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‫א‬+F‫@(א‬-E‫א‬+! 0dW
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W
NH

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k
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3 2
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f
=

WOTU
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20
  W
+J‫א‬4‫
<א(א‬Nc‫א‬4‫א(א‬4( ↖
f (x ) F (x )
a∈
ax + k
1
x x² + k
2
1 −1
+k
x² x
1
2 x +k
x
x r +1
(r ∈ » * − {-1}) x r +k
r +1
sin x − cos x + k
cos x sin x + k
1
1 + tan ²x = tan x + k
cos ²x
1
ln x + k
x
ex ex + k (k ∈
)
 W
Nc‫א‬4‫<א(א‬8((%S7J‫א‬eN40‫↖א‬
f (x ) F (x )
u ' (x )
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u (x )
−v ' (x ) 1
+k
[v (x )] ² v (x )
[u (x )] r +1
(r ∈ » * − {-1}) u ' (x ) ×[u (x )] r
+k
r +1
u ' (x )
ln u (x ) + k
u (x )
( )
u ' (x ) ×eu x ( )
eu x + k
1
(a ≠ 0) cos (ax + b ) sin (ax + b ) + k
a
1
(a ≠ 0) sin (ax + b ) − cos (ax + b ) + k (k ∈
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a

21
  4‫(א‬05K2Q‫^א‬,‫א‬
 

W
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WD// ‫(
א‬#‫
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a
 WNH↖


W
9f‫א‬
a b a


∫ f (x ) dx = −∫ f (x ) dx

∫ f (x ) dx = 0
b a a
b b b b b


∫ [ f (x ) + g (x )]dx = ∫ f (x )dx + ∫ g (x )dx

(k ∈
) ∫ kf (x ) dx = k ∫ f (x ) dx
a a a a a
 W4
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 WB1C‫א‬/‫↖א‬


∀x ∈ [a,b ] f (x ) ≤ g (x )
WO 8
‫א‬S&

∀x ∈ [a,b ] f (x ) ≥ 0 WO 8
‫א‬S&
b b b


∫ f (x ) dx ≤ ∫ g (x ) dx
WOTU

∫ f (x ) dx ≥ 0
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9 #‫
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x = b x = a
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

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23
 4‫(א‬05K2
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ln
W!
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1
a
#-
r‫א‬
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∀x ∈ ]0; +∞[ ∀y ∈ ]0; +∞[ ln 1 = 0 ln e = 1
ln (xy ) = ln x + ln y ∀x ∈ ]0; +∞[ ∀y ∈ ]0; +∞[
(r ∈ ) ln (x r ) = r ln x ln x = ln y ⇔ x = y
ln x > ln y ⇔ x > y
1
ln   = − ln x
x  ∀x ∈ ]0; +∞[ ∀y ∈

x 
ln   = ln x − ln y ln x = y ⇔ x = e y
 y 


∀x ∈
* ln (x n ) = n ln x


WOTU
X
‫(א‬#
n
O 8
‫א‬S&
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א‬0;


WD. f
‫א‬#‫
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WD
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U!
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D f = {x ∈
/ x ∈ Du ‫ و‬u (x ) > 0} f (x ) = ln [u (x )]
f (x ) = ln (u (x ))2 
D f = {x ∈
/ x ∈ Du ‫ و‬u (x ) ≠ 0}  


f (x ) = ln u (x )
W
A=
ln x lim (ln x ) = +∞
lim n =0 x →+∞
x →+∞ x

( n ∈ » *) lim (x n ln x ) = 0 lim (ln x ) = −∞

x →0 x →0
> >

ln (x + 1) ln x
lim =1 lim =1
x →0 x x →1 x − 1

W41J‫א‬


]0; +∞[
3 d‫
^
א‬4 x  ln x
‫א‬#‫א‬
 

I 3 2
^
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I
3 d‫
^
א‬4 x  ln [u (x )]
‫א‬#‫
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^
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0g
< u c 8
‫א‬S&

24
 WS7J‫א‬


I 3 2
^
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]0; +∞[
^
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 g x  ln x
‫א‬#‫א‬


I
3 2
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 g

0g
<
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: #


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 g x  ln [u (x )]

‫א‬#‫
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1
u ' (x )   ∀x ∈ ]0; +∞[ (ln x )′ =
  ∀x ∈ I (ln [u (x ) =
)]
'

W # x
u (x )

 W ln *' WQ#‫א‬/0‫א‬

 
 x   0   1   +∞
ln x - +

a ∈ » *+ − {1} Wa)a UhOg ‫↖א(א
א‬

loga W!
C
!
r‫א
א‬#‫
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a
q @…
o ?‫א
א‬#‫  א‬W:1
ln x  
  ∀x ∈ ]0; +∞[ loga (x ) =


WM$
ln a
 WNH ‫א‬
∀x ∈ ]0; +∞[ ∀y ∈ ]0; +∞[ loga 1 = 0
loga (xy ) = loga x + logay logaa = 1
(r ∈  ) loga (x r ) = r loga x ∀x ∈ ]0; +∞[ ∀y ∈ ]0; +∞[ ∀r ∈ 

1 l oga x = l oga y ⇔ x = y

loga   = −loga x
x  l oga x = r ⇔ x = a r
x 
loga   = loga x − logay
 y 
 :1&=
0 <a <1 a >1
loga x < logay ⇔ x < y loga x > logay ⇔ x > y
lim loga x = −∞ lim loga x = +∞
x →+∞ x →+∞
lim loga x = +∞ lim loga x = −∞
x →0+ x →0+
 W
7X#‫א‬
1
∀x ∈ ]0, +∞[ ( loga x ) ' =
x ln a

25
 4‫(א‬05K2
c‫א‬4‫א(א‬
 

 
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W:1

K<‫

א‬, ?‫א
א‬#

‫א
א‬#‫
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K<‫א
א@
א‬#‫א‬


exp
W!
C
! 

  exp (x ) = e x



















= x +
HB
WNH ‫א‬
∀x ∈
e x > 0
∀x ∈
∀y ∈

∀x ∈
ln ( e x ) = x
e x ×ey = e x +y
(r ∈ ) (e x ) = erx
r ∀x ∈ ]0, +∞[ e ln x = x

1 ∀x ∈
∀y ∈ ]0; +∞[
x =e
−x 
e e x = y ⇔ x = ln y
ex x −y ∀ (x ; y ) ∈
² e x = ey ⇔ x = y
y =e
e e x > ey ⇔ x > y
W:‫ 
א‬0;


WD. f
‫א‬#‫
א‬1!-
,2

WD
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U!
f ‫א‬#‫א‬


Df =


f (x ) = e
x

D f = {x ∈
/ x ∈ Du }

f (x ) = e
u (x )

W
A=
lim e x = +∞
x →+∞

  lim e x = 0
x →−∞
 xe 
( n ∈ » *)   lim  n  = +∞
x →+∞  x 

  lim (x ne x ) = 0
x →−∞
ex − 1
  lim =1
x →0 x
 W41J‫א‬




^
4 x e
x

‫א‬#‫א‬
 

I 3 2
^
U!
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I
3 d‫
^
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u (x )

‫א‬#‫
א‬OTU I 3 d‫
^
א‬4
u c 8
‫א‬S&

26
  WS7J‫א‬

∀x ∈
(ex )′ = ex W #



^
6 /%*  g x e

x

‫א‬#‫א‬

I 3 2
^
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I 3 d‫
^
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 g
x e
u (x )

‫א‬#‫
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3 d‫
^ א‬6 /%*
 g

u c 8
‫א‬S&
'
∀x ∈ I (eu x )
( )
= u ′ (x ) ×e
u (x )







W #

 W ln
‫(א‬Q#‫א‬/0‫א‬

 
a ∈
∗+ − {1} Wa) a Uh
c‫↖א(א
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expa
W!
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! 
a
q @…
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‫א
א‬#‫א‬ W:1

  expa (x ) = a x



















= x +
HB  

WNH ‫א‬
∀ (x ; y ) ∈
2 ∀x ∈
a x = e x ln a
a x × a y = a x +y loga (a x ) = x
(a x ) = a r x
r
(r ∈ ) ∀x ∈ ]0; +∞[ a loga (x )
=a
1 −x ∀ (x ; y ) ∈
2 a x = ay ⇔ x = y
x =a
a
ax x −y ∀x ∈
∀y ∈ ]0; +∞[
y =a a = y ⇔ x = loga (y )
x
a
W1&=
0 <a <1 a >1
a < ay ⇔ x < y
x
a > ay ⇔ x > y
x

lim a x = 0 lim a x = +∞
x →+∞ x →+∞
x
lim a = +∞ lim a x = 0
x →−∞ x →−∞
x
a −1
lim = ln a
x →0 x

 W
7X#‫א‬
  (a x )′ = (ln a ) ×a x

27
4‫(א‬05K2
(7‫א‬+‫(א‬c‫א‬


 = {z = a + ib / (a;b ) ∈
²

i ² = −1} WD.
#/‫א(
א‬#‫
א‬,2
 Wi(7+(
P@‫
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(a;b ) ∈
²
WM$
#/
‫(א‬# z = a + ib
=
z
v#/‫(
א‬#
Y;‫^
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א‬,- a + ib •
Re (z )
W!
j
!

z
(#
D// ‫^
א;†
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a
(#‫א‬ •


Im (z ) W!
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z
(#
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b
(#‫• א‬
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z
OTU Im (z ) = 0 WO 8
‫א‬S& •  WjNHj)


U!>
ˆ
‫(א‬#
^, z
OTU Im (z ) ≠ 0 
Re (z ) = 0 WO 8
‫א‬S& •
 WE(7+(i1↖


L#/
=(# z ′  z
=


z = z ′ ⇔ Re (z ) = Re (z ′)
 Im (z ) = Im (z ′)
 Wi(7+(Q#‫א‬/0‫↖א‬
 
(o,e1,e2 )
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o
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v#/‫




=
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א‬

(a;b ) ∈
² WM$
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=

M (a, b )
0/
z
v#/‫(
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M (z ) Wt

z
(#‫^
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z = Aff (OM ) POM (z ) Wt
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Z8
^, z
(#‫• א‬
 

 Wi(7+(bk‫↖א‬

(a;b ) ∈
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=
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 M (z )  

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(# z ⇔ z = z •

z + z ' = z + z ' •

z ×z ' = z ×z ' •


9!>
Dˆ
(# z ⇔ z = −z •



(n ∈  *)











z n = z n •


z + z = 2 Re (z ) •


z − z = 2i Im (z ) 1 1
•

  =

•
z ' z '


zz = [Re (z )]² + [ Im (z )]² •
z  z


(z ' ≠ 0)










  = •
z ' z'
 Wi(7+(↖


(a;b ) ∈
²
WM$
#/
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z = zz = a ² + b ²
Wt‫
א‬D// ‫(
א‬#‫
א‬.
z
v#/‫(
א‬#‫ 
א‬

28
 z ×z′ = z × z′ zn = z n (n ∈ * )
z = z −z = z
1 1 z z
= = (z ' ≠ 0)
z′ z′ z′ z′

W(>gi(7+(
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arg z W!
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arg z = θ [2π ]





















Wt

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arg z = θ [2π ]
 r = z
HB
a <0

a >0


W. z
v#/‫(
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DEE‫
א‬+p‫• א‬
a = [−a, π ] a = [a, 0 ]
z = r (cos θ + i sin θ ) = [r , θ ]
 π  π
ai = −a, −  ai = a, + 


z = reiθ



WD.
z
v#/‫(
א‬#
@‫• א 
א‬
 2   2 

reiθ × r ' eiθ ' = rr ' ei (θ +θ ') • [r , θ ] × [r ', θ '] = [rr '; θ + θ '] • arg (zz ') ≡ (arg z + arg z ') [2π ] •
reiθ = re−iθ • [r , θ ] = [r, −θ ] • arg z ≡ − arg z [2π ] •
−reiθ = re i(π +θ ) • −[r, θ ] = [r, π + θ ] • − arg z ≡ (π + arg z )[2π ] •
arg z n ≡ n arg z [2π ] •
( )
n
rei θ = r nein θ • [r , θ ]n = r n ; n θ  •
1
1 1 −iθ ' 1 1  arg ≡ − arg z [2π ] •
= e • =  ; −θ ' • z
r ' eiθ ' r' [r '; θ ']  r '  z
arg ≡ (arg z − arg z ') [2π ] •
re iθ
r i (θ−θ ') [r ; θ ] r  z'
= e • =  ; θ − θ ' •
iθ ' r' [r '; θ ']  r ' 
r 'e
 ‫ 
د‬z ⇔ arg z = k π •
π ∀k ∈  [r, θ + 2k π ] = [r, θ ]
( k ∈ ) ‫ 
د   ف‬z ⇔ arg z = + kπ •
2
 

 W>AYN↖  Wk‫
 א‬YN↖

∀θ ∈

1 iθ
(
e + e −iθ

∀n ∈ 
cos θ =
2
)
sin θ =
1 iθ
2i
(
e − e−i θ  )
(cos θ + i sin n θ )n = cos (n θ ) + i sin (n θ )

 W (a ∈
) a) z ∈  z ² = a 
+#‫א‬/)↖

W( ‫
א‬3$
,2

W( ‫א‬
S = {− a ; a } a>0
S = {0} a=0 z ∈  z² = a
S = {−i −a ; i −a } a <0
29
   (a ≠ 0)
77)+‫(א‬Ac  b a Wa) z ∈  az ² + bz + c = 0 W
+#‫א‬/)↖


W( ‫
א‬3$
,2

W( ‫א‬
−b − ∆ −b + ∆ 
S =  ;  ∆>0
 2a 2a 
z ∈ az 2 + bz + c = 0
S=
−b
2a{ } ∆=0
(∆ = b2 − 4ac )
−b − i −∆ −b + i −∆ 
S =  ;  ∆<0
 2a 2a 

 W
(7‫א‬+‫(א‬c‫א‬%9
(6O6&↖

#/‫
א‬g*‫א‬

D@#C‫א"
א‬
AB = z B − z A

AB U ‫א‬
z + zB
zI = A

[A; B ]
0/‫
א‬14 I
2
 z − z A 
( ) ( )
  
 
AB; AC ≡ arg  c [2π ]

AB ; AC ‫
אא‬q g
 z B − z A 
zC − z A
∈


,/
‰/
C  B  A
zB − zA
z −z z −z z −z z −z


D A × D C ∈

P D A × B C ∈


‫א‬#
‰/ D
C  B  A
z B − z A z B − zC z B − z A z D − zC

D@#C‫א"
א‬

#/‫
א‬g*‫א‬
AM = r • z − zA = r


r " %
 A
.8!
r‫א!
א‬#‫
א‬k&
D,- M • (r > 0)
AM = BM •
z − zA = z − zB


[AB ] ‰@‫
א‬k&
D,- M •
zC − z A  π


A a
‫
אא‬o g
ME ABC = r ; ± 

zB − zA 2 
zC − z A


A a
Lg ‫
א‬v 
ME ABC = [1; θ ]
zB − zA
zC − z A  π


A a
‫
אא‬o g

Lg ‫
א‬v 
ME ABC = 1; ± 

zB − zA  2 
zC − z A  π


:*A‫
א‬v 
ME ABC = 1; ± 

zB − zA 3 

 W
+J‫א‬. %‫(
<א‬7.l↖

W.
v#/‫
א‬jEx

+n‫א‬
 


u "|‫
א‬e
b M$











z ′ = z + b

u "|‫א
א‬S t $‫א‬X{‫א‬


Ω
0/‫
א‬e ω M$











z ′ − ω = k (z − ω )

k j<
 Ω ]8!
vZ‫
א‬h D8 n‫א‬


Ω 0/‫
א‬e ω M$










z ′ − ω = ei θ (z − ω )

θ j‫א‬X
 Ω ]8!
vZ‫
א‬r O‫א‬#‫א‬

30
 4‫(א‬05K2 
"&‫א‬J+#‫א‬


W
A ‫ (
א‬,
 ‫
א‬+ ‫א‬

WA ‫א (
א‬
b
y (x ) = αeax − y ' = ay + b
a (a ≠ 0)
(α ∈
)

WA ‫ (
א‬,
 ‫
א‬+ ‫א‬

W
+</-
,‫א (
א‬

W,‫ ("
א‬

WA ‫א (
א‬


y (x ) = αer1x + βer2x

L//$
L$
∆>0
(α, β ) ∈
²
WM$

r2

r1 LŠ


y (x ) = (αx + β )erx


r
‫א‬#$
//$
*$ ∆=0


(α, β ) ∈
²
WM$ r ² + ar + b = 0
y ''+ ay '+ by = 0


WL/U‫א‬Q
L#/
L$ (∆ = a ² − 4b )


y (x ) = (α cos qx + β sin qx )e px

r1 = p − iq
∆<0


(α, β ) ∈
²
WM$




r2 = p + iq

31
4‫(א‬05K2 
Mm&‫(
א‬Z‫א‬
  


(o, i , j , k ) !% <
o€J
# 
o
k&

† B‫א
א‡‹
=
א‬Z.
6 @
a


Q=#‫א‬F‫א@(א‬J
=OIJQ0‫א‬F‫א@(א‬W4
%‫
א‬Y‫↖א‬
 


ϑ3
=
L"|
v (a ',b ', c ')

u (a,b, c )
=

u .v = aa '+ bb '+ cc '











































•

u = a ² + b ² + c ²












































•

i a a'
 b b'  a a'  a a' 


u ∧ v = j b b ' = i − j + k •
 c c ' c c ' b b '
k c c'

 W
k#‫↖א‬
WD.
B

A
L0/
L
U ‫א‬
AB = (x B − x A ) ² + (yB − yA ) ² + (z B − z A ) ²
WD.
ax + by + cz + d = 0
j( 
(P )
‚
=
M
0/

U ‫א‬
ax M + byM + cz M + d


d (M , (Ρ)) =
a ² + b² + c²
 
AM ∧ u 


d (A, (∆)) =  WD.
∆ (A, u )
o/
=
M
0/

U ‫
א‬
u
 W` 
+↖




(P )
‚‫
^
א‬,€
"|
n (a,b, c ) ⇔ (Ρ) : ax + by + cz + d = 0
 


(ABC ) ‚‫
^
א‬,€
"| AB ∧ AC
OTU
,/
K?
‰/ C  B  A
c 8
‫א‬S&
WD ‫~
א‬U 
 @5 (ABC )
‚‫
 (
א‬##y
=m
  


M ∈ (ABC ) ⇔ AM .(AB ∧ AC ) = 0
W
k
+↖
 
WD.
R
" %

Ω (a,b, c )
.8!
U
( 


(x − a ) ² + (y − b ) ² + (z − c ) ² = R²
   

32

 @5
.##y
=m
[AB ]
. 0gP
#$P (S )
U
( 
 


M ∈ (S ) ⇔ AM . BM = 0




WD ‫~
א‬U 

AB



" %
[AB ]
14
Ω
.8!
(S )
‫

א‬W€$*
2



  (Ρ) : ax + by + cz + d = 0 `  S (Ω, R) 
knR71↖


(Ρ)
‚‫
^
א‬Ω
8!,
v(,‫‰
א‬/‫ א‬H =
d = ΩH = d (Ω; (Ρ))
WHB

(S ) ‫
א‬H0/ (P ) ‚‫

א‬

(C ) !‫
(א‬eU

(S ) 
q J (P ) ‚‫א‬

(S ) ‫( 
א‬P ) ‚‫א‬

H

W .8!





H 0/‫
א‬a













O h /
5











r = R2 − d 2
W " %

 W (∆) O7 S (Ω, R) 
knR71↖

(∆)
o/‫
^
א‬Ω
8!,
v(,‫‰
א‬/‫ א‬H =
d = ΩH = d (Ω; (∆))
WHB

(S ) ‫
א‬H0/ (∆)
o/‫א‬



(S ) 
q J
(∆)
o/‫א‬



(S ) ‫
)∆( א‬o/‫א‬


LŠ
L0/
a












H 0/‫
א‬a














O h /
5









33
 4‫(א‬05K2+‫א(א‬
 

W
 0;QM↖
W:1


CardE
W!
j
!
E ,d‫(
 >!
א‬#
.
E "
,2
D
 Card∅ = 0 W
NH
)

W
NH


O "
O ,2 B  A
Card (A ∪ B ) = CardA + CardB − Card (A ∩ B )

W
 0;O0↖
 W:1


E "
,2
=
‫ †א‬A
=


A
W!
C
!
r‫
א‬,d‫
א‬D.
E ,|,
< A o,


A = {x ∈ E / x ∉ A}





























M$
WI).
A∩A = ∅ •
A∪A = E •
cardA = cardE − cardA •

 W+‫(א‬Qc‫א‬A(#‫↖א‬

(p ∈  *) ‫ א\ א‬p "| 
t0-
 !}
Y


Š
8
n1 F
o
3‫\ 
א‬5‫
א‬O 8
‫א‬S&


Š
8
n2 F
o
D E‫\ 
א‬5‫
א‬O 8

.........................................


Š
8
n p F
o
p
 \5‫
א‬O 8



n1 × n2 × n3 × ... × n p
W
†‫א‬#;‫
א‬.
,‫(
א 
א‬#
OTU
 W‫א‬8j(81C‫א‬- ‫א‬81C‫↖א‬
 W‫א‬81C‫א‬


(p ≤ n ) » * =
=!4 p  n =


n p
W.
!4 n L
=
!4 p 3
‫< 
!א‬-Q‫(
א‬#

34
 W‫א‬8j(81C‫א‬

(p ≤ n ) » * =
=!4 p  n =


W.
!4 n L
=
!4 p 3
‫!א‬-
O#
 <-Q‫(
א‬#


Anp = n × (n − 1) × (n − 2) × ... × (n − p + 1)

+‫ =
אא‬p

W
NH
)

!4
n 3
#<-
Z8
^,-
!4 n L
=
!4 n 3
‫!א‬-
O#

<-!-
+8

n ! = n × (n − 1) × (n − 2) × ... × 2 × 1














W
.(#

 W&[‫↖א‬


n
.!> 
(#
"
,2 E
=


(p ≤ n )


p
]!> 
(# E
=
A
†
+8


!4 n
L
=
!4
p 3
l-
^,
Anp


C np =



W
.
 l‫]
א‬Z.
(#

p!

C np  Anp  n ! W+‫(א‬c‫↖א‬
n ∈ ∗ n ! = n × (n − 1) × (n − 2) × ... × 2 × 1
0! = 1
n! n!
Anp = C np =
(n − p ) ! p ! (n − p ) !
n −1
Cn = n 0
Cn = 1 1
Cn = n C nn = 1
C np−1 + C np = C np+1 C np = C nn −p

 WB%‫ א!א‬A<8↖

(p ≤ n )
!4
n
L
=
!4
p
tn







WD ‫
א‬3#;‫
א‬a
 ‫





‡‹
א‬


t-Q‫א‬

W.
,‫< 
א‬n‫(
א‬#

Wtn‫
א‬:


o"
K?

C np

DŒ


o"

np

3*$T

H 


o"

Anp

3*$&
O#

H 

35
 4‫(א‬05K2J0)J‫א‬
 

 %9↖


W] 

WD ,$5‫
א‬i04‫א‬


|
=
!E8P
+</-
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+8

‫א‬p
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‫א‬p
 !|
,‫
א{  
א‬,2
D.

  {‫
א‬O8 Ω


Ω
  {‫
א‬O8
=
‫ †א‬A A
#$


‫א‬#$
‫!א‬4
=,B
#$
+8

D‫א‬# ‫
א‬#$


#$‫
א‬OŒ
a B

A
O )# ‫
א‬e/y
‫א‬S&

A ∩ B # ‫
א‬e/y



,.
P
B
P
A
e/y
‫א‬S&

A ∪ B # ‫
א‬e/y


(A ∩ A = ∅‫و‬A ∪ A = Ω)
A
# ‫
א‬.

A
#n
( B‫
א‬# ‫א‬
A∩B = ∅

L,|
K?
O )#$ B  A
 Wo()40)‫א‬Jo()‫א‬7‫↖א‬


‫א‬p
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  &
O8 Ω
= W:1


pi W.
{ωi } # ‫
א‬3 ,$‫
א‬OP
3/
pi j,g
a
{ωi }
D‫א‬# ‫

א‬#$
3 ,$‫!
א‬/
# •  


P ({ωi }) = pi
Wt
# ‫א
א‬Z.
O-
r‫א
א‬# 5‫
א‬5 ,$5‫
א‬:,2
.
#$
3 ,$‫• א‬


W.
A
# ‫
א‬3 ,$‫
א‬OTU
Ω
=
)#$ A = {ω1; ω2 ; ω3 ;...; ωn }
O 8
‫א‬S&
vP
  p (A) = p (ω1 ) + p (ω2 ) + p (ω3 ) + ... + p (ωn )

‫א‬p
 !}
  &
O8 Ω
= WNH

p (Ω) = 1




p (∅) = 0 •  
Ω
=
A
#$
+
0 ≤ p (A) ≤ 1 •
WL)#$
( y‫
א‬3 ,$‫• א‬



Ω
=
B 
A
L)#$
+


p (A ∪ B ) = p (A) + p (B ) − p (A ∩ B )


L,|
K?
B

A
O 8
‫א‬S&
p (A ∪ B ) = p (A) + p (B )
W( B‫
א‬# ‫
א‬3 ,$‫• א‬
  p (A) = 1 − p (A)
W Ω
=
A
#$
+
 WJ0)J‫א‬i1
"k↖


Ω
" &
O8
‫א‬p
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a
3 ,$5‫א
 
א‬# 5‫א
א‬#$‫
א‬Hz
c 8
‫א‬S& W:1

  p (A) =
cardA








W.
Ω
=
A
#$
+8
3 ,$‫
א‬OTU  
card Ω

36
  WE-()
.7‫א‬JQRX‫א‬40)J‫↖א‬



p (A) ≠ 0 WMf
‫א‬p‫
א|! 
א‬G
L0<-!
L)#$ B

A
= W:1
p (A ∩ B )
  p (B ) = p (B A) =
W(#‫
א‬.
e/7
A
# ‫
א‬OP
,
B
#$
3 ,$‫א‬
A p (A)



p (A) × p (B ) ≠ 0 WMf
‫א‬p‫
א|! 
א‬G
L0<-! B

A
L)#$
+ W

  p (A ∩ B ) = p (A) × p (B A) = p (B ) × p (A B )
















W #  

‫א‬p‫
א|! 
א‬G
L0<-! B

A
L)#$
+ W:1

 O*/
O )#$
B
 A ⇔ p (A ∩ B ) = p (A) × p (B )  

Ω 3
Ž}
Ω2

Ω1

‫א‬p
 !}
  &
O8 Ω
= W
NH

(Ω1 ∩ Ω2 = ∅
 Ω1 ∪ Ω2 = Ω)  

( ) ( )


p (A) = p (Ω1 ) × p A Ω + p (Ω2 ) × p A Ω





W Ω
=
A
#$
+
1 2

 W*#‫אא‬HJ‫↖א‬


p j ,$‫א
א‬p
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a
)#$ A
=


W.
‰<B
! k , A # ‫
א‬e/y
3 ,$‫
א‬O U
! n
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א‬Z.
#P
‫א‬S&


(k ≤ n ) C nk (p )k (1 − p )n −k
 WQM‫ א‬X>Y40)‫א‬j T↖


‫א‬p
 !}
  &
O8
Ω
^
‫א‬p
‫א‬KV

=


WL ‫
א‬L$!‫
א‬H< X
D‫א‬p‫
א‬KV‫
א‬3 ,$‫
א‬O g
##n
X
KV‫
א‬.Z\l
r‫
א‬o/‫
א‬,2
W X (Ω) = {x1; x 2; x 3 ;...; x n } ##y •


{1;2;...;n }
,d‫ =
א‬i
+ p (X = x i )
3 ,$5‫
א‬tw •
 WQM‫ א‬X>Y#ip‫א‬9‫א]א‬qJ‫א‬J*Y#‫א‬JQ"‫א‬/c‫↖א‬


xi

x1

x 2

x 3

...

x n

j g
‫א‬p
‫א‬KV
X =


p (X = x i )

p1

p2

p3

...

pn

WD ‫
א‬3#;
9!

E (X ) = x1 × p1 + x 2 × p2 + x 3 × p3 + ... + x n × pn

W X
KV,
DA !‫
א‬+‫א‬ W:1

V (X ) = E (X ²) − [E (X )] ²

W X
KV,
! V‫א‬  


σ (X ) = V (X )

W X KV,
vX‫!א‬0‫
א‬9‫!א‬w5‫א‬
 WQ‫(א‬,‫א‬j 7‫↖א‬


!
n
 !|‫]
א‬Z.
#
{‫א‬p
 !}
a
A
#$
3 ,$‫ א‬p
=


p
 n
] 0@

‫א‬#$
X-
^,
A
# ‫"
א‬U
e/n
r‫(
א!א
א‬#
|
+8
‰ !
vZ‫
א‬X
D‫א‬p‫
א‬KV‫א‬


∀k ∈ {0;1;2;...; n } p (X = k ) = C nk × p k × (1 − p )n −k #


V (X ) = np (1 − p )

















 E (X ) = n × p












37
 4‫(א‬05K2(>
?1)Q#‫^א‬,‫א‬
 

W
#‫*א‬M‫
א(א‬+J‫א‬O7‫א‬4( ↖

π π π π
x 0 6 4 3 2
1 2 3
sin x 0 1
2 2 2
3 2 1
cosx 1 0
2 2 2
3
tan x 0 1 3
3

 W
#‫א‬B‫א‬E8T.‫↖א‬

π π
−x π − x π +x 2
−x
2
+x

sin - sin x sin x - sin x cos x cos x

cos cos x - cos x - cos x sin x − sin x

cos (x + 2k π ) = cos x sin x -1 ≤ cos x ≤ 1

tan x =
sin (x + 2k π ) = sin x cos x -1 ≤ sin x ≤ 1
1
tan (x + k π ) = tan x 1 + tan ²x = cos ²x + sin ²x = 1
cos ²x
 W
A
J+↖
cos x = cos a ⇔ x = a + 2k π
P x = -a + 2k π
sin x = sin a ⇔ x = a + 2k π P x = (π - a ) + 2k π
tan x = tan a ⇔ x = a + k π ( k ∈ )
38
  W! 0;/ _eN↖
cos (a - b ) = cos a × cos b + sin a × sin b cos (a + b ) = cos a × cos b - sin a × sin b
sin (a - b ) = sin a × cos b - cos a × sin b sin (a + b ) = sin a × cos b + cos a × sin b
tan a - tan b tan a + tan b
tan (a - b ) = tan (a + b ) =
1 + tan a × tan b 1 - tan a × tan b

 WLM↖
t = tan
a
WHA cos 2a = cos ² a - sin ² a
2
= 2 cos ² a - 1
2t = 1 - 2 sin ² a
sin a =
1 + t²
sin 2a = 2 sin a × cos a
1 - t²
cos a = 2 tan a
1 + t² tan 2a =
2t 1 - tan ² a
tan a = 1 + cos 2a
1 - t² cos ² a =
2
1 - cos 2a
sin ² a =
2

 WF‫ (א‬r'! 0;/ _↖W! 0;r'F‫ (א‬/ _↖

 p + q   p − q  1
cos p + cos q = 2 cos 
 2   cos 
 2 
cos a × cos b = [ cos (a + b ) + cos (a - b )]
2
 p + q   p − q  1
sin a × sin b = − [ cos (a + b ) − cos (a − b )]
cos p − cos q = −2 sin  sin 
 2   2  2
 p + q   p − q  1
sin p + sin q = 2 sin  cos  sin a × cos b = [ sin (a + b ) − sin (a − b )]
 2    2  2
 p + q   p − q  1
sin p − sin q = 2 cos  sin  cos a × sin b = [ sin (a + b ) - sin (a − b )]
 2   2  2

  (a,b ) ≠ (0,0) a cos x + b sin x W/ _↖

 a b 
a cos x + b sin x = a ² + b ²  cos x + sin x 
 a ² + b ² a ² + b² 
= a ² + b ² cos (x − α)


We/
D//$
(#
α
M$
a b
cos α =


















sin α =
a ² + b² a ² + b²

39