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    Stage II Stage III: Sulphur Sulphur Dioxide Sulphur Trioxide

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    Sulaiman Mohamad
    The document discusses the manufacture of sulfuric acid through a four stage process where sulfur is burned in air to produce sulfur dioxide, then sulfur dioxide is oxidized to form sulfur trioxide, which dissolves in concentrated sulfuric acid to form oleum, and finally oleum is diluted with water to produce sulfuric acid. It also outlines some common uses of sulfuric acid in making fertilizers, detergents, and electrolytes, as well as the environmental pollution that can result from sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide emissions.

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    Stage II Stage III: Sulphur Sulphur Dioxide Sulphur Trioxide

    Uploaded by

    Sulaiman Mohamad
    17K views6 pages
    The document discusses the manufacture of sulfuric acid through a four stage process where sulfur is burned in air to produce sulfur dioxide, then sulfur dioxide is oxidized to form sulfur trioxide, which dissolves in concentrated sulfuric acid to form oleum, and finally oleum is diluted with water to produce sulfuric acid. It also outlines some common uses of sulfuric acid in making fertilizers, detergents, and electrolytes, as well as the environmental pollution that can result from sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide emissions.

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    Manufacturing

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    The document discusses the manufacture of sulfuric acid through a four stage process where sulfur is burned in air to produce sulfur dioxide, then sulfur dioxide is oxidized to form sulfur trioxide, which dissolves in concentrated sulfuric acid to form oleum, and finally oleum is diluted with water to produce sulfuric acid. It also outlines some common uses of sulfuric acid in making fertilizers, detergents, and electrolytes, as well as the environmental pollution that can result from sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide emissions.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    17K views6 pages

    Stage II Stage III: Sulphur Sulphur Dioxide Sulphur Trioxide

    Uploaded by

    Sulaiman Mohamad
    The document discusses the manufacture of sulfuric acid through a four stage process where sulfur is burned in air to produce sulfur dioxide, then sulfur dioxide is oxidized to form sulfur trioxide, which dissolves in concentrated sulfuric acid to form oleum, and finally oleum is diluted with water to produce sulfuric acid. It also outlines some common uses of sulfuric acid in making fertilizers, detergents, and electrolytes, as well as the environmental pollution that can result from sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide emissions.

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    Manufacture of Sulphuric acid

    Stage II Sulphur enter a roasting tower Stage I

    Stage III

    Raw Material: Sulphur Oxygen Water

    water Stage IV

    air supply from bottom produces sulphur dioxide HABER PROCESS

    Suitable/optimum condition : sulphur dioxide oxidised by air to form sulphur trioxide 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 Temperature : 450 0C Pressure : 1 atm Catalyst : Vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5

    Sulphur

    Stage I S + O2

    Sulphur dioxide
    SO2

    Stage II

    Sulphur trioxide

    Sulphur burnt in air to produce sulphur dioxide Stage III Uses H2SO4
    Making fertilizer Making detergent Making electrolyte

    2SO3 + H2SO4

    H2S2O7

    Sulphur trioxide dissolve in conc. Sulphuric acid to form oleum

    Sulphuric acid

    Stage IV 2H2S2O7

    Oleum

    H2S2O7 + H2O

    Oleum dilute in water to form sulphuric cid Environmental Pollution Sulphur dioxide gas dissolves in atmospheric water/water vapour/rain water to produce a acid rain. SO2 + H2O H2SO3 ( sulphurous acid) 2SO2 + O2 + 2H2O 2H2SO4 (sulphuric acid )

    Sulphur trioxide not dissolve in water because very vigorous and produce large amount of heat

    Effect of acid Effect of acid Rain: corrodes concrete buildings Depletes essential nutrients for plant growth Makes the soil acidic Lower the pH of water in rivers and lakes

    Very soluble in water

    Change red litmus paper to blue

    Pungent smell Detergent

    Make nitric

    Prevent coagulation of latex

    Properties
    Colourless Base Ammonia + acid salt + water

    Uses

    Make fertilizer

    Soap

    Urea ammonium sulfat ammonium nitrat

    Produce thick white fume with hydrogen chloride gas

    AMMONIA NH3
    Plants need various nutrients for healthy growth. One of the essential nutrients is nitrogen.

    Manufactures

    Ammonium Fertilizer Can be prepared through neutralization process 2NH3(ak) + H2SO4(ak)

    Haber Process Volume ratio N2 : H2 = 1: 3

    Nitrogen in air + H2 from natural gas N2 (g) + H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)

    NH3(ak) +

    (NH4)2SO4 (ak) HNO3(ak) NH4 NO3(ak)

    Catalyst : iron filling Pressure : 200 atm Temperature : 450 oC

    % nitrogen in (NH4)2SO4 = Mass nitrogen x 100 RMM = 28 x 100 132 = 21. 2 %

    Ammonia (Haber Process)

    Process N2 + 3H2 2NH3 Temperature 450 -550 oC Catalyst : Iron Pressure : 200 atm

    Properties Make fertilizer Make soap and detergent Prevent the coagulation of latex

    Uses Very soluble in water Colourless gas Pungent smell Produce thick white fume with hydrogen chloride gas

    Production of Ammonium Fertilizer Plants need various nutrients for healthy growth. One of the essential nutrients is nitrogen. Ammonium fertilizers contains nitrogen in different percentage . Preparation: (a) Ammonium sulphate Ammonia reacts with sulphuric acid through neutralization reaction to produce ammonium sulphate. 2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 Formula to calculate % of nitrogen : Mass of nitrogen Relative molecular mass of the fertilizer 1.

    Examples: Percentage of nitrogen (by weight) in ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4 [ RAM : H = 1 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; S = 32 ] = 2(14) 100 2 [14 + 4(1) ] + 32 + 4(16)]

    = 21.21 % 2. Percentage of nitrogen (by weight) in urea, (NH2)2CO [ RAM : H = 1 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; C = 12 ] = 2(14) 12 + 2(14) + 16 + 1(4) 46.67 % 100

    100 %

    Aim *To increase hardness *To improve appearance. *To prevent rusting

    Defination ALLOY An alloy is a mixture two or more elements with a certain atom of impurities in which the major component is a metal

    Experiment
    Weight Iron ball Metal block

    Composition and uses of alloy Alloy Steel Brass Bronze Duralumi Cupronickel Pewter Composition Fe, C Cu,Zn Cu, Sn Al, Mg/Cu Cu, Ni Sn , Cu/Sb Usage Vehicle, ,bridge Electrical componen Medal, statue Airplanes Coin Souvenir

    Pure Metal Draw the atoms arrangement

    Alloy

    Pure atom has similar size and shape and arranged orderly but still space between atoms

    Explain the atoms arrangement above

    The presences of impurities atoms disturb the orderly arrangement of atoms in pure metal.

    When force is applied to pure atoms, atom slide one another easily

    Explain the atoms arrangement when forces is applied

    When force is applied the layers of atoms, its prevent from slide one another easily

    Question
    Explain why bronze harder than pure copper? - The presence of tin atom disturb the orderly arrangement of pure metal - The layer of metal prevent from sliding one another easily

    Copper

    Tin

    Recycle

    Use biodegrable polymer

    Reuse

    Polymer Starch

    Monomer glucose amino acid isoprene

    Uses food food Tyre

    Way to solve problem:

    Protein Natural rubber

    Most of the synthetic polymers are nonbiodegradable and producing poisonous gas on burning

    They are exist in living things in nature example: Protein, natural rubber

    POLYMERS Environmental pollution Natural polymers

    They are made in laboratory through chemical process. Example: Plastic and nylon

    Synthetic polymers

    Polymer Polyethene

    Monomer Ethene

    Uses Plastic bags, film, plastic cup

    Polychloroethene

    Chloroethene

    Pipe, wire

    Polypropene

    Propene

    Bottle, Toy

    Polystyrene

    Styrene

    Disposable cup and plate, packaging material

    Type of glass 1. Hard 2. Transparent 3. Water impermeable. 4. Brittle 5. Compress resistance 6. Electrical insulation 7. Heat insulation. 8. Inert to chemical substance. Fused silica glass Soda lime glass

    Composition

    Properties High meting point Point High viscosity Low melting point, easy broken Transparent, high melting point, withstand heat and chemical reaction Soft and easy to melt, transparent, high density

    Uses Lab. Glassware, lenses, optical fiber Bottle, mirror, light bulb Dishes,Laboratory Apparatus (boiling tube, conical flask etc) Crystal, prism and lenses

    Silicon dioxide Silicon dioxide, sodium oxide, calcium oxide Silicon dioxide, boron oxide, sodium oxide, calcium oxide Silicon dioxide, lead(II) oxide, sodium oxide

    Borosilicate glass

    Properties of glass

    Lead crystal glass

    Main component of glass: Silica (silicon dioxide) Construction materials Ornamental articles Semiconductor Electric insulation. Artificial limbs, bones and teeth Uses CERAMICS Properties of Ceramic Very hard. High melting and boiling point. Able to extend high pressure. Very good as heat insulation/ electric insulation. Inert toward chemicals. Weak toward extension. Density less than most of metals. Composite Material GLASS Type of glass, special properties and uses Ceramic is produced by heating clay at high temperature. Main component: silicate Basic composition : Al, Si, O.

    GLASS AND CERAMICS

    structural material that is formed by combined two or more different material Type of glass Reinforced concrete Composition Properties Strong, high tensile, strength and cheap No electrical resistance Uses Building, bridge Transportation and telecomunication

    Cement, gravel, sand, water, iron Alloy of metal compound or Superconductor ceramic of metal oxide Silica, sodium carbonate and Fiber glass calcium carbonate Silica, copper Fiber optic and Aluminium Photo chromic glass Plastic strengthened with glass fiber Silica and silver chloride Plastic and glass fiber

    Good insulator heat and electrical Transmitted in light form at high speed Dark in colour when exposed to bright light and bright in dark Very strong, light, withstand corrosion

    Racket, helmet, small boat Electrical cable Optical lenses, glass window Body car, aeroplane, rod

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