Unit Test Review

CONDITIONALS
- statements discussing known factors or hypothetical situations and their

consequences.
TYPES & STRUCTURES

Zero Conditional – used to talk about things that are generally true
if + subject + present tense, subject + present tense of main verb
EXAMPLES:
If you throw a ball in the air, it comes back down. (always true)
If we get up early, we always go jogging. (generally true)
First Conditional – is used when we about future situations we believe are real or
possible.
- Similar structure with zero conditional except that we are going to use
future simple tense (will + verb) probable result.
if + present simple, will + base verb
EXAMPLES:
If you practice every day, you will improve.
If my clothes dry, I will attend the event.
Additionally, we can use modal auxiliary verbs too (must, can, could, may, might,
should).
I will go if he calls me.
I must go if he calls me.
I can go if he calls me.
I may go if he calls me.
I might go if he calls me.
I should go if he calls me.
QUESTION FORM:
Should I go if he calls me?
Can I go if he calls me?
Second Conditional – used to imagine present or future situations that are

impossible or unlikely in reality.
if + past simple, would + base verb
EXAMPLES:
If I went to London, I would visit Trafalgar Square.
If I won the lottery, I could buy a new house.
Third Conditional – used for things that did not happen in the past.
if + past perfect, would + have + past participle
EXAMPLES:
If I had been more prepared, I would have passed the test.
If she had been there, she could have helped you.
FRAGMENTS
1. Fragment caused by a missing verb

A verb expresses action, existence, or occurrence.
A verb ending in -ing is not complete without a helping verb.
FRAGMENT: Caylin studying geology and rock formations.
COMPLETE: Caylin is studying geology and rock formations.
A verb is not complete if it is an infinitive (to speak, to study, to tell)
FRAGMENT: Jordan to speak at a UNICEF benefit.
COMPLETE: Jordan will speak at a UNICEF benefit.
2. Fragment caused by a missing subject

The subject is a noun or pronoun about which something is said.
Sample sentence: The skater glided across the ice. Did a full axel and ended with a
triple jump.
2 ways to correct fragment:
- Connect the fragment to the preceding sentence.

E.g. The skater glided across the ice, did a full axel, and ended with a triple jump.
- Add a subject to the fragment.

E.g. The skater glided across the ice. She did a full axel and ended with a triple
jump.
3. Fragment caused by a Dependent Word

This is when the verb and subject are introduced by a DEPENDENT word;
subordinate conjunction and relative pronoun. You have written a dependent
clause, not a complete sentence.
FRAGMENT: Because Jane likes St. Louis very much.
COMPLETE: Jane likes St. Louis very much.
How to correct fragment caused by DEPENDENT WORD:

a.) Complete the fragment with the necessary words.
EXAMPLE FRAGMENT: The building which was badly damaged.
b.) Omit the dependent word, rewriting the sentence without it.
CORRECT SENTENCE: The building was badly damaged.
c.) Attach the fragment to the previous sentence or to the one that follows,
whichever is more closely connected in thought to the fragment.
SAMPLE 1: The wreckers tore down the eyesore. The building which was
badly damaged.
SAMPLE: The wreckers tore down the eyesore, the building which was
badly damaged.
4. “Example” Fragment
This is the case when words like “such as” and “for example” are used at the
beginning of the word group: Such as pine and spruce.
To fix this, we need to add a verb, subject, and complete the thought.
“SUCH AS” EXAMPLE SENTENCE:
In the forest, you’ll see many types of coniferous trees, such as pine and spruce.
“FOR EXAMPLE” IN A SENTENCE:
There are many ways to keep yourself awake, for example, drinking coffee.
5. “To” fragment – this is when a group of words begin with “to”

To fix this, we need to add a subject and a verb to make that “to” fragment into a
complete sentence.
EXAMPLE
FRAGMENT: To the park
COMPLETE: Let us drive down to the park.
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
- the way a sentence is arranged, grammatically.
SIMPLE SENTENCE – contains a subject, and a verb, and it may also have an
object and modifiers. CONTAINS ONLY ONE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE.
EXAMPLE:
She completed her literature review.
He organized his sources by theme.
COMPOUND SENTENCE – CONTAINS TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSES.

These independent clauses can be combined with a comma, with coordinating
conjunctions (FANBOYS) or with a semicolon.
EXAMPLES:
She completed her literature review, and she created her reference list.
He organized his sources by theme; then, he updated his reference list.
COMPLEX SENTENCE – CONTAINS AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE,

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION, AND DEPENDENT CLAUSE.
COMMA should be used when the sentence starts with a dependent clause.
EXAMPLE:
Although she completed her literature review, she still needed to work on her
methods section.
Because he organized his sources by theme, it was easier for his readers to follow.
NO COMMA if the sentence starts with an independent clause.

They studied APA rules for many hours because they were interesting.
COMPOUND – COMPLEX SENTENCE – CONTAINS TWO INDEPENDENT

CLAUSES AND ONE DEPENDENT CLAUSE.
EXAMPLE:
Although he organized his sources by theme, he decided to arrange them
chronologically, and he carefully followed the MEAL plan for the organization.
RUN-ON SENTENCES
- occur when two or more sentences or clauses run or are joined together
without any appropriate conjunctions or proper punctuations.
EXAMPLES:
Run-on: Raffi sings upbeat children’s songs he is an excellent musician.
Correct: Raffi sings upbeat children’s songs; he is an excellent musician.
Run-on: Helen cooked dinner therefore Ralph will wash the dishes.
Correct: Helen cooked dinner; therefore, Ralph will wash the dishes.
Note: If run-on sentences are not well-corrected or separated, could turn into
comma splice.
A comma splice is an error committed when only a comma is used to separate
sentences or clauses or run-on sentences.
EXAMPLES OF COMMA SPLICE ERRORS:
The clouds were dark, we thought it would rain. (The clouds were dark. We
thought it would rain.)
I bought a coat, however, it did not fit. (I bought a coat. However, it did not fit.)
Remember: Comma is used to separate words, phrases, or clauses. It is not used to
separate sentences.
To correct run-on sentences:

1. Divide the clauses into two sentences by inserting a period between
them.
Run-on: Mary came home from work early we worked hard on our project.
Correct: Mary came home from work early. We worked hard on our project.
2. Insert a semicolon between them, if the two clauses are closely related.
Run-on: Mary came home from work early she had been feeling ill all morning.
Correct: Mary came home from work early; she had been feeling ill all morning.
3. Using a comma with a coordinating conjunction to separate the clauses.
Run-on: You do not love me anymore I will teach myself to unlove you.
Correct; You do not love me anymore, so I will teach myself to unlove you.
4. Use a comma together with a subordinating conjunction to make one
sentence out of the two closes.
Run-on: I will watch The Office you do your homework.
Correct: I will watch The Office, while you do your homework.
PARALLELISM SENTENCE
Parallelism refers to similar words, clauses, phrases, sentence structure, or other
grammatical elements to emphasize similar ideas in a sentence.
EXAMPLES:
Not parallel: The business accepts cash, and credit cards, and you can even pay
with a check.
Parallel: The business accepts cash, credit cards, and checks.
Not parallel: She aspires to finish college, and becoming an accountant would be
another goal.
Parallel: She aspires to finish college and become an accountant.
Parallelism Mistakes:
1. Verb forms
Not parallel: Olympic athletes usually like practicing, competing, and to eat ice
cream sandwiches. (X gerunds + infinitive)
Parallel: Olympic athletes usually like practicing, competing, and eating ice cream
sandwiches.
2. Nouns vs. verbs
Not parallel: For dinner, we like lamb chops and to fry brussels sprouts.
Parallel: For dinner, we like lamb chaps and brussels sprouts.
3. Noun number
Not parallel: Public transit buses or a train can help reduce air pollution.
Parallel: Public transit buses or trains can help reduce air pollution.
4. Subject Matter
Not parallel: He decided to cover the gown in sequins, and had a steak for dinner.
Parallel: He decided to cover the gown in sequins, and to celebrate, he had a steak
for dinner.
DANGLING MODIFIERS
A modifier describes or qualifies another part of a sentence. A dangling modifier
occurs when the intended subject of the modifier is missing from the sentence, and
instead, another subject appears in its place.
EXAMPLE:
Dangling: Fumbling in her purse, the keys could not be found.
Correct: Fumbling in her, she could not find the keys.

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CONDITIONALS

- statements discussing known factors or hypothetical situations and their

TYPES & STRUCTURES

Second Conditional – used to imagine present or future situations that are

1. Fragment caused by a missing verb

2. Fragment caused by a missing subject

2 ways to correct fragment:

- Connect the fragment to the preceding sentence.

- Add a subject to the fragment.

3. Fragment caused by a Dependent Word

How to correct fragment caused by DEPENDENT WORD:

5. “To” fragment – this is when a group of words begin with “to”

COMPOUND SENTENCE – CONTAINS TWO INDEPENDENT CLAUSES.

COMPLEX SENTENCE – CONTAINS AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE,

NO COMMA if the sentence starts with an independent clause.

COMPOUND – COMPLEX SENTENCE – CONTAINS TWO INDEPENDENT

To correct run-on sentences:

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