of subsidiary alliance in India. He placed
a French army at Hyderabad at the expense of the subahdar. However, this policy was later used by Lord
Wellesley.
Statement 2 is correct: Dupleix was not a man of action: he planned a campaign, directed his lieutenants,
but never led an army in the battlefield like Lawrence or Clive. The French failed to capture Trichinopoly
(Trichy) (1752-53) because the schemes thought out by Dupleix could not be turned into action by his
commanders.
Statement 3 is incorrect: After the battle of Buxar, 1764, Robert Clive introduced the dual system of
government, i.e., the rule of the two—the Company and the Nawab—in Bengal. In this system, both the
diwani, i.e., collecting revenues, and nizamat, i.e., police and judicial functions came under the control of
the Company. The nawab was responsible for maintaining peace and order, but he depended both for
funds
and forces upon the Company because the latter controlled the army and revenues.
5. C Statement 1 is incorrect. The first Portuguese factory was set up at Calicut by Pedro Alvarez Cabral (not
Vasco Da Gama). Vasco Da Gama arrived at Calicut in 1498 and the king Zamorin accorded a friendly
reception to Vasco Da Gama. A voyage was undertaken by Pedro Alvarez Cabral to trade for spices; he
negotiated and established a factory at Calicut, where he arrived in 1500.
Statement 2 is incorrect. Portuguese were the first one to set up a factory in Pondicherry in 1523 and
then Danes in 1624. Dutch established its rule over Pondicherry only in 1693 after capturing it from France.
Later Dutch returned Pondicherry to France in 1699 under the Treaty of Ryswick.
Statement 3 is correct: The Dutch founded their first factory in Masulipatnam (in Andhra) in 1605. They
went on to establish trading centres in different parts of India and thus became a threat to the Portuguese.
They captured Nagapattinam near Madras (Chennai) from the Portuguese and made it their main
stronghold in South India.
6. A The Pitt’s India Act of 1784 gave the British government a large measure of control over the Company’s
affairs. The Company became a subordinate department of the State. The Company’s territories in India
were termed ‘British possessions’. The act clearly subordinated the Bombay and Madras presidencies to
Bengal in all questions of war, diplomacy, and revenues.
• It constituted a department of state in England, also known as the Board of Control, whose purpose
served to control the policy of the Court of Directors, introducing the Dual System of Government.
• The government’s control over the Company’s affairs was greatly extended. A Board of Control
consisting of the chancellor of the exchequer, a secretary of state, and four members of the Privy Council
(to be appointed by the Crown) were to exercise control over the Company’s civil, military, and revenue
affairs. All dispatches were to be approved by the board. Thus, a dual system of control was set up. Hence

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statements 1 and 2 are correct.
• Despite these changes, Company was satisfied as the act saved its monopoly over Indian and
Chinese trade. Its directors retained the profitable right of appointing and dismissing its officials in
India. Hence statement 3 is not correct.
7. D In 1600, the East India Company acquired a charter from the ruler of England, Queen Elizabeth I, granting
it the sole right to trade with the East.
The fine qualities of cotton and silk produced in India had a big market in Europe. So, cotton and silk from
Bengal were the major items of export from India. Indigo and saltpetre were the other major exports
from India, and the fact that both products were produced in the eastern Gangetic plain, especially in Bihar
and Bengal, stimulated British efforts to establish factories on the east coast as well as the west coast of
the Indian subcontinent. Pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon from India too were in great demand in
Europe.
Early in the 18th century the Portuguese found that they could import opium from India and sell it in China
at a considerable profit. By 1773 the British had discovered the trade, and became the leading suppliers
of the Chinese market. The opium exports from British India to China increased from 4,000 chests per
year at the beginning of the 19th Century to more than 60,000 chests by the 1880s.
8. B Misl refers to major Sikh confederacies that sought to expand Sikh rule across the Panjab in the eighteenth
century, leading to significant weakening of the Mughal rule across the region.
Statement a is incorrect. These are not formed by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. These are powerful confederacies
of Sikhs which were organized in 12 misls and operated in different parts of the province.
Statement b is correct. These misls are democratic in nature and are based on principles of equality, with
all members having an equal voice in deciding the affairs of misls.
Statement c is incorrect. These were formed with the withdrawal of Abdali from the Punjab. And by that
time Nadir Shah already invaded. These were formed to fill the political vacuum created by the
withdrawal of Ahmad Shah Abdali.
Knowledge Base: Maharaja Ranjit Singh belonged to Sukarchakiya misl.
9. B The 'Swadesamitran' was the first Tamil newspaper published in India. This newspaper had the largest and
the most widespread circulation of any Tamil publication of the Madras Presidency. It had maximum
circulation in other countries also such as in Upper and Lower Burma, Ceylon, Penang, Singapore.
o The Swadesamitran was established in 1882 and was run by G. Subramania Iyer, a veteran
journalist of South India.T N Viswanathan skillfully assisted him in the running of this newspaper.
The largest advertisers in England and America also preferred the Swadesamitran as a medium for
advertisements. Hence pair 1 is correctly matched.
• The legendary Amrita Bazar Patrika and its journalists were at the forefront of India’s struggle for
Independence, and early proponents of the concept of press freedom. Many even claim that the
Vernacular Press Act was mainly targeted at the Amrita Bazar Patrika since its sharp criticism of the
British was making the colonial government uncomfortable.
o Amrita Bazar Patrika was first published on 20 February 1868 by two brothers Sisir and Motilal
Ghosh who belonged to a rich Bengali merchant family.
• Keshab Chandra Sen started the Indian Mirror as a fortnightly in 1861 under the patronage
of Debendra Nath Tagore, with renowned barrister Manomohan Ghosh as editor. Narendra Nath Sen
(1843-1911) was a regular contributor in the paper. He was offered to edit the fortnightly in 1863. In
1867, Keshab Sen requested Brahmo leader Protap Mozoomdar to take charge of the paper. Mozoomdar
complied and continued as editor till 1879. After he left, Sen returned but this time he became its sole
proprietor and editor. Meanwhile, The Indian Mirror had become a daily since 1870. Hence pair 2 is
correctly matched.
• Voice of India newspaper was started by Dadabhai Naoroji. Dadabhai Naoroji was an Indian social-
political leader and one of the founders of the Indian National Congress. A leading nationalist author and
spokesman, he was the first Indian to be elected to membership in the British Parliament. Hence pair

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3 is not correctly matched.
10 C Statement 1 is correct: The most important aspect of the movement was a focus on self -reliance or Atma
-shakti which led to the development of indigenous artisan crafts and industries.
Statement 2 is correct: The movement also let to the development of national education. In this context,
the National Council of Education was established in August 1906.
11 C Statement 1 is incorrect The English company was a private enterprise—this created a sense of
enthusiasm and self-confidence among the people. With less governmental control over it, this company
could take instant decisions when needed without waiting for the approval of the government. The French
company, on the other hand, was a state concern. It was controlled and regulated by the French
government and was prevented from freedom in decision making by government policies and delays in
decision-making.
Statement 2 is correct. A major factor in the success of the English in India was the superiority of the
commanders in the British camp. In comparison to the long list of leaders on the English side-Sir Eyre
Coote, Major Stringer Lawrence, Robert Clive and many others, there was only Dupleix on the French
side.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The French subordinated their commercial interest to territorial (Political)
ambition, which made the French company short of funds. In spite of their imperialistic motives, the British
never neglected their commercial interests. So, they always had the funds and the consequent sound
financial condition to help them significantly in the wars against their rivals.
Statement 4 is correct The English navy was superior to the French navy. It helped to cut off the vital sea
link between the French possessions in India and France.
12 C Legislative councils in India had no real official power till 1920. Yet, work done in them by the nationalists
helped the growth of the national movement. The Imperial Legislative Council constituted by the Indian
Councils Act (1861) was an impotent body designed to disguise official measures as having been passed by
a representative body.
Statement 1 is correct: Moderates nationalists wanted greater participation in legislative councils in India
because they wanted the membership of the Councils for elected representatives of the people. They
demanded Indian control over the public purse, the reduction of military expenditure and raised the
slogan that had earlier been raised by the Americans during their War of Independence, 'No taxation
without representation’.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Getting complete independence was not the specified aim of the moderates
(The main objective of the Moderates was to achieve self-government within the British Empire).
Moderate nationalists demanded for the reform of the legislative councils and increases in the powers of
the council because Legislative councils had no real official power. Hence, Statement 1 is correct and
Statement 2 is incorrect.
13 B Pair 1 is correct: Veeresalingam Pantulu founded the Rajahmundry Social Reform Association in 1878.
The reform association emphasized on widow remarriage. People opposing widow remarriage failed to
prove their point and resorted to physical violence against Veeresalingam. But he did not relent. In
fact, he
asked his followers to visit different parts of the Andhra Pradesh and find young men who were willing
to
tie the knot with widows. After tremendous efforts Veeresalingam was successful in arranging the first
widow remarriage in 1881.
Pair 2 is incorrect: Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a liberal leader of the Indian National Congress. He
founded

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the Servants of India Society in 1905 with the help of M.G. Ranade. On the other hand, Gopal Hari
Deshmukh was a social reformer and rationalist from Maharashtra. He held the post of a judge under
British raj. He wrote for a weekly Prabhakar under the pen name of Lokahitawadi on social reform
issues.
He started a weekly, Hitechhu, and also played a leading role in founding the periodicals, Gyan
Prakash,
Indu Prakash and Lokahitawadi.
Pair 3 is correct: Debendranath Tagore headed the Tattvabodhini Sabha which was founded in 1839. Its
organ was Tattvabodhini Patrika in Bengali. Tattvabodhini Patrika was devoted to the systematic study
of
India’s past with a rational outlook and to the propagation of Rammohan’s ideas. Maharishi
Debendranath
Tagore was the father of Rabindranath Tagore and a product of the best in traditional Indian learning.
He
gave a new life to Brahmo Samaj and a definite form and shape to the theist movement, when he
joined the
Brahmo Samaj in 1842.
14 B The viceroy, Lord Minto, and the Secretary of State for India, John Morley worked out a set of measures
that came to be known as the Morley- Minto (or Minto-Morley) Reforms that translated into the Indian
Councils Act of 1909.
• Morley openly declared in Parliament: ‘If it could be said that this chapter of reforms led directly or
necessarily up to the establishment of a Parliamentary system in India, I, for one, would have nothing at
all to do with it.’
• The real purpose of the Morley-Minto Reforms was to divide the nationalist ranks and to check the
growing unity among Indians by encouraging the growth of Muslim communalism.
• Whereas, Edwin Montagu who served as Secretary of State for India between 1917 and 1922, on
20th August 1917, made a historic declaration in the House of Commons defining the goal of British
policies in India. The declaration stated: ‘The policy of His Majesty’s Government is that of
the increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration, and the gradual
development of self-government institutions, with a view to the progressive realisation of
responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire'. Hence statement 1 is not
correct.
• Most of the elected members were still elected indirectly. An Indian was to be appointed a member of the
Governor-General’s Executive Council. Of the sixty-eight members of the Imperial Legislative Council,
thirty-six were officials, and five were nominated non-officials.
o Out of twenty-seven elected members, six were elected by big landlords and two by British
capitalists. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• The real purpose of the Morley-Minto Reforms was to divide the nationalist ranks and to check the
growing unity among Indians by encouraging the growth of Muslim communalism. To achieve the latter
objective, the Reforms introduced the system of separate electorates under which Muslims could
only vote for Muslim candidates in constituencies specially reserved for them. This was done to
encourage the notion that the political, economic, and cultural interests of Hindus and Muslims
were separate and not common. Hence statement 3 is correct.
15 B Indian newspapers began to find their feet in the 1870s. They became highly critical of Lord Lytton’s
administration, especially regarding its inhuman approach towards the victims of the famine of 1876-77.
• As a result, the Government decided to make a sudden strike at the Indian language newspapers, since
they reached beyond the middle-class readership. The Vernacular Press Act of 1878 was directed only
against Indian-language newspapers. It was conceived in great secrecy and passed at a single sitting of
the Imperial Legislative Council. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The Act provided for the confiscation of the printing press, paper and other materials of a newspaper if
the Government believed that it was publishing seditious materials and had flouted an official

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warning. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Indian nationalist opinion firmly opposed the Act. The first great demonstration on an issue of public
importance was organized in Calcutta on this question when a large meeting was held in the Town Hall.
Various public bodies and the Press also campaigned against the Act. Consequently, it was repealed in
1881 by Lord Ripon. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.
16 B Statement 1 is not correct: At the end of December 1929, Congress held its annual session in the city of
Lahore. The meeting was significant for the election of Jawaharlal Nehru as President, signifying the
passing of the baton of leadership to the younger generation. Only three out of eighteen Provincial
Congress Committees had wanted Jawaharlal Nehru as president but recognizing the appositeness of the
occasion, and the upsurge of the youth who had made such a glorious success of the Simon Boycott,
Gandhiji supported and was decisive in electing Nehru as the President.
• Statement 2 is correct: The first task that the Congress set itself and the Indian people in the New Year
was that of organizing all over the country, on 26 January, public meetings at which the Independence
Pledge would be read out and collectively affirmed. This programme was a huge success, and in villages
and towns, at small meetings and large ones, the pledge was read out in the local language and the
national flag was hoisted. The Lahore Congress of 1929 had authorized the Working Committee to
launch a programme of civil disobedience including non-payment of taxes. It had also called upon all
members of legislatures to resign their seats.
• Statement 3 is correct: Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Bose and Satyamurthi, backed by a large number of
delegates, pressed for the acceptance of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or complete independence as the goal of the
Congress and on 19 December 1929, INC passed the historic 'Purna Swaraj' - (total independence)
resolution.
17 B One of the most militant and widespread of the peasant movements was the Indigo Revolt of 1859-60.
From the beginning, indigo was grown under an extremely oppressive system that involved great loss to
the cultivators. The indigo planters, nearly all Europeans, compelled the tenants to grow indigo
which they processed in factories set up in rural (mofussil) areas. The planters forced the peasants to
take a meager amount as advance and enter into fraudulent contracts.
• Since the enforcement of forced and fraudulent contracts through the courts was a difficult and prolonged
process, the planters resorted to a reign of terror to coerce the peasants. Kidnapping, illegal
confinement in factory godowns, flogging, attacks on women and children, carrying off cattle, looting,
were some of the methods used by the planters. They hired or maintained bands of lathyals (armed
retainers) for the purpose. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
• In practice, the planters were also above the law. With a few exceptions, the magistrates, mostly
European, favoured the planters. The discontent of indigo growers in Bengal boiled over in the autumn of
1859 when their case seemed to get Government support. Misreading an official letter and exceeding his
authority, Hem Chandra Kar, Deputy Magistrate of Kalaroa, published on 17th August a proclamation to
policemen that ‘in case of disputes relating to Indigo Ryots, they (ryots) shall retain possession of their
own lands and shall sow on them what crops they please, and the Police will be careful that no Indigo
Planter nor anyone else is able to interfere in the matter. The news of Kar’s proclamation spread all over
Bengal, and peasants felt that the time for overthrowing the hated system had come. The beginning was
made by Digambar Biswas and Bishnu Biswas, ex-employees of a planter, they gave up indigo

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cultivation.
• The peasant disturbances and indigo strikes spread rapidly to other areas. The peasants refused to take
advances and enter into contracts, pledged not to sow indigo, and defended themselves from the planters’
attacks with whatever weapons came to hand. The planters then attacked with another weapon, their
zamindari powers. They threatened the rebellious ryots with eviction or enhancement of rent. The ryots
replied by going on a rent strike. Peasants gradually learnt to use the legal machinery to enforce their
rights. They also used the weapon of social boycott to force a planter’s servants to leave him. Ultimately,
the planters could not withstand the united resistance of the ryots, and they gradually began to close their
factories. The cultivation of indigo was virtually wiped out from the districts of Bengal by the end of
1860.
• A major reason for the success of the Indigo Revolt was the tremendous initiative, cooperation,
organization and discipline of the ryots. Another was the complete unity among Hindu and Muslim
peasants. Leadership for the movement was provided by the more well-off ryots and in some cases by
petty zamindars, moneylenders and ex-employees of the planters.
• The intelligentsia’s role in the Indigo Revolt was to have an abiding impact on the emerging nationalist
intellectuals very political childhood they had given support to a popular peasant movement against the
foreign planters. This was to establish a tradition with long-run implications for the national
movement. Christian Missionaries were another group that extended active support to the indigo
ryots in their struggle. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Worried by the rebellion, the government brought in the military to protect the planters from assault, and
set up the Indigo Commission to enquire into the system of indigo production. The Commission held the
planters guilty, and criticised them for the coercive methods they used with indigo cultivators. It
declared that indigo production was not profitable for ryots. Hence statement 3 is correct.
18 D Storm Centres and Leaders of the Revolt
• At Delhi the nominal and symbolic leadership belonged to the Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah, but
the real command lay with a court of soldiers headed by General Bakht Khan who had led the
revolt of Bareilly troops and brought them to Delhi.
• Emperor Bahadur Shah was perhaps the weakest link in the chain of leadership of the revolt. His weak
personality, old age and lack of leadership qualities created political weakness at the nerve centre of the
revolt and did incalculable damage to it.
• At Kanpur, the natural choice was Nana Saheb, the adopted son of the last peshwa, Baji Rao II. He was
refused the family title and banished from Poona, and was living near Kanpur. Nana Saheb expelled the
English from Kanpur, proclaimed himself the peshwa, acknowledged Bahadur Shah as the
Emperor of India and declared himself to be his governor. Sir Hugh Wheeler, commanding the

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station, surrendered on June 27, 1857 and was killed on the same day.
• Begum Hazrat Mahal took over the reigns at Lucknow where the rebellion broke out on June 4,
1857 and popular sympathy was overwhelmingly in favour of the deposed nawab. Her son, Birjis
Qadir, was proclaimed the nawab and a regular administration was organised with important offices
shared equally by Muslims and Hindus.
• At Bareilly, Khan Bahadur, a descendant of the former ruler of Rohilkhand, was placed in
command. Not enthusiastic about the pension being granted by the British, he organised an army of
40,000 soldiers and offered stiff resistance to the British.
• In Bihar, the revolt was led by Kunwar Singh, the zamindar of Jagdishpur. An old man in his seventies, he
nursed a grudge against the British who had deprived him of his estates. He unhesitatingly joined the
sepoys when they reached Arrah from Dinapore (Danapur).Hence option (d) is the correct answer.
19 B After the withdrawal of the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922, a new line of political activity,
which would keep up the spirit of resistance to colonial rule, was advocated by C.R. Das and Motilal
Nehru. They suggested that the nationalists should end the boycott of the legislative councils, enter
them, expose them as ‘sham parliaments’ and as ‘a mask which the bureaucracy has put on,’ and obstruct
‘every work of the council.’
• Statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is not correct: C.R. Das as the President of the Congress and
Motilal as its Secretary put forward this program of ‘either mending or ending’ the councils at the Gaya
session of the Congress in December 1922. Another section of the Congress, headed by Vallabhbhai
Patel, Rajendra Prasad and C. Rajagopalachari, opposed the new proposal which was consequently
defeated. Das and Motilal resigned from their respective offices in the Congress and on 1 January 1923
announced the formation of the Congress-Khilafat Swaraj Party better known later as the Swaraj
Party. The adherents of the council entry program came to be popularly known as ‘pro-changers’ and
those still advocating boycott of the councils as ‘no-changers.’ Das was the President and Motilal was
one of the Secretaries of the new party. The adherents of the council-entry programme came to be
popularly known as ‘pro-changers’ and those still advocating boycott of the councils as ‘no-changers.’
• The no-changers, whose effective head was Gandhiji even though he was in jail, argued for the
continuation of the full programme of boycott and non-cooperation, effective working of the constructive
programme and quiet preparations for the resumption of the suspended civil disobedience. The
Swarajists claimed that they would turn the legislatures into arenas of political struggle and that
their intention was not to use them, as the Liberals desired, as organs for the gradual
transformation of the colonial state, but to use them as the ground on which the struggle for the
overthrow of the colonial state was to be carried out.
• As the pro-changer no-changer clash developed, the atmosphere of dismay in nationalist ranks began to
thicken, and they began to be haunted by the fear of the repetition of the disastrous split of 1907.
Consequently, in a special session of the Congress held at Delhi in September 1923, the Congress
suspended all propaganda against council-entry and permitted Congressmen to stand as candidates
and exercise their franchise in forthcoming elections.
20 A Cabinet Mission was a high-powered mission sent in February 1946 to India by the Atlee
Government, It
comprised Sir Pethick Lawrence, Secretary of State for India, Sir Stafford Cripps, President
of the
Board of Trade, V Alexander, the First Lord of the Admiralty. It was sent to negotiate with
the Indian
leaders the terms of the transfer of power to Indians. Hence statement 1 is correct.

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• Major recommendations:
o It recommended an undivided India. There shall be a Union of India. It will deal with the
defense,
foreign affairs, and communications. It also restricted Communal representation.
o All the members of the Interim cabinet would be Indians and there would be minimum
interference by the Viceroy.
o Formation of the constituent assembly on the democratic principle of population
o It recognized India’s right to cede from the Commonwealth
o There was to be a federation of the provinces and the States, with the federal center
controlling
only defense, foreign affairs, and communications. The union would have the powers
necessary to
raise the finances to manage the subjects. All subjects other than the Union subjects and
all the
residuary powers would be vested in the provinces. Hence statement 2 is correct.
o The Princely states would retain all subjects and all residuary powers.
o The representation of the Provincial legislatures was to be broken up into 3 sections.
 Section A: Madras, UP, Central provinces, Bombay, Bihar & Orissa
 Section B: Punjab, Sindh, NWFP, Baluchistan
 Section C: Assam and Bengal
• Both Indian National Congress and Muslim League accepted this plan. But the two could
not agree
on the plan for an interim government that would convene a constituent assembly to
frame a constitution
for the free, federal India. Hence statement 3 is not correct.
21 A When Gandhiji and his followers gained controlled of the All-India Home Rule League. They changed its
name to 'Swaraj Sabha' (Hindi for Home Rule League). At the same time, they also changed its constitution
to allow it to serve as vehicle for Non-cooperation movement. This enabled Gandhi to combine cadre of
the Home Rule League and Muslim league for the Non-cooperation movement.
Correct chronological order for above events is 2-1-3-4.
22 B Statement 2. August Declaration of 20th August 1917- Montagu presented the historic Montagu
Declaration (August Declaration) in the British Parliament. This declaration proposed the increased
participation of Indians in the administration and the development of self-governing institutions in India.
He, along with the Governor-General of India Lord Chelmsford, brought out a detailed report titled
Constitutional Reforms in India, also called the Montagu-Chelmsford Report. This report was published
on 8th July 1918. This report became the basis for the Government of India Act 1919
Statement 1. Rowlatt Act was passed in March 1919 allowed political activists to be tried without juries
or even imprisoned without trial. It allowed arrest of Indians without a warrant on the mere suspicion of
‘treason’. Such suspects could be tried in secrecy without recourse to legal help. The law of habeas corpus,
the basis of civil liberty, was sought to be suspended
Statement 3. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, also known as the Amritsar massacre, took place on 13 April
1919. A large peaceful crowd had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab, to protest against
the Rowlatt Act and arrest of pro-independence activists Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal. In response
to the public gathering, the temporary Brigadier general, R. E. H. Dyer, surrounded the protesters with his
regiment. He ordered them to shoot at the crowd.
Statement 4. Launching of the Non-Cooperation movement: On, August 31, 1920, the Khilafat Committee

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started a campaign of non-cooperation and the movement was formally launched. In 1920 at a special
session in Calcutta, the Congress approved a non-cooperation programme till the Punjab and Khilafat
wrongs were removed and swaraj was established.
23 C The Moderates (1885-1905) included leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, M.G. Ranade, Sir P.M. Mehta, G.K.
Gokhale, W.C. Banerjee & S.N. Banerjee. The Extremists (1905-1920) included leaders like Bal Gangadhar
Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal.
Statement 1 is correct. The main objective of the Moderates was to achieve self-government within the
British Empire. The Moderates aimed at constitutional and administrative reforms to achieve self-
government. On the other hand, the Extremists aimed ‘Swaraj’ from British rule without sticking to the
constitutional methods to protest and rather resorted to passive resistance like boycotts, strikes, etc
Statement 2 is incorrect. The moderate leaders were influenced by Western political ideas, political
philosophy of liberalism and practices, democracy, equity and freedom that was inspired by the ideas of
western philosophers like Mill, Burke, Spencer and Bentham. On the other hand, the Extremists looked
more to the past history of India than to the west. They were inspired by Indian History, its glorious
cultural heritage and national education.
Statement 3 is correct. The Moderate leaders had a lasting attachment to the British way of life, they
believed in the British sense of justice and fair play and a deep sense of gratitude towards British rulers
and believed that their association with British rule and English education had exposed them to modern
ideas such as liberty, equality, democracy, and dignity of the individual. Whereas the Extremist leaders
were aware that the British were driven by selfishness and had come to India to exploit her resources. The
extremists did not expect them to take a sympathetic view of the popular demands of the Indian people.
Hence the Extremists tried to make the masses - nationalistic and public-spirited in character and
knowledgeable, self-reliant and independent in spirit. E.g- The Swadeshi and boycott movements placed
great emphasis on Atmasakti or self-reliance as a means of asserting national dignity in several fields.
Statement 4 is correct. The Extremists had immense faith in the capacity of masses to participate and to
make sacrifices. While the Moderates believed that the movement should be limited to middle class
intelligentsia; masses not yet ready for participation in political work.
24 C The Secretary of State for India, Edwin Montagu, ordered that a committee of inquiry be formed to
investigate the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. So, on October 14, 1919, the Government of India announced
the formation of the Disorders Inquiry Committee under the chairmanship of Lord William Hunter. It
was widely known as the Hunter Committee/Commission after the name of its chairman,
Statement 1 is incorrect: Its purpose is not only to investigate about Jallianwala Bagh massacre but also
to investigate the recent disturbances in Bombay, Delhi and Punjab, about their causes, and the measures
taken to cope with them.
Statement 2 is incorrect: There were three Indian members in the Hunter committee, namely, Sir
Chamanlal Harilal Setalvad, Vice-Chancellor of Bombay University and advocate of the Bombay High
Court; Pandit Jagat Narayan, lawyer and Member of the Legislative Council of the United Provinces; and
Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmad Khan, lawyer from Gwalior State.

11

Statement 3 is correct: The final report, released in March 1920, unanimously condemned Dyer’s actions.
The report stated that the lack of notice to disperse from the Bagh in the beginning was an error; the length
of firing showed a grave error; Dyer’s motive of producing a sufficient moral effect was to be condemned;
Dyer had overstepped the bounds of his authority; there had been no conspiracy to overthrow British
rule in the Punjab.
Statement 4 is incorrect: The committee did not recommend removing Dyer from his post. He was
removed because the British cabinet decided so. Churchill observed that Dyer was a dangerous man and
could not be allowed to continue in his post. The decision that Dyer should be dismissed was conveyed to
the Army Council. In the end, Dyer was found guilty of a mistaken notion of duty and relieved of his
command in March 1920. He was recalled to England. No legal action was taken against him; he drew half
pay and received his army pension.
25 C The Congress split at Surat between extremists and moderates in December 1907. neither side realised that
in a vast country like India is ruled by a strong imperialist power. To achieve its goal, only a broad-based
nationalist movement could help.
Statement 1 is incorrect: Moderates totally opposed to boycott of councils and associations like
lawcourts, government services etc. Extremists in fact were in favour of boycott of councils. Moderates
advocated constitutional methods to protest the partition of Bengal. Moderates were encouraged by the
news of council reforms and wanted to dissociate themselves with extremists.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The Moderates wanted the session at Surat. They wanted to exclude Tilak from
the presidency as leader from the host province could not be session president. Surat was home province
of Tilak. They wanted Rashbehari Ghosh as the president of 1907 congress session. On the other hand,
Extremists wanted the 1907 session to be held in Nagpur (Central Provinces) with Tilak or Lajpat Rai as the
president.
Statement 3 is correct: The Extremists wanted to extend the Boycott and Swadeshi Movement to regions
outside Bengal. They also wanted to include all forms of associations like government service, law courts,
legislative councils, etc.and thus start a nationwide mass movement. As a result, the Extremists wanted a
strong resolution to support their programme at the Benaras session. The Extremists considered the
Moderates to be a drag on the movement.
26 D The Home Rule Movement was started in 1916. It was based along the lines of the Irish Home Rule

12

League. The movement was an Indian response to the First World War. It was less aggressive but more
effective than the Ghadr adventure. This movement shifted the emphasis from educated elites to masses.
Annie Beasant and Tilak were pioneers of this new age of aggressive politics.
Statement 1 is correct: Lord Morley was against the introduction of responsible government as
demanded by congress in India. The constitutional reforms introduced in Government of India act 1909
(Morley- Minto reforms) disappointed the congress especially moderates. Therefore, demand for self-rule
was made the aim for Home Rule League Movement. Under it, administration reforms were demanded
along the lines of Irish home rule league.
Statement 2 is correct: The Home rule started during the first world war time (1914-1919). As Britain was
part of the first world war, people in India were facing wartime difficulties. There was high price rise and
high taxation was imposed on them. They were ready to participate in any aggressive movement of protest.
Statement 3 is correct: One of the factors which contributed to the formation of Home Rule movement
was the World war, which exposed the myth of white superiority.
Statement 4 is correct: One of the reasons which contributed to the formation of Home rule league was
that a section of the nationalists felt that popular pressure was required to attain concessions from the
government.
27 C The echoes of Tilak's famous trial and imprisonment in 1908 were to be heard again in 1922.
Mahatma Gandhi, Tilak's political successor, was tried in 1922 for the same offence of sedition
under the same Section 124A for his articles in Young India. Mahatma Gandhi was arrested near
Sabarmati Ashram for writing three articles in Young India.
• When the Judge told him that his offence was similar to Tilak’s and that he was giving him the
same
sentence of six years’ imprisonment Gandhiji replied: ‘Since you have done me the honor of
recalling the
trial of the late Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, I just want to say that I consider it to be proudest
privilege and honor to be associated with his name.”
• The only difference between the two trials was that Gandhiji had pleaded guilty to the charges.
This
was also a measure of the distance the national movement had travelled since 1908. He was
sentenced to
six years imprisonment. Gandhiji was released from Yervada prison on 5 February, 1924
unconditionally after an operation on 12 January, 1924
• Hence, both statements are correct.

28 C The Indian National Congress (INC) did not take part in either the first Round Table Conference

13

or the Third Round Table Conference, but it did take part in the Second Round Table Conference
with Mahatma Gandhi as its representative. Hence option (c) is the correct answer.
• The second Round Table Conference was held in London from September 7, 1931 to December 1,
1931. At the conference, Gandhiji claimed that Congress represent all people of India against
imperialism. However, the other delegates did not agree to this view.
o There was a deadlocked on the question of the minorities. Muslims, Depressed classes, Christians
and
Anglo-Indians demanded separate electorates. To bolster their demand, they all came together in a
‘Minorities’ Pact’.
o Gandhiji was against the move by the minorities to making all constitutional progress conditional on
the issue of separate electorates. He said that untouchables are hindus and hence, should not be
treated as a minority. Similarly, he discarded the idea of any separate electorate for muslims or any
other minority.
o Princely states were not too enthusiastic about a federation, especially after the possibility of the
formation of a Congress government at the centre with substantial role of elected members.
• Other Facts Regarding Round Table Conference:
o Round Table Conferences (RTCs) were attended by different groups via their representatives, such as
Princely states, Muslim League, Sikhs, Parsis, Women, Liberals, Depressed classes etc.
o Depressed classes were represented by Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar in all the three round table
conferences (RTCs).
o Similarly, liberals were represented by Tej Bahadur Sapru in all the RTCs.
o While, Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz represented women in every RTC.

29 A The third pillar of British rule was the police whose creator was Cornwallis. He relieved the

14

Zamindars of their police functions and established a regular police force to maintain law and
order.
• In this respect, he went back to and modernised the old Indian system of thanas. This put India ahead of
Britain where system of police had not developed yet.
• He organised a regular police force to maintain law and order by establishing a system of thanas
(circles) in a district under a daroga (an Indian) and a superintendent of police (SP) at the head of a
district.
• Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
30 C The nationalist agitation forced the Government to make some changes in legislative functioning by the
Indian Councils Act of 1892.
• The number of additional members of the Imperial and Provincial Legislative Councils was increased
from the previous six to ten to ten to sixteen.
• A few of these members could be elected indirectly through municipal committees, district boards, etc.,
but the official majority remained.
• The members were given the right to discuss the annual budget but they could neither vote on it nor move
a motion to amend it.
• They could also ask questions but were not allowed to put supplementary questions or to discuss the
answers.
• The ‘reformed’ Imperial Legislative Council met, during its tenure till 1909, on an average for only
thirteen days in a year, and the number of unofficial Indian members present was only five out of twenty-
four.
• The nationalists were totally dissatisfied with the Act of 1892. They saw in it a mockery of their demands.
• The Councils were still impotent; despotism still ruled. They now demanded a majority for non-official
elected members with the right to vote on the budget and, thus, on the public purse.
• They raised the slogan ‘no taxation without representation.’ Gradually, they raised their
demands. Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
31 A The Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in 1916, presided over by a Moderate Ambika
Charan
Majumdar. In this, Extremists were finally readmitted to Indian National Congress.
Statement 1 is correct: - Lucknow pact was signed between Congress and Muslim League. Under the
pact Congress accepted the controversial provision of separate electorates. It was done to pave the way
for Hindu Muslim Unity. It was motivated by a sincere desire to remove the minority fears about majority
domination. Also, there was large enthusiasm generated among the masses through this union.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Tilak’s demand of appointing a Working Committee to carry on day-to-day
affairs of the Congress was not accepted due to Moderate’s opposition. According to Tilak it would
transform the Congress from a deliberative body into capable of leading a sustained movement. Later in
1920, Nagpur session of Congress, Congress working committee was launched.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Lucknow Session led to Lucknow Pact between Congress and Muslim League.
There was no provision of complete independence in the joint constitutional demands put forward by
league and congress to government. The joint demands made under Lucknow pact included:
1) Government should declare that it would provide self-government to Indians as soon as possible.
2) The representative assemblies at the central and provincial level should be expanded further with an
elected majority and more powers.
3) The term of the legislative council should be five years.
4) The salaries of the Secretary of State for India should be paid by the British treasury and not drawn from
Indian funds.
5) Half the members of the viceroy’s and provincial governors’ executive councils should be Indians
32 A Gandhi called for a nationwide Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act. April 6, 1919 was fixed as the date to
launch of satyagraha. He called the Rowlatt Act the “Black Act” and believed that not everyone should get
punishment against the isolated political crimes.

15

This act enables the government to imprison any person without trial. Hence, suspending the right of
Habeas Corpus.
Statement 1 is correct: Gandhi called for nationwide Satyagraha against the Rowlatt Act in March 1919. It
was his first attempt at leading an all-India mass satyagraha. The forms of protest finally chosen to
conduct a nationwide hartal or strike. It is to be followed by fasting and prayer, observing civil disobedience
against specific laws, and pursuing arrest as well as imprisonment.
Statement 2 is correct: One of the limitations of Rowlatt satyagraha was, it confined mostly to cities and
towns. Also, the movement did not raise same response from all parts of India. But different classes and
communities responded to Gandhi’s call inspite of limited organisational support.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Home rule league members had supported the Rowlatt Satyagraha. Gandhi
organised a Satyagraha Sabha and persuaded younger members of Home Rule Leagues and the Pan
Islamists to join the movement. Initiatives taken by the members of the Home Rule League and the All-India
Muslim League arouse awareness against the various actions of the British Government.
33 D Statement 1 and 2 correct: The Anushilan Samiti was founded by Promotha Mitter in 1902. The samiti
was supported by Jatindranath Banerjee, Barindra Kumar Ghosh and others. The Anushilan Samiti was
formed and organized on the lines of the secret societies of Russia and Italy. But, their activities were
limited to giving physical and moral training to the members and remained insignificant till 1907-08. The
immediate events triggering the members of the samiti were the unpopular educational reforms of Lord
Curzon and the Partition of Bengal (1905).
Statement 3 is correct: In April 1906, an inner circle within Anushilan (Barindra Kumar Ghosh,
Bhupendranath Dutta) started the weekly Yugantar and conducted a few abortive ‘actions’.
34 C The Muzaffarpur killing is one of the most famous events in the history of Bengal. Both Khudiram Bose and
Prafulla Chaki became heroes among the masses of Bengal
Statement 1 is incorrect: The case is related to an attempt to kill Presidency Magistrate Douglas
Kingsford in Muzaffarpur. In 1908, Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose threw a bomb at a carriage supposed
to be carrying a particularly sadistic white judge, Kingsford, in Muzaffarpur. Kingsford was not in the
carriage. Unfortunately, two British ladies, instead, got killed. Prafulla Chaki shot himself dead while
Khudiram Bose was tried and hanged.
The Delhi Conspiracy case, refers to an attempt made in 1912 to assassinate the then Viceroy of India, Lord
Hardinge by throwing a bomb.
Statement 2 is correct: The whole Anushilan group was arrested including the Ghosh brothers,
Aurobindo and Barindra. The Ghosh brothers were charged with ‘conspiracy’ or ‘waging war against the
King’ – the equivalent of high treason and punishable with death by hanging.
Statement 3 is correct: In the trials of the Alipore Case, Chittaranjan Das defended Aurobindo. Aurobindo
was acquitted of all charges with the judge condemning the flimsy nature of the evidence against him.
35 B Newspapers and journals made their appearance in the later part of the 18th century, and they provide very
valuable information on almost all aspects of the Indian society, especially in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Newspapers and journals of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, were published in English as well as
in the different vernacular languages. Some of the Newspapers/ Journals and their founders are given
below.
Statement 1 is correct. Sandhya (1906, Bengal) - Brahmabandhab Upadhyay is considered as the founder
of Sandhya. Through, Sandhya he popularised swaraj and the Swadeshi Movement. Mokhodacharan
Samadhyay was the editor of Sandhya after the death of Brahmabandhab.
Statement 2 is Correct. Yugantar (1906, Bengal) - The inner circle within Anushilan Samiti, namely,
Barindra Kumar Ghosh and Bhupendranath Dutta started the weekly Yugantar.
Statement 3 is Incorrect. Talvar (Berlin) - Virendranath Chattopadhyay was the editor of the weekly
‘Talvar’. The weekly aimed to incite nationalist unrest and sought to sway the loyalty of the British soldiers.
Statement 4 is Incorrect: Bombay Chronicle (1910, Bombay) - Bombay Chronicle was an English-language
newspaper,started in 1910 by Sir Pherozeshah Mehta (1845-1915).

16

36 B The 1907 Punjab unrests were a period of unrest in the British Indian province of Punjab, centered on
the
province’s Colonization bill, which was implemented in 1906. In response to Colonization bill, Ajit
singh
formed a secret society, known by the name Anjuman-i-Mohisban-i-Watan.
The Colonization Bill provided the transfer of a person’s property to the government after his death if
he
had no heirs. The government could sell the property to any public or private developer. This was
utterly
contrary to the social conditions in the region, and thus it was rejected by all parties. During this time,
there were widespread protests, which culminated in Ajit Singh’s deportation
37 B The subsidiary alliance system was used by Lord Wellesley, who was governor-general from 1798–
to 1805, to build an empire in India. Under the system, the allying Indian state’s ruler was compelled to
accept the permanent stationing of a British force within his territory and to pay a subsidy for its
maintenance.
• Dupleix was the originator of the practice of a subsidiary alliance in India. He placed a French
army at Hyderabad at the expense of the subahdar.
• The Indian ruler had to agree to the posting of a British resident in his court. The Indian ruler could
not employ any European in his service without the prior consultation with the Company. Nor could he go
to war or negotiate with any other Indian ruler without consulting the governor-general. In return for all
this, the British would defend the ruler from his enemies and adopt a policy of non-interference in the
internal matters of the allied state. Hence option (b) is the correct answer.
• One of the objectives behind Wellesley’s strengthening of the subsidiary alliance system was to keep the
French from reviving and expanding their influence in India. Around this time, the fear of
Napoleon’s expedition towards the East was very real for the British who felt that the French could
attack the western coast of India from their colony of Mauritius.
• Wellesley’s policy of subsidiary alliance was, in fact, an extension of the ring-fence system which sought
to reduce the Indian states into a position of dependence on the British government.
38 B • The British conquered Bengal first and then they reordered its rural society and established a regime of
land rights and revenue system. The first revenue collection system was introduced in Bengal and Bihar. It
was known as the Permanent settlement by Lord Cornwallis.
• As per this system, the zamindars and taluqdars were recognised as estate owners and were given revenue
collection responsibility. They had to collect land revenue from farmers, pass on the share fixed by British
to them and keep the rest. Since the revenue rate were permanent they were kept high. It was argued that
as they couldn't be increased the subsequent loss to British had to be overcome initially. The British felt
this system would benefit British, Zamindars who would invest in the land to improve its productivity as it
would increase their share and farmers too. But the system was a big failure.
• The jotedars were rich farmers who cultivated land directly became more powerful under this
system. Jotedar was a class of rich peasants who were most powerful in North Bengal. They were
known in different areas as haoladars, gantidars, bargadars and mandals. They resisted payment of rent to
zamindars as they were happy to see them in trouble. The jotedars also bought most the land auctioned of
a defaulting zamindar. Jotedars soon possessed thousand acres of land and became powerful in the rural
society. The zamindars couldn't get relief from the judicial process too as it was overburdened. So their
influence decreased.
• Hence option (b) is the correct answer.
39 B The government of India which was generally pro-capitalist took some half-hearted measures to
mitigate

17

the sorry state of affairs in modern factories, many of which were owned by Indians.
• The manufacturers of Britain constantly put pressure on the government to pass factory laws. They
were
afraid that cheap labour would enable Indian manufacturers to outsell them in the Indian market.
• The first Factory Act was passed in 1881. This primarily dealt with the problem of child labour.
Hence, statement 1 is correct.
o employment of children under 7 years of age prohibited
o working hours restricted to 9 hours per day for children
o children to get four holidays in a month
o hazardous machinery to be properly fenced off
• The Indian Factory Act, 1891
o increased the minimum age (from 7 to 9 years) and the maximum (from 12 to 14 years) for children
o reduced maximum working hours for children to 7 hours a day
o fixed maximum working hours for women at 11 hours per day with a one-and-a-half-hour
interval. the working hours for men were left unregulated. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
o provided weekly holiday for all.
• But these laws did not apply to British-owned tea and coffee plantations where the labour was
exploited ruthlessly and treated like slaves. The government helped these planters by passing laws such
as those which made it virtually impossible for a labourer to refuse to work once a contract was entered
into. A breach of contract was a criminal offence, with a planter having the right to get the defaulting
labourer arrested. Hence statement 3 is correct.
40 A The East India Association was organized by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1866 in London to discuss the
Indian question and influence public men in England to promote Indian welfare. Later, branches of the
association were started in prominent Indian cities. Hence, pair 1 is not correctly matched.
• The Indian League was started in 1875 by Sisir Kumar Ghosh with the object of “stimulating the
sense of nationalism amongst the people” and encouraging political education. Hence, pair 3 is not
correctly matched.
• The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was a precursor organization to the Indian National Congress. It was
established due to the combined efforts of M.G. Ranade (justice Ranade), S. H. Chiplunkar, Ganesh
Vasudeo Joshi, and other Indian leaders. Hence, pair 2 is correctly matched.
• The Indian Association of Calcutta (also known as the Indian National Association) superseded the
Indian League and was founded in 1876 by younger nationalists of Bengal led by Surendranath
Banerjea and Ananda Mohan Bose, who were getting discontented with the conservative and pro-
landlord policies of the British Indian Association.
• The Indian Association was the most important of pre-congress associations and aimed to “promote by
every legitimate means the political, intellectual and material advancement of the people.”
41 C • The East India Company, which ruled huge tracts of the subcontinent, recognised that Tipu's
powerful army was one of the greatest threats to their expansion in India. It fought three wars against
Tipu and his father, Hyder Ali, between 1767 and 1792.
• The threat from Mysore was finally removed on 4 May 1799, when the British - supported by the
army of
their Indian ally, the Nizam of Hyderabad - stormed and captured Tipu's capital, Seringapatam, after a
month-long siege. Tipu was killed in the fighting, and with his death the Fourth Mysore War (1799)
ended.
• After the war nearly half of Tipu's dominions were divided between the British and their ally, the
Nizam. The reduced Kingdom of Mysore was restored to the descendants of the original rajas from

18

whom Haidar Ali had seized power. Hence statement 1 is not correct and statement 2 is correct.
• A special treaty of subsidiary alliance was imposed on the new Raja by which the Governor-
General was authorised to take over the administration of the state in case of necessity. Mysore was
in fact made a complete dependency of the company. Hence statement 3 is correct.

42 B Raja Rammohan Roy established the Brahmo Samaj at Calcutta in 1828 in order to purify Hinduism
and to
preach monotheism. He established the Atmiya Sabha in 1815 which developed into the Brahmo
Sabha.
Statement 1 is correct: Raj Rammohan Roy is most remembered for helping Lord William Bentinck to
declare the practice of Sati a punishable offence in 1829. Rammohan was a determined crusader
against the
inhuman practice of sati. He started his anti-sati struggle in 1818 and he cited sacred texts to prove his
contention that no religion sanctioned the burning alive of widows, besides appealing to humanity,
reason and compassion. His efforts were rewarded by the Government by a Regulation in 1829 which
declared the practice illegal and punishable by the courts.
Statement 2 is correct: As a campaigner for women’s rights, Roy condemned the general subjugation
of
women and opposed prevailing misconceptions which formed the basis of according an inferior social
status to women. Roy attacked polygamy and the degraded state of widows and demanded the right of
inheritance and property for women.
Statement 3 is incorrect: He did much to disseminate the benefits of modern education to his
countrymen.
In 1825, he established a Vedanta college where courses in both Indian learning and Western social
and
physical sciences were offered. However, he never led any campaigns demanding ban on opium
cultivation.
Knowledge Base: Rammohan Roy started the first Bengali weekly Samvad Kaumudi and edited a
Persian
weekly Mirat-ul-akhbar. In 1817, he founded the Hindu College (now Presidency College, Calcutta)
along
with David Hare.
43 A The Ahmadiya movement was founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahamad of Qadiyan in 1889, who began his
work
as a defender of Islam against the polemics of the Arya Samaj and the Christian missionaries. In 1889,
he
claimed to be Masih and Mahdi and later also to be an incarnation of the Hindu god Krishna and Jesus,
returned to earth.
Statement 1 is correct: The Ahmadiya movement based itself, like the Brahmo Samaj, on the principles
of at universal religion of all humanity. Ghulam Ahmad was greatly influenced by western liberalism
theosophy, and the religious reform movements of the Hindus.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The Ahmadiyas opposed Jihad or sacred war against non-Muslims and
stressed
fraternal relations among all people. The movement spread western liberal education among Indian
Muslims and started a network of schools and colleges for that purpose.
44 C The Indian National Congress (1885) was not the first political organisation in India. However,

19

most of the
political associations in the early half of the nineteenth century were dominated by wealthy
and
aristocratic elements. They were local or regional in character. For instance, Landholders
Society (1836),
British India Society (1839), British India Association (1852) etc.
Statement 1 is correct: The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was founded in 1870 by Mahadeo
Govind Ranade and
others, with the object of serving as a bridge between the government and the people
Statement 2 is incorrect: Indian Liberal Party was formed in 1910, and British intellectuals and
British
officials were often participating members of its committees. They preferred gradual
constitutional reform
to revolutionary methods as the means of achieving independence and because they
attempted to secure
constitutional reform by cooperating with British authority rather than defying it. Their goals
and methods
were inspired by British Liberalism.
Statement 3 is correct: The East India Association was founded by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1866
(association
before the emergence of Indian National Congress), in collaboration with Indians and retired
British
officials in London. It superseded the London Indian Society and was a platform for
discussing matters
and ideas about India, and to provide representation for Indians to the Government.
Statement 4 is correct: Raja Ram Mohan Roy was one of the first Indian leaders to start an
agitation for
political reforms. He fought for the freedom of press, trial by jury, separation of executive and
judiciary,
appointment of Indian to higher offices. The Bangabhasa Prakasika Sabha was formed in
1836 (formed
before emergence of Indian National Congress) by Raja Rammohan Roy.
Knowledge Base:
Some Political Associations before Indian National congress:
• The Zamindari Association, also known as the ‘Landholders’ Society’, was founded to
safeguard the
interests of the landlords. It used the methods of Constitutional agitation for the redressal of
grievances.
• The Bengal British India Society was founded in 1843. It collected and disseminated of
information relating
to the actual condition of the people and to employ such other means of peaceful.

20

• The Indian League was started in 1875 by Sisir Kumar Ghosh. It stimulated the sense of
nationalism
amongst the people and of encouraging political education.
45 D The idea of the INA was first conceived in Malaya by Mohan Singh, an Indian officer of the British
Indian Army, he went to the Japanese for help to start an army with the prisoners of war. This
initiative
received great support from the Japanese Army and from the ethnic Indian population of South-
East Asia.
But later disagreements emerged between Mohan Singh and Japanese Army Command regarding
the autonomy of the Indian National Army and the way Indians were treated by the Japanese
soldiers, and later led to the disbandment and the arrest of Mohan Singh. Hence statement 1 is
correct.
• Bose went to Singapore and set up the Provisional Government of Free India on 21 October,
1943. The
Provisional Government then declared war on Britain and the United States, and was recognised
by the
Axis powers and their satellites. He set up two INA headquarters, in Rangoon and in Singapore,
and
began to reorganize the INA. Recruits were sought from civilians, funds were gathered from
Indian’s all over the world which was managed by a separate bank (Azad Hind Bank). He also set
up 4 Brigades in the army and named them after Gandhi, Nehru, Chandrasekhar Azad and
Himself. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• One INA battalion commanded by Shah Nawaz was allowed to accompany the Japanese Army to
the
Indo-Burma front and participate in the Imphal campaign. But the discriminatory treatment
which
included being denied rations, arms and being made to do menial work for the Japanese units,
completely
demoralized the INA men. The failure of the Imphal campaign, and the steady Japanese retreat
thereafter,
quashed any hopes of the INA liberating the nation. Hence statement 3 is correct.
46 C During World War II several economic plans were devised for future Independent India, the most
important being the Bombay Plan of 1944-45 drawn up by the big three of the Indian capitalist
world -— J.R.D. Tata, G.D. Birla and Sri Ram. This plan visualized far-reaching land reforms, a
large
public sector and massive public and private investment. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.
• The signatories of the plan were Purshottamdas Thakurdas, J.R.D. Tata, G.D. Birla, Ardeshir
Dalal, Sri Ram, Kasturbhai Lalbhai, A.D. Shroff and John Mathai. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The Bombay Plan seriously took up the question of rapid economic growth and equitable
distribution, even arguing for the necessity of partial nationalization, the public sector, land
reform
and a series of workers’ welfare schemes. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• The basic assumption made by the Bombay planners was that the plan could be implemented
only by an
independent national Government.
47 D Swami Dayananda Saraswati (1824-83) founded the Arya Samaj in 1875. He was a Sanskrit expert who
had never studied English. He issued the slogan, "Back to the Vedas."
• Believes in the infallibility of the Vedas and regards them as the ultimate source of all truth and
knowledge. Hence statement 3 is correct.
• It was believed that post-Vedic books such as Puranas were to blame for the contamination of the Vedic

21

religion.
• Opposes God's idolatry and reincarnation idea, but supports the notion of 'Karma' and soul
transmigration. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• Dayanand also rejected the doctrine of fate/destiny Niyati.
• Believes in a single God who does not have a physical existence.
• Rejects Brahmanical domination over Hindu spiritual and social life. Brahmins' claim to be
conduits between man and God is condemned.
• Supported the Four Varna System, however, it should be based on merit rather than birth.
• Study of western Sciences for the development of the young generation was strongly supported.
Hence statement 2 is correct.
• Everyone has an equal position in the spiritual and social lives of Hindus.
• Advocated for women's equality in society. There is no place for any type of gender discrimination
against women.
• Supported widow remarriage and female education while opposing polygamy, child marriage, Sati, and
other practices.
• After the death of Dayananda in 1883, the work of the samaj was carried on by illustrious members.
Education was an all-important field for the samaj.
• The Dayananda AngloVedic (D.A.V.) College was established in 1886 in Lahore. But a difference of
opinion between two groups in the samaj arose over the curriculum of the D.A.V. College.
• One group was known as the College Party (some sources say ‘Culture’ Party), among whose leaders
were Lala Hansraj, Lala Lal Chand, and Lala Lajpat Rai, and the other was the Mahatma (later Gurukul)
Party led by Guru Datta Vidyarthi and Lala Munshi Ram (who later came to be known as Swami
Shraddhanand).
• While the College Party favored the government curriculum and English education to meet
economic and professional needs.
• Mahatma Party was interested in introducing the study of Sanskrit and Vedic philosophy in the
tradition of ancient gurukuls.
• Later, the issue of vegetarianism also became a point of contention: the College Party had nothing
against non-vegetarianism, claiming that diet was a personal choice and it was not mentioned in the
principles of the samaj; the Mahatma Party was in favor of all the Aryas being strict vegetarians.
• In the end, the Arya Samaj split in 1893 over these issues.
48 D In 1920 the British imposed a harsh treaty on the Turkish Sultan or Khalifa. People were furious about
this as they had been about the Jallianwala massacre. Also, Indian Muslims were keen that the Khalifa be
allowed to retain control over Muslim sacred places in the erstwhile Ottoman Empire.
• The Indian Muslims were incensed when they discovered that their loyalty had been purchased during the
War by assurances of generous treatment of Turkey after the War - a promise British statesman had no
intention of fulfilling. The Muslims regarded the Caliph of Turkey as their spiritual head and were
naturally upset when they found that he would retain no control over the holy places in the erstwhile
Ottoman Empire, the jazirat-ul-Arab (Arabia, Syria, Iraq and Palestine). The leaders of the Khilafat
agitation, Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, now wished to initiate a full-fledged movement. Hence
statements 1 and 2 are correct.
• The Congress supported the movement and Mahatma Gandhi sought to conjoin it to the Non -
Cooperation movement. Gandhiji, who had been in close touch with the Khilafat leaders for quite some
time, and was a special invitee to the Khilafat Conference in November 1919, had all along been very
sympathetic to their cause, especially because he felt the British had committed a breach of faith by
making promises that they had no intention of keeping. In February 1920, he suggested to the Khilafat
Committee that it adopt a programme of non-violent non-cooperation to protest the Government’s
behaviour. On 9 June 1920, the Khilafat Committee at Allahabad unanimously accepted the
suggestion of non-cooperation and asked Gandhiji to lead the movement. The movement was launched
formally on 1 August 1920. Hence statement 3 is correct.
49 B The third Congress session was held in 1887 at Madras. It was presided by Badruddin Tyabji.

22

Badruddin Tyabji was born in Bombay on 10 October 1844. After passing the London matriculation he
joined the Middle Temple, became a Barrister in April 1867 - the first Indian Barrister in Bombay - and
rose rapidly in the profession.
o In 1885 he helped to found the Bombay Presidency Association and virtually ran it all by himself.
Soon afterwards, the Indian National Congress held its first session in Bombay under its auspices; and
Tyabji and Qamruddin Tyabji (his brother) were among its delegates.
o He was unanimously elected as the President of its third Session in Madras (1887). He was also
the first Muslim president of Congress. Hence pair 1 is correctly matched.
o Qamruddin Tyabji and he were principally responsible for establishing the Anjuman - I - Islam in
Bombay (1876) "for the betterment and uplift of Mussalmans in every direction".
• The 39th session of Congress was held in 1924 at Belgaum. It was the only session presided by
Mahatma Gandhi. Hence pair 2 is correctly matched.
o Gandhiji brought the strife between the Swarajists and no-changers to an end, by signing a joint
statement with C.R Das and Motilal that the Swarajist Party would carry on work in the legislatures
on behalf of the Congress and as an integral part of the Congress. This decision was endorsed in
December at the Belgaum session of the Congress
• The 51st session of Congress was held in 1938 at Haripura. It was presided by Subhas Chandra
Bose. Hence pair 3 is not correctly matched.
o It was in this session that Congress, then under the presidentship of Subhas Chandra Bose, set up the
National Planning Committee under the chairmanship of Nehru, to draw up a development plan for
free India.
50 A The capitalists such as G.L. Mehta who was the president of FICCI, argued in 1943, that ‘A
consistent programme of reforms’ was the most effective remedy against social upheavals.’ It was
with this reform perspective that the ‘Post War Economic Development Committee,’ set up by the
capitalists in 1942, which eventually drafted the Bombay Plan, was to function.
• Its attempt was to incorporate ‘whatever is sound and feasible in the socialist movement’ and see
‘how far
socialist demands could be accommodated without capitalism surrendering any of its essential

23

features.’
• The Bombay Plan, therefore, seriously took up the question of rapid economic growth and equitable
distribution, even arguing for the necessity of partial nationalization, the public sector, land reform and
a
series of workers’ welfare schemes.

51 B The Pre-Congress associations organised various campaigns before the Indian National Congress
appeared on the scene. Some of these campaigns were against Arms Act (1878), against Vernacular Press
Act (1878), for right to join volunteer corps, against plantation labour and against Inland Emigration Act
and in the support of Ilbert Bill.
Statement 1 is incorrect: Pre-congress campaign supported the Ilbert bill because the objective of the bill
was to give power to Indian judges and magistrates to try British offenders in criminal cases at the
district level. Lord Ripon realised that this provision needed to be changed. Whereas, the most vocal
opponents of the bill were British tea and indigo plantations owners in Bengal, led by Griffith Evans. The
British press in India spread wild rumours about how Indian judges would abuse their powers.
Statement 2 is correct: As per Inland Emigration Act of 1859 plantation labourers were not allowed to
leave tea gardens without the permission of owner. But in reality, such permission was rarely granted to
them. The early nationalist association organised various campaigns before the Indian National Congress
appeared on the scene. These campaigns include protest against plantation labour and against Inland
Emigration Act of 1859.
Statement 3 is correct: In 1878 CE, the British passed the Arms Act, which disallowed Indians from
possessing any arms. The British did not want a revolt like the one in 1857 to recur and hence wanted to
stop Indians from having rifles and pistols.
52 D Indian nationalism grew partly as a result of colonial policies and partly as a reaction to colonial policies.
For example, worldwide upsurge of the concepts of nationalism and right of self-determination initiated
by the French Revolution and Indian Renaissance.
Statement 1 is correct: The historical researches by European and Indian scholars created an entirely new
picture of India’s past. The theory put forward by European scholars, that the Indo-Aryans belonged to
the same ethnic group from which other nations of Europe had evolved, gave a psychological boost to the
educated Indians. The self-respect and confidence so gained helped the nationalists to demolish colonial
myths that India had a long history of servility to foreign rulers and thus led to development of modern
nationalism in the 19th century India .
Statement 2 is correct: The English system of education had been conceived by the rulers in the self-
interest of efficient administration, but it gave a new direction to Indian political thinking. The English
language helped nationalist leaders from different linguistic regions to communicate with each other.
The educated Indians (lawyers, doctors, etc.) often visited England for higher education. There they saw
the working of modern political institutions in a free country and compared that system with the Indian
situation where even basic rights were denied to the citizens. It was this section which provided
leadership to the Indian political associations.
Statement 3 is correct: A professional civil service, a unified judiciary, and codified civil and criminal laws
across the country added a new dimension of political unity to the previously unbroken cultural unity that
had existed in India for centuries. According to nationalists, the process of unification had two effects: the
economic fate of people from different regions became intertwined and this was significant for the
exchange of political ideas, as well as for mobilizing and organizing public opinion on political and economic
issues. Thus, it led to development of modern nationalism in the 19th century India.
Some factors led in growth of Modern Nationalism:

24

• Understanding of Contradictions in Indian and Colonial Interests
• Political, Administrative and Economic Unification of the Country
• Progressive Character of Socio-religious Reform Movements
• Impact of Contemporary Movements in the World
• Reactionary Policies and Racial Arrogance of Rulers
53 D The Indian Councils Act of 1892 was the first achievement of the Indian National Congress. It had increased
the number of “additional members” in the Central Legislative Council.
Statement 1 is Incorrect: Budget could be discussed but the budget could not be voted upon, nor could
any amendments be made to it.
Statement 2 is Incorrect: Questions could be asked. But the supplementary questions could not be asked,
nor could answers to any question be discussed.
Statement 3 is Incorrect: The officials retained their majority in the council, thus making the non-official
voice ineffective. The ‘reformed’ Imperial Legislative Council met, during its tenure till 1909, on an average
for only thirteen days in a year, and the number of unofficial Indian members present was only five out of
twenty-four.
Knowledge Base: Other features of India Councils Act 1892:
• The number of additional members in Imperial Legislative Councils and the Provincial Legislative Councils
was raised.
• In Imperial Legislative Council, now the governor-general could have ten to sixteen non-officials.
• The non-official members of the Indian legislative council were to be nominated by the Bengal Chamber
of Commerce and provincial legislative councils.
• The members could be recommended by universities, municipalities, zamindars and chambers of
commerce. So, the principle of representation was introduced.
54 C Statement 1 is incorrect. The Indian Statutory Commission is popularly known as the Simon Commission.
The commission consisted of seven members-four Conservatives, two Labourites, and one Liberal under
the joint chairmanship of the Liberal lawyer, Sir John Simon, and Clement Attlee, the future prime
minister. It was appointed in November 1927 by the British Conservative government under the Prime
Minister, Stanley Baldwin. The commission was appointed by Lord Birkenhead after stating the incapability
of Indians to take or form any constitutional reforms scheme.
Statement 2 is correct. The Simon Commission was formed to report on the working of the Indian
constitution established by the Government of India Act of 1919. It was formed to suggest, whether & what
extent it was advisable to expend restrict or modify the degree of responsible government introduced in
India by act 1919.
Statement 3 is correct. The Simon Commission recommended the abolition of dyarchy in provinces and
establishing a representative government in provinces and providing them with enough autonomy. But
the British governors of provinces were allowed to retain much of their emergency powers, hence this
recommendation on the economy holds very little relevance.
Statement 4 is incorrect. The Simon Commission Report did not recommend providing dominion status
to India.
55 B Pair 1 is correct: Lord Chelmsford served as Governor General and Viceroy of India from 1916 to 1921. It
was during the time of Lord Chelmsford, the Khilafat movement and Non-Cooperation Movement began.
The withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement took place during the tenure of Lord Reading.
Pair 2 is correct: Gandhiji started the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930. During that time, Lord Irwin
was the Viceroy of India. Gandhi formally launched the Civil Disobedience Movement on April 6, 1930 by
picking a handful of salt after the completion of historic ‘Dandi March’ from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi,
thus breaking the salt law imposed by the Government. He was the major force behind the movement and
inspired grass-root participation in the freedom struggle.
Pair 3 is incorrect: Lord Linlithgow (1936 – 1944) was the viceroy of India during Quit India Movement
in 1942. Lord Wavell was the viceroy of India during the period of 1944 to 1947. Quit India movement was
an all-out campaign organized by the Mahatma Gandhi to compel British withdrawal from India, after the
failure of the Cripps Mission to reach a compromise.
56 C Statement 1 is correct. The Lahore Session of Indian National Congress in December 1929 was presided by

25

Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The Indian National Congress, on 19 December 1929, passed the historic ‘Purna
Swaraj’ (total independence) resolution at its Lahore session and a public declaration was made on 26
January 1930 to celebrate as ‘Independence Day’. But it was during the Karachi session of INC in 1931
where the Congress for the first time mentioned what swaraj means for the masses.
Statement 3 is incorrect. The INC in Lahore Session decided to Boycott the Round Table conference.
Hence during first Round Table Conference between November 1930 and January 1931 the congress
leaders refused to attend it.
57 D The contrast between the Nehru report of 1928 and the declared goal of the National Congress led to a
raging controversy on the respective merits of “Dominion status” and “complete independence,” which
became a first-class debating issue for the nationalist Press and for political meetings.
• Those who disagreed with the moderation of the All-Parties Conference came out with the proposal
to establish an Independence for India League to press for their point of view in the country at
large. They proclaimed that they were supporting the All-Parties’ Report for the sake of unity without
giving up their adherence to the Congress's goal of independence in support of which they proposed to
form a special organization.
• Independence for India League as an all-India body was thus formed for the first time in November
1928,
with Mr. Srinivasa Iyengar as President and S.C. Bose and Jawaharlal Nehru as joint secretaries, has
the support of many prominent Congress workers, but has no mass membership at all. Hence option (d) is
the correct answer.
58 B Annie Besant was a prominent Theosophist, social reformer, political leader, women's rights activist, writer
and orator. She was of Irish origin and made India her second home. She fought for the rights of Indians
and was the first woman president of the Indian National Congress.
• Annie Besant's famous literary works include
o India: A Nation; A Plea for Self Government book was written by Annie Besant in 1915. Annie
Besant was known to be an untiring public worker as the head of various important movements and a
protagonist in the struggle for the extension of women's rights.
▪ In this book, she brought to the British eyes the actual Indian conditions and problems from the
Indian point of view, and elucidated the true interests of India.
▪ It sought to reconcile the Indian interests with the larger interests of the Empire by studying the
political structure and with intimate and personal knowledge of Indian conditions and feelings.
o The Ancient Wisdom
o My path to atheism
o The Future Of Indian Politics
o A World Without God
o Gandhian Non - Co-operation; Or, Shall India Commit Suicide?
o Wake Up, India: A Plea For Social Reform
o A Study in Karma
• As a member and later president of the Theosophical Society, Besant helped to spread Theosophical
beliefs around the world, notably in India. Besant first visited India in 1893 and later settled there, becoming
involved in the Indian nationalist movement.
• In 1916 she established the Indian Home Rule League, of which she became president. She was also a
leading member of the Indian National Congress. Her long-time interest in education resulted in
the founding of the Central Hindu College at Benares (1898).
• Annie Besant founded two newspapers, "The Commonweal" and "New India.
• Philosophy of Hinduism is one of the several unpublished writings of Dr. B.R Ambedkar.
59 B Once the way was cleared by Gandhi’s ritual at Dandi, defiance of the salt laws started all over
the
country. Gandhi’s arrest came on May 4, 1930, when he announced that he would lead a raid on
Dharasana Salt Works on the west coast.
• Gandhi’s arrest was followed by massive protests in Bombay, Delhi, Calcutta, and in Sholapur,

26

where the
response was the most fierce. After Gandhi’s arrest, the CWC sanctioned:
o non-payment of revenue in ryotwari areas
o no-chowkidara-tax campaign in zamindari areas
o violation of forest laws in the Central Provinces
• On May 21, 1930, Sarojini Naidu, Imam Sahib (Gandhi's South Africa days colleague), and
Manilal (Gandhi’s son) took up the unfinished task of leading a raid on the Dharasana Salt
Works with
the help of around 2500 marchers.
o The unarmed and peaceful crowd was met with a brutal lathi-charge which left 2 dead and 320
injured.
This new form of salt satyagraha was eagerly adopted by people in Wadala (Bombay),
Karnataka
(Sanikatta Salt Works), Andhra, Midnapore, Balasore, Puri, and Cuttack.
• In landlocked Bihar, the manufacture of salt on a large scale was not practicable, and at most
places, it was
a mere gesture. In Patna, Nakhas Pond was chosen as a site to make salt and break the salt law
under
Ambika Kant Sinha. However, very soon, a very powerful no-chaukidari tax agitation replaced
the salt
satyagraha (owing to physical constraints in making salt).
60 A Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms and Government of India Act, 1919:
o The British government, not prepared to part with or even share its power with the Indians, once
again
resorted to the policy of ‘carrot and stick. The carrot was represented by the insubstantial Montagu-
Chelmsford Reforms, while measures such as the Rowlatt Act represented the stick.
o In line with the government policy contained in Montagu’s statement of August 1917, the
government
announced further constitutional reforms in July 1918, known as Montagu-Chelmsford or Montford
Reforms. Based on these, the Government of India Act, of 1919 was enacted.
o Main Features: The main features of the Montford Reforms were as follows.
o Provincial Government—Introduction of Dyarchy: The Act introduced dyarchy for the executive at
the provincial government level.
o Executive: Dyarchy, i.e., the rule of two—executive councilors and famous ministers—was
introduced. The governor was to be the executive head of the province. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
o Subjects were divided into two lists: ‘reserved’ which included subjects such as law and order,
finance, land revenue, irrigation, etc., and ‘transferred’ subjects such as education, health, local
government, industry, agriculture, excise, etc. The reserved subjects were to be administered by the
governor through his executive council of bureaucrats, and the transferred subjects were to be
administered by ministers nominated from among the elected members of the legislative
council. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
o The ministers were to be responsible to the legislature and had to resign if a no-confidence motion
was
passed against them by the legislature, while the executive councilors were not to be responsible to the
legislature.
o In case of failure of constitutional machinery in the province, the governor could take over the

27

administration of transferred subjects also.
o The secretary of state for India and the governor-general could interfere in respect of reserved
subjects
while in respect of transferred matters, the scope for their interference was restricted.
o Legislature:
o Provincial legislative councils were further expanded and 70 percent of the members were to be
elected. Hence, statement 3 is not correct.
o The system of communal and class electorates was further consolidated.
o Women were also given the right to vote.
o The legislative councils could initiate legislation but the governor’s assent was required. The
governor
could veto bills and issue ordinances.
o The legislative councils could reject the budget but the governor could restore it, if necessary.
o The legislators enjoyed the freedom of speech.
61 B Indian immigration to South Africa had begun in 1890 when the White settlers recruited indentured
Indian
labour, mainly from South India, to work on the sugar plantations. They faced racial discrimination in
South
Africa.
Statement 1 is correct. During the early 1900s, Gandhi was instrumental in getting the indentured
labour system abolished in the British Empire through the use of the method of passive resistance or
civil
disobedience, named Satyagraha.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The Viceroy of India Lord Chelmsford, invited various Indian leaders to
attend a
War conference during World War I. Gandhi accepted the invitation and went to Delhi. Gandhi was
not
happy that leaders like Tilak or the Ali brothers had not been invited to the conference. After meeting
the
Viceroy, who was very keen that Gandhi should support the resolution on recruiting, Gandhi supported
the government's resolution on recruiting.
He believed that whole-hearted co-operation with the government will bring India within sight of goal
of Swaraj as nothing else will.
Statement 3 is correct. Gandhiji began his salt march from Ahmedabad to Dandi on 12th March 1930.
Gandhi
and his selected followers reached Dandi beach and broke the salt law by picking up salt left on the
shore
by the sea.
Gandhi then gave a signal to all Indians to manufacture salt illegally. He wanted the people to break the
salt
law openly and to prepare themselves for non-violent resistance to police action.
The Government waited for some time before taking any action, and then at last retaliation began.
Gandhi
was left at liberty, but many other leaders were taken into custody. In dealing with the breakers of the
salt
law, the police resorted to their usual brutal methods and The Indian National Congress was declared
illegal.

28

62 B Option 1 is incorrect. The Peasants and Workers Party of India was founded in 1948 by Marxist leaders
such
as Keshav Rao Jedhe, Nana Patil and others. Thus, it was not established by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar.
Option 2 is correct. The second political party established by Ambedkar was the All India Scheduled
Castes
Federation. Founded in 1942, it was first all India political party exclusively for Scheduled Castes.
Option 3 is correct. In 1936, Babasaheb Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party, which
contested the 1937 Bombay election to the Central Legislative Assembly for the 13 reserved and 4
general
seats, securing 11 and 3 seats respectively.
63 D Salt March also called Dandi March or Salt Satyagraha is a major nonviolent protest action in
India led by
Mahatma Gandhi in March–April 1930.
Statement 1 is correct. Salt is a commodity of millions of people in India that could easily be
linked with
the most concrete and universal grievance of the poor. Though salt holds fewer monetary
benefits it has
physiologically important income like Khadi that is related to the poor and all other classes
through self-
help. Hence it easily symbolizes the masses.
Statement 2 is correct. The Britisher exercised the monopoly over salt trade and
manufacturing by
Britain's Salt Act of 1882 that prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salt, a staple in their
diet. Indian
citizens were forced to buy the vital mineral from their British rulers, who, in addition to
exercising a
monopoly over the manufacture and sale of salt, also charged a heavy salt tax.
Statement 3 is correct. The British levied high taxes on the salt. According to the salt law,
people have to
pay an 8.2% tax to the British government for the salt, which was badly affecting the lower-
class Indians
the most. The British officials forced the people to buy it at expensive rates. Hence both the
high taxes
and the high prices led the prices of salt reach heights making Gandhi realise the aggressive
policies of
Britishers against Indians and made it as a symbol of Satyagraha.
Statement 4 is correct. Salt is an essential item of our Indian food that is used by the rich or
the poor
person in the same quantity. Being an inevitable item for Indian food, the large taxes on it can
starve
millions of people, make them sick, and hurt them leaving them helpless in the most inhuman

29

way. That is
why Gandhi choose it as a symbol through which it can convey its message to millions.
64 A Statement 1 is correct: The objective of the civil disobedience movement was complete independence
(poorna swarajya) and not just remedying two specific wrongs and a vaguely-worded swaraj while the
Non-cooperation movement aimed at the removal of Punjab and Khilafat wrongs. The Khilafat Movement
was an Islamist political protest campaign launched to restore the caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate and to
promote Muslim interests and to bring the Muslim in national struggle. Mahatma Gandhi and the Khilafat
leaders promised to work and fight together for the causes of Khilafat and Swaraj.
Statement 2 is correct: Unlike Non-cooperation movement, civil disobedience movement involved the
violation of law from the very beginning and not just non-cooperation with foreign rule. There was a
decline in forms of protests involving the intelligentsia during the civil disobedience movement. Large
number of protests by the Lawyers giving up practice, students giving up government schools to join
national schools and colleges experienced during the non-cooperation movement.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The Muslim participation during civil disobedience movement was nowhere
near during the non-cooperation movement. Muslim leaders stayed away from the civil disobedience
movement because there was an active government encouragement to communal dissension. Still, some
areas such as the North West Frontier Province saw an overwhelming participation.
65 C Statement 1 is correct: After Gandhi’s arrest at the end of the Non-cooperation movement in 1922 a debate
started among Congressmen on what to do during the transition period, i.e., the passive phase of the Non-
Cooperation Movement. One section led by C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru and Ajmal Khan, known as swarajists,
wanted an end to the boycott of legislative councils. While the other school of thought led by C.
Rajagopalachari, Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad and M.A. Ansari came to be known as the ‘No changers’,
opposed council entry. Due to this schism Motilal Nehru and C R Das left the congress and formed
Congress-Khilafat Swarajya Party or simply Swarajist Party, with C.R. Das as the president and Motilal
Nehru as one of the secretaries.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The decision to form the congress socialist party was made in the jails during
1930-31 by a group of young congressmen who were disenchanted with Gandhian strategy and attracted
by sociologist ideology. Congress socialist party was founded by Jayaprakash Narayanan, Acharya
Narendra Dev and Minoo Masani in Bombay in 1934.
Statement 3 is correct: Abhinav Bharat Society (Young India Society) was a secret society of revolutionary
nationalist founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (V.D.Savarkar) and his brother Ganesh Damodar
Savarkar in 1904.
66 B The Nehru Report that came in 1928 contained no federal features but was important due to its organised
opinion of most of the Indian leadership on the communal problem.
Statement 1 is correct. The Nehru report which was formed by the committee under chairmanship of
Motilal Nehru recommended formation of linguistic provinces. It even recommended joint electorates
with seats reserved for the minorities on population basis except in Bengal and Punjab.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The report rejected the demand of separate electorates which had been the basis
of constitutional reforms so far; instead, a demand for joint electorates with reservation of seats for
Muslims at the Centre and in provinces where they were in minority (and not in those where Muslims were
in majority, such as Punjab and Bengal) in proportion to the Muslim population there with right to contest
additional seats.
Statement 3 is correct. The Nehru Report proposed that the Constitution should provide for liberty of
conscience and religion and demanded complete dissociation of State from religion.
Statement 4 is incorrect. It called for Dominion Status not complete Independence.
67 B The Dominion of India was an independent dominion in the British Commonwealth of Nations existing
between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.

30

• The Dominion of India was formalised by the passage of the Indian Independence Act 1947, which
also
formalised an independent Dominion of Pakistan—comprising the regions of British India that are
today
Pakistan and Bangladesh.
• Recommendations of the Nehru report, 1928 were:
o Dominion status for India (like Canada, Australia, etc.) within the British Commonwealth. (This
point was a bone of contention with the younger set of leaders including Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas
Chandra Bose who favoured complete independence.) Hence, statement 2 is correct.
o Nineteen fundamental rights including the right to vote for men and women above 21 years of age,
unless disqualified.
o Equal rights for men and women as citizens.
o No state religion.
o No separate electorates for any community. It did provide for the reservation of minority seats.
o A federal form of government with residual powers with the centre. There would be a bicameral
legislature at the centre. The ministry would be responsible to the legislature.
• The Cripps Mission was sent by the British government to India in March 1942 to obtain Indian
cooperation for the British war efforts in the 2nd World War. For the first time, the British
government acknowledged India’s right to be dominion and framing their own Constitution. Hence,
statement 3 is not correct.
• Proposals of Cripps Mission were:
o Setting up of an Indian dominion. This dominion would have the freedom to remain with the British
Commonwealth or to secede from it.
o A Constituent Assembly would be formed to frame a new constitution for the country.
o Any province unwilling to join the Indian dominion could form a separate union and have a separate
constitution.
o The transfer of power and the rights of minorities would be safeguarded by negotiations between the
Constituent Assembly and the British government.
68 D The Civil Disobedience Movement began on March 12 when Gandhi broke the salt law by picking up a lump
of salt at Dandi on April 6. The violation of the law was seen as a symbol of the Indian people’s resolve not
to live under British-made laws and therefore under British rule.
Statement 1 is incorrect: Merchants and Petty Traders were very enthusiastic during the civil
disobedience movement. In Tamil Nadu and Punjab areas the traders’ associations and commercial bodies
were active in implementing the boycott (and not inactive) during the civil disobedience Movement.
Statement 2 is incorrect: No major labour upsurges coincided with the civil disobedience movement.
However, the massive participation of peasants and business groups compensated for decline of other
features during the civil disobedience movement.
Statement 3 is incorrect: One of the features of the movement was that tribals also actively participated
in the disobedience movements. Tribals were active participants in Central Provinces, Maharashtra and
Karnataka.
69 B As the recommendations of the Simon Commission report were clearly inadequate. The Viceroy of India,
Lord Irwin, and the Prime Minister of Britain, Ramsay MacDonald, agreed that a round table conference
should be held.
Statement 1 is incorrect: The Indian National Congress nominated Gandhi as its sole representative.
There were a large number of Indian participants, besides the Congress. Tej Bahadur Sapru, represented
the Liberals at the conference.
Statement 2 is correct: Gandhi was of the opinion that there was a need of a partnership between Britain
and India on the basis of equality. Gandhi put forward the demand for the immediate establishment of a
responsible government at the center as well as in the provinces. Gandhi discarded the idea of separate

31

electorates for the minorities. He also reiterated that the Congress alone represented political India.
Statement 3 is correct: The session of second round table conference got deadlocked on the question of
separate electorates demanded by the Muslims, depressed classes, Christians and Anglo-Indians. All these
came together in a ‘Minorities’ Pact’. Gandhi fought desperately against this concerted move to make all
constitutional progress conditional on the solving of this issue.
70 B The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed between the viceroy, representing the British Indian Government, and
Gandhi, representing the Indian people on February 14, 1931. Gandhi and all other members of the Congress
Working Committee (CWC) were released unconditionally after the signing of Gandhi-Irwin pact.
Irwin on behalf of the government agreed on:
(a) To immediately release all political prisoners not convicted of violence
(b) Remission of all fines not yet collected. Hence Option 2 is incorrect.
(c) Return of all lands not yet sold to third parties (not all lands but only those land which was not sold
to third party). Hence Option 3 is incorrect.
(d) Lenient treatment to those government servants who had resigned
(e) Right to make salt in coastal villages for personal consumption but not for sale. Hence Option 1 is
correct.
(f) Right to peaceful and non-aggressive picketing
(g) Withdrawal of emergency ordinances.
(h) Suspension of the civil disobedience movement.
The viceroy under the Gandhi Irwin pact turned down two of Gandhi’s demands:
1) Viceroy turned down the demand for public inquiry into police excesses. (Hence Option 4 is incorrect)
2) Commutation of Bhagat Singh and his comrades’ death sentence to life sentence.
71 C Statement 1 is correct: A split among Swarajists occurred on communal and Responsivist-Non-
responsivist lines. The government strategy of dividing the Swarajists—the more militant from the
moderate, the Hindus from the Muslims—was successful. The death of C.R. Das in 1925 weakened it further.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The Responsivists among Swarajists advocated cooperation with the
government and holding office wherever possible. Besides, they also wanted to protect the so-called
Hindu interests. So, the Responsivists were not in favour of a non-constitutional protest against the
British government after the end of the Non-Cooperation movement and preferred holding the office.
Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
Statement 3 is correct: Some of the Responsivists among Swarajists were Lala Lajpat Rai, Madan Mohan
Malaviya and N.C. Kelkar.
Statement 4 is correct: While the Non responsivist such as Motila Nehru reiterated faith in mass civil
disobedience and withdrew from legislatures in March 1926, the Responsivists went to the 1926 elections
as a party in disarray, and did not fare well on the whole. In 1930, they finally walked out as a result of the
Lahore Congress resolution on purna swaraj and the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
72 D Assertion(A) is incorrect: Nearly all major leaders of revolutionary policies had been enthusiastic
participants in the Non-Cooperation Movement and included Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, Surya Sen,
Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Chandrasekhar Azad, Shiv Verma, Bhagwati Charan Vohra, Jaidev Kapur and Jatin
Das.
Reason(R) is incorrect: The revolutionaries during the first and second decade of the 20th century did not
find it practical to implement the options of creating a violent mass revolution throughout the country.
Instead, they opted to follow in the footsteps of Russian nihilists or the Irish nationalists. This methodology
involved individual heroic actions, such as organising assassinations of unpopular officials and of traitors
and informers among the revolutionaries themselves; conducting swadeshi dacoities to raise funds for
revolutionary activities; and organising military conspiracies with expectation of help from the enemies of
Britain.
The idea was to strike terror in the hearts of the rulers, arouse people and remove the fear of authority
from their minds. The revolutionaries intended to inspire the people by appealing to their patriotism,
especially the idealistic youth who would finally drive the British out.
73 B Statement 1 is incorrect: In the Kanpur Bolshevik case 1924, the accused were charged that they as

32

communists were seeking "to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete
separation of India from imperialistic Britain by a violent revolution".
Statement 2 is correct: The accused in the cases included, among others, important communist organisers
who worked in India, such as S.A. Dange, Muzaffar Ahmad, Nalini Gupta and Shaukat Usmani. All four
were sentenced to four years of imprisonment.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Kanpur Bolshevik case 1924 is not a first conspiracy case against communists
members in India. Already in early 1920s, communists trying to enter India from the Soviet Union had been
tried in a series of conspiracy cases at Peshawar and sentenced to long periods of imprisonment. The
Peshawar Conspiracy Cases were a set of five legal cases which took place between 1922 and 1927 in British
India.
74 B Statement 1 is correct: The All-India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) was formed in 1920. Lokmanya Tilak
who had developed a close association with Bombay workers and played an instrumental role in the
formation of the AITUC.
Statement 2 is correct: Lala Lajpat Rai the famous radical leader from Punjab was the first president of
the AITUC and Dewan Chaman Lal was its general secretary. In his first presidential address, Lajpat Rai
asked workers to organise, agitate and educate. He was among the first in India to link capitalism with
imperialism and emphasised the crucial role of the working class in fighting this combination.
Statement 3 is incorrect: INC in the Gaya session, 1922 welcomed the formation of AITUC and formed a
committee consisting of prominent congressmen to assist them. C.R.Das in his presidential address to the
Gaya Congress said that the congress must take up the causes of peasants and workers and see it from the
point of view of their own interest and larger goal of achieving swaraj.
Statement 4 is correct: British introduced Trade disputes act to suppress the AITUC.
Trade Disputes Act, 1929 is one of the repressive laws enacted by the British to suppress the trade union
movement in India. It made illegal the strikes in public utility services like posts, railways, water and
electricity, unless each individual worker planning to go on strike gave an advance notice of one month to
the administration. It forbade trade union activity of coercive or purely political nature and even
sympathetic strikes.
75 C The Congress Working Committee elected Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel as the President of the Karachi
Congress as the normal procedure for the election of President was not possible under the abnormal
conditions that had prevailed for about a year. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• The Karachi Congress session held in 1931 was a significant event Indian National Congress History.
Before the Karachi Indian National Congress session, six days earlier Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev
were executed on 23rd March 1931.This was an emotional upsurge following the execution of Bhagat
Singh. While disapproving of and dissociating itself from political violence, the Congress admired the
‘bravery’ and ‘sacrifice’ of the three martyrs in the Karachi session.
• At the session, Congress endorsed the Gandhi Irwin or Delhi Pact and reiterated the goal of Purna
Swaraj. Hence statement 3 is correct.
o Two resolutions were adopted—one on Fundamental Rights and the other on National Economic
Programme.
o The resolution on fundamental rights was drafted by Jawaharlal Nehru. The resolution guaranteed
the rights of free expression of opinion through speech and the Press and the freedom of
association. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
o This was the first time the Congress spelt out what swaraj would mean for the masses—”in order to end
exploitation of masses, political freedom must include economic freedom of starving millions.”

33

76 A Gandhiji’s struggle in South Africa:
o Satyagraha against Registration Certificates (1906)
▪ The government in South Africa enacted legislation making it compulsory for Indians to take out
certificates of registration that held their fingerprints. It was essential to carry these in person
at all times. At a huge public meeting held on 11 September 1906, in the Empire Theatre in
Johannesburg, Indians resolved that they would refuse to submit to this law and would face the
consequences. The Government remained adamant, and so did the Indians. Gandhiji formed the
Passive Resistance Association in 1906 to conduct the campaign.
▪ General Smuts called Gandhiji for talks and promised to withdraw the legislation if Indians
voluntarily agreed to register themselves. Gandhiji accepted and was the first to register. But Smuts
ordered that the voluntary registrations be ratified under the law. The Indians under the leadership
of Gandhiji retaliated by publicly burning their registration certificates on 16, August 1908.
o Campaign against Poll Tax and Invalidation of Indian Marriages
▪ The movement was widened further to include resistance to the poll tax of three pounds that
was imposed on all ex-indentured Indians. The inclusion of the demand for the abolition of this
tax, a particularly heavy charge on poor laborers whose wages hardly averaged ten shillings a
month, immediately drew the indentured and ex-indentured laborers into the struggle.
▪ In March 1913, the satyagrahi’s campaign was motivated again by government action.
Supreme Court invalidated all marriages not conducted according to Christian rites and
registered by the Registrar of Marriages. By implication, Hindu, Muslim, and Parsi marriages
were illegal and the children born through these marriages were illegitimate.
77 C During the Second World War, the British government, under the viceroyalty of Lord Linlithgow had
said that any move towards an Indian statehood would be possible only if the Indian National Congress
(INC) and the Muslim League resolve their differences.
• The League was increasingly demanding a separate nation of Pakistan for the Muslims whereas the
INC was against the partitioning of the country.
• To break this deadlock between the two major political parties in India, C Rajagopalachari, INC member
who was close to Mahatma Gandhi, proposed a set of plans called the C. R. Formula or Rajaji Formula
in 1944. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• The proposals are:
o The Muslim League would join hands with the INC to demand independence from the British.
o Both parties would cooperate and form a provisional government at the centre.
o After the war, a commission would be entrusted with the task of demarcating those areas with an
absolute majority of Muslims and a plebiscite to be held in those areas where all the inhabitants
(Muslims and non-Muslims) would vote based on adult suffrage whether to form a separate
sovereign nation or not.
o In case of partition, joint agreements to be made for the safeguarding of defence, communications
and commerce. Hence statement 2 is not correct.
o The above terms come to fruition only if Britain transfers full powers to India.
• The talks were a failure as Jinnah had objections to the proposal. Jinnah’s objections are that he wanted the
INC to accept the Two-Nation Theory and he did not want the entire population of the Muslim majority
areas to vote on the plebiscite, but only the Muslim population in those areas.
• V D Savarkar and Shyama Prasad Mukherjee of the Hindu Mahasabha and Srinivas Sastri of the
National Liberal Federation were against the C R Formula. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
78 D Ghadar means 'revolt' or rebellion. The Ghadar party (started in 1913) was a revolutionary group
organized to overthrow British rule in India. It was organized by overseas Indian immigrants to
Canada and the USA. It was clearly stated by the Ghadarites that their objective was the
establishment of the independent republic of India. Hence statement 1 is correct.
o The party was organized around a weekly newspaper 'The Ghadar' which was published from
its headquarters, the Yugantar Ashram in San Francisco.
o The founding president of the Ghadar party was Sohan Singh Bhakna and Lala Hardayal was a
co-founder of this party.

34

o The leadership also included Bhagwan Singh, Barkatullah, and Ram Chandra. The Ghadar militants
immediately began an extensive propaganda campaign against British rule.
o They toured extensively, visiting mills and farms where most of the Punjabi immigrant labour worked.
• The Ghadarites were secular in outlook. The nationalist salute 'Bande Mataram' (and not any Sikh
religious greeting ) was urged upon and adopted as the rallying cry of the Ghadar Movement. Hence
statement 2 is correct.
o The Ghadarites sought to give a new meaning to religion as well. They urged that religion lay not in
observing the outward forms such as those signified by long hair and Kirpan (sword), but in remaining
true to the model of good behavior that was enjoined by all religious teachings.
• Ghadarites did not betray any narrow regional loyalties. Lokamanya Tilak, Aurobindo Ghose, Khudi Ram
Bose, Kanhia Lal Dutt, and Savarkar were all the heroes of the Ghadars. Rash Behari Bose was
importuned and accepted as the leader of the abortive Ghadar revolt in 1915.
• Far from dwelling on the greatness of the Sikhs or the Punjabis, the Ghadars constantly criticized the
loyalist role played by the Punjabis during 1857. Hence statement 3 is correct.
79 D 4-3-1-2 is the correct chronological order of the given events.
Event 4: The Indian Statutory Commission also known as Simon Commission, is an all-white commission
under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon. The commission arrived in India in 1928. to study
constitutional reform in India. Its members included Clement Attlee, who became committed to self-
government for India.
Event 3: Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt had thrown two bombs in the Central Legislative Assembly
in New Delhi on 8 April 1929. After they were arrested, he and Singh initiated a historic hunger strike
protesting against the abusive treatment of Indian political prisoners, and eventually secured some rights
for them.
Event 1: Chittagong armoury raid was an attempt in April 1930 to raid the armoury of police and auxiliary
forces from the Chittagong armoury in the Bengal Presidency of British India (now in Bangladesh) by armed
Indian independence fighters led by Surya Sen.
Event 2: First Round Table Conference was held between November 1930 – January 1931. The three Round
Table Conferences of 1930–1932 were a series of peace conferences organised by the British Government
and Indian political personalities to discuss constitutional reforms in India. These started in November
1930 and ended in December 1932.
80 B Statement 1 is incorrect: Annie Besant was the first woman President of Indian National Congress in
1917, Culcutta session. The first Indian women President of INC was Sarojini Naidu in 1925, Kanpur session.
Statement 2 is correct: Badruddin Tyabji was the "First Muslim" to become the "President of Indian National
Congress" in 1887, Madras session. The first session was presided by W C Bonnerjee in 1885 at Bombay.
81 B It is a proven fact that Bose and Gandhi were not supportive of each other regarding ideologies. However,
both had mutual respect. Mahatma Gandhi called him a ''patriot among patriots'' for his adamant ways to
gain India’s freedom. On the other hand, Bose called him 'Father of The Nation', a term that is still used for
Mahatma Gandhi even today.
Statement 1 is incorrect: Gandhi opposed the English educational system and the use of English as a
medium of instruction. Gandhiji wanted a local schooling system all away from a western one. Whereas, for
an industrial India, Subhash Bose advocated better education, particularly in science and technology. Netaji
propagated military education, technical education, and administrative education. Thus, Subhash Chandra
Bose supported the English system of education.
Statement 2 is correct: Mahatma Gandhi’s concept of Swaraj was imbibed in a decentralised economy
without state control. Gandhi dismissed both capitalism and Western socialism—the former for its
exploitative excesses and the latter for its connection to industrialisation. He was against largescale
industrialisation. He had strong objections to labour saving machinery. In contrast, Subhas Chandra Bose
considered economic freedom to be the essence of social and political freedom. He was all in favour of
modernisation to be brought about by industrialisation. At the 1938 Haripura Congress session, Bose
expressed his opinion that, for India to progress, a comprehensive scheme of industrial development under

35

state ownership and state-control would be indispensable.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Gandhi’s goals for society were mainly eradicating untouchability, maintaining
the varna distinctions of the caste system, and strengthening tolerance, modesty, and religiosity in India.
Whereas Bose looked forward to an India changed by a socialist revolution that would bring to an end the
traditional social hierarchy with its caste system; in its place would come an egalitarian, casteless, and
classless society. Subhas Bose completely rejected social inequality and the caste system.
82 B Statement 1 is correct: The underground movement grew very strong in Bihar and proved to be a major
law and order problem for the British during 1942-44. Despite severe repression, several organizations and
dacoit gangs were formed in different parts of Bihar by 1943. Many of these groups had links with the
Congress Socialist Party. The Socialist groups called ‘Azad Dastas’ carried out activities in the name of
Congress. Jayprakash Narayan organized and trained an “Azad Dasta” (Freedom Brigade) in Nepal to
paralyse the machinery of the British Government and for fighting the tyranny of British rule.
Statemen 2 is incorrect: After examining its past campaigns, the Congress realized during the Quit India
Movement that the communication with the public was central to its success. Thus, the idea of an
underground radio station was conceived, and Usha Mehta became its voice. Though it was known by
many names – the Freedom Radio, the Ghost Radio, the Congress Radio – it was, very simply, the secret
anti-imperialist voice of the Indian National Congress and almost no one, apart from those involved,
knew anything certain about its inner workings. In fact, The Congress Radio, which began operations in
August 1942, was set up to counter the British-controlled All India Radio (AIR), often tagged as ‘anti-India
Radio’.
Statement 3 is correct: The main personalities taking up the underground activity were Rammanohar
Lohia, Jayaprakash Narayan, Aruna Asaf Ali, Usha Mehta, Biju Patnaik, Chhotu Bhai Puranik, Achyut
Patwardhan, Sucheta Kripalani and R.P. Goenka.
83 A Lord Wavell invited 21 political leaders in Shimla to discuss the Wavell Plan, the conference is popularly
known as the "Shimla Conference". The plan was to restructure the Governor General's Executive Council.
Statement 1 is correct: It was proposed that the Viceroy’s Executive Council would be immediately
reconstituted, and the number of its members would be increased. The Plan proposed that both Caste
Hindus and Muslims would have equal representation in governor general’s executive council. The
League wanted all Muslim members to be League nominees because it feared that since the aims of other
minorities—depressed classes, Sikhs, Christians, etc.—were the same as those of the Congress, this
arrangement would reduce the League to a one-third minority.
Statement 2 and 3 are incorrect: As per Wavell Plan, all the members of the executive council were to be
Indians except the Viceroy and the Commander-in-chief (not only the Viceroy).
Other proposals of the Wavell Plan were:
(1) The reconstructed Council was to function as an interim Government within the framework of the GOI
Act, of 1935.
(2) Governor General could exercise a veto to bypass the advice of ministers.

36

(3) The possibilities for negotiations on a new constitution were to be kept open once after the final war
was finally won by the Allies.

84 A The idea of Bharat Mata was found mentioned in Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s ‘Bande
Mataram’ composed in 1875 and used in his famous novel Anandamath in 1882.
o The novel was set in the backdrop of the Bengal famine of 1770 and was among the earliest works of
fiction with an anti-colonial theme. In Anandamath, the author for the first time referred to the nation
as ‘Mata’ or Mother, evoking the powerful force of Shakti and merging it with a deep love for the
motherland.
o It is said that the novel, the poem, and the emotions it raised inspired artist Abanindranath Tagore so
much that he decided to give the idea a form of art – and he painted ‘Bharat Mata.
o The leader of the Swadeshi movement in art was Abanindranath Tagore, who also led the Bengal
school of Art. To oppose the partition of Bengal, Abanindranath painted the Banga Mata in 1906.
He changed the name of the painting later to Bharat Mata.
o Bharat Mata personified a Bengali woman as a deity who was the mother of the nation and was depicted
as showing power and love.
o She was depicted as a four-armed Hindu goddess wearing saffron-colored robes, holding a book,
sheaves of rice, a mala, and a white cloth representing four attributes that were seen as objects of
nationalist goals. These were food, cloth, learning and spiritual knowledge.
o A multi-talented man, Abanindranath was an arts and culture pioneer in 20th-century Bengal. He was
instrumental in the establishment of the Indian Society of Oriental Art and brought in the idea of
‘Swadeshi‘ in Indian art. He is hailed as one of the greatest icons of Indian modern art.
o However, Abanindranth wasn’t just a painter. He was also a published writer of children’s books.
Several of his works like Budo Angla, Khirer Putul, Shakuntala and Rajkahini are considered
Bengali children’s classics.
• Dwarkanath Tagore is one of the first Indian industrialists and entrepreneurs, was the founder of the
Jorasanko branch of the Tagore family, and is notable for making substantial contributions to the Bengal
Renaissance. He is also the grandfather of Rabindranath Tagore.
• Jamini Roy was an Indian painter and one of the most famous pupils of Abanindranath Tagore.
• Nandalal Bose was a student of Abanindranath Tagore who made paintings in Indian style. His paintings
uniquely depicted Indian cultural beliefs. Bose is also the artist who designed the cover page of the Indian
Constitution.
85 A Desai – Liaquat Pact was between Bhulabhai Desai of Congress and Liaquat Ali Khan of the Muslim
League in 1945. The intention to negotiate an agreement for a future coalition government, which
would enable a united choice for Hindus and Muslims for the independent Government of
India; eventually in the direction of ending the deadlock between the two entities.
• Bhulabhai Desai was the leader of the Congress Party in the Central Legislative Assembly and Liaqat
Ali Khan was the deputy leader of the Muslim League in that Assembly. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• Both of them came up with the draft proposal for the formation of an interim government at the centre,
consisting of
o an equal number of persons nominated by the Congress and the Muslim League in the central
legislature. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
o 20% reserved seats for minorities.
• No settlement could be reached between the Congress and the League on these lines, but the fact that a sort
of parity between the Congress and the League was decided upon had far-reaching consequences.
• The Conservative government in Britain led by Churchill was keen to reach a solution on the constitutional
question in India. The viceroy, Lord Wavell was permitted to start negotiations with Indian leaders.
Congress leaders were released from jails in June 1945. The Wavell Plan was first presented at the
Shimla Conference in 1945. It was named after Viceroy of India, Lord Wavell. The Shimla Conference
was convened in order to agree on the Wavell Plan for Indian self-government, which provided for separate

37

representations on communal lines. Desai Liaqat Pact was announced after rejection of C R Formula
and before the Wavell Plan. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
• Proposals of Wavell Plan are:
o All members of the executive council, with the exception of the governor-general and the
commander-in-chief, were to be Indians.Caste Hindus and Muslims were to be represented
equally.
o The reconstructed council was to function as an interim government within the framework of the 1935
Act (i.e., not accountable to the Central Assembly).
o The governor-general was to exercise his veto on ministerial advice.
86 D In response to the inadequacy of the Simon Report, the Labour Government, which had come to power
under Ramsay MacDonald in 1929, decided to hold a series of Round Table Conferences in London.
• The first Round Table Conference convened from 12 November 1930 to 19 January 1931. Prior to
the Conference, M. K. Gandhi had initiated the Civil Disobedience Movement on behalf of the Indian
National Congress. Consequently, since many of the Congress' leaders were in jail, Congress did not
participate in the first conference, but representatives from all other Indian parties and a number of Princes
did.
o The outcomes of the first Round Table Conference were minimal: India was to develop into a federation,
safeguards regarding defence and finance were agreed and other departments were to be transferred.
However, little was done to implement these recommendations and civil disobedience continued in
India.
• The second Round Table Conference was held in London from 7 September 1931 to 1 December 1931
with the participation of Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. Two weeks before the Conference
convened, the Labour government had been replaced by the Conservatives.
o At the conference, Gandhi claimed to represent all people of India. This view, however, was not shared
by other delegates. In fact, the division between the many attending groups was one of the reasons why
the outcomes of the second Round Table Conference were again no substantial results regarding India's
constitutional future. Meanwhile, civil unrest had spread throughout India again, and upon return to
India Gandhi was arrested along with other Congress leaders.
• The third Round Table Conference (17 November 1932 - 24 December 1932) was not attended by the
Indian National Congress and Gandhi. Many other Indian leaders were also absent.
o Like the two first conferences, little was achieved. The recommendations were published in a White
Paper in March 1933 and debated in Parliament afterwards. A Joint Select Committee was formed to
analyse the recommendations and formulate a new Act for India. The Committee produced a draft Bill
in February 1935 which was enforced as the Government of India Act of 1935 in July 1935.
• B.R Ambedkar, Tej Bahadur Sapru and Narayan Malhar Joshi attended all three round table
conferences. In all the round table conferences, B.R Ambedkar represented depressed classes. Tej Bahadur
Sapru represented the liberals in all round table conferences. Narayan Malhar Joshi represented the labour
class in all round table conferences.
o Narayan Malhar Joshi also known as Nana Saheb Joshi was born on 5 June 1879 at Goregaon, Kolaba
district,. He co-founded the All India Trade Union Congress in 1920, was a member of the Bombay
Provincial Congress Committee, and was a prominent member of the People's Volunteer Brigade.
87 B Sachindra Nath Sanyal was the founder of the Hindustan Republican Association. He was sent to the
dreaded Cellular Jail in the Andamans and in jail he wrote the famous book "Bandi Jiwan" (A Life of
Captivity). This book would become the bible for a generation of revolutionaries fighting British
rule. Hence pair 1 is correctly matched.
• The Philosophy of Bomb was written by Bhagwati Charan Vohra in response to Mahatma Gandhi's
article the Cult of Bomb. Hence pair 2 is not correctly matched.
• Pather Dabi is a Bengali novel written by Sarath Chandra Chattopadhyay published between 1922-
26. The book is about a secret society named Pather Dabi whose goal is to free India from British

38

rule. Hence pair 3 is correctly matched.
88 D The Defense of India Act, 1939 was an Act passed by the Central Legislature in 1939 which effectively
declared martial law in India. Although it was enacted on 29 September 1939 it was deemed to come into
force on 3 September 1939, the day when the Second World War began.
Option a is correct: Even before the declaration of the War, emergency powers had been acquired by the
Centre in respect of provincial subjects by amending the 1935 Act. Defense of India Act had been enforced
the day the War was declared, thus restricting civil liberties of the common people.
Option b is correct: The act empowered the Viceroy to make rules for the public safety and the defense
of British India. It also provided for punishments in case of any contraventions which included death or
transportation for life. The grounds for the punishment were the intent to assist any State at war with His
Majesty or that of waging war against His Majesty.
Option c is correct: The act also provided for acquisition of land for defense purposes and provided
compensation for the land acquired. It expired six months after the termination of the war and was
• repealed by the Repealing and Amending Act, of 1947
89 C In reaction to the August Offer, Gandhiji called for a limited ‘Individual Satyagraha’. It was a protest
against
the British government and its inability to accommodate the demands of Indians. Also, Indians wanted
to
demonstrate that though they are taking part in the war, the participation was not voluntary.
Statement 1 is incorrect: Individual Satyagraha was the result of the August offer’s failure in providing
a
sound solution for India’s future political status. The main aims for launching the satyagraha were:
1) To show that nationalist patience towards the political situation of the India at that time was not due
to
weakness of Indians;
2) To express people’s feeling that they were not interested in the war and that they made no
distinction
between Nazism and the double autocracy that ruled India; and
3) To give another opportunity to the Government to accept Congress’ demands peacefully.
The issue of rising prices of commodities because or war was not the reason behind the Individual
Satyagraha. Hence the statement 1 is incorrect.
Statement 2 is correct: The Individual Satyagraha was to affirm the right of speech against the war
efforts.
Statement 3 is correct: The radicals and leftists wanted to launch a mass Civil Disobedience
Movement,
but Gandhiji insisted on individual satyagraha, as he thought that mass movement might turn
aggressive
90 C Mahatma Gandhi undertook fast unto death in 1932, against Ramsay Macdonald’s
Announcement of the Communal Award. Ramsay MacDonald, announced the Communal Award
which
provided for separate electorates for the ‘Depressed Classes’, the Europeans, the Sikhs, the Anglo-
Indians
and the Indian-based Christians.
91 C After the British failed to respond to the Indian demands during WW-2. Individual Satyagraha arose directly
because of the August Offer. The British made the August offer during a critical period of the war in 1940.
The August Offer was rejected by both Congress and the Muslim League. MK Gandhi focused on Individual
Satyagraha as the time was not suitale for a mass movement.
Statement 1 is correct: The demand of the satyagraha would be the freedom of speech against the war

39

through an anti-war declaration. If the government did not arrest the satyagrahi, he or she would not only
repeat it but move into villages and start a march towards Delhi, thus precipitating a movement that came
to be known as the ‘Delhi Chalo Movement.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The centerpiece of Individual Satyagraha was non-violence which could only be
achieved by selecting the Satyagrahis. Selected Satyagrahi were chosen having non-violent background like
Acharya Vinoba Bhave, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru and Brahma Dutt. This movement never became violent.
Statement 3 is correct: Nonviolence is set as the centerpiece of Individual Satyagraha. This was done by
carefully selecting the Satyagrahis. The first Satyagrahi selected was Acharya Vinoba Bhave, who was sent
to jail when he spoke against the war. The second Satyagrahi was Jawahar Lal Nehru. The third was Brahma
Datt, one of the inmates of Gandhi’s Ashram.
Knowledge Base: The very reason for confining the movement to individual participation was that neither
Gandhiji nor the Congress wished to hamper the War effort, and this could not have been the case in a
mass movement. As a result, even the aim of the Satyagraha was a limited one i.e., to disapprove the British
claim that India supported the War effort wholeheartedly.
The aims of launching individual satyagraha were:
1) to show that nationalist patience was not due to weakness
2) to express people’s feeling that they were not interested in the war and that they made no distinction
between Nazism and the double autocracy that ruled India; and
3) to give another opportunity to the government to accept Congress’ demands peacefully
92 A On September 1, 1939, Germany attacked Poland – the action that led to the Second World War. On
September 3, 1939, Britain declared war against Germany and the British Government of India
declared
India’s support for the war without consulting Indian opinion.
Statement 1 is correct: Though the Congress did not like the unilateral action of the British of drawing
India into the war without consulting the Indians, it decided to support the war effort conditionally. The
Indian offer to cooperate in the war effort had two basic conditions:
After the war, a constituent assembly should be convened to determine political structure of a free
India.
Immediately, some form of a genuinely responsible government should be established at the Centre.
The offer was rejected by the viceroy `Linlithgow. The Congress argued that these conditions were
necessary to win public opinion for war.
Statement 2 is correct: Mahatma Gandhi had all sympathy for Britain in this war because of his total
dislike
of the fascist ideology. He advocated an unconditional support to the Allied powers. He made a clear
distinction between the democratic nations of Western Europe and the totalitarian Nazis and fascists.
He
said that he was not willing to embarrass the British government during the war.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Subhas Bose and other socialists, such as Acharya Narendra Dev and
Jayaprakash
Narayan, had no sympathy for either side in the war. In their opinion, the war was being fought by
imperialists on both sides; each side wanted to protect its colonial possessions and gain more territories
to colonise, so neither side should be supported by the nationalists. In fact, they thought it was the ideal
time to launch a civil disobedience movement, to thus take advantage of the situation and snatch
freedom
from Britain. Jawaharlal Nehru was not ready to accept the opinion of either Gandhi or of the
socialists.
He was clear in his mind about the difference between democratic values and fascism. He, therefore,
advocated no Indian participation till India itself was free. However, at the same time, no advantage
was

40

to be taken of Britain’s difficulty by starting an immediate civil disobedience movement.
93 D At the second Round Table Conference, BR Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for Dalits.
When the
British government conceded Ambedkar’s demand, Gandhiji began a fast unto death. He believed
that
separate electorates for Dalits would slow down the process of their integration into society.
Ambedkar
ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s position and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932.
Statement 1 is correct: It gave the Depressed Classes (later to be known as the Schedule Castes)
reserved
seats in provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be voted in by the general
electorate.
The Pact abandoned the idea of separate electorates for the depressed classes.
Statement 2 is correct: According to the Pact, the seats reserved for the depressed classes were
increased
from 71 to 147 in provincial legislatures and to 18 per cent of the total in the Central Legislature.
Statement 3 is correct: The Poona Pact was accepted by the British government as an amendment
to the
Communal Award. Even after signing the Poona Pact, Dr B.R. Ambedkar continued to denounce
the Poona
Pact till 1947.

94 C Second Round Conference happened in 1931,
Quit India Movement in 1942 and
Mutiny in Royal Indian Navy in 1946.
95 C Mahatma Gandhi planned an all-out campaign (Quit India Movement in 1942) to compel British withdrawal
from India, after the failure of the Cripps Mission to reach a compromise. At the historic August meeting at
Gowalia Tank in Bombay, Gandhi proclaimed his mantra—’do or die’.
Gandhiji’s speech also contained specific instructions for different sections of the people.

41

1) Government servants would not yet be asked to resign, but they should openly declare their allegiance
to the Congress. (Hence Statement 1 is correct)
2) Soldiers were also not to leave their posts, but they were to ‘refuse to fire on our own people. (Hence
Statement 2 is correct)
3) The Princes were asked to ‘accept the sovereignty of your own people, instead of paying homage to a
foreign power.’ (Hence Statement 3 is correct)
4) The people of the Princely States were asked to declare that they were part of the Indian nation and that
they would accept the leadership of the princes, if the latter cast their lot with the People, but not
otherwise.’
5) Students were to give up studies if they were sure they could continue to remain firm independence was
achieved.
6) Peasants ‘who have the courage, and are prepared to risk their all’ should refuse to pay the land revenue.
7) Tenants were told that ‘the Congress holds that the land belongs to those who work on it and to no one
else.’
8) If a zamindar does not exploit the ryots to help the Britishers, his portion of the revenue, which may be
settled by mutual agreement, should be given to him. But if a zamindar wants to side with the Government,
no tax should be paid to him.’ (Hence Statement 4 is incorrect)
These instructions were not actually issued because of the preventive arrests, but they do make Gandhiji’s
intentions clear.
96 D Option 1 is correct: The Charter Act of 1813 required the company to spend rupees 1 lakh annually for
encouraging learned Indians and promoting the knowledge of modern sciences in India.
Option 2 is correct: In 1823, the Governor -General -in Council appointed a “General Committee of Public
Instruction”, which had the responsibility to grant the one lakh of rupees for education.
Option 3 is correct: Orientalist -Anglicists Controversy: Within the General Committee on Public
Instruction, the Anglicists argued that the government spending on education should be exclusively for
modern studies. The Orientalists said while western sciences and literature should be taught to prepare
students to take up jobs, emphasis should be placed on expansion of traditional Indian learning.
97 A The Indian National Army trials also known as the INA trials and the Red Fort trials was the British Indian
trial of a number of officers of the Indian National Army (INA) between 1945 and 1946, on various charges
of treason, torture, murder and abetment to murder. The INA prisoners were the ones who fought with
Japanese troops during World War II in Burma.
Statement 1 is correct: At the first post-War Congress session in September 1945 at Bombay, a strong
resolution was adopted declaring Congress support for the INA cause. Those who supported the INA cause
in varying degrees, apart from the Congress, included the Muslim League, Communist Party, Unionists,
Akalis, Justice Party, Ahrars in Rawalpindi, Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, Hindu Mahasabha and the Sikh
League.
Statement 2 is correct: British held the first trial at the Red Fort in Delhi in November 1945 and putting on
dock together a Hindu, Prem Kumar Sehgal, a Muslim, Shah Nawaz Khan, and a Sikh, Gurbaksh Singh
Dhillon. These three prisoners were the first to face the trials.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The British never sentenced any prisoners to death. The actual punishment for
Shah Nawaz Khan, Gurubaksh Singh Dhillon and Prem Sahgal were to be dismissed from service and
handed transportation for life. However, this punishment too was remitted later.
98 C Statement 1 is incorrect: Royal Indian Navy revolt is not limited to armed forces alone. Students had
boycotted classes, strikes and processions were organised to express sympathy with the students and
the
ratings and to condemn official repression.

42

Statement 2 is correct: The demands of RIN revolt included the release of INA (Indian National Army)
personnel and other political prisoners; withdrawal of Indian troops from Indonesia; and the acceptance
of Indian officers only as superiors.
Statement 3 is incorrect: While the congress lauded the spirit of the people it did not officially support
these struggles as it felt their tactics and timing were wrong. It was evident for congress that the
Government would be able to repress.
Statement 4 is correct: Royal Indian Navy agitation was led majorly by the communists, socialist and
forward blocists. The congress role was majorly diffusing the revolutionary situation prompted by the
fear that the situation would go out of its control or by the concern that disciplined armed forces were
vital
in free India that the party would soon rule.

99 C Statement 1 is correct: The Vernacular Press Act (1878) was designed to better control the vernacular press
and effectively punish and repress seditious writing. The Act included the following provisions. The district
magistrate was empowered to call upon the printer/publisher of any vernacular newspaper to enter into a
bond with the government undertaking not to cause disaffection against the government. The printer and
publisher could also be required to deposit security which could be forfeited if the regulation were
contravened, and press equipment could be seized if the offence re-occurred. The magistrate’s action was
final, and no appeal could be made in a court of law. A vernacular newspaper could get exemption from
the operation of the Act by submitting proofs to a government censor.
Statement 2 is correct: This Indian Press Act (1910), revived the worst features of Vernacular Press Act
(1878). The local government was empowered to demand a security at registration from the
printer/publisher. It was also authorized to forfeit an offending newspaper. The printer of a newspaper
was required to submit two copies of each issue to local government free of charge.
Knowledge Base: The Vernacular Press Act (1878) came to be nicknamed “the gagging Act”. The worst
features of this Act were discrimination between English and Vernacular press, and no right of appeal.
Under VPA, proceedings were instituted against Som Prakash, Bharat Mihir, Dacca Prakash and Samachar.
Incidentally, the Amrita Bazar Patrika turned overnight into an English newspaper to escape the VPA.
100 In March 1946, the British Cabinet sent a three-member Cabinet Mission to India. Its members were Pethick
A Lawrence, Stafford Cripps and A.V. Alexander. Its aim was to negotiate the setting up of a national
government and set into motion a machinery for transfer of power.
Statement 1 is incorrect. Cabinet Mission suggested that India should remain united (and not supported
2 nations) and constitute itself as a loose three-tier confederation with some autonomy for Muslimmajority areas.
It was to have a weak central government controlling only foreign affairs, defence and
communications with the existing provincial assemblies
Statement 2 is correct: Provinces were to have full autonomy and residual powers. Princely states were
no longer to be under paramountcy of the British government. They would be free to enter into an
arrangement with successor governments or the British Government.
Statement 3 is incorrect: Cabinet mission of three-member committee had recommended the three-tier
executive and legislature at provincial, section and union levels.

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1

‘SAMADHAN’ Prelims Test SERIES 2023

of the Portuguese power in the East.

the Portuguese the master of the Indian Ocean.

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since the time of Alexander the Great.

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Aspire IAS The name associated with excellence

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‘SAMADHAN’ Prelims Test SERIES 2023

Aspire IAS The name associated with excellence

17/10 Old Rajeneder Nagar N.Delhiwww.aspireias.com 8010068998/9999801394

‘SAMADHAN’ Prelims Test SERIES 2023

Aspire IAS The name associated with excellence

17/10 Old Rajeneder Nagar N.Delhiwww.aspireias.com 8010068998/9999801394

‘SAMADHAN’ Prelims Test SERIES 2023

Aspire IAS The name associated with excellence

17/10 Old Rajeneder Nagar N.Delhiwww.aspireias.com 8010068998/9999801394

‘SAMADHAN’ Prelims Test SERIES 2023

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taken to cope with them.

Sardar Sahibzada Sultan Ahmad Khan, lawyer from Gwalior State.

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rule in the Punjab.

pay and received his army pension.

nationalist movement could help.

news of council reforms and wanted to dissociate themselves with extremists.

Moderates to be a drag on the movement.

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Sabarmati Ashram for writing three articles in Young India.

privilege and honor to be associated with his name.”

unconditionally after an operation on 12 January, 1924

• Hence, both statements are correct.

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• Other Facts Regarding Round Table Conference:

o While, Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz represented women in every RTC.

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