Designation: C 31/C 31M – 98

Standard Practice for

Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 31/C 31M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope C 403 Test Method for Time of Setting of Concrete Mix-

1.1 This practice covers procedures for making and curing tures by Penetration Resistance2
cylinder and beam specimens from representative samples of C 470 Specification for Molds for Forming Concrete Test
fresh concrete for a construction project. Cylinders Vertically2
1.2 The concrete used to make the molded specimens shall C 511 Specification for Moist Cabinets, Moist Rooms, and
be sampled after all on-site adjustments have been made to the Water Storage Tanks Used in the Testing of Hydraulic
mixture proportions, including the addition of mix water and Cements and Concretes3
admixtures. This practice is not satisfactory for making speci- C 617 Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Speci-
mens from concrete not having measurable slump or requiring mens2
other sizes or shapes of specimens. C 1064 Test Method for Temperature of Freshly Mixed
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units Portland-Cement Concrete2
shall be regarded separately as standard. The SI units are 2.2 American Concrete Institute Publication:4
shown in brackets. The values stated may not be exact CP-1 Concrete Field Testing Technician, Grade I
equivalents; therefore each system must be used 309R Guide for Consolidation of Concrete
independently of the other. Combining values from the two
units may result in nonconformance. 3. Significance and Use
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1 This practice provides standardized requirements for
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the making, curing, protecting, and transporting concrete test
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- specimens under field conditions.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.2 If the specimens are made and standard cured, as
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. stipulated herein, the resulting test data are able to be used for
1.5 The text of this standard references notes which provide the following purposes:
explanatory material. These notes shall not be considered as 3.2.1 Acceptance testing for specified strength,
requirements of the standard. 3.2.2 Checking adequacy of mixture proportions for
strength, and
2. Referenced Documents 3.2.3 Quality control.
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3.3 If the specimens are made and field cured, as stipulated
C 138 Test Method for Unit Weight, Yield, and Air herein, the resulting test data are able to be used for the
Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete2 following purposes:
C 143 Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic Cement Con- 3.3.1 Determination of the time the structure is permitted to
crete2 be put in service,
C 172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete2 3.3.2 Comparison with test results of standard cured speci-
C 173 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed mens or with test results from various in-place test methods,
Concrete by the Volumetric Method2 3.3.3 Adequacy of curing and protection of concrete in the
C 192 Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test structure, or
Speci- mens in the Laboratory2 3.3.4 Form or shoring removal time requirements.
C 231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed
Concrete by the Pressure Method2 4. Apparatus
4.1 Molds, General—Molds for specimens or fastenings
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-9 on Concrete thereto in contact with the concrete shall be made of steel, cast
and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.61 on
Testing Concrete for Strength.
Current edition approved July 10, 1998. Published February 1999. Originally
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
3
published as C 31 – 20. Last previous edition C 31 – 96.
Available from American Concrete Institute, P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills,
4
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
MI 48333-9094.

Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 C 31/C
iron, or other nonabsorbent material, nonreactive with concrete
containing portland or other hydraulic cements. Molds shall 4.10 Air Content Apparatus—The apparatus for measuring
hold their dimensions and shape under all conditions of use. air content shall conform to the requirements of Test Methods
Molds shall be watertight during use as judged by their ability C 173 or C 231.
to hold water poured into them. Provisions for tests of water 4.11 Temperature Measuring Devices—The temperature
leakage are given in the Test Methods for Elongation, Absorp- measuring devices shall conform to the applicable require-
tion, and Water Leakage section of Specification C 470. A ments of Test Method C 1064.
suitable sealant, such as heavy grease, modeling clay, or
microcrystalline wax shall be used where necessary to prevent 5. Testing Requirements
leakage through the joints. Positive means shall be provided to 5.1 Cylindrical Specimens—Compressive or splitting ten-
hold base plates firmly to the molds. Reusable molds shall be sile strength specimens shall be cylinders cast and allow to set
lightly coated with mineral oil or a suitable nonreactive form in an upright position, with a length equal to twice the
release material before use. diameter. The standard specimen shall be the 6 by 12-in. [150
4.2 Cylinder Molds—Molds for casting concrete test speci- by 300-mm] cylinder when the nominal maximum size of the
mens shall conform to the requirements of Specification C coarse aggregate does not exceed 2 in. [50 mm] (Note 2, Note
470. 3). When the nominal maximum size of the coarse aggregate
4.3 Beam Molds—Beam molds shall be of the shape and does exceed 2 in. [50 mm], either the concrete sample shall be
dimensions required to produce the specimens stipulated in treated by wet sieving as described in Practice C 172 or the
5.2. The inside surfaces of the molds shall be smooth. The diameter of the cylinder shall be at least three times the
sides, bottom, and ends shall be at right angles to each other nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate in the concrete.
and shall be straight and true and free of warpage. Maximum For acceptance testing for specified strength, cylinders smaller
variation from the nominal cross section shall not exceed 1⁄8 in. than 6 by 12 in. [150 by 300 mm] shall not be used, unless
[3 mm] for molds with depth or breadth of 6 in. [150 mm] or another size is specified (Note 4).
more. Molds shall produce specimens at least as long but not NOTE 2—The nominal maximum size is the smallest sieve opening
more than 1⁄16 in. [2 mm] shorter than the required length in through which the entire amount of aggregate is permitted to pass.
5.2. NOTE 3—When molds in SI units are required and not available,
4.4 Tamping Rod—A round, straight steel rod with the equivalent inch-pound unit size mold should be permitted.
dimensions conforming to those in Table 1, having the NOTE 4—For uses other than acceptance testing for specified strength,
tamping end or both ends rounded to a hemispherical tip of the a 4 by 8 in. [100 by 200 mm] or 5 by 10 in. [125 by 250 mm] cylinder
may be suitable. However, the diameter of any cylinder shall be at least
same diameter as the rod. three times the nominal maximum size of the coarse aggregate in the
4.5 Vibrators—Internal vibrators shall be used. The concrete (Note 2). When cylinders smaller than the standard size are
vibrator frequency shall be at least 7000 vibrations per minute used, within-test variability has been shown to be higher but not to a
[150 Hz] while the vibrator is operating in the concrete. The statistically significant degree. The compressive strength results are
diameter of a round vibrator shall be no more than one-third affected by a number of factors including cylinder size.
the diameter of the cylinder mold or one-third the width of the 5.2 Beam Specimens—Flexural strength specimens shall be
beam mold. Other shaped vibrators shall have a perimeter beams of concrete cast and hardened in the horizontal position.
equivalent to the circumference of an appropriate round The length shall be at least 2 in. [50 mm] greater than three
vibrator. The combined length of the vibrator shaft and times the depth as tested. The ratio of width to depth as
vibrating element shall exceed the depth of the section being molded shall not exceed 1.5. The standard beam shall be 6 by
vibrated by at least 3 in. [75 mm]. The vibrator frequency 6 in. [150 by 150 mm] in cross section, and shall be used for
shall be checked periodically. concrete with nominal maximum size coarse aggregate up to 2
NOTE 1—For information on size and frequency of various vibrators in. [50 mm] (Note 2). When the nominal maximum size of the
and a method to periodically check vibrator frequency see ACI 309. coarse aggregate exceeds 2 in. [50 mm], the smaller cross
4.6 Mallet—A mallet with a rubber or rawhide head weigh- sectional dimension of the beam shall be at least three times
ing 1.25 6 0.50 lb [0.6 6 0.2 kg] shall be used. the nominal maximum size of the coarse aggregate. Unless
4.7 Small Tools—Shovels, hand-held floats, scoops, and a required by project specifications, beams made in the field
vibrating-reed tachometer shall be provided. shall not have a width or depth of less than 6 in. [150 mm].
4.8 Slump Apparatus—The apparatus for measurement of 5.3 Field Technicians—The field technicians making and
slump shall conform to the requirements of Test Method C curing specimens for acceptance testing shall be certified ACI
143. Field Testing Technicians, Grade I or equivalent. Equivalent
4.9 Sampling Receptacle—The receptacle shall be a personnel certification programs shall include both written and
suitable heavy gage metal pan, wheelbarrow, or flat, clean performance examinations, as outlined in ACI CP-1.
nonabsor- bent board of sufficient capacity to allow easy 6. Sampling Concrete
remixing of the entire sample with a shovel or trowel.
TABLE 1 Tamping Rod Requirements
Rod DimensionsA
Diameter of Cylinder or Width of
Beam in. [mm] Diameter Length of Rod
in. [mm] in. [mm] 6.1 The samples used to fabricate test specimens under this

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 C 31/C
standard shall be obtained in accordance with Practice C 172
<6 [150] 3/8 [10] 12 [300]
6 [150] 5/8 [16] 20 [500] unless an alternative procedure has been approved.
9 [225] 5/8 [16] 26 [650] 6.2 Record the identification of the sample with respect to
A
Rod tolerances length 6 4 in. [100 mm] and diameter 6 1⁄16 in. [2 the location of the concrete represented and the time of casting.
mm].

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 C 31/C
7. Slump, Air Content, and Temperature
TABLE 3 Molding Requirements by Rodding
7.1 Slump—Measure and record the slump of each batch of Specimen Type Number of
Number of
Approximate Depth of
concrete from which specimens are made immediately after Roddings
and Size Layers Layer, in. [mm]
remixing in the receptacle, as required in Test Method C 143. per Layer
7.2 Air Content—Determine and record the air content in Cylinders:
Diameter, in. [mm]
accordance with either Test Method C 173 or Test Method 4 [100] 3 25 one-third depth of specimen
C 231. The concrete used in performing the air content test 6 [150] 3 25 one-third depth of specimen
shall not be used in fabricating test specimens. 9 [225] 4 50 4.5 [112]
Beams:
7.3 Temperature—Determine and record the temperature in Width, in. [mm]
accordance with Test Method C 1064. 6 [150] to 8 [200] 2 see 8.3 one-half depth of specimen
>8 [200] 3 or more see 8.3 3 [75] to 4 [100]
NOTE 5—Some specifications may require the measurement of the unit
weight of concrete. The volume of concrete produced per batch may be
desired on some projects. Also, additional information on the air content TABLE 4 Molding Requirements by Vibration
measurements may be desired. Test Method C 138 is used to measure the Number of
unit weight, yield, and gravimetric air content of freshly mixed concrete. Specimen Type Number of Vibrator Approximate Depth of
and Size Layers Insertions Layer, in. [mm]
8. Molding Specimens per Layer
Cylinders:
8.1 Place of Molding—Mold specimens promptly on a Diameter, in. [mm]
level, rigid surface, free of vibration and other disturbances, at 4 [100] 2 1 one-half depth of specimen
a place as near as practicable to the location where they are to 6 [150] 2 2 one-half depth of specimen
9 [225] 2 4 one-half depth of specimen
be stored. Beams:
8.2 Casting Cylinders—Select the proper tamping rod from Width, in. [mm]
4.4 and Table 1 or the proper vibrator from 4.5. Determine the 6 [150] to 8 [200] 1 see 8.4.2 depth of specimen
over 8 [200] 2 or more see 8.4.2 8 [200] as near as
method of consolidation from Table 2, unless another method practicable
is specified. If the method of consolidation is rodding, deter-
mine molding requirements from Table 3. If the method of
consolidation is vibration, determine molding requirements
from Table 4. Select a small tool of a size and shape large 8.4 Consolidation—The methods of consolidation for this
enough so each amount of concrete obtained from the practice are rodding or internal vibration.
sampling receptacle will be representative and small enough 8.4.1 Rodding—Place the concrete in the mold, in the
so concrete is not lost when being placed in the mold. While required number of layers of approximately equal volume.
placing the concrete in the mold, move the small tool around Rod each layer with the rounded end of the rod using the
the perimeter of the mold opening to ensure an even required number of roddings. Rod the bottom layer throughout
distribution of the concrete and minimize segregation. Each its depth. Distribute the roddings uniformly over the cross
layer of concrete shall be consolidated as required. In placing section of the mold. For each upper layer, allow the rod to
the final layer, add an amount of concrete that will fill the penetrate through the layer being rodded and into the layer
mold after consolida- tion. below approximately 1 in. [25 mm]. After each layer is
8.3 Casting Beams—Select the proper tamping rod from rodded, tap the outsides of the mold lightly 10 to 15 times with
4.4 and Table 1 or proper vibrator from 4.5. Determine the the mallet, to close any holes left by rodding and to release
method of consolidation from Table 2, unless another method any large air bubbles that may have been trapped. Use an open
is specified. If the method of consolidation is rodding, hand to tap light-gage single-use cylinder molds which are
determine the molding requirements from Table 3. If the susceptible to damage if tapped with a mallet. After tapping,
method of consolidation is vibration, determine the molding spade the concrete along the sides and ends of beam molds
requirements from Table 4. Determine the number of roddings with a trowel or other suitable tool. Underfilled molds shall be
per layer, one for each 2 in.2[14 cm2] of the top surface area of adjusted with repre- sentative concrete during consolidation of
the beam. Select a small tool, of the size and shape large the top layer. Over- filled molds shall have excess concrete
enough so each amount of concrete obtained from the removed.
sampling receptacle is representative and small enough so 8.4.2 Vibration—Maintain a uniform time period for dura-
concrete is not lost when placed in the mold. Each layer shall tion of vibration for the particular kind of concrete, vibrator,
be consolidated as required. In placing the final layer, add an and specimen mold involved. The duration of vibration re-
amount of concrete that will fill the mold after consolidation. quired will depend upon the workability of the concrete and
Place the concrete so that it is uniformly distributed within the effectiveness of the vibrator. Usually sufficient vibration
each layer with a minimum of segregation. has been applied as soon as the surface of the concrete has
TABLE 2 Method of Consolidation Requirements become relatively smooth. Continue vibration only long
enough to achieve proper consolidation of the concrete.
Overvibration
may cause segregation. Fill the molds and vibrate in the
Slump in. (mm) Method of Consolidation 1 to 3 (25 to 75) rodding or vibration
<1 (25) vibration
>3 (75) rodding

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 C 31/C
required number of approximately equal
layers. Place all the concrete for each layer in
the mold before starting vibration of that
layer. In compacting the specimen, the
vibrator shall not be allowed to rest on the
bottom or sides of the mold. Carefully

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 C 31/C
withdraw the vibrator in such a manner that no air pockets are finishing move the specimens to an initial curing place for
left in the specimen. When placing the final layer, avoid
overfilling by more than 1⁄4 in. [6 mm].
8.4.2.1 Cylinders—The number of insertions of the vibrator
per layer is given in Table 4. When more than one insertion
per layer is required distribute the insertion uniformly within
each layer. Allow the vibrator to penetrate through the layer
being vibrated, and into the layer below, approximately 1 in.
[25 mm]. After each layer is vibrated, tap the outsides of the
mold lightly 10 to 15 times with the mallet, to close any holes
that remain and to release any large air bubbles that may have
been trapped. Use an open hand to tap light-gage single-use
molds which are susceptible to damage if tapped with a
mallet.
8.4.2.2 Beams—Insert the vibrator at intervals not exceed-
ing 6 in. [150 mm] along the center line of the long dimension
of the specimen. For specimens wider than 6 in., use alternat-
ing insertions along two lines. Allow the shaft of the vibrator to
penetrate into the bottom layer approximately 1 in. (25 mm).
After each layer is vibrated, tap the outsides of the mold
lightly
10 to 15 times with the mallet to close any holes left by
vibrating and to release any large air bubbles that may have
been trapped.
8.5 Finishing—After consolidation, strike off excess con-
crete from the surface and float or trowel as required. Perform
all finishing with the minimum manipulation necessary to
produce a flat even surface that is level with the rim or edge of
the mold and that has no depressions or projections larger
than 1⁄8 in. [3.3 mm].
8.5.1 Cylinders—After consolidation, finish the top
surfaces by striking them off with the tamping rod where the
consis- tency of the concrete permits or with a wood float or
trowel. If desired, cap the top surface of freshly made
cylinders with a thin layer of stiff portland cement paste which
is permitted to harden and cure with the specimen. See section
on Capping Materials of Practice C 617.
8.5.2 Beams—After consolidation of the concrete, use a
hand-held float to strike off the top surface to the required
tolerance to produce a flat, even surface.
8.6 Identification—Mark the specimens to positively iden-
tify them and the concrete they represent. Use a method that
will not alter the top surface of the concrete. Do not mark the
removable caps. Upon removal of the molds, mark the test
specimens to retain their identities.
9. Curing
9.1 Protection—Immediately after finishing, precautions
shall be taken to prevent evaporation and loss of water from
the specimens. Protect the outside surfaces of cardboard molds
from contact with wet burlap or other sources of water. Cover
specimens with a nonabsorbent, nonreactive plate or sheet of
impervious plastic. When wetted burlap is used over the plate
or plastic sheet to help retard evaporation, the burlap must not
be in contact with the surface of the concrete.
9.2 Standard Curing—Standard curing is the curing
method used when the specimens are made and cured for the
purposes stated in 3.2.
9.2.1 Storage—If specimens cannot be molded at the place
where they will receive initial curing, immediately after
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 C 31/C
storage (Note 6). The supporting surface on which specimens hydroxide at 73 6 3°F [23 6 2°C]. Drying of the surfaces of
are stored shall be level to within 1⁄4 in. per ft [20 mm per m]. the beam shall be prevented between removal from water
If cylinders in the single use molds are moved, lift and storage and comple- tion of testing.
support the cylinders from the bottom of the molds with a
large trowel or similar device. If the top surface is marred
during movement to place of initial storage, immediately
refinish.
9.2.2 Initial Curing—After molding, the specimens shall
be stored in a temperature range between 60 to 80°F [16 to
27°C] and in a moist environment preventing moisture loss
up to 48 h (Note 6). Shield all specimens from direct sunlight
and, if used, radiant heating devices. The storage temperature
shall be controlled by use of cooling or heating devices, as
necessary. Record the temperature of the storage
environment using a maximum-minimum thermometer. For
concrete mixtures with specified strengths of 6 000 psi [40
MPa] or greater, the initial storage curing temperature shall
be between 68 and 78°F [20 and 26°C]. Specimens that are
to be transported to the laboratory for final curing of Section
9.2.3 before 48 h shall remain in the molds in a moist
environment, until they are received in the laboratory,
demolded and placed in final curing. If specimens are not
transported within 48 h, the molds shall be removed within
24 6 8 h and final curing used until trans- ported (see 10.1).
NOTE 6—It may be necessary to create an environment during the
initial curing to provide satisfactory moisture and to control the
tempera- ture. The specimens may be immediately immersed in water
saturated with calcium hydroxide, stored in tightly constructed wooden
boxes, damp sand pits, temporary buildings at construction sites, under
wet burlap or heavyweight closed plastic bags. For concrete mixtures
with specified compressive strengths of 6 000 psi [40 MPa] or greater,
heat of hydration generated during the early ages may raise the storage
temperature above the required storage temperature. Immersion in
water saturated with calcium hydroxide may be the easiest method to
maintain the required storage temperature. Immersing in water saturated
with calcium hydroxide should not be used for specimens in cardboard
or other molds that expand when immersed in water. Other suitable
methods may be used provided the requirements limiting specimen
temperature and moisture loss are met. The temperature may be
controlled by ventilation, thermostatically controlled thermal devices, or
by heating devices such as stoves, light bulbs, or thermostatically
controlled heating elements. Early age strength test results may be
lower when stored near 60°F [16°C] and higher when stored near 80°F
[27°C].
9.2.3 Final Curing:
9.2.3.1 Cylinders—Upon completion of initial curing and
within 30 min after removing the molds, cure specimens with
free water maintained on their surfaces at all times at a
temperature of 73 6 3°F [23 6 2°C] using water storage
tanks or moist rooms complying with the requirements of
Specifica- tion C 511. Temperatures between 68 and 86°F
[20 and 30°C] are permitted for a period not to exceed 3 h
immediately prior to test if free moisture is maintained on the
surfaces of the specimen at all times, except when capping
with sulfur mortar capping compound. When capping with
this material, the ends of the cylinder will be dried as
described in Practice C 617.
9.2.3.2 Beams—Beams are to be cured the same as cylin-
ders (see 9.2.3.1) except for 24 6 4 h prior to testing, they
shall be stored in water saturated with calcium

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 C 31/C
NOTE 7—Relatively small amounts of surface drying of flexural speci- from specimen to specimen. Observe the precautions given in
mens can induce tensile stresses in the extreme fibers that will markedly 9.2.3.2 to guard against drying between time of removal from
reduce the indicated flexural strength.
curing to testing.
9.3 Field Curing—Field curing is the curing method used
for the specimens made and cured as stated in 3.3. 10. Transportation of Specimens to Laboratory
9.3.1 Cylinders—Store cylinders in or on the structure as 10.1 Prior to transporting, cure and protect specimens as
near to the point of deposit of the concrete represented as required in Section 9. Specimens shall not be transported until
possible. Protect all surfaces of the cylinders from the at least 8 h after final set. (See Note 8). During transporting,
elements in as near as possible the same way as the formed protect the specimens with suitable cushioning material to
work. Provide the cylinders with the same temperature and prevent damage from jarring. During cold weather, protect the
moisture environment as the structural work. Test the specimens from freezing with suitable insulation material.
specimens in the moisture condition resulting from the Prevent moisture loss during transportation by wrapping the
specified curing treat- ment. To meet these conditions, specimens in plastic, wet burlap, by surrounding them with
specimens made for the purpose of determining when a wet sand, or tight fitting plastic caps on plastic molds.
structure is permitted to be put in service shall be removed Transporta- tion time shall not exceed 4 h.
from the molds at the time of removal of form work.
9.3.2 Beams—As nearly as practicable, cure beams in the NOTE 8—Setting time may be measured by Test Method C 403.
same manner as the concrete in the structure. At the end of
11. Report
48 6 4 h after molding, take the molded specimens to the
storage location and remove from the molds. Store specimens 11.1 Report the following information to the laboratory that
representing pavements of slabs on grade by placing them on will test the specimens:
the ground as molded, with their top surfaces up. Bank the 11.1.1 Identification number,
sides and ends of the specimens with earth or sand that shall 11.1.2 Location of concrete represented by the samples,
be kept damp, leaving the top surfaces exposed to the 11.1.3 Date, time and name of individual molding speci-
specified curing treatment. Store specimens representing mens,
structure con- crete as near the point in the structure they 11.1.4 Slump, air content, and concrete temperature, test
represent as possible, and afford them the same temperature results and results of any other tests on the fresh concrete and
protection and moisture environment as the structure. At the any deviations from referenced standard test methods, and
end of the curing period leave the specimens in place exposed 11.1.5 Curing method.
to the weather in the same manner as the structure. Remove all
beam specimens from field storage and store in water 12. Keywords
saturated with calcium hydroxide at 73 6 3°F [23 6 2°C] for 12.1 beams; casting samples; concrete; curing; cylinders;
24 6 4 h immediately before time of testing to ensure testing
uniform moisture condition

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