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    Sap On If Ication Process Preparation of Soaps

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    Arpan Basnet
    The document describes the process of making soap through saponification. Saponification is the chemical reaction of fats or oils with an alkali like sodium hydroxide, resulting in soap and glycerol. The experiment involved heating sodium hydroxide solution and chipsi oil separately, then mixing and continuing to heat to produce soap. Observations included the solution feeling warm due to an exothermic reaction, and a white suspension forming when the sodium hydroxide was added to the melted oil. The soap was then cured for 3-4 weeks to solidify.

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    Sap On If Ication Process Preparation of Soaps

    Uploaded by

    Arpan Basnet
    90 views6 pages
    The document describes the process of making soap through saponification. Saponification is the chemical reaction of fats or oils with an alkali like sodium hydroxide, resulting in soap and glycerol. The experiment involved heating sodium hydroxide solution and chipsi oil separately, then mixing and continuing to heat to produce soap. Observations included the solution feeling warm due to an exothermic reaction, and a white suspension forming when the sodium hydroxide was added to the melted oil. The soap was then cured for 3-4 weeks to solidify.

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    The document describes the process of making soap through saponification. Saponification is the chemical reaction of fats or oils with an alkali like sodium hydroxide, resulting in soap and glycerol. The experiment involved heating sodium hydroxide solution and chipsi oil separately, then mixing and continuing to heat to produce soap. Observations included the solution feeling warm due to an exothermic reaction, and a white suspension forming when the sodium hydroxide was added to the melted oil. The soap was then cured for 3-4 weeks to solidify.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    90 views6 pages

    Sap On If Ication Process Preparation of Soaps

    Uploaded by

    Arpan Basnet
    The document describes the process of making soap through saponification. Saponification is the chemical reaction of fats or oils with an alkali like sodium hydroxide, resulting in soap and glycerol. The experiment involved heating sodium hydroxide solution and chipsi oil separately, then mixing and continuing to heat to produce soap. Observations included the solution feeling warm due to an exothermic reaction, and a white suspension forming when the sodium hydroxide was added to the melted oil. The soap was then cured for 3-4 weeks to solidify.

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    SAPONIFICATION REACTION: PREPARATION OF SOAPS

    Technical Report · September 2022


    DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.10865.35684

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    SAPONIFICATION REACTION:
    PREPARATION OF SOAPS
    Report Analysis
    SAPONIFICATION REACTION: PREPARATION OF SOAPS

    Title: SOAP MAKING PROCESS THROUGH SAPONIFICATION


    REACTION
    Introduction: A soap is a cleansing agent made from the salts of vegetables and
    animal fat. They are a mixture of sodium or potassium salts of medium-chain and
    long-chain alkanoic acids such as octadecanoic acid, CH3(CH2)16COOH and
    heptadecanoic acid, C17H35COOH. Soaps are substances that increase the wetting
    power of water to remove dirt.
    Soaps have the molecular formula of C17H35COONa and C17H35COOK. They are
    made by reacting fats or oils with alkalis like sodium hydroxide or potassium
    hydroxide. Natural occurring fats and oils are usually esters which are called
    triglyceride, formed from long-chain alkanoic acids called fatty acids and glycerol,
    an alcohol with three hydroxyl (-OH) groups called propane (1,2,3) triol. When
    these esters (fats or oils) are boiled with potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide,
    soaps are formed.
    There is some evidence that soap-making was known to the Babylonians in 2800
    BC and the Phoenicians around 600 BC. Amazingly, it seems that soap was firstly
    used for cleaning textile fibers such as wool and cotton in preparation for the
    dyeing process and not for personal hygiene. In those days, layers of grease were
    removed by a mixture of tallow (rendered fat from cattle and sheep) and ashes.
    Modern soap making began in the 19th century with the work of Eugene Chevreul:
    who discovered the chemical nature of soap. Today saponification process is the
    chemical reaction where the ester is heated with an alkali (especially the alkaline
    hydrolysis of a fat or oil to make a soap). It`s the process in which a fat molecule is
    broken down by sodium hydroxide (lye) into four smaller molecules, three soap
    molecules and one glycerol. [Lye was traditionally made by pouring water through
    wood ash]. During this reaction, sodium chloride is added to help in precipitating
    the soap. It does this by reducing the solubility of the soap because of the ion effect
    in a process called salting out.
    The equation for the formation of a soap is as shown below;

    Fats or oils + Sodium hydroxide Soap + Glycerol


    R-COOH + Na+ → RCOONa + H+

    1.
    SAPONIFICATION REACTION: PREPARATION OF SOAPS

    During this experiment, soap was prepared in the laboratory following the steps
    that are of convectional heating with a hot plate. The soap was cured and its pH
    was later tested.
    Objective: To prepare soap through saponification process
    Apparatus Used: 2 Hot plates, a magnetic stir bar, a transfer pipette, beakers,
    Erlenmeyer flask, 2 thermometers, electric weigh balance
    Chemical Reagents:
    10g of sodium hydroxide, 60g of chosen oil (Chipsi), 27mL of distilled water
    Procedure:
    This were the steps for the convectional heating with a hot plate;
    10.107g of sodium hydroxide (lye) was weighed out using an electric weigh
    balance and then put in a beaker. Afterwards, exactly 27mL of distilled water was
    measured and poured into an Erlenmeyer flask. The sodium hydroxide content in
    the beaker was at that point poured into the water in the flask and mixed using the
    magnetic stir bar till a homogenous mixture was obtained.
    Using a hot plate, the mixture was heated and the temperature maintained around
    115oC.
    Employing the use of an electric weigh balance, 60.430g of Chipsi fat was
    measured and began to be warmed in a small beaker on a hot plate. Using the
    magnetic stir bar, the oil was kept moving to avoid burning while the temperature
    was likewise maintained around 115oC Subsequently, the sodium hydroxide
    solution was poured into the beaker with oil while they were within 10oC of each
    other. The solution was stirred vigorously by the use of the magnetic stir bar while
    the temperature was continually maintained at 115oC. Finally, the contents were
    poured into an aluminum weigh boat to cool and solidify.
    Results and observations:
    When sodium hydroxide was added to the water in a beaker and stirred, it
    dissolved in it to form a solution. When this beaker was felt with the palm, the
    solution felt warm as its temperature was higher. Heating the Chipsi fat led to its
    melting. As the sodium hydroxide was being added to the melted hot fat, a white
    suspension was formed. Consequently, due to following closely the procedure
    given, a soap was prepared. Its pH was tested and found to be 9.5, thus it was
    2.
    SAPONIFICATION REACTION: PREPARATION OF SOAPS

    proven safe for the use on the body. The contents were lastly poured on a weighing
    boat and left for 3-4 weeks to allow them solidify.

    Discussion:
    The reason why the palm felt warm and the temperature of the solution felt higher
    when sodium hydroxide was added into the water in a beaker was because this was
    an exothermic reaction. In exothermic reaction, heat is given out and the
    temperature of the surroundings rise. The Chipsi melted on heating as this is a fat
    which melts on heating and solidifies on cooling.

    The Cleaning Power of Soap


    A soap is a cleansing agent that helps increase the wetting power of water for the
    removal of dirt. They help water soak into clothes as they are being washed. The
    detergent forms a thin layer on top of the water. This layer breaks down the strong
    forces of attraction between the water molecule thus reducing the water surface
    tension. As a result of this, the water is spread out more easily.
    The structure of the soap is specific in nature in that it has the non-polar end (tail)
    which is the hydrocarbon chain of the fatty acid, and a highly polar end (head)
    which is the ionic group COO-. The tail is hydrophobic (water-hating/ grease-
    loving) thus it gets attracted by grease while the head is hydrophilic (water-loving)
    which in-turn gets attracted by water molecules.
    During cleaning, the soap gets dissociated in the water. The long nonpolar
    hydrocarbon chain (tail) of the soap molecule dissolve in the grease or oil. The
    polar end (head) is attracted by the water molecules. When the solution is agitated,
    the grease is lifted from the linen while being surrounded by the soap anions, and
    by that removing the dirt from the cloth effectively.
    Once the grease or oil is lifted from the linen by the detergent, it floats and spreads
    throughout the water surface as droplets making the water cloudy. Rinsing the
    linen twice or thrice with clean fresh water helps to remove the grease emulsion.
    Thus, soaps act as emulsifying agents.
    Therefore, as seen, the cleaning properties of soap are intimately related to the fact
    that there is a highly polar head and a nonpolar tail in each molecule, by the
    disappearance of one, the soap would not clean.
    3.
    SAPONIFICATION REACTION: PREPARATION OF SOAPS

    Conclusion: Having followed the procedure closely, a soap was successfully


    prepared and its pH tested. The practical success was attributed to the level of
    keenness and the precautions taken during the practical: example, is keeping the
    top of the flask away from the face or hands during heating due to the splattering
    of hot water when boiling.
    Reference:
    1. George Ngaruiya| Joan Kimaru| Paul Mbaru, (2005), Longhorn Secondary
    Chemistry Form four textbook, Longhorn Publishers (K) Limited, Nairobi,
    Kenya, page 49-50, 258-261.
    2. https://www.bellevuecollege.edu
    3. Dr. Richard Mogwasi: PhD Chemistry, MSc Analytical Chemistry, B. Ed
    (Sc) – CHEM 226 (Water Chemistry) lecturer, Kisii University, Kenya.
    Soaps And Detergents Topic class notes.

    4.

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