HB Llbdy
HB Llbdy
HB Llbdy
ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ
ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ
ﻫﺒﺔ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻤﻨﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻠﺒﺩﻱ
ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻑ
ﺃ .ﺩ .ﻭﺍﺌل ﺃﺒﻭ ﺼﺎﻝﺢ
ﻗﺩﻤﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻝﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ
ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺎﺒﻠﺱ ،ﻓﻠﺴﻁﻴﻥ.
2012ﻡ
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د
ﺍﻹﻗﺭﺍﺭ
ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ
ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺃﻗﺭ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺍﺸﺘﻤﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ،ﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺠﻬﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ ،ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤـﺎ ﺘﻤـﺕ
ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺤﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻝﻡ ﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒـل ﻝﻨﻴـل ﺃﻱ
Declaration
researcher's own work, and has not been submitted elsewhere for any other
degree or qualification.
Signature: ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻗﻴﻊ:
Date: ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ:
ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ
ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ
ﺝ ﺍﻹﻫﺩﺍﺀ
ﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻜﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ
ﻫـ ﺍﻹﻗﺭﺍﺭ
ﻭ ﻓﻬﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ
ﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺨﺹ
1 ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
5 ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ
9 ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل :ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ
10 ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻷﻭل :ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﺤﻠﻪ
10 * ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ
11 * ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ
12 * ﺃﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ
14 ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ
14 ﻻ :ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻠﻲ
ﺃﻭ ﹰ
15 ﺜﺎﻨﻴﹰﺎ :ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻱ
16 ﺜﺎﻝﺜﹰﺎ :ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﺩﺍﻨﻲ
18 ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ :ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﺒﻘﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ
18 ﻲ
ﺃﻭﻻ :ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠ
24 ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ :ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ
29 ﺜﺎﻝﺜﹰﺎ :ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ
34 ﺭﺍﺒﻌﺎ :ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ
40 ﺨﺎﻤﺴﺎ :ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﺔ
45 ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ :ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ "ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ"
46 ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻷﻭل :ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل
48 ﻻ :ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻝﻭﺩﺍﻉ
ﺃﻭ ﹰ
51 ﺜﺎﻨﻴﹰﺎ :ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ
و
ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ
53 ﺜﺎﻝﺜﹰﺎ :ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ
53 * ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ
67 * ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ
74 ﺭﺍﺒﻌﹰﺎ :ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل
84 ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ :ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ
84 ﻻ :ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ
ﺃﻭ ﹰ
92 ﺜﺎﻨﻴﹰﺎ :ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ
103 ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ :ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺒﻴﺔ
108 ﻻ :ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ
ﺃﻭ ﹰ
113 ﺜﺎﻨﻴﹰﺎ :ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ
113 * ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺴﺎﻥ
115 * ﻭﺼﻑ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ
123 ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺒﻊ :ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ
124 ﺃﻭﻻ :ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺀ
127 ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ :ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﺎﺀ
131 ﺜﺎﻝﺜﺎ :ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺯﻭﺠﺔ
135 ﺭﺍﺒﻌﺎ :ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻹﺨﻭﺍﻥ
138 ﺨﺎﻤﺴﺎ :ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀ
144 ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ :ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ
145 ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻷﻭل :ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﻭﻱ
145 ﻻ :ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ
ﺃﻭ ﹰ
146 * ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ
150 *ﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻠﺹ
152 * ﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ
154 ﺜﺎﻨﻴﹰﺎ :ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ
159 ﺜﺎﻝﺜﹰﺎ :ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ
165 ﺭﺍﺒﻌﹰﺎ :ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻌﻴﺔ
166 ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ
ز
ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ
166 * ﺍﻝﻁﺒﺎﻕ
169 * ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ
170 * ﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴل
171 ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅﻴﺔ
171 * ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺎﺱ
173 * ﻝﺯﻭﻡ ﻤﺎﻻ ﻴﻠﺯﻡ
174 * ﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﺭ
175 ﺨﺎﻤﺴﹰﺎ :ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ
175 * ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻲ
178 * ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻲ
184 ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ :ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ
184 ﻻ :ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ )ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﻝﻔﺎﻅ(
ﺃﻭ ﹰ
190 ﺜﺎﻨ ﻴﺎ :ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ )ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ(
190 * ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ
192 * ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ
195 ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ :ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ
201 ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ
204 ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺭﺩ
205 * ﻤﺴﺭﺩ ﺍﻵﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻨﻴﺔ
206 * ﻤﺴﺭﺩ ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻴﺙ
207 * ﻤﺴﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻓﻲ
217 ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ
b Abstract
ح
ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ
ﻫﺒﺔ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻤﻨﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻠﺒﺩﻱ
ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻑ
ﺃ .ﺩ .ﻭﺍﺌل ﺃﺒﻭ ﺼﺎﻝﺢ
ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺨﺹ
ﺨﻴﺎل ﻗﺎﺩﺭ
ﺴﻬﻡ ﻭﺇﺩﺭﺍﻜﻬﻡ ،ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻭﺭﻫﻡ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺼﻑ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﺍﻝ ﹶ
ﻜل ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﻗﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺤ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺼﻭﻴ ِﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴﻭﺱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺤ ﻴﺔ ،ﻴﻅﻬ ﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺒﺩﺍﻋﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎﻻﺘﻪ ﻭﺘﺄﺜﺭﻩ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺤﻭﻝﻪ.
ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻪ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﺤﻠﻪ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﺭﻀﺕ ﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻓﻥ
ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﺒﻘﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝـﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼـﻑ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﻓـﻲ ﺸـﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻐـﺯل ،ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻤـﺭ،
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻓﺠﻌﻠﺘﻪ ﻝﻠﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻋﻨـﺩ
ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ.
ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ :ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ.
ط
ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ
ﺤﻤ ﺩ ﷲ ،ﻭﺼﻑ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺒﻨﻌﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻤﺎل ،ﻝﻴﺱ ﻜﻤﺜﻠﻪ ﺸـﻲﺀ ،ﻭﻫﻭﺍﻝﺴـﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺒﺼـﻴﺭ..
ﻥ ﺍﻝ
ﺇ
ﺘﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻭﻤﻠﻙ ﺃﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ﻫـﻭ ﺍﻝﺸـﺎﻋﺭ "
ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ"820-778) 1ﻩ( ﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ )820- 810ﻩ(،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﺭﻓﺘﻪ
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺃﻤﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺸﺠﺎﻋﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻗﺎﺌﺩﹰﺍ ﺒﺎﺭﻋﹰﺎ ،ﻭﺼﻤﺩ ﻝﺒﻨﻲ ﻤﺭﻴﻥ 2ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺴﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﺤﻜﻤﻪ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ
ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ﻭﺒﻨﻲ ﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺩ ﻭﺠﺯﺭ.3
ﻭﺘﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﺵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺸﺎﻋﺭﻨﺎ ،ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﺤﺘﻀﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ،
ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻤﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻴﻼﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁـﺔ.
ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺘﺭﺯﺡ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻋﺏﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﻌﻑ ،ﻭﺘﺘﻨﺎﺯﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻫﻭﺍﺀ ،ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﺴﺘﻭﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﺎﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺩ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻘﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻼﺩ.4
ﺍﻷﺭﺽ.
ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ :ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻘﺏ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﷲ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻐﻨﻲ ﺒـﺎﷲ 1
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻘﺏ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﷲ ،ﻭﻝﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻔﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺴﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﺴﺒﻌﻤﺌﺔ ،ﺃﺒﻌﺩﻩ
ﻻ ﻤﻨﻪ ،ﻭﺒﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺠﻨﻪ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﺎﻡ ) 810ﻩ( ،ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ)820ﻫـ
ﺃﺨﻭﻩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺴﺠﻥ ﺸﻠﻭﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ؛ ﻝﻴﺴﺘﻭﻝﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺭﺵ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ ﺒﺩ ﹰ
( .ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﻜﻠﻲ ،ﺨﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ :ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻡ،ﻁ ،14ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﻝﻠﻤﻼﻴﻴﻥ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ،1999 ،ﺝ.5
ﺒﻨﻭ ﻤﺭﻴﻥ :ﺴﻼﻝﺔ ﺃﻤﺎﺯﻴﻐﻴﺔ ،ﺘﻭﻝﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺭﺏ 1465-1244ﻡ ،ﻭﻫﻡ ﺒﻁﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻁﻭﻥ ﻗﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﺯﻨﺎﺘﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻬﻴﺭﺓ، 2
ﻤﻘﺭﻫﻡ ﻓﺎﺱ .ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﻋﻨﺎﻥ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ :ﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻨﺠﻲ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،1997 ،ﺹ.95
ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻴﺔ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺭﻀﻭﺍﻥ:ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ،ﻁ ،3ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ1992 ،ﻡ،ﺹ.207 3
ﻋﺘﻴﻕ ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺯﻴﺯ :ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ،،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ 1976 ،ﺹ.119 4
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ﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻨﻪ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺴﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺒـ "ﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺸﺔ" ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﻅﻤﻬـﺎ ﺃﺜﻨـﺎﺀ
ﺱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﺨﻭﻩ "ﻤﺤﻤﺩ" ﺘﻭﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻝـﺩﻩ ﺴـﻨﻪ)794ﻩ(،
ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﺠﻥ ،ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﹶﻨ ﹶﻔ
ﻓﺴﻴﻁﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ،ﻭﺴﺠﻥ ﺃﺨﺎﻩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﻝﻜﻥ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﻋﺎﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ )810ﻩ( ،ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ
ﺃﻋﺎﻨﻪ ﺠﻤﻬﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﺼﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺠﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ.1
ﻭﺍﺭﺘﺄﻴﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻓﺼﻭل ﻴﺘﺼﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ ،ﻭﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ.
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺴﻌﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺨﻠﻴﺩ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺒﺂﺜﺎﺭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ،
ﻓﻘﺩ ﺨﱠﻠﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻌﺭ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻋﻴﻨﻬﻡ ،ﻭﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ
ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ،ﻭﻤﻜﺎﻨﺘﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ.
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل " :ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ" ﺘﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤـﺙ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻋـﻥ
ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻋﻥ ﺃﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ،ﻭﻤﺭﺍﺤﻠﻪ.ﺃﻤـﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤـﺙ
ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻋﺭﻀﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺠـﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺼـﺭ
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﻤﺭﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﻌﺼﺭ ﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ،ﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﺩﺍﻴـﺔ ﺍﺴـﺘﻘﻼﻝﻴﺔ
ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺒﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ " :ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺸـﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴـﻑ
ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ" ،ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺤﻀﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﺤﻴﺙ
ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺤﺙ ،ﻭﻫﻲ:
2
ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻷﻭل :ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ.
ﻭﺠﺎﺀ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻤﺘﺴﻠﺴﻼﹰ؛ ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﺤﺏ ﻭﺘﻐﺯل ،ﻭﻨﻅﻡ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ
ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺤﻠﻭ ﺸﺭﺒﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ
ﻗﺩﻤﻭﺍ ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻝـﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻋـﻥ ﺁﺨـﺭ ﻤﻌﻘـل ﻤـﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻗـل ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻷﻨـﺩﻝﺱ
-ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ -ﻭﻓﻲ ﻅل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻤﻥ ﻋ ﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻘﺩﻫﻡ ،ﻓﺭﺜـﺎﻫﻡ ﺃﺠﻤـل
ﺭﺜﺎﺀ.
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ "ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ" ﺤﻴﺙ
ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺤﺙ،ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﻭﻱ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ،ﻤﻥ
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﻨﻭﻋﻴﻬﺎ :ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴـﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـﺔ
)ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﻝﻔﺎﻅ( ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ )ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ(.
ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻲ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ
ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻲ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻓـﺔ ﺘـﺎﺭﻴﺦ
ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ.
3
ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ،
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﺨﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻨﺜﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻀﺎﻋﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ،ﻭﺘﻤﺜﻠﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﻤـﺎ ﻜﺘﺒـﻪ
ﻤﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﻜﻨﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺘﻪ ﻝﻪ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺭﻀﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻴـﻪ:
)ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﻭﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ( ،ﻭﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤـﺙ
ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﺭﺍﺸﺩ ﺒﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ :ﺍﻝﻔﺨﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ.
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ "ﻨﻔﺢ ﺍﻝﻁﻴـﺏ ﻤـﻥ ﻏﺼـﻥ
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻴﺏ" ﻝﻠﻤﻘ ﺭﻱ ،ﻭ"ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺒﻪ ﻭﻨﻘﺩﻩ" ﻻﺒﻥ ﺭﺸـﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺭﻭﺍﻨـﻲ،
ﻭﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ " ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﻤﻠﻙ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ" ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﻜﻨﻭﻥ ،ﻭ"ﺍﻹﺤﺎﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺨﺒﺎﺭ
ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ" ﻝﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻴﺏ ،ﻭ" ﺍﻝﺫﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﺴﻥ ﺃﻫل ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ" ﻻﺒﻥ ﺒﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﻨﺘﺭﻴﻨﻲ.
ﻭﺘﻤﺜﻠﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﺒﻪ ﻤﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﻜﻨﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺘﻪ ﻝﻪ ،ﻭﻤﺎ
ﻜﺘﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺭﻀﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻴﻪ ):ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﻭﻤﺨﺘـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ( ،ﻭﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﺭﺍﺸﺩ ﺒﻌﻨـﻭﺍﻥ :ﺍﻝﻔﺨـﺭ ﻋﻨـﺩ
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ.
ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ،ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻘل ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺍﻀﻊ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺼﺒﺕ ﻓﺒﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﷲ ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﺃﺨﻁﺄﺕ ﻓﺤﺴـﺒﻲ
ﺃﻨﻨﻲ ﺤﺎﻭﻝﺕ ﻭﺍﺠﺘﻬﺩﺕ.
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ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ
ﺱ
ﻭﻋﺭﻓﺕ ﺍﻷﻤﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﹰﺎ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻭﻥ ،ﺠﻌﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﹸﺘﻘـﺎﺱ ﺒﻤﻘﻴـﺎ ٍ
ﺱ ﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ ،ﺃﻭ ﻴﻬﺒﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻨﻭﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺭﻗ ﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺜﻘﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺎ ﺨﹼﻠﻔﻪ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﺤﺴﺎ ٍ
ﺕ ﺘﺤﻜﻲ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺘـﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﻤـﻡ
ﻤﺴﻴﺭﺘﻪ ﻭﻜﻴﻨﻭﻨﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ،ﺘﺭﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩﻩ ﺁﺜﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺭﺴﺎﻻ ٍ
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻏﺒﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻫﺎﻝﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ،ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻓﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺴﺒل ﻤﻌﻴﺸﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻬﻡ.
ﻓﺎﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺠﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﻙ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺁﻻﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻤﺎﺯﺍﻝﺕ ﺁﺜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻨﺎ
ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻡ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻓـﻭﻕ ﺠـﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻬـﻭﻑ،
ﻭﻨﻘﻭﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ،ﺘﺤﻜﻲ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻗﺼﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻝﻤﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻡ
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻭﻝﻪ ﺒﺼﺩﻕ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻨﺎﻥ ﺒﻁﺒﻌﻪ ﻭﺼﺎﻨﻊ ﺒﻌﻘﻠﻪ .2
ﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺎﺭ ﹸﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻋﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻴل ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻓﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺼـﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺤﻴـﺙ
ﺴ ﻌ ِ
ﻭ
ﻨﺠﺩ ﺼﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻤﺨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺒﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺜﻴل
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﺭ.3
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﺭﻉ ﺍﻹﻏﺭﻴﻕ ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺵ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺯﺨﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻬـﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﻘـﺩﺓ
ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﺼﻭﺭﻭﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺴﺎﻁﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺒﻭﺩﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺒﺩﻫﻡ ﻭﻤﺒﺎﻨﻴﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻗﺩ
ﺍﺸﺘﻬﺭﻭﺍ ﺒﻘﺩﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻥ ﻨﺤﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺜﻴل.4
ﺍﻝﺩﻫﺎﻥ ،ﺴﺎﻤﻲ )ﻭﻝﺠﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺩﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ( :ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ،ﻁ ،3ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﺼﺭ،1981 ،ﺹ5 1
ﻋﻭﻑ ،ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ :ﻤﻭﺴﻭﻋﺔ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ،ﺩﻁ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﻝﻠﻤﻼﻴﻴﻥ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ،2005 ،ﺝ،1ﺹ.12 2
ﻗﺎﺩﻭﺱ ،ﻋﺯﺕ ﺯﻜﻲ :ﻓﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ،ﺩﻁ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،2000 ،ﺹ.14 3
ﺒﺭﺍﺴﺘﺩ ،ﺠﻴﻤﺱ ﻫﻨﺭﻱ:ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ،ﺩﻁ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻋﺯ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ،1983،ﺹ.76 4
5
ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺸـﺎﻫﺩﺓ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻤﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺴﻌﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻴل ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﺩ ﺒﺸﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﺎﺌل.
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻓﻨﺎﻥ ﻤﺒﺩﻉ ﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻜﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﻗﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﻴﻥ ،ﻓﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻯ ،ﻭﺼﻭﺭ ﻤﺎ
ﺕ ﺨﺎﻝﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺘﻘـﻑ
ﺸﺎﻫﺩ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﺎ ﺃﺤﺱ ،ﻓﺘﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝ ﻤﺘﹾﺤﻑ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻲ ﺼﻔﺤﺎ ٍ
ﻝﻤﺘﺎﺤﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﺎﻤﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺤﺎﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺼﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﻁ ،ﻭﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻜـﺎﺓ ،ﻭﻨﻘـل
ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺎﻁ ،ﻭﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻭﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻅل ،ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﺃﻡ ﻓـﻲ
ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ،ﺃﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺒﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ.1
ﺕ
ل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠـﺔ ،ﻤـﻥ ﻤﻠﻬﻤـﺎ ٍ
ل ﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﻤ ُ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﻤﻠﻭﺍ ﻝﻐﺘﻬﻡ ﻜ ﱠ
ﻭﺃﺴﺭﺍﺭ ،ﻓﺎﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺒﺄﻝﻭﺍﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻨﻐﺎﻤﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻤﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺤﻭﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻔﻌﻴﻼﺘﻪ ﻭﺒﺤـﻭﺭﻩ،
ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻓﻴﻪ .ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻔﹼل ﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺩﻗﺔ ﺘﺠﻌـل ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﺼـﻭﺭ
ﺍﻝﻜﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻭﻀﺢ ،ﻭﺃﺠﻤل ﻤﻥ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﺒﺩﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻴﺩ ﻓﻨﺎﻥ ﺼﻨﹼﺎﻉ ﺼﻨﻊ ﺃﻝﻭﺍﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻅﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﺩ
ﻋﺒﻘﺭﻱ ﺤﻜﻴﻡ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻤﺜل ﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﺤﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻭﻥ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻀﻤﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ
ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﻭﻓﻬﺎ .2
ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻗﺴﻤﻭﻩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺒﻭﺍﺏ ،ﻫـﻲ :ﺍﻝﻤـﺩﻴﺢ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺨـﺭ،
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻗﺎل ﺃﺒﻭ ﻫﻼل ﺍﻝﻌﺴﻜﺭﻱ":ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ :ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﺢ،
ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺠﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻴﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺜﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ".3
ﻭﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﺴﻜﺭﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺒﻭﺍﺏ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻫـﺎ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻴﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻴﺸﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺭﺩﺍﺌﻪ.
ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻴﺏ ،ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ :ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ،ﻁ ،1ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﺒﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﺼﺭ ،2004 ،ﺹ.10 2
ﺍﻝﻌﺴﻜﺭﻱ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﻫﻼل :ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﻴﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺠﺎﻭﻱ -ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﻀل ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺇﺤﻴـﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻜﺘـﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴـﺔ، 3
،1952ﺹ.131
6
ﻭﺃﻜﺩ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻪ ﻝﻠﻭﺼﻑ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻗﺎل" :ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻗﻠﻪ ﻋﺎﺌـﺩ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺒـﺎﺏ
ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﻻ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺼﺭﻩ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻘﺼﺎﺌﻪ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻝﻠﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ،ﻤﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﺒﻪ".1
ﻭﺠﻌﻠﻭﺍ ﺍﻷﺒﻭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ :ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﺢ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺨﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺠﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺴﻴﺏ ﻝﻺﻨﺴـﺎﻥ
ﺘﺼﻑ ﺃﺨﻼﻗﻪ ،ﻭﻁﺒﺎﻋﻪ ،ﻭﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎﻩ ،ﻭﻤﺤﺎﺴﻨﻪ ،ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺒـﺎﻝﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺒـﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ،
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺃﺩﺨﻠﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ.2
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺘﹼﺴﻌﺕ ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻋﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ ،ﻓﺴﻤﻭﺍ ﻭﺼـﻑ ﺍﻷﻤـﻭﺍﺕ
ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﺴﺎﺀ ﻏﺯﻻﹰ ،ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺴﻤﻭﺍ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﺨﻤﺭﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺼـﻴﺩ ﻁﺭﺩﻴـﺎﺕ،
ﻭﺒﻘﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻕ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﹰﺎ ﺒﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻜﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻴل ،ﻭﺍﻝﻠﻴـل ،ﻭﺍﻝﺒـﺭﻕ،
ﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻕ ﻭﺸﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺯﻝﺔ ﻭﻗﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل.
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺼﺎﻓﻭﻥ ﺒﻁﺒﻌﻬﻡ ،ﻭﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻉ ﺨﻴﺎﻝﻬﻡ ﻭﺩﻗﺔ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺘﻬﻡ ،ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼـﻑ
ﻤﻥ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﺒﻘﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﻭﺼل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻭﻗﻪ ،ﻭُﺃﺼﻠﺕ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩﻩ ،ﻗﺒل ﻭﺼﻭﻝﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺫﻝـﻙ ﺒﺴـﺒﺏ
ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺭﻭﺍﻨﻲ،ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ :ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺒﻪ ﻭﻨﻘﺩﻩ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ:ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﻴﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﻴﺩ،ﻁ،4ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻴل، 1
ﺒﻼﺸﻴﺭ ،ﺭﻴﺠﻴﺱ :ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﻴﻼﻨﻲ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨـﺎﻥ ،1984 ،ﺹ 3
.125
ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﺹ.127 4
7
ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻉ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﻥ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﺘﺴﻌﺕ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺘﻪ ﻝﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻭﻗـﻊ
ﺘﺤﺕ ﺃﻋﻴﻨﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻻ ﻨﻨﻜﺭ ﻓﻀل ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺌﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴل ،ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﺠﺎل ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ؛ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭﻫﺏ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺴﺎﺤﺭﺓ ،ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺤﻁ ﺇﻋﺠـﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴـﺭﻴﻥ،
ﻭﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺇﻝﻬﺎ ٍﻡ ﻝﻠﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ،ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺭﻋﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺯﺍﺌﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﺎ ﺤل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺃﺜﺭ
ﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﻭﺴﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻁﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﻭﻥ ،ﻭﺃﺒﺩﻋﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﺠﺎل ﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ.
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻁﺭﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻨـﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﺼـﻔﺤﺎﺕ
ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﻤﺔ؛ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺴﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺴـﺒﻘﺕ
8
ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل
9
ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻷﻭل
ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ
1
ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﻫﻭ ":ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﻲ ﺀ ﻝﻪ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺼﻔﹰﺎ ﻭ ﺼﻔ ﹰﺔ :ﺤﻼﱠﻫﺎ"
ﻓﻴﻪ.2
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻓﺴﺭ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻘﺎل" :ﺃﺼل ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻜﺸﻑ ﻭﺍﻹﻅﻬﺎﺭ ،ﻴﻘﺎل :ﻭﺼﻑ
ﺍﻝﺜﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺴﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻨ ﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﺭﻩ".4
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺎل ﻗﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﺒﻥ ﺠﻌﻔﺭ" :ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻲﺀ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍل ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ".5
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺸﻤﻲ ﻝﻠﻭﺼﻑ ﻴﻘﻭل" ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ
ﺃﺤﻭﺍﻝﻪ ﻭﻀﺭﻭﺏ ﻨﻌﻭﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻝﻪ ،ﻭﺃﺼﻭﻝﻪ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻫﻲ:
1ﺍﺒﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﻀل ﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺼﺎﺭﻱ :ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﻝﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ،ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺼﻑ،ﻁ ،3ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1965،
: 2أ>،=8إ;3اه ،78و345ون :ا &'()$اCD ، !"#$دة و ،@Aط ،3دار اGH ،3IJKر.1998 ،CE
3ﺍﻝﺭﺍﻓﻌﻲ ،ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﺼﺎﺩﻕ:ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺁﺩﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ،ﻁ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ،1974،ﺝ ،3ﺹ .119
ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺭﻭﺍﻨﻲ،ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ :ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺒﻪ ﻭﻨﻘﺩﻩ،ﺝ،1ﺹ.295 4
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺠﻌﻔﺭ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺝ ﻗﺩﺍﻤﺔ:ﻨﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ:ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻌﻡ ﺨﻔﺎﺠﻲ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1956 ،ﺹ.130 5
ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺨﻭﺭﻱ ،ﺤﻨﺎ :،ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻴل ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،1986،ﺹ .41 6
10
ﺍﻷﻭل :ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﻤﻔﺭﺯﺍ ﻝﻪ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺴﻭﺍﻩ.
ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ :ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻝﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺴﻬﺎﺏ ،ﻭﻴﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺎ ﻝﻠﺤﺎل.1
ﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻕ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ،
ﻭﻓﻲ "ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺼل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ" ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ :ﺠﺯﺀ ﻁﺒﻴﻌ
ﻓﺎﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺒﻁﺒﻌﻪ ﻤﻴﺎل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺤﻭﻝﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺅﺍﺩ.2
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻴﻨﹸﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﻌﺕ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ،ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﻥ ﺃ
ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻅ
ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ:
ﻓﺭﻕ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ "ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺩﺓ" ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺇﺫ ﻗﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻪ ﻝﻠﻭﺼﻑ:
" ...ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻝﻠﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ،ﻤﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﺒﻪ ،ﻷﻨﻪ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻀﻌﺎﻓﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﺠﺎﺯ ﻭﺘﻤﺜﻴل".3
ﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺇﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻲﺀ ،ﻭﺃ
ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺃ
ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺸﻤﻲ،ﺃﺤﻤﺩ:ﺠﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻝﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ،ﻤﺼﺭ،1965 ،ﺝ،1ﺹ.326 1
ﺍﺒﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ:ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺤﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﻥ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ،1964،ﺹ.88 4
ﻁﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻏﺎﺯﻱ :ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﻗﻀﺎﻴﺎﻩ-ﺃﻏﺭﺍﻀﻪ-ﺃﻋﻼﻤﻪ-ﻓﻨﻭﻨﻪ،ﻁ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ 2002،ﻡ ،ﺹ.76 5
11
ﺃﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ
ﻝﻡ ﻴﻘﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺠﻬﻭﺩﻫﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺭﻴﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻨﻌﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ،ﺒل ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ
ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻝﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ.
ﻓﺄﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﺒﻲ ﻫﻼل ﺍﻝﻌﺴﻜﺭﻱ ﻫﻭ":ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﻭﻋﺏ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ،ﺤﺘﻰ
ﻜﺄﻨﻪ ﻴﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﻝﻙ ﻓﺘﺭﺍﻩ ﻨﹸﺼﺏ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﻙ".1
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ ﻓﻬﻭ " :ﻤﺎ ﻨﻌﺕ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﻲﺀ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻤﺜﻠﻪ ﺒﺼﺭﺍ ﻋﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ
ﻝﻠﺴﺎﻤﻊ" ،2ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺎل ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻌﺩﻱ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺫﺌﺒﹰﺎ ﺍﻓﺘﺭﺱ ﺠﺅﺫﺭﹰﺍ:
]ﺍﻝﻁﱠﻭﻴل[
ﺢ ﻤﻔﻁِــﺭﺍ
ﺹ ﻴﻤﺴــﻲ ﻭﻴﺼــ ِﺒ
ﺃَﺨــﻭ ﻗﹶــﻨ ٍ ﺕ ﻴﺫﻜﻴـــ ِﻪ ِﺒﻐﹶﻴـــ ِﺭ ﺤﺩﻴـــ ﺩ ٍﺓ
ﻓﹶﺒـــﺎ ﹶ
3
ﺏ ﻤِﻨــ ﻪ ﻭﻓﹶﺭﻓﹶــﺭﺍ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﻠــ ِ
ﺏ ﻤﻜــﺎ
ﺃَﺼــﺎ ﺤ ﺭﻜﹶــﺕﹾ
ﺇِﺫﺍ ﻤــﺎ ﺭﺃَﻯ ِﻤﻨﹾــ ﻪ ﻜِﺭﺍﻋــﹰﺎ ﹶﺘ
ﻓﻨﺭﻯ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻗﺎﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻭﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻠﺏ ﺴﺎﻤﻌﻪ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺒﻥ
ﺭﺸﻴﻕ ﻗﻭﻝﻪ ":ﺃﺒﻠﻎ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﻊ ﺒﺼﺭﺍ".4
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻗﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﺒﻥ ﺠﻌﻔﺭ ﻓﻘﺎل ﻓﻲ ﻨﻌﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ" :ﻭﻝﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻀﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ،ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺤﺴﻨﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺸـﻌﺭﻩ ﺒـﺄﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ
ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼﻭﻑ ﻤﺭﻜﺏ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ،ﺜﻡ ﺒﺄﻅﻬﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺃﻭﻻﻫﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺤﻜﻴﻪ ﺒﺸﻌﺭﻩ ﻭﻴﻤﺜﻠﻪ ﻝﻠﺤﺴﻥ ﺒﻨﻌﺘﻪ.5
ﻭﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﻓﻌﻲ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﺨﺭﺝ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻠﻡ ،ﻭﺼﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺏ؛ ﻝﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ
ﻥ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﻕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺨـﺭﺝ ﻤـﻥ ﻋﻠـﻡ،
ﺃﻜﻤل ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺃﺭﻭﻋﻬﺎ ،ﻴﻘﻭل " :ﻭﺇ
6
ﻭﺼﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺏ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺠﺏ ﻴﻜﺴﺒﻬﺎ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻝﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ"
ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻌﺩﻱ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺍﻝﺼﻤﺩ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1998 ،ﺹ.40 3
ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺭﻭﺍﻨﻲ ،ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ :ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺒﻪ ﻭﻨﻘﺩﻩ،ﺝ ،2ﺹ.226 4
12
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺒﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻴﺠﻴ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺼـﻑ ﻓـﻲ
ﻱ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻻ ﻴﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﺽ ﺁﺨﺭ ،ﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﺫﻝﻙ ﻨﺠـﺩ ﺸـﻌﺭﺍ ﺀ ﻴﺠﻴـﺩﻭﻥ
ﻏﺭﺽ ﺸﻌﺭ
ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﻜﺎﻓﺔﹰ ،ﻝﻜﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﻨﻔﺭﺩﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻬﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ.
ﻭﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ" :ﻭﻴﺘﻔﺎﻀل ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻭﻥ
ﻓﻲ ﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻷﺼﻨﺎﻑ :ﻓﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺠﻴﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺠﻴﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺁﺨـﺭ ،ﻭﻤـﻨﻬﻡ ﻤـﻥ ﻴﺠﻴـﺩ
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﺸﺘﻬﺭﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﻪ ،ﻤﻊ ﺇﺠﺎﺩﺘﻬﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﻭﺼـﻑ ﻜﺎﻓـﺔ
ﺍﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ:ﺍﻤﺭﺅ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﺸﺘﻬﺭ ﺒﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻴل ،ﻭﻁﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻓﻀل ﻤﻥ ﻭﺼﻑ
ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻘﺘﻪ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺸﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺴﻲ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺎﺥ ﺃﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺸـﻰ
ﻭﺍﻷﺨﻁل ﻭﺃﺒﻲ ﻨﻭﺍﺱ ﻭﺍﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﺯ ﺃﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻝﻠﺨﻤﺭﺓ ،ﻭ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﺔ ﺃﻭﺼﻔﻬﻡ ﻝﻠﺭﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﻔـﻼﺓ
ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺎﺠﺭﺓ.2
ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﻡ.3
13
ل ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻴﺎل ،ﻭﻫـﻲ
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻤﺎﺀ ،ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺃﻭﺼﺎﻓﻬﻡ ﺤﺴﻴ ﹰﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﻴ ﹰﺔ ﺒﻌﻴﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻜ َّ
ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﻭﺍﻗﻊ .1
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ،ﻭﻜل ﻋﺼﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻀﻴﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﻥ ﺘﻁـﻭﺭﹰﺍ
ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍﹰ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺼـﻠﻨﺎ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺼـﺭ
ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩﻩ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﻨﺭﺍﻩ ﻗﺩ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل.
ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ
ﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻝﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻥ ،ﻓﺎﻤﺭﺅ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺱ ﻴﺅﻝﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸﺎﺒﻴﻪ ﻝﻴﺒﺩﻉ ﺒﺎﻷﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﻓﺭﺴﹰﺎ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ
ﻓﺭﺴﻪ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ،ﻓﻁﺭﻓﺎ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺘﻘـﻭﻡ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺤﺴـﻲ
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ،2ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
3
ﺏ ﺘﺘﻔــ ِل
ﻭِﺇﺭﺨﹶــﺎ ﺀ ﺴــﺭﺤﺎﻥٍ ،ﻭ ﹶﺘﻘﹾ ِﺭﻴــ ﻅﺒــﻲٍ ،ﻭﺴــﺎﻗﹶﺎ ﻨﹶﻌﺎﻤــ ٍﺔ
ﻝــ ﻪ ﺃﻴﻁﹶــﻼ ﹶ
ﻓﺭﻭﺥ ،ﻋﻤﺭ:ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﻝﻠﻤﻼﻴﻴﻥ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ1969 ،ﻡ،ﺝ ،1ﺹ.81 1
ﺤﺎﻭﻱ،ﺇﻴﻠﻴﺎ :ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻑ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ،ﻁ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻠﺒﻨﺎﻨﻲ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ،1978 ،ﺹ.8 2
ﺍﻤﺭﺅ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺱ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1958 ،ﺹ.10 3
14
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﺒﻌﻀﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺫﺠﺎ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺒﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺸـﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻘﻴـﺩ،
ﺽ ﻝﻐﺯ ﺍﻷﺸـﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩﻫﺎ،
ﻴﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺴﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻬﺩ ،ﻨﻅﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﺒﻁﺀ ﺫﻫﻨﻪ ﻭﻋﺠﺯﻩ ﻋﻥ ﻓ
ﻴﻀﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ،ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎﻝ ٍﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻴ ٍﺔ ﻴﻤﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻭ ﻋﺎﻁﻔ ٍﺔ ﺘﺠﺘﺎﺤﻪ ،ﻓﻼ
ﻴﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺱ ،ﻭﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ
ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻱ ،ﻭﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ
ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ،ﻭﻤﺸﻬﺩ ﺤﺴﻲ ،ﺃﻭ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ.2
ﻼ ﺯﻫﻴﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺴﻠﻤﻰ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺕ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ ﺘﻔﻬﻡ ﻓﻬﻤـﺎ ،ﻭﻻ
ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻋ ﻤ ﺩ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺃﺴـﻠﻭﺏ
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﺼﺭ؛ ﻷﻥ ﺫﻫﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻌﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﺠﺭﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻱ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻪ
ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻝﻪ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﺠﺩ ﺒﺩﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻨﺎﻗ ٍﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﺎ ﺀ ﺘﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻫﺩﻯ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻗﺎل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
3
ﹸﺘ ِﻤﺘﹾــ ﻪ ﻭﻤــﻥ ﹸﺘﺨﹾﻁِــﺊ ﻴ ﻌﻤــﺭ ﹶﻓ ﻴﻬــ ﺭ ِﻡ ﻋﺸﹾﻭﺍ ﺀ ﻤـﻥ ﹸﺘﺼِـﺏ
ﻁ
ﺨﺒ ﹶ
ﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻴﺎ ﹶ
ﺭَﺃﻴ ﹸ
ﻓﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻠﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺘﻔﺎﻗﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻪ ﺒﻪ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻑ
ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﻤﺎﺩﻱ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺴـﻴﺎ
ﺤﺎﻭﻱ ،ﺇﻴﻠﻴﺎ :ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﺹ .9 1
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺴﻠﻤﻰ ،ﺯﻫﻴﺭ :ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺯﻫﻴﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺴﻠﻤﻰ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻓﺨﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﻗﺒﺎﻭﺓ،ﻁ ،3ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨـﺎﻥ، 3
،1980ﺹ.25
15
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﻫـﻭ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻠﻲ ،ﻭﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺎ ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻱ ،ﺃﻱ ﺃ
ﻭﺼﻑ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﺩﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ.
ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺃﺭﻗﻰ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ،ﻓﻔﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﺘﺨﻁﻰ ﺍﻝﺸـﺎﻋﺭ ﺤـﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻅـﺎﻫﺭﺓ
ﺍﻝﺤﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﺃﻭ ﻀﻤﻴﺭﻩ ،ﺃﻭ ﺸﻌﻭﺭﻩ ،ﻭﻴﺘﺨﺫ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍ ﺃﺭﻗﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ
ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺍﺀ.1
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻗﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺒﻲ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﺭﻴﻪ
ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻥ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺒﻪ ﻴﺘﺴﺎﺀل ﻋﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ،ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗـﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺌـﻲ
ﻭﺴﻴﻠ ﹰﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺴﺎﺅل ﻋﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻐﻭﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻗـﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺘـﻪ ﻤﻨﺎﺠﻴـﹰﺎ
ﻭﻤﺸﺘﻜﻴﹰﺎ ﺤﻴﻨﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻀﺎﺤﻜﹰﺎ ﻭﺒﺎﻜﻴﹰﺎ ﺤﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﺁﺨﺭ ،ﻭﻜﺄﻨﻪ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ.2
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺤﺎﻭﻱ ،ﺇﻴﻠﻴﺎ :ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺹ.20 -7 1
ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺘﺭﻱ،ﺍﻝﻭﻝﻴﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﺌﻲ :ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺘﺭﻱ ،ﺸﺭﺡ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻨﺠﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻲ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ_ﻝﺒﻨـﺎﻥ، 3
،1994ﺹ.1068
16
ﻥ ﺫﻝـﻙ
ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﺩﺍﻨﻲ ،ﻝﻡ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﺨـﺎﺭﺠﻲ ،ﺒـل ﺇ
ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻬﺩ ﺘﻭﺤﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻓﺘﻭﹼﻝ ﺩ ﻤﺸﻬﺩ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ،ﻝﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻼﻤﺢ
ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ،ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻻ ﻴﻘل ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺨﻠـﻕ ﺍﻝﺼـﻭﺭﺓ
ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻤﻨﻁﻠﻘﺎ ﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻨﺼـﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻴـﺎل ،ﻓﺎﻝﺨﻴـﺎل
ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺎﻥ ﻝﻠﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﻭﺘﺠﺴﻴﺩ ﻝﻪ.1
ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺠﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﹰﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻠﻲ ،ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻭﺠـﺩﺍﻨﻲ ،ﻓﺒﻴﻨﻤـﺎ
ل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﺍ ﻩ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘ ٍﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴ ٍﺔ ﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔٍ ،ﻓﺈﻨـ ﻪ ﻓـﻲ
ﺏ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎ ﺀ ﻭﻴﻨﻘ ُ
ﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻴﺭﺍﻗ
ﻥ ﻓﻀﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻠﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻗﺘﻪ ﻭﺼﺤﺔ ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻴﻬﻪ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺒـﺩﻭ ﻓﻀـﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺼـﻑ
ﺇ
ﺍﻝﻭﺠﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺯﻋﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻭﻏﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ.
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻁﺭ ﹸﺓ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺃﺼلُ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺭﻜﺒﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺍﻜـﺏ
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃ
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل ﻏﺭﻀﺎ ﻤﻁﺭﻭﻗﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻡ ،ﺇﻤﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻼﹰ ،ﺃﻭ
ﻤﻤﺘﺯﺠﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺴﻨﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ
ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﺒﻘﺕ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺩ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻫـﻭ
ﻼ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺴﻊ،ﻓﺎﻝﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺴﻊ ﻝﻌﺭﺽ ﻜـل
ﺇﻻ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﺠﺯﺓ ،ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﺘﻔﺼﻴ ﹰ
ﻤﺎ ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻫﻭ ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﻝﻤﺤﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻻﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺅﺍل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ
ﺤﺎﻭﻱ ،ﺇﻴﻠﻴﺎ :ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺹ .13 1
17
ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ
ﻲ
ﺃﻭﻻ :ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠ
ﻴﻼﺯﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﻭﺓ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺴﺘﺒ ﺩ ﺒﻬـﺎ ﻨﺯﻋـﺔ
ﺕ ﻤﻨﻘﻭﻝ ﹰﺔ ﺒﺩﻗﺔٍ ،ﻭﺒﺭﺍﻋ ٍﺔ ،ﻋﻥ
ل ﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻥ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﻏﺩﺕ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺎ ﺭ ﻝﻭﺤﺎ ٍ
ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻘل ﻜ ﱢ
ﻥ ﺒـﺎﺭﻉ ،ﻓﻘـﺩ
ﺤ ﺩ ﹶﻗ ﹸﺘ ﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺼﺭﺓ ،ﺒﺫﻭﻕ ﻓﻨـﺎ ٍ
ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ
ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻴل ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺎﻗﺔ ،ﻭﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺄﻨﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﺤﺸﻬﺎ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﻤﺎ
ل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺃﻅلﱠ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺒﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﻭﻫﺎﺩ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻔﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻐـﻭﺍﺹ،
ﺃﻏ ﱠ
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻼﺡ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺼﻔﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻴﺩ.2
ﻭﺍﻝﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻝﻠﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﻴﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺼﻔﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﺫﺍﺘﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺼﻔﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺃﺠﻨﺎﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺃﺸﻜﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻴﺌﺎﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻴﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺼﻔﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤـﺩﺭﻜﺎﺕ
ﺍﻝﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻴﺎﻝﻴﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺼﻔﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﺎﺩﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺴﻴﺔ.3
ﺞ ﺒﻬـﺎ
ﺤﻜﹶـﻡ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﻌـ
ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﻴﺩﻱ ،ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﺜﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝ ِ
ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻭﻤﻲ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺭﺠﺏ :ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﺩﺒﻴﺔ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ،ﻤﺼﺭ ،1985،ﺹ.43 3
18
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﹸﺘ ِﻤﺘﹾــ ﻪ ﻭﻤــﻥ ﹸﺘﺨﹾﻁِــﺊْ ﻴ ﻌﻤــﺭ ﹶﻓ ﻴﻬــ ﺭ ِﻡ ﻁ ﻋﺸﻭﺍ ﺀ ﻤـﻥ ﹸﺘﺼِـﺏ
ﺨﺒ ﹶ
ﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻴﺎ ﹶ
ﺭﺃﻴ ﹸ
1
ﺏ ﻭ ﻴ ﻭﻁﱠــﺄْ ِﺒ ﻤﻨﹾﺴــ ِﻡ
ﻴﻀــ ﺭﺏِ ﺒﺄَﻨﻴــﺎ ٍ ـﺭ ٍﺓ
ـﻭ ٍﺭ ﻜﺜﻴـ
ـﻲ ﺃُﻤـ
ـﺎ ِﻨﻊ ﻓـ
ﻭﻤ ـﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺼـ
ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺴﺠل ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﻀﻌﻨﺎ ﻭﺠﻬﹰﺎ
ﻼ.
ﺵ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻨﺘﺨﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﺨﻴ ﹰ
ﻝﻭﺠﻪ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﻤﻬﺎ ،ﻜﺄﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﻌﻴ ﹸ
ل
ﻑ ﻭﻜـ ﱠ
ل ﻭﺼـ ٍ
ل ﺃﻜﺜ ﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ،ﺒﻪ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻜـ ﱠ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻠ ُ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎ
ﻏﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺭﺴﻭﻩ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼل ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﻭل ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﻠل ﺇﻝـﻰ
ﻭﺼﻑ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﺩﺍﻥ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎﺕ ﺸﻌﻭﺭﻴﺔ.2
ﻭﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻅﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﻠل ﻫﻭ ﺍﻤﺭﺅ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺱ ،ﺤﻴﺙ " ﻭﻗـﻑ ﻭﺍﺴـﺘﻭﻗﻑ ،ﻭﺒﻜـﻰ
ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺒﻜﻰ ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺘﻴﻥ" ﻭﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻴﺘﻤﺜﻠﻭﻥ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻊ ﻜﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴـﺩﻱ ﻝﻠﻁﻠـل،3
ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﹼﻭﻴل[
ﻭﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ ،ﻴﺼﻭﺭﻭﻥ ﺤﺒﻬﻡ ﻝﻠﻤﺭﺃﺓ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺫﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻤﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻤﺎ
ﺘﺼﻨﻊ ﺒﻬﻡ ﺫﻜﺭﻯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺎﻜﻠﺔ ﻗﻭل ﺒﺸﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺨﺎﺯﻡ:
ﺤﺎﻭﻱ ،ﺇﻴﻠﻴﺎ :ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺹ .90-20 5
19
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
1
ﻙ ِﻤﺜﹾــ َل ِﻓﻌــ ِل ﺍﻷﻴﻬــ ِﻡ
ﻁﺭﻓــﹰﺎ ﻓــﺅﺍﺩ
ﹶ ﻁ ﺍﻝﺼـﺒﺎ ﺒ ِﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻬـﻭﻯ
ﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻓﹶـﺭِ
ﻅ ﹶﻠﻠﹾ ﹶ
ﹶﻓ ﹶ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻔﻙ ﻴﺘﺠﻭل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻁﺎﻝﺒﺎ ﺭﺯﻗﻪ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﺯﻋﹰﺎ
ﺒﻘﺎﺀﻩ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﻴﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﻩ ﺍﻝﺒﻁﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺭﻭﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻫﻲ ﺠﺭﺩﺍ ﺀ ﻗﺎﺤﻠﺔﹲ ﻝﻴﺱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻨﺒﺎﺕﹲ،
ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻗﺹ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻵل ﻭﻴﻠﺘﻤﻊ ،ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺯﻕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻝﺴﻭﻴﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﻜﺎﻫل ﺍﻝﻴﺸﻜﺭﻱ ﻴﺼﻭﺭ
ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺭﻤل[
2
ـﻭ ِﺭ ﺇِﺫﺍ ﺍﻵ ُل ﹶﻝﻤــ ـﻊ
ﺡ ﺍﻝﻐﹶـــ
ـﺎ ِﺯ
ﻨﹶـــ ﻥ ﺴــﻠﻤﻰ ﻤﻬﻤﻬــﹰﺎ
ﻁﻌﻨــﺎ ﺩﻭ
ﻜﹶــﻡ ﹶﻗ ﹶ
3
ﻴﺄﺨﹸـــ ﹸﺫ ﺍﻝﺴـــﺎ ِﺌ ﺭ ﻓﻴﻬـــﺎ ﻜﺎﻝﺼـــ ﹶﻘﻊ ﺞ ﺍﻝﱠﻠﺤــ ﻡ ﺒِﻬــﺎ
ﻓــﻲ ﺤــﺭﻭ ٍﺭ ﻴﻨﹾﻀِــ
ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻋﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺤﺎﺏ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺭﻓﻴﻘﻪ ﻓـﻲ
ﺃﺴﻔﺎﺭﻩ ،ﻭﺸﺭﻴﻜﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻔﺎﺤﻪ ﻀﺩ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻭﻝﻌل ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺎﻗﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺘﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ،ﻻﻝﺘﺼﺎﻗﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﻗﻌﻪ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ،ﻭﻝﺤﺎﺠﺘﻪ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺃﻤـﻭﺭﻩ .ﻭﻭﺼـﻔﻪ
ﻝﻠﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺠﺘﺎﺯ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ ،ﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﺎﺩﻓﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﻪ ،ﻜﺎﻝﺒﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺸـﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ
ﺘﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺒﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻋﺩﻭﻫﺎ ،ﻭﻀﺭﺍﻭﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ.4
ﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺼﺩﺭ ﺠﻭﺍﺩﻩ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻨﺎل ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﺃﺜﺨﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺭﺍﺡ ،ﻭﻝﻭ ﺃﻭﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ
ﻼ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻁﻕ ﻝﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻋﻨﺘﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺒﺜﻪ ﺸﻜﻭﺍﻩ ،ﻝﻜﻥ ﻋﻨﺘﺭﺓ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺒﻼ ﻜﻼﻡٍ ،ﻷﻥ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺠﻌﻠﺕ ﻜ ﹰ
ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻑ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺩﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺨﻴﻠﺔ ﺼﺎﺤﺒﻪ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
ﺒﺸﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺨﺎﺯﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺩﻱ :،ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺸﺭﺡ :ﻤﺠﻴﺩ ﻁﺭﺍﺩ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1994،ﺹ.179 1
ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻤﻪ :ﺍﻝﻘﻔﺭ ﻻ ﻤﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻻ ﺃﻋﻼﻡ ،ﻨﺎﺯﺡ ﺍﻝﻐﻭﺭ :ﺒﻌﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﻌﺭ. 2
ﺴﻭﻴﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﻜﺎﻫل ﺍﻝﻴﺸﻜﺭﻱ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺸﺎﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺸﻭﺭ ،ﺩﻁ،ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻝﻠﻨﺸـﺭ ،ﺒﻐـﺩﺍﺩ -ﺍﻝﻌـﺭﺍﻕ،1972 ، 3
ﺹ ،263ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﺭ :ﺭﻴﺢ ﺤﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺤﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ،ﺍﻝﺼﻘﻊ :ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺘﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺭﺃﺱ.
ﺤﺎﻭﻱ ،ﺇﻴﻠﻴﺎ :ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ،ﺹ.47 4
20
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﺼﻭﺭ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﻁﻴﻭﺭ ،ﻴﻭﺤﻲ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻴﺸـﻴﻊ ﻤـﻥ
ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻁﻑ ﻭﺍﻹﻴﻨﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻨﻴﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻥ ،ﻭﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﺅﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺭﻗﺔ.2
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
3
ﻑ ﺍﻷَﺴــ ﻭ ﺩ
ﺨ ﺒﺭﻨــﺎ ﺍﻝﻐﹸــﺩﺍ ﹸ
ﻙ ﹶ
ﻭﺒِــﺫﺍ ﻥ ﺭِﺤ ﹶﻠﺘﹶﻨــﺎ ﻏﹶــﺩﹰﺍ
ﺯﻋــ ﻡ ﺍﻝﻐــﺭﺍﺏ ﺒــ َﺄ
4
ﻕ ﺍﻷَﺤﺒــ ِﺔ ﻓــﻲ ﻏﹶــﺩ
ﻥ ﺘﹶﻔﺭﻴــ ﹸ
ﺇِﻥ ﻜــﺎ ﻼ ﺒِـــ ِﻪ
ﺤﺒـــﺎ ِﺒﻐﹶـــ ٍﺩ ﻭﻻ ﺃَﻫـــ ﹰ
ﻻ ﻤﺭ
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺨﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻁﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻌﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﺒﻘﺒﺭ ﺃﺨﻴﻬﺎ ﺼﺨﺭ ،ﺘﻘﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺭﺜﺎﺌﻪ:
]ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ[
5
ﻁﻴـــ ﺭ ﺍﻝﺴـــﻌﻭ ِﺩ
ﻭﺤـــ ﱠل ِﺒ ﺭﻤﺴِـــ ِﻪ ﹶ ﻥ ﺼــﺨﹾﺭ
ﺤﺴــﺎ
ﻓــﻼ ﻴﺒﻌــﺩ ﺃﺒــﻭ
ﻭﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺼﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﻜﺭﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻅﻼل ﺍﻝﻨﺨﻴل ،ﻭﺫﻜﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﻸﻋﻨﺎﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺜﻤـﺎﺭ،
ﻜﺎﻝﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﺡ ،ﻭﻋﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻝﻌﺭﺍﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻴﺢ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻴﺼﻭﻡ ،ﻭﺘﻐﻨﱢﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺒـﺎﻥ
ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻠﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺯﺍﻤﻰ ،ﻭﻝﻌل ﺍﻷﻗﺤﻭﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻭﺤﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﺤﻴﻪ ﺍﻝـﻭﺭﺩ
ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺽ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺯﻭﻉ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﻁﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺤﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ﻝﺭﺍﺌﺤﺔ ﻨﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺤـﺎﻥ
ﺠﻌﻠﻬﻡ ﻴﺴﻤﻭﻥ ﻜل ﺯﻫﺭ ﻁﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ ﺒﺎﺴﻤﻪ ،ﻓﺸﺎﻋﺕ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ.6
ﻋﻨﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺸﺩﺍﺩ :،ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺨﻠﻴل ﺸﺭﻑ ﺍﻝـﺩﻴﻥ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﻤﻜﺘﺒـﺔ ﺍﻝﻬـﻼل ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨـﺎﻥ ،2008 ،ﺹ.68 1
ﺹ.109
ﺍﻝﻐﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ :ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺭﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﺒﻴﺕ ،ﺯﻋﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﻭﺍﺭﺡ. 3
ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ،ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺤﻘﹼﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻨﻰ ﺒﻪ ﺤﻤﺩﻭ ﻁﻤﺎﺱ ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ .2005 ،ﺹ.38 4
ﺍﻝﺨﻨﺴﺎﺀ ،ﺘﻤﺎﻀﺭ ﺒﻨﺕ ﻋﻤﺭ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻝﺱ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1968،ﺹ.39 5
ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺴﻲ،ﻨﻭﺭﻱ ﺤﻤﻭﺩﻱ :ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ،ﺩﻁ،ﻋﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ،2004،ﺹ.98 6
21
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻨﻔﺭﻯ ﻤﺠﻠﺴﹰﺎ ﺃﻭﻯ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﻤﺴﺎﺀ ،ﻓﺨﻴل ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻤﻅﻠﺔ ﺘﻜﺘﻨﻔﻪ ﻤـﻥ ﻜـل
ﻷﺭﺝ ،ﻓﻘﺎل:
ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ،ﻨﺴﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﻴﺤﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﻁﻭﻝﺔ ﺒﺤﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭ ،ﻤﺘﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺯﻫﺭ ،ﻓﻭﺍﺤﺔ ﺍ َ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺕ
ﻁﻠﱠﻠــ ِ
ﻋﺸــﺎ ﺀ ﻭ ﹸ
ﺒﺭﻴﺤﺎﻨــﺔٍ ،ﺭﻴﺤــﺕ ِ ﺤﺠــﺭ ﻓﻭﻗﻨــﺎ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴــﺕ
ﹶﻓﺒِﺘﻨــﺎ ﻜﹶــ َﺄ
1
ﺕ
ﻏﻴــ ﺭ ﻤﺴــﻨ ِ
ﺤﻭ ﹶﻝﻬــﺎ ﹶ
ﹶﻝﻬــﺎ ﺃَﺭﺝ ﻤــﺎ ﺒﺭﻴﺤﺎﻨــ ٍﺔ ﻤــﻥ ﺒﻁــﻥ ﺤِﻠﻴــ ٍﺔ ﻨــﻭﺭﺕ
ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﺒﺎﻷﺯﻤﻨﺔ ،ﻓﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺼـﻭل،
ﻭﻋﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﻜل ﻓﺼل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺍﺀ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺨﺭﻴﻑ ﺯﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻴﺎﻨﻌﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻗﻁﺎﻓﻬـﺎ،
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﺯﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺯﻤﻬﺭﻴﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻴﻑ ﻤﻘﺭﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﺍﺏ ،ﻭﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺭ ،ﻭﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﺒﻴـﻊ
ﺘﺨﺼﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ،ﻭﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻷﻨﻌﺎﻡ ،ﻭﺘﺠﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻓل ﺍﻝﻔﻠﻭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺘﺭﺴل ﻜل ﻗﺒﻴﻠـﺔ ﺭﺍﺌـﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺘﻌـﺭﻑ
ﻭﻴﻜﺸﻑ ،ﻓﻼ ﺘﺅﻡ ﻤﺭﻋﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﻸ .2
ﻭﻝﻠﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺃﺤﻭﺍﻝﻬﺎ ،ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﻤﻬﻤﻭﻤـﺎﹰ ،ﺜﻘﻴـل
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﻴل ﺠﻤل ﻀﺨﻡ ،ﺃﻨﺎﺥ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺭﻫﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﺱ ﻜﺎﻤﺭﺉ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺱ ،ﺨﻴل ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺃ
ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻥ ﻴﺘﻤﻁﻰ ،ﻭﻴﺘﻤﺎﺩﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺜﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﺥ ،ﻭﻴﻀﻐﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻭﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻭﻴﺠﻌﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﹼـﺔ
ﺤﺎﻓﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻴﺄﺱ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻰ ،ﻭﺼﺭﺨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺭﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺤﺎﻡ ،ﻓﻴﺴﺘﺩﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺠﺭ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻌـﺭﻑ
ﺃﻨﻪ ﻝﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺨﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺀ ،ﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎﺡ -ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ – ﺃﺤﺏ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ،ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﻐﺴل ﻋﻴﻨﻴـﻪ ﻤـﻥ
ﺃﻭﻀﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺽ ،ﻭﻴﻨﺯﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻔﻨﻴﻪ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺜﻭﺍﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺀ ،ﻜﺄﻨﻬـﺎ ﺭﺒﻁـﺕ
ﺒﺤﺒﺎل ﺃﻋﺎﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻨﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﻭﻡ ،ﻭﺃﺴﺎﻓﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻤﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺎل ،3ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺍﻝﺸﻨﻔﺭﻯ ،ﻋﻤﺭﻭ ﺒﻥ ﻤﺎﻝﻙ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺸﺭﺡ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺇﻤﻴل ﻴﻌﻘﻭﺏ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1996،ﺹ 34 1
ﺤﺠﺭ :ﺃﺤﻴﻁ ،ﻁﻠﺕ :ﺃﺼﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﺩﻯ ،ﺤﻠﻴﺔ :ﺍﺴﻡ ﻭﺍﺩ ،ﺍﻷﺭﺝ :ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺌﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﺒﺔ ،ﻤﺴﻨﺕ :ﻤﺠﺩﺏ.
ﻁﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻏﺎﺯﻱ :ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﻗﻀﺎﻴﺎﻩ-ﺃﻏﺭﺍﻀﻪ -ﺃﻋﻼﻤﻪ -ﻓﻨﻭﻨﻪ ،ﺹ .87 2
22
ﻙ ِﺒ َﺄﻤ ﹶﺜ ـ ِل
ﺡ ِﻤﻨﹾ ـ
ـﺒﺎ
ـﺎ ﺍ ِﻹﺼـ
ﺢ ﻭﻤـ
ـﺒ ٍ
ﺼـِﺒ ﺃﻻ َﺃﻴﻬــﺎ ﺍﻝﻠﻴــ ُل ﺍﻝﻁﹼﻭﻴــ ُل ﺃﻻ ﺍﻨﹾﺠــ ِل
1
ِﺒﻜﹸــ ﱢل ﻤﻐــﺎ ِﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﹶﺘــ ِل ﺸﹸــﺩﺕ ِﺒﻴــﺫ ﺒ ِل ﻥ َﻨﹸﺠﻭﻤــ ﻪ
ﻙ ﻤِــﻥ ﻝﹶﻴــ ٍل ﻜﹶــ َﺄ
ﻓﹶﻴﺎﻝﹶــ
]ﺍﻝﺭﻤل[
3
ﺽ ﻤﺼــﻘﻭ َل ﺍ َﻷﺸﹶــﺭ
ﺒــﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﺒــﻴ ـﺎ
ـﻥ ﻤﻨﹾ ِﺒﺘِﻬــ
ﺱ ﻤِــ
ـﻤ
ﺒﺩﻝﺘﹾـ ـ ﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﹼــ
ﻭﺍﻝﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻝﻠﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﻴﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺘﻤﻴﺯﻩ ،ﻭﺃﺒﺭﺯ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ:
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻏﺭﻀﺎ ﻤﺘﻔﺭﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ،ﻓﻼ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻗﻔﻬﺎ ﺸـﺎﻋﺭ
ﺇ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺭﻭﻀﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺭﻜﻨﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻜﺎﻝﺤﺠﺭ ﻓﻲ
ﻏﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺯﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ؛ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻁﺒﻴﻌ ٍﺔ
ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﹶ
ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔٍ ،ﺘﺘﺩﺍﻭل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻊ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺍﺱ ،ﻭﻴﺼﻌﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻭﻝﻭﺝ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﻋـﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝـﺫﻫﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺠـﺭﺩﺓ،
ﻓﺎﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﻴﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺨﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﺼﺭﻓﻬﻤﺎ ،ﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﺠﺯ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﻤﻌﻨـﻰ ﺍﻝﻜـﺭﻡ
ﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ،ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻓـﻲ
ﻜﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺸﻜل ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺎ ﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ٍﺔ ﺒﺸﺨ ٍ
ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﻏﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻗﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻪ ﺒﻪ.5
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺒﺭﺯ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻘل ﺍﻷﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻥ
ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﻭﺓ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺒﺼﻭﺭ ﺠﺎﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻭﻙ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻤـﻥ
ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺒﻴﺎ ﻤﻭﻏ ﹰ
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺩ ،ﻁﺭﻓﺔ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻓﻭﺯﻱ ﻋﻔﻭﻱ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﻌﺏ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1993 ،ﺹ.78 3
23
ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ ،ﻭﺘﻠﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺴـﻭﻡ ،ﻭﺭﺼـﺩ ﺤﺭﻜﺎﺘـﻪ،
ﻭﻴﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ.1
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺹ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺘﺸﻴﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺼﻴﺩ
ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﺩﻴﺎﺕ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻘﺹ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺼﻴﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻝﺤﻅﺔ ﺨﺭﻭﺠﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻠﺔ ،ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺨﻠﻠﻬﺎ
ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﺩﺍﺙ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺘﺤﻴﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩ ،ﻭﺘﺒﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ.2
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﻜﻙ ﻭﺍﻝﻼﺘﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﻪ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ،ﻓﻨﺭﺍﻩ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸـﻌﺭﺍﺀ
ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﻴﻥ ،ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﻤﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺠﻴﺩﻫﺎ ،ﻭﻴﻨﺜﻨـﻲ ﺇﻝـﻰ
ﻼ ﻤﻔﺎﺠﺌﺎﹰ ،ﻻ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻨﻤﻭ ،ﻭﻜﺫﺍ
ﻼ ﺘﻨﻘ ﹰ
ﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺨﻼﻗﻬﺎ ،ﺜﻡ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻼﻤﺤﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﻨﻘ ﹰ
ﺨﻠﹾ ٍ
ﻭﺼﻑ ﹸ
ﺍﻝﺤﺎل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺱ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ ﻭﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻝﻭﻨﻪ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ ﻭﻴﺘﺠـﺎﻭﺯ،
ﻓﺠﺄﺓ ،ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻴﻁﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺴﺎﻗﻴﻪ ،ﺜﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻠﺒﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻪ.3
ﻭﺒﻤﺠﻲﺀ ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ ،ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﻝﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ
ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﻺﺴﻼﻡ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻗﻭل ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺤﺸﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﻲﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻏﻴـﺭﻩ،
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻓﻼ ﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻨﺎﻝﻪ ﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ ،ﻓﻜﻴﻑ ﺃ ﱠﺜﺭ ﻤﺠـﻲﺀ
ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﻥ؟.
ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺒﻴﻠﺔ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺠﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺼﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺩﻤﺔ
ﺍﻝﺩﻋﻭﺓ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻜﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺒﻲ ـ ﺼﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻭﺴـﻠﻡ ـ
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺤﺽ "ﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﺒﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ" ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﻤﻪ ﻭﻴﺜﻴﺒﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻤﻀﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺸـﺩﻭﻥ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ؛ ﻓﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻨﻬﻭﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﺠﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺤﺵ ،ﻭﻴﻌﺎﻗﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺤﺒﺱ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﺭﻀﻲ
ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ "ﺍﻝﺤﻁﻴﺌﺔ" ﺤﻴﻥ ﻫﺠﺎ "ﺍﻝﺯﺒﺭﻗﺎﻥ ﺒﻥ ﺒﺩﺭ"،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻬﻡ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﺭﺩﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻝﺴﻨﺘﻬﻡ،
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﺭ ﻴﺴﺄل ﻭﻓﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺒﺎﺌل ﻋﻥ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺌﻬﻡ.5
ل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﺸﺎﻋﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﺫﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل ﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﺒﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ،ﻭﻜﻌﺏ ﺒـﻥ
ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﺨ ُ
ﺯﻫﻴﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻁﻴﺌﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻨﺴﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ .ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻘﻰ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻋﻭﺓ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺸﻌﺭ ﻴﻘـﻭﻡ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﻝﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺸﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﷲ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻤﺩﺡ ﺍﻷﺒﻁـﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻫـﺩﻴﻥ،
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻫﺒﻁﺕ ﻓﻨﻭﻥ ﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﺎﻝﻤﺩﺡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺴﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻀﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺴـﺒﻴل
ﺍﻝﻌﻁﺎﺀ ﻝﻠﻤﻤﺩﻭﺤﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺤل ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻪ ﻤﺩﺡ ﺍﻝﻨﺒﻲ ـ ﺼﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺴﻠﻡ ـ ﻭﺃﺼﺤﺎﺒﻪ.6
ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺴﻘﻁﺕ ﻓﻨﻭﻥ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻜﺎﻝﻬﺠﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻘﺒﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺫﻉ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺤﺵ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ،ﻭﻝﻡ
ﻻ ﻝﺸﻌﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ.7
ﻴﺸﺠﻊ ﺭﺤﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﻠﻬﻭ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻨﺹ ،ﻭﻜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻭﻗﻭﺩﺍ ﺠﺯ ﹰ
ﺯﻫﺩﻱ ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺅﻭﻑ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ :ﺃﺩﺏ ﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻴﺔ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﻨﻴﻥ ،ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ،2007 ،ﺹ.11 1
ﻲ :ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺨﻠﺩﻭﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﺍﻓـﻲ،ﻁ ،3ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﻀـﺔ،
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺨﻠﺩﻭﻥ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﺒﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺭﻤ 2
ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ-ﻤﺼﺭ،1965،ﺹ .427
ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺭﻭﺍﻨﻲ ،ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ :ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺒﻪ ﻭﻨﻘﺩﻩ ،ﺝ ،1ﺹ.9 3
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺤﻨﺒل ،ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ :ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻨﺩ ،ﺸﺭﺡ :ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺸﺎﻜﺭ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ-ﻤﺼﺭ ،1995،ﺝ ،3ﺹ.106 4
ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺭﻭﺍﻨﻲ ،ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ :ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺒﻪ ﻭﻨﻘﺩﻩ ،ﺝ.845 ،2 5
ﺯﻫﺩﻱ ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺅﻭﻑ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ :ﺃﺩﺏ ﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻴﺔ ،ﺹ .15 6
25
ﻭﺤﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻋﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺭﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺭﻴﺸﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﻴﺠـﺩﻫﺎ
ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ،ﻴﻜﺭﺭ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﻀﺎ ،ﻭﻝﻌل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻨﺎﺠﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻓﻘﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻻ ﻓﻘـﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻴـﺎل ،ﻓﺎﻝﺒﻴﺌـﺔ
ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺸﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺠﺩﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻻ ﺘﻀﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻴﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺇﻻ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ.1
ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ ﻤﻭﺍﻜﺒﺎ ﺍﻷﺤﺩﺍﺙ ،ﻭﻤﺼﺎﺤﺒﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻫﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ،ﻓﻘـﺩ
ﺃﺠﺎﺩ ﻜﻌﺏ ﺒﻥ ﻤﺎﻝﻙ ﺃﻴﻤﺎ ﺇﺠﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺠﻴﻭﺵ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺭﻜﻴﻥ ،ﺒﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﻜﺎﻝﺒﺤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺘﺩﺍﻓﻌﻬﻡ،
ﻭﺃﻥ ﺠﻴﺵ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ ﺒﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺘﻠﻴﻥ ﻻ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﻡ ،ﻭﻝﻘﺩ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺨﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺃﺸـﺭﺍﻓﻬﻡ،
ﻭﺃﻨﻬﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻭﺩﺘﻬﻡ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺯﻴﻤﺔ ﻜﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﺃﺴﻭﺩ ،2ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﺒﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺨﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺨﺫﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﺸﻭﺓ ﺒﺎﻹﻋﺠﺎﺏ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﺘﺸـﻕ
ﺍﻝﻐﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﺘﹼﺠﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ،ﺘﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻝ ﺭﻤﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺘﺩﺓ ﻓﻭﻕ ﻤﻨﻜﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺘﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻨﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍ ﻁ ﻴﻌﺎ ﺤﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﻬﻬـﺎ
ﻓﺭﺴﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ،ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ،4ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ[
ﻭﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﺴـﻭل ـ ﺼـﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻭﺴـﻠﻡ ـ،
ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺼﺎﻝﺤﺔ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﺒﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻤﺤﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﺒﻲ ـ ﺼﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻭﺴـﻠﻡ ـ ﻴـﻭﻡ
ﻁﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ،ﻏﺎﺯﻱ:ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺒﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺸﺩﺓ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ،ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ،2007 ،ﺹ.410 1
ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺭ ،ﺍﺒﺘﺴﺎﻡ ﻤﺭﻫﻭﻥ :ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻝﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ،ﻁ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﻝﻠﻨﺸﺭ،ﻋﻤﺎﻥ –ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ،2006،ﺹ.73 2
ﺍﻷﻨﺼﺎﺭﻱ ،ﻜﻌﺏ ﺒﻥ ﻤﺎﻝﻙ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1997 ،ﺹ.62-60 3
ﺍﻷﻨﺼﺎﺭﻱ ،ﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﺒﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺴﻴﺩ ﺤﻨﻔﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ -ﻤﺼﺭ،1983 ،ﺹ .8 5
26
ﻗﺭﻴﻅﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺨﻴل ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺭ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻗﻭﻡ ،ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﷲ ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﺯﻝﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴـﻤﺎﺀ ﻝﻴﺒـﺩﺩ
ﻅﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ،ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻨﻴﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺴﻴﺭ ،1ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ[
ﻭﻤــﺎ ﻭﺠــ ﺩﺕﹾ ﻝِــ ﹸﺫ ٍل ﻤِــﻥ ﹶﻨﺼــﻴ ِﺭ ﹶﻝﻘــﺩ ﹶﻝ ِﻘﻴــﺕﹾ ﹸﻗﺭﻴﻅﹶــ ﹸﺔ ﻤــﺎ ﺴــﺎﺀﻫﺎ
ﺏ ﺒﻨـﻲ ﺍﻝ ﹼﻨﻀـﻴ ِﺭ
ﺴﻭﻯ ﻤـﺎ ﻗﹶـﺩَ ﺃﺼـﺎ ﻥ ﻓِـــﻴﻬﻡ
َﺃﺼـــﺎ ﺒ ﻬﻡ ﺒـــﻼﺀ ﻜـــﺎ
ﺭﺴـــﻭ ُل ﺍﷲ ﻜـــﺎﻝﻘﻤ ِﺭ ﺍﻝ ﻤﻨﻴـــ ِﺭ ﻏﹶـــﺩﺍ ﹶﺓ َﺃﺘـــﺎ ﻫﻡ ﻴﻬـــﻭﻱ ِﺇﻝـــﻴﻬﻡ
2
ﻋﻠﻴﻬـــﺎ ﻜﺎﻝﺼـــﻘﻭ ِﺭ
ﻥ
ِﺒ ﹸﻔﺭﺴـــﺎ ٍ ﺠﻨﺒـــﺔﹲ ﹸﺘﻌـــﺎﺩﻯ
ﺨﻴـــلٌ ﻤ
ﻝﹶـــ ﻪ ﹶ
]ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ[
3
ﻲ ﻫـــ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺴـــﻌﻴ ﺩ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﹼﻘـــ
ﻭﻝﻜِـــ ﺕ ﺃَﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺴــﻌﺎ ﺩ ﹶﺓ ﺠﻤــ ﻊ ﻤــﺎ ٍل
ﻭ ﹶﻝﺴــ ﹸ
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﻴﻠﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﺼـﻑ،
ﻭﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺃُﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺒﺭﻉ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒـل
ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ ،ﻭﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩﻫﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ.4
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃُﻀﻴﻔﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﻭﺡ ،ﻤﺎ ﻗﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ
ﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺠﻭﺍﺀ ﻝﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻤﻭﺠـﻭﺩﺓ
ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻭﻥ ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﻀﺎﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﻠﺞ ،ﺇﺫ ﺇ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺘﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺒﺭﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺠﻭ ﻓﻲ )ﻤﺭﻭ( ﻭﻴﻌﺠﺏ ﻝﻤﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ
ﻴﺘﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺜﻠﺠﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻴﺸﻔﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻘﻀﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﻤﻘﺭﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ،ﻤﺤﺘﻤﻴﻥ ﺒﺄﺜﻭﺍﺏ ﻴﺩﺴـﻭﻥ
ﺃﻴﺩﻴﻬﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻝﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺩ ﻜﺄﻨﻬﻡ ﺃﺴﺭﻯ ،5ﻴﻘﻭل:
ﻲ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻋﻴﺴﻰ ﺴﺎﺒﺎ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺼﺎﺩﺭ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ1951 ،ﻡ ،ﺹ.181
ﺍﻝﺤﻁﻴﺌﺔ ،ﺠﺭﻭل ﺒﻥ ﺃﻭﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺴ 3
ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻀﻲ ،ﺍﻝﻨﻌﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎل :ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻨﺸﺭ،1965 ،ﺹ.235 5
27
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺒﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺸﺩﺓ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻘـﺩﺭ
ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺩﻋﻭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ
ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺭﻙ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﻘﻲ ﺒﺎﻫﺘﹰﺎ ﺨﺎﻓﺘﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻐﺭﺏ ﺃﻥ
ﻴﻅل ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻤﻭﺴﻭﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﻭﺭﺜﻬـﺎ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺼـﺭ
ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ.1
ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﺭﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻠﻭﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺠﺴﻴﻡ ،ﻭﺯﻫﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﻤﺎ
ﺼﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺌﻜﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻴﺎﻁﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻨﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺼـﺭﺍﻁ.
ﻭﻝﻭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺌﻲ ﻝﺠﺎﺀ ﻴﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ،ﻭﻴﺒﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺭﻭﺤﺎ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻴﺭﻗﻰ
ﺒﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻓﻕ ﻋﻠﻭﻱ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺼﻨﻌﻪ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﻔﺭﺍﻥ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻨﻘل
ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﺇﻻ ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﻫﺘﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺁﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ.2
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ ،ﻓﺎﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﺎ ﺯﺍل ﻤﻤﺘﺯﺠﺎ ﻤﻊ
ﻲ.
ل ﺒﻌﺩ ،ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺜﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠ
ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻘ ﱠ
ﻓﺎﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﻝﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﻴﺸﻭﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺃﻤﺎﻤﻬﻡ ،ﺒـل ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﻝﻌﻜﺱ ،ﻓﺎﻹﺴﻼﻡ ﺤ ﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭ ﻤـﻊ ﺍﺯﺩﻴـﺎﺩ
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ﺍﻝﻔﺘﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻁﺭﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ،ﺍﺘﺴﻌﺕ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼـﺭ
ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ ،ﻝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﻝﺕ ﺘﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﻭﺓ.
ﺍﺯﺩﻫﺭ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺃﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ﻭﻨﺜﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺍﺀ ،ﻭﺘﻌﺩﺩﺕ ﻓﻨﻭﻨـﻪ ،ﻭﺸـﻤﻠﻪ
ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭﻩ ،ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺭﻋﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺒﻠﻐﻬﺎ ﺁﻨﺫﺍﻙ ﺃﻨﻅﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﺍﺭﺴﻴﻥ،
ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﺩﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ،ﻭﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﺘﻅﺎﻓﺭﺓ .1
ﻓﺎﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ ﻴﻌ ﺩ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻥ ﻝﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻭﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻝﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﺤﺭﻜـﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻘـﺎﺌﺽ
ﺒﺜﺎﻝﻭﺜﻬﺎ)ﺠﺭﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﺨﻁل ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺭﺯﺩﻕ( ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺤـﺯﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ )ﻜﺎﻝﺸـﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻭﻴـﺔ،
ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺭﺝ ﻭﺍﻝﺯﺒﻴﺭﻴﺔ( ،ﻭﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﺯﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ )ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﺌﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺒﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﻴﺔ( .2
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺭﻜﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺤﺯﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻝﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻀﺔ ﺁﺜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ ،ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺸﺘﺩ ﺃﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺍﻝﻌﺴـﻜﺭﻱ ،ﻜﻤـﺎ
ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻘﻭﻯ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ،ﻓﺘﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺒﺭ ،ﻭﻝﻭ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﺇﻝـﻰ
ﻫﺩﻭﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻤﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﻬﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﺃﻁﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺴﻜﺭﻴﺔ،
ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻬﺩﺃ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﻭﺱ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﻝﻭ ﻫﺩﺃﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺒﻬﺎﺕ
ﺍﻝﻘﺘﺎل.3
ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﺤﺯﺍﺏ ،ﺃﺨﺫ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻤﻅﻬﺭﺍ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻝﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒـل ،ﻓﻘـﺩ
ﻼ ﻻ ﻴﺸﺭﻜﻪ ﻏﺭﺽ ﺁﺨﺭ ،ﻭﻅﻬﺭﺕ
ﺘﻌﺩﺩﺕ ﺃﻝﻭﺍﻨﻪ ،ﻭﺍﺘﹼﺴﻌﺕ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭﻩ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﺩ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻤﺴﺘﻘ ﹰ
ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻐﺯﻝﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻤﺎ ﺜﻼﺜـﺔ :ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴـﺩﻱ،
ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺼﻲ ،ﺍﻝﻌﺫﺭﻱ.4
ﺨﻔﺎﺠﻲ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻌﻡ :ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺃﻤﻴﺔ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻠﺒﻨﺎﻨﻲ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1980،ﺹ.77 1
ﺍﻝﺠﺒﻴﻠﻲ ،ﺴﺠﻴﻊ :ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻼل ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،2005 ،ﺹ.8 3
ﺨﻔﺎﺠﻲ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻌﻡ :ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺃﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺹ.102 4
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ﻝﻘﺩ ﺍﺘﺴﻌﺕ ﺭﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﻭﺤﺎﺕ ،ﻓﺄﺩﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﺘﺴﺎﻉ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻥ ﺤﺠﻤـﺎ
ﻭﻨﻭﻋﺎ ،ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺩﺨﻭل ﺸﻌﻭﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ ،ﺇﺫ ﺩﺨﻠـﺕ ﺒﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺘﻬـﺎ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻭﻤﻬـﺎ،
ﻭﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻓﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ،ﻓﺄﻏﻨﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ،ﻭﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺘﺸﺘﺘﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ.1
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﻠﻔﻲﺀ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﻨﻬﻤﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻭﻤﺼﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻐﻨـﺎﺌﻡ
ﺃﺜﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﻫل ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻨﺸﻁﺕ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ،ﻭﺃُﻨﺸﺌﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺼـﻭﺭ ،ﻭﺘﻨﻭﻋـﺕ ﻤـﺂﻜﻠﻬﻡ،
ﻭﺘﻤﻴﺯﺕ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺒﺘﺭﻑ ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ ،ﻭﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻗﺼﻭﺭﻫﻡ ،ﻜل ﺫﻝﻙ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ ،ﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﻪ ﺃﺜـﺭ
ﻓﻲ ﺨﻠﻕ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ،ﻭﺍﺠﻬﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻜل ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗـﻊ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ
ﻭﺍﺠﻬﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ،ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ.2
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻬﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﻴﻥ :ﻓـﺎﻝﻐﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻌـﻴﻡ ﻭﻓﹼـﺭﺍ
ﻼ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍ ﻴﻭﺍﻓﻘﺎﻥ ﻫﻭﺍﻴﺔ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺫﺥ ﻭﺍﻝﻠﻬﻭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﺸﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻝـﻙ
ﻝﻠﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺘﺄﻤ ﹰ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻨﺩﻻﻉ ﺍﻝﺜﻭﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺭﻭﺍﺝ ﺴﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ،ﺃﻀﻌﻑ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃ
ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﺼﻑ ،ﻭﺤﻭﻝﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﺘـﺩﺭ
ﻻ ﻁﺎﺌﻠ ﹰﺔ.3
ﻋﺼﺭﺌ ٍﺫ ﺃﻤﻭﺍ ﹰ
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﹼﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﹼﻌﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ ،ﻭﻴﻭﻓﺭ ﻝﻪ ﺒﻴﺌـ ﹰﺔ ﺨﺼـﺒﺔ
ﻝﻠﻭﺼﻑ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻅل ﻴﺴﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻭﺍل ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺎﻝﻴﺏ .ﻓﻬﻭ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻤـﺩ
ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﺢ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻬﺠﺎﺀ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﻬل ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﻗﻭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻁﻼل ﺜﻡ ﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ
ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ ،ﻭﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﻴﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻏﺭﻀﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ .ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﻏﻤﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ
ﻋﻴﻨﻴﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﺼﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺭﺍﺡ ﻴﻠﺘﻔﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻫﻨﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﺼـﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ ،ﺇﺫ
ﻋﺎﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺴﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺤﺘﻀﻨﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻋﺎﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻴﺎﻝﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻅل
ﻴﺤﻥ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ.4
ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻓﺘﻭﺡ :ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ ،ﻁ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ،1991 ،ﺹ.51-50 4
30
ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﱠﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻔﺼل ﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ
ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺤﻭﻝﻪ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻗﻴل ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭ
ﺒﻨﻲ ﺃﻤﻴﺔ.
ل ﻤﻤﺘﺯﺠﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻏﻴـﺭﻩ
ﻓﺎﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺼل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻼﻝﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺇﻨﹼﻤﺎ ﻅ ّ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ.
ﻭﻝﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﻅﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﺍ ﻝﻠﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﻓﻘﺩ
ﺒﻘﻴﺕ ﻝﻐﺘﻪ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺯﺍﻝﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻅل ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺅﻩ ﻴﺴﺘﻭﺤﻭﻥ ﺘـﺭﺍﻜﻴﺒﻬﻡ ﻭﻤﻔـﺭﺩﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﻝﺴـﻨﺔ
ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻏﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﻭﺓ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺔ ﺘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺭﺍﺒﺔ ﻻ ﺒﺎﻻﻁﹼﺭﺍﺩ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ
ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﻁﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻭل :ﺇﻥ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺍﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻔﺎﺀﻫﺎ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺎﻥ ﺒـﺎﻝﻘﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻌـﺩ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﻭﺓ.1
ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺍﻀﺭ ﺍﺒﺘﻌﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺍﺒﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻝﻭﻝﻴﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻋﺎﺵ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل[
ﻏﻨﱢﻴـــــــﺎ ِﻨﻲ
ﻭ ِﺒﺸِـــــــﻌﺭﻱ ﹶ ﹶﻜﱢﻠﻼﻨـــــــﻲ ﹶﺘ ﻭﺠـــــــﺎﻨﻲ
ﻥ
ﻴﺘﻌـــــــﺎﻁﻰ ِﺒﺎﻝ ﺒﻨـــــــﺎ ِ ﺱ ﺭﺒﻴـــــﻊ
ِﺇ ﱠﻨﻤـــــﺎ ﺍﻝﻜﹶـــــﺄْ
2
ﻥ ِﺭﺠﻠــــﻲ ﻭ ِﻝﺴــــﺎﻨﻲ
ﺒــــﻴ ﺱ ﺩﺒــــﺕﹾ
ﺤ ﻤﻴــــﺎ ﺍﻝﻜﹶــــﺄ ِ
ﻭ
ﻝﻘﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻴﻭﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺒﺼﺭﻫﻡ ،ﻭﻜل ﻤﺎ ﺠﺎل ﻓـﻲ ﺨـﺎﻁﺭﻫﻡ،
ﻓﻭﺼﻔﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺤﺩﺜﻭﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻼل ،ﻭﺘﻭﻗﻔﻭﺍ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻹﺒل ﻭﻭﺤﻭﺵ ﺍﻝﻘﻔـﺎﺭ،
ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﻝﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺼﻭﺭﻫﻡ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻔﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﻤﺘﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜـﺔ،
ﻁﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻏﺎﺯﻱ:ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ،ﺩﻤﺸﻕ -ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ،2008،ﺹ.218 1
ﺍﺒﻥ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ،ﺍﻝﻭﻝﻴﺩ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺍﻝﺼﻤﺩ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1998،ﺹ.57 2
31
ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻔﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻝﻴﻔﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ
ﺍﻷﻝﻴﻔﺔ ،ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺏ ﺒﺂﻻﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﺤﺎﺭﺒﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺘﻐﺯﻝﻭﺍ ﺒﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﺼـﻔﺎﺘﻬﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻤـﺭ
ﻭﺴﺎﻗﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﺠﺎﻝﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻔﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺩﺍﺌﻕ ....ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ.1
]ﺍﻝﻁﹼﻭﻴل[
2
ﻕ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻅﱠﻠﻤـﺎ ِﺀ ﺠـلٌ ﻭﺨﻨـﺩ ﹸ
ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤِـ ﻥ ﺃَﺭﺠﺎﺌِﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﺼـﺒﺎ
ﻭﺘﹶﻴﻬﺎ ﺀ ﺘﹸـﻭﺩﻱ ﺒـﻴ
ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻫﺒﺕ ﺭﻴﺢ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺒﻠﻐﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌـﺩﻫﺎ ،ﻭﻫـﻲ ﻤﺤﺠﻭﺒـﺔ
ل
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﻴ َ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺭﻯ ﺃ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴ
ﺠلٌ ﻴﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺨﻨﺩﻕﹲ ﻴﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻝﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﺇ
ﺒﺎﻝﻅﹸﻠﻤﺔ ،ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻨﺩﻕ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔﹲ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔﹲ ﺨﻴﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻅﻬﺭ
ﻼ ﺃﺴﻭﺩ ﺫﺍ ﺴﺩﻭل ،ﻝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺭﺍﻩ ﺨﻨﺩﻗﹰﺎ ،ﺇ
ﺨﻨﺩﻕﹲ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﺭﺍ ﻩ ﻅ ﹰ
ﻲ.
ﺍﻝﺤﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ،ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﺨﻨﺩﻕﹲ ﺨﻴﺎﻝ
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
3
ﻕ ﻭ ِﺭﻤــﺎ ِل
ﻥ ﺸــﻘﺎﻴ ٍ
ﺒــﺎﻝ ﹶﻘﻬِ ﺭ ﺒــﻴ ـﺎ
ـﺭﺍ ﺀ َﺃﺯ ﻫ ـ ﺭ ﹶﻨﻭ ﺭ ﻫـ
ﻀ ـﺔﹲ ﺨﹶﻀـ
ـﺎ ﺭﻭ
ﻤـ
4
ﺤ ﻡ ﻭﺍﺒِــ ٍل ﻫﻁﹼــﺎ ِل
ﻭ ﹶﻨﻤــﺕﹾ ﺒِﺄﺴــ ﺞ ﺍﻝﺭﺒﻴــ ﻊ ﻝﻬــﺎ ،ﹶﻓﺠــﺎﺩ ﻨﺒﺎ ﹸﺘﻬــﺎ
ﺒﻬِــ
]ﺍﻝﻁﱠﻭﻴل[
ﺇِﺫﺍ ﹶﻝﻤﺤﻭﻫـــﺎ ﺠـــﺫ ﻭﺓﹲ ﹶﺘﺘﹶﺂﻜـــ ُل ﹶﻓﺼــﺒﻭﺍ ﻋﻘــﺎﺭﺍ ﻓــﻲ ﺇِﻨــﺎﺀ ،ﹶﻜ َﺄﻨﱠﻬــﺎ
ﺫﻱ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﺔ،ﻏﻴﻼﻥ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻭﻱ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ،ﻁ،1ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ ،ﺩﻤﺸﻕ-ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ1964 ،ﻡ ،ﺹ.486 2
ﺍﻷﺨﻁل،ﻏﻴﺎﺙ ﺒﻥ ﻴﻐﻭﺙ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺸﺭﺡ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﺎﻭﻱ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ2002،ﻡ ،ﺹ.550 4
32
1
ﺏ ﹶﻨﻤــﺎ ٍل ﻓــﻲ ﻨﹶﻘــﹰﺎ ﻴ ﹶﺘ ﻬﻴــ ُل
ﺩﺒﻴــ ﺏ ﺩﺒﻴﺒــﹰﺎ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻝﻌِﻅــﺎ ِﻡ ﹶﻜ َﺄﻨﱠــ ﻪ
ﺘﹶــ ِﺩ
]ﺍﻝﻁﱠﻭﻴل[
ﺢ
ﻲ ،ﻭ ﹶﻝﻡ ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺒِﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﱠـﺭﻕﹸ ،ﺼـﺎﺒ
ﻋ ﹶﻠ
ﻥ ﻗﹶـﺩ ﻏﹶـﺩﺍ
ﺕ ﺭِﻴﻤـﺎ
ﻭﺼﻬﺒﺎ ﺀ ِﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﻨﻭ ِ
2
ﺡ
ـﻭﺍ ِﺩ
ﺼـﻥ ﺍﻝ
ـﺎ
ـﺎﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻘِﻴـ
ـﺭ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺸـ
ﻭ ﺒـ ﺘﹸﺒﺼــ ﺭ ﻋﻨﻬــﺎ ﺍﻝﻴــﻭﻡ ﻜــﺄﺱ ﺭﻭﻴــﺔﹲ
ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺒﺸﺎﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺒﺭﺩ ﺠﻴﺵ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻴﻤﺩﺡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﺭﻭﺍﻥ ﺒﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﱠﻭﻴل[
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺭﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﻋﺭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴـﺕ ﺜـﺭﻱ ﻴﻐـﺹ ﺒﺎﻝﻤـﺎل
ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻤﺎل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻑ ،ﻭﻤﻐﺎﺯﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺭﺍﺡ ﻴﺠﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﺩ ﺴﺎﻋﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ﺃﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﺩ،
ﻋﺎﻗﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﺠﺎﻝﺱ ﺍﻷﻨﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺒﺙ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﺤﻕ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ
ﻤﻌﺒﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺎﺯﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺸـﻌﺭﻩ ﻨـﺭﻯ ﺼـﻭﺭﺓ
ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺌﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻋﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﺫﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺸﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺎﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺎﺘل ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﺎل.4
ﻭﺸﻌﺭﻩ ﻤﻠﻲﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺼﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﻤﻐﺎﻤﺭﺍﺘﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺎﺀ ،ﻜـﺫﻝﻙ ﻨﺠـﺩ ﻓﻴـﻪ ﺼـﻭﺭﺍ
ﻻ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻌﻜﺴـﻬﺎ ﻋﻴـﻭﻥ ﺼـﺎﺤﺒﺎﺘﻪ
ﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺘﻪ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻗﻀﻰ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻤﺸﻐﻭ ﹰ
ﺍﻝﺸﻐﻭﻓﺎﺕ ﺒﻪ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻴﺭﻱ،ﺍﺒﻭ ﺠﻨﺩل ﻋﺒﻴﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻴﻥ :ﺍﻝـﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻓﺎﻴﺒﺭ ﺭﺍﻴﻨﻬﺭﺕ،ﺩﻁ،ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﺭﺍﺱ ﺸـﻨﺎﺘﻴﺭ ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨـﺎﻥ، 2
،1980ﺹ.49
ﺒﺸﺎﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺒﺭﺩ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺸﺭﺡ :ﻤﻬﺩﻱ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،ﺩﺕ ،ﺹ.145 3
ﺨﻠﻴﻑ ،ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ،ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻏﺭﻴﺏ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﺼﺭ ،ﺩ ﺕ ،ﺹ.158 4
33
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺏ
ﻤِﻨﻬــﺎ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﹶــﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺠِﻠﺒــﺎ ِ ﻉ ﺫﹶﻭﺍ ِﺭﻑﹲ
ﻗﺎﻝــﺕ ﺴــﻌﻴﺩﺓﹸ ،ﻭﺍﻝــﺩﻤﻭ
ﻁﻠﹶــﺎﺒِﻲ
ﻓﻴﻤــﺎ ﺃﻁــﺎل ﹶﺘﺼــﻴﺩﻱ ﻭ ِ ﻯ ﺍﻝــﺫﻱ ﻝــﻡ ﹶﻨﺠــ ِﺯ ِﻩ
ﻝﻴــﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﻴــﺭ
1
ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﻨــﻼﻡ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻫــﻭﻯ ﻭﺘﺼــﺎﺒﻲ ﻜﺎﻨــﺕ ﺘــﺭﺩ ﻝﻨــﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻨــﻰ ﺃﻴﺎﻤﻨــﺎ
ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ﺃﺯﻫﻰ ﻋﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺇﺫ ﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻘل ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒـﻲ
ﺒﻤﺩﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻤﺘﺩ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺴﻠﻁﺎﻨﻪ ،ﻭﺒﺎﺘﺕ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻌـﺭﺏ ﺘـﺭﺍﺙ ﺍﻷﻤـﻡ
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺏ ،ﻭﺒﺩﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﻊ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺘﻁﻠﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺸﻭﻕ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓـﺔ،
ﻭﺍﻝﻅﻤﺂﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻜﺘﻨﺎﻩ ﺤﻘﺎﺌﻘﻬﺎ.2
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺸﺤﺫﺕ ﺫﻫﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠـﺭﻯ
ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ:ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﻴﺔ،ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺎﺭﺴﻴﺔ،ﻭﺍﻝﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻝﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻭﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅﻪ ،ﻭﺭﻗﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺘﻠﻭﻴﻨﻪ ﺒﻤﺨﺘﻠـﻑ ﺍﻷﻝـﻭﺍﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸـﺒﻴﻬﺎﺕ،
ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﻭﺠﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻝﻙ.3
ﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺃﻋﻤﻕ ،ﻭﺃﺒﻌﺩ ﻏﻭﺭﺍ؛ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺘﺤـﺕ ﺃﻤـﺎﻤﻬﻡ
ﺃﺒﻭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻠﺴﻔﻲ ،ﻭﺃﺒﻭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻝﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻥ ،ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺠﻌﻠﻬﻡ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ
ﻤﺤﺼﻭﻝﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﺘﺸﻔﻭﺍ ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ،ﻭﻤﻜﻨﻭﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭ ﻝﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓـﺔ
ﺍﻝﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﺴﻴﻊ ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ.4
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺭﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻋﻤﺭ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻓﻭﺯﻱ ﻋﻁﻭﻱ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﻌﺏ ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،1980 ،ﺝ ،1ﺹ.52 1
ﺍﻝﻌﻁﺎﺭ،ﺭﻤﻀﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﻨﻲ :ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴـﻲ ﻭﻨﺼﻭﺼـﻪ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒـﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ،ﺍﻝﻘـﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻤﺼـﺭ، 3
،2004ﺹ.135
ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﺹ.140 4
34
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﺴﻁ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺯﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻼﻁﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﻠﺴﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ،ﺍﺴﺘﻠﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ
ﻤﻥ ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ،ﻭﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ ،ﻭﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ،ﻓﺘﺄﺜﺭﺕ ﺼـﻭﺭﻩ،
ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻨﻴﻪ ،ﻭﺃﺨﻴﻠﺘﻪ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭﻱ.1
ﺒﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ،ﻝﻡ ﻴﺴﻠﻡ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ،ﻓﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺃﺒﻭ ﻨﻭﺍﺱ ﺯﻋﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺩﻴـﺩ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ،ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩل ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺼﻑ ﻨﺎﻗﺘﻪ ﺒﻘﻭﻝﻪ:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
2
ﺕ ﺍﻝ ﻌﻔﹾــﺭ
ﺼــﺎ ﻡ ﺍﻝ ﹶﻨﻬــﺎ ﺭ ﻭﻗ ﹶﺎﻝــ ِ ﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﹶـ ـﻼ ﹶﺓ ِﺇ ﹶﺫﺍ
ﺏ ﺒِـ ـ
ـﻭ
ﻭ ﹶﻝﻘﹶـ ـﺩ ﹶﺘﺠــ
3
ـﺎ ﹶﻗﺼـ ـ ﺭ
ﻤِـ ـل ﺀ ﺍﻝﺤِـ ـﺯﺍ ِﻡ ﹶﻜ َﺄ ﱠﻨﻬــ ـﻰ ﹶﻓ َﺄﺘﹶـ ـﺕﹾ
ﺤﻤــ
ﺕ ﺍﻝ ِ
ﺸﹶـ ـ ﺩ ِﻨ ﻴﺔﹲ ﺭﻋـ ـ ِ
ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻴﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻗﺔ ﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﻨﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻝﻭ ﹸﺘﺭﻜﺕ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ
ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ،ﻝﺫﻫﺏ ﺍﻝﻅﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﻴﻠﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﺔ.
ﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺒﻌﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻫـﻡ
ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺫﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻤﻁ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ،
ﻓﻼ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻗﺔ ،ﻭﻻ ﺃﻭﺼﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻤﺄﻝﻭﻓﺔ ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ﺭﻗـﺕ ﻓﻴـﻪ ﺍﻷﻝﻔـﺎﻅ،
ﻭﺴﻠﺴﺕ ،ﻭﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﺽ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻝﺱ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺯﻫﻭﺭ ،ﻭﺘﺩﻓﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻴـﺎﻩ،
ﻭﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻁﻑ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭﺍ ﺠﻤﻴﻼﹰ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﺘﻌﺩ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﻗﺴﻭﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﺄﻝﻔﺎﻅﻬـﺎ ﻝﻬـﺎ
ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﺃﺠﻭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻌﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ.4
ﺍﻝﺯﺒﻴﺩﻱ ،ﺼﻼﺡ ﻤﻬﺩﻱ :ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ،ﻁ،1ﺍﻷﻜﺎﺩﻴﻤﻴﻭﻥ ﻝﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ،ﻋﻤﺎﻥ -ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ،2004،ﺹ .77 1
ﺃﺒﻭ ﻨﻭﺍﺱ ،ﺍﻝﺤﺴﻥ ﺒﻥ ﻫﺎﻨﺊ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﺯﺍﻝﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ،1982 ، 3
35
ﺍﺘﹼﺴﻊ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ﺍﺘﹼﺴﺎﻋﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ ﻭﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ :ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺎﻜـل،
ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻨﺎﺌﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﻋﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻼﺒﺱ ،ﻭﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻝﻸﺤﻭﺍل ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﺘﹼﺴـﻊ
ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻴﻨﻅﺭﻭﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻅـﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻓﺘﻜﻠﻤـﻭﺍ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺭ ،ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺃﻭﺍ ﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﻀﺒﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﻜﺒﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺨﻴل ،ﻭﺍﻗﺘﻀـﻰ
ﺫﻝﻙ ﻜﻠﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻔﺎﺀ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ،ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩ ﻤـﻥ
ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺘﻪ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻨﺸﺄﺕ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﺭﺯﺕ ﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀـﻭﻉ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﺸـﻌﺭ
ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ﺒﺭﻭﺯﹰﺍ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﹰﺍ.1
ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻴﻭﺭ ﺒﺸﺘﻰ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ،ﻜﺄﻨﹼﻬﻡ ﻴﺭﺴﻤﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻴﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻝﻭﺍﻥ،
ﻝﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﻝﻭ ﻋﺭﻀﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺎﺤﻑ ﻝﻨﺎﻝﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻠﻭﺩ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺼﻔﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﺸﻭﺍ
ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﻀﺎﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻴﺩﺓ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻫﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻴﻭﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺌﻬﺎ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﻝﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻤـﺩﻨﹰﺎ
ﺼﻐﺭﻯ ﺘﻤﺘﻠﺊ ﺒﺎﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺎﻁﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺒﺎﺏ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺯﺨﺭﻓﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘـﺄﻨﻕ،
ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﺸﺄ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻔﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺭﻴﺎﺕ.2
ﻴﺼﻑ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﻡ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻗﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻜل ﻓﻲ ﺴﺎﻤﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺼﻔﹰﺎ ﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻴﺎ ﺤﻴﺎ ،ﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﻗﺒﺔ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻜﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﻭﻡ ،ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺴﺭﺍﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻭﻋﻥ ﺸـﺭﻓﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺤﻠﻴـﺕ
ﺒﺎﻝﻔﺴﻴﻔﺴﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺘﻤﺎﻭﺠﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﺭ ،ﻓﻜﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺘﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﺎﺭﻯ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺸﺭﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﻭﺡ ﻭﺨـﺭﺠﻥ ﻓـﻲ
ﻤﻭﻜﺏ ﻋﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺼﺢ ،ﻴﺘﺨﻁﺭﻥ ﻭﻴﺭﻗﺼﻥ ،ﺜﻡ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺩﻓﻊ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻝﺴـﻤﺎﺀ ﻓـﻲ
ﺇﺼﺭﺍﺭ ﻜﺄﻥ ﻝﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺜﺄﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ[
ﻓﺭﻭﺥ ،ﻋﻤﺭ :ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﻝﻠﻤﻼﻴﻴﻥ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1968،ﺹ.43 1
ﺍﻝﺒﺼﻴﺭ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﻬﺩﻱ :ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ،ﻁ ،3ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻌﻤﺎﻥ،ﺍﻝﻨﺠﻑ ﺍﻷﺸﺭﻑ-ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ ،1970 ،ﺹ.259 2
36
ﺢ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﺼـــﺎﺭﻯ ﻭﺇِﻓﻁﺎﺭﻫـــﺎ
ِﺒﻔِﺼـــ ِ ﻥ
ﺕ ﺒــ ـﺭﺯ
ـﻁﺤﺒﺎ ٍ
ﻥ ﹶﻜ ﻤﺼـــ
ﹶﻓﻬــ ـ
ﺤﺔﹲ ﻋﻘــــﺩ ﺯِﻨﺎﺭﻫــــﺎ
ﻭﻤﺼــــِﻠ ﻥ ﻋﺎﻗﺼــــﺔﹲ ﺸﹶــــﻌ ﺭﻫﺎ
ﹶﻓﻤِــــﻨ ﻬ
1
ﹶﻓ ﹶﻠﻴﺴــﺕﹾ ﹶﺘﻘﹾﺼِــ ﺭ ﻋــﻥ ﹶﺜﺄْ ِﺭﻫــﺎ ﻭﻨﹶــﺎﻓﻭﺭﺓﹲ ﹶﺜﺄْ ﺭﻫــﺎ ﻓِــﻲ ﺍﻝﺴــﻤﺎ ِﺀ
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻬﺭ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺘﺭﻱ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺒﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻜل ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻋﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﺤﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﺙ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨــﹰﺎ ﻴﺒﺎﻜﻴﻬــﺎ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﻐﹶﻴــ ِ
ﻭﺭﻴــ ﹸ ﺤﻜﹸﻬﺎ
ـﹰﺎ ﻴﻀــﺎ ِ
ﺱ ﺃَﺤﻴﺎﻨـ
ﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﹼــﻤ ِ
ـ
ﻓﹶﺤﺎﺠِـ
2
ـﺎ
ـﻤﺎ ﺀ ﺭ ﱢﻜ ﺒ ـﺕﹾ ﻓِﻴﻬـ
ﺴـﺕ
ﺴ ـﺒ ﹶ
ﺤ ِ
ﻼ
ـﻴ ﹰ
ﹶﻝـ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﱡﺠــﻭ ﻡ ﺘﹶــﺭﺍﺀﺕ ﻓــﻲ ﺠﻭﺍ ِﻨﺒِﻬــﺎ
]ﺍﻝﺭﺠﺯ[
ﻥ
ﻥ ﺫﺍ ﺭﻭﺡ ﻭﺫﺍ ﺠﺜﻤـــﺎ ِ
ﻝـــﻭ ﻜـــﺎ ﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺒﻴــــ ﻊ ﺃﺜﹶــــ ﺭ ﺍﻝﺯﻤــــﺎﻥ
ﺇ
ﻥ
ﺽ ﻨﹶﺸـﻭﻯ ﻤِـﻥ ﺜـﺭﻯ ﻨﹶﺸـﻭﺍ ِ
ﻓﺎﻷﺭ ﺕ ﻭﻤِــﻥ ﺃﻭﺍﻥ
ﺕ ﻤِــﻥ ﻭﻗــ ٍ
ﺒﻭﺭﻜــ ﹶ
ـﻲ
ـﺩﻕ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﻨــ
ـﺭ ﻜﺎﻝﺤــ
ـﻲ ﺯﻫــ
ﻓــ ـﻭﺍﻥ
ـﻥ ﻤﻔـ ـﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﻝــ
ـﺎ ُل ﻤِــ
ﹶﺘﺨﹾﺘــ
3
ﻥ
ﺕ ِﻝﻜﹸــ ّل ﺫﻱ ﻓِﻜــﺭﻯ ﻴﻘﹾﻅــﺎ ِ
ﺠﺒــ ﹸ
ﻋِ
ﻥ
ﻤِـــﻥ ﻓـــﺎ ِﻗ ٍﻊ ﻭﻨﺎﺼـــ ٍﻊ ﻭﻗـــﺎ ِ
ل ﻤﻥ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﺒﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺃﺸﻜﺎﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﺨ ُ
ﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺸﺭﺒﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻡ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺸﺭﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻓﻨﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﻨـﻭﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺠـﻭﺯ
ﻲ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﻡ:،ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺨﻠﻴل ﻤﺭﻭﻡ ﺒﻙ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ_ ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1959،ﺹ.30
ﻋﻠ 1
ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺘﺭﻱ ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﻝﻴﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﻴﺩ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ،ﺸﺭﺡ :ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻨﺠﻲ،ﺩﻁ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ،1994،ﺝ،2ﺹ.1297 2
ﺃﺒﻭ ﺘﻤﺎﻡ ،ﺤﺒﻴﺏ ﺒﻥ ﺃﻭﺱ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﺌﻲ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩﻩ ﻋـﺯﺍﻡ،ﻁ ،5ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺎﺭﻑ ،ﺍﻝﻘـﺎﻫﺭﺓ -ﻤﺼـﺭ،1918، 3
ﺹ.446
37
ﻝﻠﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺇﻏﻔﺎﻝﻪ ،ﻭﺘﻨﻭﻋﺕ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﻤﺩﺍﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻘﺎﺭ ﻭﻜﻤﻴﺕ ،ﻭﺼﻬﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺴﻼﻓﺔ،
ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ.1......
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﺃﺒﺩﻉ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ،
ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃﻀﺎﻓﻪ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻴﻭﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ،ﻫﻭ
ﻭﺼﻔﻬﻡ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻝﻠﺒﺤﺘﺭﻱ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻗﺎل ﻋﻨﻪ
ﺃﺒﻭ ﻫﻼل ﺍﻝﻌﺴﻜﺭﻱ" :ﻝﻡ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺘﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻜﺏ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺘﺭﻱ".3
ﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺘﺭﻱ:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺏ
ﻁﺤﻠﹸــ
ﻥ ﺍﻝ ﱡ
ﺴــﺤ ﻡ ﺍﻝﺨــﺩﻭ ِﺩ ﻝﹸﻐــﺎﻤﻬ ﻕ ﺃَﻴــﺎ ِﻨﻕﹲ
ﺕ ﺍﻝﻌِــﺭﺍ ِ
ﻭ ﺭﻤــﺕﹾ ِﺒﻨﹶــﺎ ﺴــﻤ ﹶ
ﺏ
ﻅﻠــﻴ ﻡ ﺍﻝ ﻤﻬــ ِﺫ
ﺞ ﻜﻤــﺎ ﹸﺫﻋِــ ﺭ ﺍﻝ ﱠ
ﺩﻋــ ٍ ﻕ
ﺱ ﺨﻭﺍﻓِــ ٍ
ﻤِــﻥ ﻜــ ﱢل ﻁــﺎﺌﺭ ٍﺓ ﺒﺨﻤــ ِ
4
ﺏ
ﺴﺒﺴـ
ﻕ ﺒﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﻀـﺎ ﺀ ﺍﻝ
ﻀ ٍل ﻴﻀﻴ ﹸ
ﹸﻓ ﻕ ﻓــﻲ ِﻫﻤــ ٍﺔ
ﻥ ﻜــ ﱠل ﻤﻔﹶــ ﺭ ٍ
ﻴﺤِ ﻤﻠﹾــ
ﻓﺎﻝﺒﺤﺘﺭﻱ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺤﻤﻠﺘﻪ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﹼﻭﻕ ،ﻭﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﻁﺤﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻁﻭل
ﻤﻜﻭﺜﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﺯﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻓﻭﺍﻩ ﺍﻹﺒل ،ﺜﻡ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻥ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺴﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺨـﺩﻭﺩ؛ ﻷﻨﻬـﺎ
ﻤﻬﻨﺎ،ﻋﻠﻲ ﺠﻤﻴل :ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻅل ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻴﺔ،ﻁ ،1ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ،ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ-ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺭﺏ ،1981 ،ﺹ.124 1
ﺍﻝﻌﺴﻜﺭﻱ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﻫﻼل:،ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ،ﺸﺭﺡ :ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1994،ﺹ.412 3
38
ﻤﻁﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺎﺭ ،ﺜﻡ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻘﻭل ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻁﻴﺭ ﺒﺨﻤﺱ ﺨﻭﺍﻓﻕ ،ﺃﻱ ﺃﺭﺒﻌـﺔ ﻤﺠـﺎﺩﻴﻑ
ﻭﻗﺎﺌﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﺍﻉ ،ﻭﻴﺸﺒﻬﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻅﹼﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻌﺎﻡ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﺠﻔل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺯﻉ.
ﻝﻘﺩ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﺼـﺎﺌﺩ ﻭﺼـﻑ
ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ،ﻴﻨﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ،ﻻ ﻴﺨﺎﻝﻁﻬﺎ ﻤـﺩﻴﺢ ،ﺃﻭ ﻓﺨـﺭ ،ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻏـﺭﺽ
ﺸﻌﺭﻱ ،ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ،ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻯ
ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﻘﺩ ،ﻓﻠﻡ ﺘﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺸﺒﻪ ،ﻭﻤﺸﺒﻪ ﺒﻪ ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺎ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ ،ﺒل ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻪ،
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻪ ﺒﻪ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ،ﻤﺘﻘﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ،ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﻏـﺔ
ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ ﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻀﻤﻨﻲ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﻭﻭﺠﻪ
ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻪ ،ﻭﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﺠﺩﺍﺕ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ.1
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺸﺘﻤﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ،ﻗﻭل ﺒﺸﺎﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺒﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﻌﺭﻜـﺔ
ﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻴﺱ ﺘﺘﻬﺎﺩﻯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻤﺎﺡ ،ﻭﺘﻠﻤﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺸﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﻏﺒـﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜـﺔ،
ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻝﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻜﺜﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻼﻏﻴﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ؛ ﻷﻨﹼﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻀﺭﻴﺭﺍ ،ﻓﻜﻴـﻑ ﻝﻀـﺭﻴﺭ ﺃﻥ
ﻴﺼﻑ ﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ؟.
ﻴﻘﻭل ﺒﺸﺎﺭ:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
2
ﻭﺃﺴــﻴﺎ ﹸﻓﻨﺎ ﻝﹶﻴــلٌ ﺘﹶﻬــﺎﻭﻯ ﻜﹶﻭﺍ ِﻜﺒــ ﻪ ﻕ ﺭﺅﻭﺴِــﻨﺎ
ﻥ ﻤﺜــﺎ ﺭ ﺍﻝ ﹶﻨّﻘــ ِﻊ ﻓﹶــﻭ ﹶ
ﻜﹶــﺄ
ﻓﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﺨﻴل ﻤﺎ ﻝﻡ ﻴ ﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ؟! ،ﻭﻜﻴﻑ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻪ ﺒـﻪ
ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ؟! ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﻠﻲ ،ﻭﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻗﺩ ،ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺒﺩﺃ ﻴﻨﻤـﻭ ﻭﻴﺯﺩﻫـﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺃﺨﻴﻠﺘـﻪ،
ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁﻪ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﻪ ﺯﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﺯﻝﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﺌﺔ ،3ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻔﻜﺭﻱ ﺯﻤﺎﻨﻪ.
ﺒﺸﺎﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺒﺭﺩ :،ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺸﺭﺡ :ﻤﻬﺩﻱ ﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1993 ،ﺹ.146 2
39
ﻥ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻹﺤﺎﻁﺔ ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺼـﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻴﻠـﺔ،
ﺇ
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺴﻊ ﻝﺫﻜﺭ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﻴﻠﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻨﻀـﺞ ﻓﻴـﻪ
ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ،ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻭﻗﻪ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﺎﺭﺓ ﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ،ﻓﻼ ﻴﻜﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻼﺤﻘﺔ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ.
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ....ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺒﻘﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺩﻋﺔ ،ﺇﺫ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺭﺏ ﻝﻠﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻝـﻰ ﻓـﻲ
ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺘﻌﺎﻴﺵ ﻭﺘﻤﺎﺯﺝ ،ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ،ﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﺒـﺎﺩل ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻷﺨـﻼﻕ
ﻭﺍﻷﺫﻭﺍﻕ.
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺀ ﻤﺴﻭﻕ ﺒﺤﻜﻡ ﻁﺒﻌﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﻴﻑ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻋﻭﺍﻤﻠﻬﺎ؛ ﻭﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨـﺩﻝﺱ ﻤـﻥ
ﻤﺒﺎﻫﺞ ﻭﻓﺘﻨﻪ ﻴﺩﻋﻭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﻴل ،ﻓﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻭﺘﻔﻨﻨﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﻁﺭﻗﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻜﺎﻥ
ﺥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﻝﻴﺩ.
ﻤﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﻠﻁﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺫﻭﺍﻕ ﻭﺘﺭﺍ ٍ
ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭﻫﻡ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـﺎﺭﻗﺔ ،ﻤـﻥ ﻤـﺩﺡ،
ﻭﺭﺜﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻏﺯل ،ﻭﺨﻤﺭ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ،ﻭﺤﻤﺎﺴﺔ ،ﻭﻓﺨﺭ ،ﻭﻫﺠﺎﺀ ....ﻭﻤﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻬﻡ ﺼـﺭﻓﻭﺍ
ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻫﻤﻬﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ،ﻭﻻ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺒﺠﻨﺎﺌﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺯﻫﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﻓﺼﻭﻝﻬﺎ.1
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﺸﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﺯﻭﻉ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻓﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴـﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺴـﺤﺭﻫﺎ
ﺍﻷﺨﺎﺫ؛ ﺩﻓﻌﻬﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﻜﺜﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻔﻨﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ،ﻭﺘﻨـﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﺼـﻭل ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤـﻊ
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﻭﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﺩﻓﻌﻬﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻭﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻔـﻨﻥ ﻓـﻲ
ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﺍﺘﺼل ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﺎﻝﺱ ﺍﻝﻐﻨﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻠﻬﻭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﺴﻘﻭﻁ ﻤـﺩﻨﻬﻡ
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ﻓﻲ ﺃﻴﺩﻱ ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻜﺜﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺠﺎﺩ ،ﻭﺸﻌﺭ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ،
ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻲ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻋﺎﻡ.1
ﻭﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ،ﻭﺃﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﺒﻘﺭﻴﺔ ﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻻ
ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﻭﺍ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭﺍﻥ ،ﻭﻤﺠﺎﻝﺱ ﺍﻷﻨﺱ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺭﺏ ،ﻭﻫﻨـﺎﻙ
ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭﺍﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻔﻥ ﻭﻤﺠﺎﻝﺱ ﺍﻝﻠﻬﻭ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﻨﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭ
ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ.2
ﻭﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ.3
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﻗﺩ ﻨﺸﺄ ﻤﻊ ﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ،ﻭﻅل ﺤﻴﺎ ﺤﺘـﻰ
ﺍﻷﻨﻔﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﻌﺭﺏ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ،ﻭﻝﻌل ﺃﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺯﺤﻭﻥ ,ﻭﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻋﺒﺩ
ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨل ,ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻭﻁﹼﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ ﻝﺒﻨﻲ ﻤﺭﻭﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺒﻌﺙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺨﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﺎﻡ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺘﹰـﺎ
ﻴﺼﻑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺸﻭﻗﻪ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﻠﺩﻩ ﻭﻭﻁﻨﻪ ،ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻓﺎﺭﻗﻪ ﻤﻭﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﺏ ﻓﺎﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻴﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴـﻴﻴﻥ،4
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ[
ﺠﺭﺍﺭ ،ﺼﻼﺡ :ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ،ﻋﻤﺎﻥ -ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ،2007 ،ﺹ.13 1
41
1
ﻑ ﻴﻘﻀــﻲ
ﻓﻌﺴــﻰ ﺒﺎﺠﺘِﻤﺎﻋِﻨــﺎ ﺴــﻭ ﹶ ﻗــﺩ ﻗﻀــﻰ ﺍﷲ ﺒــﺎﻝﻔِﺭﺍﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻨــﺎ
ﻭﻤﻨﻪ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﻴﺽ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻭﻕ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻨﺨﻠﺔ ﻓﺭﻴـﺩﺓ
ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔ ﻗﺼﺭﻩ ﺒﺎﻝ ﺭﺼﺎﻓﺔ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻴﺩﻋﻭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ :ﻤـﻥ ﺜـﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﺴـﻊ،
ﻭﻋﻤﺭﺍﻥ ،ﺇﻝﻰ ﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﻭﺒﻘﺎﻉ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻀﺭﺓ ،ﻻ ﺘﺨﻠﻊ ﺜﻭﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺨﻀـﺭﺍﺭ ﺇﻻ ﻝﺘﺭﺘـﺩﻱ ﺃﺯﻫـﻰ
ﻭﺃﺭﻭﻉ ،ﻓﻼ ﻋﺠﺏ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﻴﺤﻴﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺤﻴﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﻴﻥ
ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﻔﺠﺭ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺸﺎﻋﺭﻴﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﺭﺠﺎﺌﻪ ﻴﻁﻭﻑ ﺨﻴﺎﻝﻪ.
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻁﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺠﻤﺎل ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﺩ ،ﻭﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺴﻬﻭﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺭﻋـﺔ ﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺌﻘﻬﺎ
ﺍﻝﻐﻨﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻤﻴﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻓﻘﺔ ،ﻭﺜﻤﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻴﺎﻨﻌﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻁﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﺤﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻤﻥ ﺘﻐﻨﻰ ﺒﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ
ﻴﻌﺩﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺠﻨﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺨﻔﺎﺠﺔ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﺔ ﻜﺜﻴـﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺩﻓﻌﺘﻬـﻡ ﻝﻜﻲ
ﻴﻔﺘﻨﻭﺍ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻴﺘﺴﺎﺒﻘﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻴﺏ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻝﻡ ﻴ ﺭ ﺒـﻼﺩﹰﺍ
ﺃﺠﻤل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺭﻱ ،ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ :ﻨﻔﺢ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺼﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻴﺏ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺇﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ_ ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ، 1
،1968ﺝ ،2ﺹ.707
ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﺹ716 2
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺨﻔﺎﺠﺔ ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﺴﺤﻕ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺢ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1961 ،ﺹ.117 3
42
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ُ
ﻫﺭﻴﻕ ﺒﻤﻨﻬ ِل ﺴُـــــــﺤﺏﹴ ﻤﺎﺅﻫﻥﱠ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ ﻜﹸـــــلﱠ ﻤﻨﻬلﹴ
َ ﺴﻘﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻤﻥْ
ُ
ﻤﺸﻭﻕ ﻲِ
ﻭﺃﺭﺽ ﻝﻬﺎ َﻗﻠْﺏ ُﺍﻝﺸّـــــﺠ
ٌ ﺩﻴــــــﺎﺭ ﻴَﺩﻭ ﺭ ﺍﻝﺤُﺴﻥُ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨِﻴﺎﻤِﻬﺎ
1
ﻝﻠﻌﻴﻭﻥ ﺘَ ُ
ﺭﻭﻕ ِ ﻭﺍﺩ
ﻭَﺒَـــــ ــﻬﺠﺔﹸ ٍ ﻭﻤـــــــﺎ ﺸﺎﻗَﻨﻲ ﺇﻻ ﻨَﻀَﺎﺭﺓﹸ ﻤَﻨْﻅَﺭﹴ
ﻭﻴﺼﻑ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺯﻤﺭﻙ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻥ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺠﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﻜﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺃﺠﻨﺤﺔ ﺘﻁﻴﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻬﻲ
ﺘﺴﺒﻕ ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭ ،ﻭﻴﺸﺒﻬﻬﺎ ﺃﺜﻨــﺎﺀ ﺘﺩﺍﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺍﺝ ،ﻭﻜــﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺨﻴﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﻀﻤﺎﺭ
ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺎﻕ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﻠﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺸﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍ ﻝﻠﺸـﻜل ﺍﻝﺸـﻌﺭﻱ
ﻥ
ﻝﻠﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺭﻯ ﺒﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﻠﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـﻭﺩﻱ ،ﻭﺘﻔﻨﻨـﹰﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻹﻴﻘﺎﻋـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌـﺩﺩﺓ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃ
ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺸﻬﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺭﻗﻲ ،ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﻝﻨﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﺭﺍﺴﺨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺸﺤﺎﺕ ،ﻓﻔﻲ
ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻓﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺨـﺘﻼﻑ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻝﻤـﺭﺃﺓ
ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻡ ﺘﻜﺩ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺃﺴﻨﺎﻥ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺠﻤـﺎﻥ،
ﻭﻭﺠﻬﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﺩﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺸﺤﺔ ﻝﻸﻋﻤﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻴﻠﻲ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺸﺢ[
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻴﺏ ،ﻝﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ :ﺍﻹﺤﺎﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻨﺠﻲ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ،1973،ﺝ،1ﺹ.27 1
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺯﻤﺭﻙ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭﻴﺔ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1998 ،ﺹ.60. 2
ﺃﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻴﻠﻲ :،ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻋﻤﺎﻥ -ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ ،2004 ،ﺹ.163 3
43
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺸﺤﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺯﻫﺭ ﻗ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﻐﺼﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻥ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺭﻤل[
ﺙ ﺍﺴـﺘﻭﻯ
ﻥ ﻤـﺎ َل ﻤِـﻥ ﺤﻴـ ﹸ
ﻥ ﺒﺎ ٍ
ﻏﹸﺼ
ﻁ ﺍﻝﺠـﻭﻯ
ﺕ ﻤـﻥ ﻴﻬـﻭﺍ ﻩ ﻤِـﻥ ﻓﹶـﺭ ِ
ﺒﺎ ﹶ
1
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻘِــﻭﻯ
ﻕ ﺍﻷﺤﺸــﺎ ِﺀ ﻤﻭﻫــﻭ
ﺨــﺎﻓ ﹶ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻝﻔﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘـﻨﻌﻡ ﺒﺤﻀـﺎﺭﺓ
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ،ﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻋﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺒﻐﺔ ،ﻭﻁﺭﻓﺔ ﻭﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ،ﻝﻜﻥ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﻤـﺭ ﻝـﻴﺱ
ﺘﻌﻤﻴﻤﺎﹰ ،ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺨﻁﺭﻭﺍ ﺒﺨﻭﺍﻁﺭ ﻭﺠﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻗﻠﻴل ،ﺃﻭ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﺩ.2
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﻭﻥ ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ،ﻝﻭﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺸﻌﺎﻋﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻁﻴﺒﻬـﺎ ،ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫـﺎ ،ﻭﺘﻐﺯﻝـﻭﺍ
ﺒﺴﺎﻗﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺭﺒﻪ ﻴﺭﺴﻡ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺭﺍﻋﺔ ،ﻭﺤﺴﻥ ﺨﻴﺎل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ،ﻻ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻝﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ،ﻭﻤـﺎ ﻫـﺫﻩ
ﺇ
ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺇﻻ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻭﺠﺯ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴـﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺼـﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ
ﺴﺒﻘﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ،ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺭﻗﺔ؟ ،ﻭﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ
ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﺄﺜﺭﻭﺍ ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـﺎﺭﻗﺔ؟ ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤـﺎ
ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻔﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﺃﻡ ﺒﻘﻲ ﻤﻌﺠﻤﻪ ﻤﻘﺘﺼﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ،
ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ.
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺴﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺴﻡ ﻫﺒﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺒﻥ ﺠﻌﻔﺭ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺍﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺸﺤﺎﺕ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﺩﻤﺸﻕ-ﺴـﻭﺭﻴﺎ، 1
،1977ﺹ.100
ﺤﺎﻭﻱ ،ﺇﻴﻠﻴﺎ :ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﺹ.233 2
ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺭﺒﻪ :،ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻴﺔ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ،ﺩﻤﺸﻕ -ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ،1987،ﺹ.161 3
44
ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ
45
ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻷﻭل
ﻴﻌ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ
ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻁﺭﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ،ﻓﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺇﻻ ﻭﺃﺩﻝﻰ ﺩﻝﻭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ.
ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺴﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻴﺏ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺼﺏ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ،ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ،ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻴـﺭﻯ ﺍﺒـﻥ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﺇﻝﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺨﻠـﻕ ﺒﻤـﺎ
ﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ،ﻭﺇ
ﺭﺸﻴﻕ" :ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﺯل ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺴﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻴﺏ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﻌﻨ
ﻴﻭﺍﻓﻘﻬﻥ".1
ﻭﻴﻌ ﺭﻑ ﺍﺒﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ)ﻍ ﺯ ل( ،ﺒﻘﻭﻝﻪ " :ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺯل :ﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﻴﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺘﻴﺎﺕ،
ﻭﻤﻐﺎﺯﻝﺘﻬﻥ :ﻤﺤﺎﺩﺜﺘﻬﻥ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻭﺩﺘﻬﻥ .ﻭﻴﻘﻭل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ )ﻥ ﺱ ﺏ( " :ﻨﺴﺏ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺎﺀ ،ﻴﻨﺴﺏ ،ﻭﻴﻨﺴِﺏ
ﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﱢﻌﺭ ﻭﺘﻐﺯل.ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ )ﺵ ﺏ ﺏ( " :ﺸﺒﺏ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ :ﻗـﺎل
ﻨﺴﺒﹰﺎ ﻭ ﻨﺴﻴﺒﺎﹰ ،ﻭ ﻤﻨﹾﺴِﺒ ﹰﺔ :ﺸﺒﺏ ﺒﻬ
ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻭﺍﻝﻨﱠﺴﻴﺏ.2....
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺴﺎﻋﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل؛ ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺍﻤﺘـﺯﺝ ﺍﻝﻌـﺭﺏ
ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃ
ﺒﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻋﺎﺸﻭﺍ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺤﻀﺭﻴﺔ ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﺃﻏﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﺒﺸﺘﻰ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻠﻬﻭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺠـﻭﻥ،
ﻭﺤﺭﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻏﻼل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﻝﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺭﻭﺜﺔ ،ﺜﻡ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺤﻅﹲ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل
ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻱ ،ﻜﺤﻅ ﺒﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﻋﻰ ﺃﻨﻅﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ﻭﻨﺒﻪ ﻋﻭﺍﻁﻔﻬﻡ ،ﻓﻘﺎﻝﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻴﺏ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻔﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺘﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻤﻠﻙ ﺃﻋﻨﺔ ﻗﻠﻭﺒﻬﻡ.4
ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺭﻭﺍﻨﻲ ،ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ :ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺒﻪ ﻭﻨﻘﺩﻩ ،ﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﻴﺏ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺝ ،2ﺹ.117 1
ﺍﻝﺤﻭﻓﻲ ،ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ :ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ ،ﻤﺼﺭ ،1972 ،ﺹ.14 3
ﻨﺎﻓﻊ ،ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ :ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ-ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ1990،ﻡ ،ﺹ.194 4
46
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺃﺴﻭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﺨﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺒﺎﻉ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﻠﻤﺎﻥ ،ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺸﺠﻌﺕ
ﺴﻬﻼ.1
ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺸﺠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻼﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻤﺭﺘﻌﺎ
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻠﻐل ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻲ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﻪ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ
ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺃﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺠﺎل ،ﻓﺘﻐﺯﻝﻭﺍ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻓﺘﺘﻨﻭﺍ ﺒﻤﺤﺎﺴﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﺽ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻭﻩ ،ﻭﺸﻘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺸـﻌﺭ ،ﻭﻨﺤﺎﻓـﺔ
ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻭﺩ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﺃﺜﺭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ.2
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﻠﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﻓﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻴﺤﺘـل ﻤﻜﺎﻨـﹰﺎ
ﻲ.
ﻱ )ﺍﻝﻌﻔﻴﻑ( ﻤﻨﻪ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺴ
ﻜﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺸﺎﻋﺭﻨﺎ ،ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﺫﺭ
ﻭﺘﺒﺭﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﻐﺯﻝﻴﺔ ﺼﻭﺭﺘﺎﻥ :ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘﹸﻌﻨـﻰ
ﺒﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺤﺒﻭﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺼـﻭﺭ
ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ.
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻝﻠﻐﺯل ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻏﺯل ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ
ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﺒﺩﺀﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻐﺯﻝﻴﺔ ،ﺇﻝـﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل.
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﺯﻝﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺤﻜﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤـﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺸـﻕ ﻝـﺩﻯ
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﺍﻝﻌﺫﺭﻱ ،ﺠﻤﻴل ﺒﺜﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻋـﺯﺓ....
ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ ،ﻭﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺭﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﺍﻝﺤﺴﻲ ،ﻓﻘـﺩ ﺠﻤـﻊ ﺍﻝﺸـﺎﻋﺭ ﺒـﻴﻥ
ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺫﺠﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل.
ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺭﻱ ،ﻁﻪ :ﺍﺒﻥ ﺤﺯﻡ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﺔ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﻀﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1982 ،ﺹ.158 2
47
ﻭﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻴﻥ ﻏﺎﻝﺒﺎ ﺒﺭﺤﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻗﻭﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺩﻴﺎﺭﻫﻡ ،ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ
ﻻ ﻭﻻ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺤﻴﺎل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒﺙ ﺸﻜﻭﺍﻩ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﺎﺒﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺫﺍﺏ ﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﻫﺫﺍ
ﻻ ﻴﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺤﻭ ﹰ
ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻕ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻝﻭﺩﺍﻉ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺨﻠﻔﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺜﺭ.
ﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻝﻭﺩﺍﻉ ....ﺇﻨﻪ ﻝﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﺘﻀﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺯﻴﻤﺔ ﻜل ﻤﺎﻀـﻲ
ﺍﻝﻌﺯﺍﺌﻡ ،ﻭﺘﹸﺫﻫﺏ ﻗﻭﺓ ﻜل ﺫﻱ ﺒﺼﻴﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺘﺴﻜﺏ ﻜل ﻋﻴﻥ ﺠﻤﻭﺩ ،ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻜﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻯ.1
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﻭﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ ﺘﻔﻭﻗﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻝﻭﺩﺍﻉ ،ﻭﻤﺭﺩ ﺫﻝـﻙ
ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﺸﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﻭﻥ؛ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﺩﻭﺀ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺭﺤـﻼﺕ ﺇﻝـﻰ
ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺭﻕ ﻁﻠﺒﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻌﻠﻡ ،ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺤﻠﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ،ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ
"ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻔﺎﺭ ﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺜﻐﺭﹰﺍ ﺇﺴﻼﻤﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﺘﺎﺨﻤﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﻭ ﺍﻹﺴـﺒﺎﻨﻲ ،ﻤﻤـﺎ
ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻥ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻌل ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﻭﺴـﻬﻡ
ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺩ .ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﻏﻴﺎﺒﹰﺎ ﻁﻭﻴ ﹰ
ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻭﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻨﻴﻥ ،ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺴﺒﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﺴﻌﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ.2
ﻓﺎﻝﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺒﻜﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩ ،ﻓﺄﺩﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﻡ ،ﻭﺴـﻘﻭﺍ ﺍﻝـﺩﻴﺎﺭ ﻤـﺎﺀ
ﺍﻝﺸﻭﻕ ،ﻭﺘﺫﻜﺭﻭﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺴﻠﻑ ﻝﻬﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻓﺄﻋﻭﻝﻭﺍ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﺤﺒﻭﺍ ،3ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﺒﺘﻌﺩ ﺸﺎﻋﺭﻨﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﺒﺩﻩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
4
ﺕ ﺩﻤﻌــﻲ ﻜﹶﺎﻝﺤﻴــﺎ ﺍﻝﻤِــﺩﺭﺍ ِﺭ
ﻭَﺃﺴــﻠ ﹸ ﺏ ﺯﻓﹾﺭﺘــﻲ
ﻭ ﹶﺘﺼــ ﻌ ﺩﺕﹾ ِﺇﺜﹾــ ﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻜﺎﺌِــ ِ
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﺍﺒﻥ ﺤﺯﻡ :ﻁﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻝﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻷُﻻﻑ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﺴﻌﺩ،ﺩﻁ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1975 ،ﺹ.212 1
ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻴﺔ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺭﻀﻭﺍﻥ :ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ،ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺔ ،2000 ،ﺹ .131ﻭﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻠﻲ ،ﻤﻬـﺎ ﺭﻭﺤـﻲ: 2
ﺍﻝﺤﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ،ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ،ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻑ :ﺩ ﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﺒﻭ ﺼﺎﻝﺢ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌـﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺠـﺎﺡ
ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻨﺎﺒﻠﺱ ،2007،ﺹ 47ﻭﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ.
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﺍﺒﻥ ﺤﺯﻡ :ﻁﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻝﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻷُﻻﻑ ،ﺹ.220 3
48
ﻓﻤﺸﻬﺩ ﺭﺤﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺠﻌل ﺃﻨﻔﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ،ﻜﺄﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻜﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤـﻭﺕ،
ﻭﺭﻭﺤﻪ ﺘﺼﻌ ﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺀ ،ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻨﻬﻤﺭﺕ ﺩﻤﻭﻋﻪ ﻝﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺠﻴﺵ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻜﻨﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ.
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
1
ﻭﻻ ﺴِــﻴﻤﺎ ﻤِــﻥ ﻤــﻭﺌِﻠﻲ ﻭﻋِﻤــﺎﺩﻱ ﻕ ﺒﻴ ﹶﻨﻬﻤـﺎ
ﺕ ﻻ ﻓﹶـﺭ ﹶ
ﹶﻓﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻬﺠ ﺭ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻝﻤـﻭ ﹸ
ﻭﺼﻨﻭﹰﺍ ﻝﻠﺴﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺠﺭﺡ ﻗﻠﺒﻪ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﺯﺍل ﻴﻨﺯﻑ ﺤﺯﻨﺎ ﻭﺃﻝﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺃﺼﺎﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻝﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺃﻝﻡ ﻭﺃﺴﻰ ﺒﺴـﺒﺏ ﺍﻗﺘـﺭﺍﺏ
ﻝﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺩﺍﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻕ ،ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺭﺴﻤﻪ ﻝﻤﺸﻬﺩ ﻤﺴﺭﺤﻲ ﻏﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل،
ﻓﺎﻝﻘﻭﻡ ﻴﺘﻬﻴﺄﻭﻥ ﻝﻠﺭﺤﻴل ،ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺩﺝ ﺘﺭﻓﻊ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻹﺒل ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻬﺩ ﺴﺒﺏ ﻝﻠﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ
ﻭﺍﻷﻝﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻰ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺎ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻴﺒﻜـﻲ ﺒﻜـﺎ ﺀ ﺸـﺩﻴﺩﺍ،
ﻰ ﻭﻝﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺸﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﺤﻅﺎﺕ ﻗﺴﻭﺓ ،ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻋـﺔ
ﻭﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺎﻨﻴﻪ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴ
49
ﺘﻐﻭﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ،ﺜﻡ ﺘﻔﻴﺽ ﺒﺎﻝﺩﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺸﻭﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺠﺩ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻴﻌﺔ
ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻕ.
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻝﻭﺩﺍﻉ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻭﻉ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ
ﻋﻥ ﺠﻭﻯ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﻁﻭﺘﻪ ﻀﻠﻭﻋﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻝﻡ ﻭﻋﺫﺍﺏ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺒﻜﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻴﻥ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﺒﻥ ﺤﺯﻡ " :ﺍﻝﺒﻜﺎﺀ
ﻤﻥ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺏ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ،ﻓﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻏﺯﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻊ ﻫﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺸـﺅﻭﻥ ﺘﺠﻴﺒـﻪ ﻋﻴﻨـﺎﻩ،
ﻋﺒﺭﺘﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺸﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺠﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻊ" .1ﻴﻘﻭل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ:
ﻭﺘﺤﻀﺭﻩ
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
2
ﻁ ﻭﺘﹾـ ﻪ ﻀـﻠﻭﻋﻲ
ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻤ ﻊ ﻴﻨﺸﹸـ ﺭ ﻤـﺎ ﹶ ﺕ ﺸــﺎ ِﻫﺩﻨﺎ ﻏﹶــﺩﺍ ﹶﺓ ﻓِﺭﺍﻗِﻨــﺎ
ﻫــلْ ﹸﻜﻨﹾــ ﹶ
ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻤﺤﻔﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻠﺒﻪ ،ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻏﺎﺒﺕ ﻭﺭﺤﻠﺕ ،ﻴﺘﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜـل
ﻝﺤﻅﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻝﺤﻅﺎﺕ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻴﺘﻤﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
3
ﺏ
ﻙ ﻗﹶﺭﻴـ
ﻥ ِﻤﻨﹾـ ِ
ﻅ ﺍﻝﻌـﻴ ِ
ﺕ ﺤـ ﱠ
ﹶﻓﻴﺎ ﹶﻝﻴـ ﹶ ﺨﻁﹾـ ﺭ ٍﺓ
ﺱ ﻓِـﻲ ﻜﹸـ ﱢل ﹶ
ﻅ ﺍﻝـ ﱠﻨﻔﹾ ِ
ﺤﱠ
ﻙ
ﹶﻓ ِﺫﻜﹾ ﺭ ِ
ﻭﻴﺼﻑ ﺫﻜﺭﻯ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﻘﻁﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﱠﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻀﻠﻌﻪ ،ﻓﺘﻁﻔﺊ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺭﻗـﺔ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
4
ﻼ ﻭﻻ ﻭﻗـﺩﺍ
ﺙ ﻻ ﻴﺒﻘـﻲ ﻏﹶﻠـﻴ ﹰ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﹶﻴ ِ
ِﻤ ﺤ ـ ﺭ ﺃَﻀ ـﻠﹸﻌﻲ
ـﻰ
ـﺩﻯ ﻋﻠـ
ﹶﺘ ـ ﹶﺫ ﱠﻜﺭﺘﹸﻬﺎ َﺃﻨﹾـ
50
ﻭﻻ ﻴﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﻁﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺨﻴﺎل ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻠﻬﺎ ﻴﺴﻬﺭ ﻭﻴﺫﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﻌـﻭﺩ،
ﻓﺎﻝﺴﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ،ﻭﺤﻜﻭﺍ ﺇﻨﻬﻡ ﺭﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﺍﻜﺏ ،ﻝﻴﺼﻔﻭ
ﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻠﻴل ،1ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
2
ﺏ
ﺏ ﺴــﻜﻴ
ﻭﺩﻤــﻊِ ﺒﺘِــﺫﻜﺎ ِﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴــ ِ ـﻭﻗﹸﻨﻲ
ـﻬﺎ ﺩ ﻴﻌـ
ﺴـﻋ ـ ﺯ ﻁﹶﻴ ـﻑﹲ ﻓﺎﻝ
ﹶﻓ ـ ِﺈﻥ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺠﻤل ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺼﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺃﺠﻤـل
ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺼﻭﺭ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺤﺒﻪ ﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﻋﺎﻨﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻝـﻙ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻷﻤـﻭﺭ ﺴﻨﺴﺘﻌﺭﻀـﻪ
ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻝﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺴﻨﺭﻯ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ﻓﻲ
ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭﻩ.
ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝـﺙ ،ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﺘﻨـﺎﻭل
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ﺒﻌﺩﺓ ﺃﻭﺼﺎﻑ ،ﻓﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻨﺭﺍﻩ ﻴﺼﻭﺭﻩ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺇﻨﺴـﺎﻨﹰﺎ
ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺯل ،ﺃ
ﻼ ،ﻴﺭﻤﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻬﺎﻡ ،ﻗﻭﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺨﻴﺏ ﺭﻤﻴﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺼﻭﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺘل ﻨﺒﻠﻪ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﺄﺭﺩﺍﻩ ﻗﺘﻴﻼﹰ،
ﻤﻘﺎﺘ ﹰ
ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
3
ﺵ ﻝﹶــ ﻪ ﻨﹶﺒــ ُل
ﹶﻓﻠِﻠــ ِﻪ ﺭﺍ ٍﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻁــﻴ ﹸ ﺏ ﻓﺎﻏﺘــﺎ َل ﻗﹶﻠﺒــ ﻪ
ﻗﹶﺘﻴــلٌ ﺭﻤــﺎ ﻩ ﺍﻝﺤــ
ﻭﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻨﺭﺍﻩ ﻴﺼﻭﺭﻩ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﺭﺱ ،ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻝﻪ ﺃﻨﻴﺎﺏ ﻭﻤﺨﺎﻝﺏ ﻝﻴﻘﻀﻲ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﻓﺭﻴﺴﺘﻪ ،ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﺎﻝﺤﺏ ﻗﺩ ﻋﺒﺙ ﺒﻘﻠﺒﻪ ﺒﺄﻅﺎﻓﺭﻩ ﻭﺃﻨﻴﺎﺒﻪ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻫﻠﻜﻪ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
51
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
1
ﺏ!
ﺙ ِﺒﻅِﻔــ ٍﺭ ﻓِﻴــ ِﻪ ﻭﻨــﺎ ِ
ﻭﻋــﺎ ﹶ ﺤـ ﺒﻜﹸﻡ
ﻱ
ـﺅﺍﺩ
ـﻰ ﹸﻓـ
ـﺎ ﺃَﻓﻨـ
َﺃ ِﻤـﻥ ﺒﻌ ـ ِﺩ ﻤـ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻋﺒﻭﺩﻴـﺔ ﻭﺭﻕ ،ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ ﻓﻴـﻪ
ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺏ ﻋﺒﺩﺍ ﻝﻠﻤﺤﺒﻭﺏ ﻭﻁﻭﻉ ﺃﻤﺭﻩ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﱠﻭﻴل[
ﺏ
ـﺭﻭ
ﻏــﺩﻭ ِﺩ ﹶ
ﺼــﻰ ﻫ ـلْ ﻝﻠ
ِﺒﻐﹶﻴ ـ ِﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻠـ ﺱ ﻁﹶﺎﻝِﻌـﹰﺎ
ﻓﹶﻴﺎ َﺃﻴﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﺒـﺩ ﺭ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﻝﹶـﻴ
2
ﺏ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﻐﹶــﺭﺍ ِﻡ ﻏﹶﺭﻴــ
ﻕ ﻤِــﻥ ﺭ ﱢ
ﻭﻴﻌﺘﹶــ ﹸ ﺏ ِﻤﻥ ﻝﹶﻭﻋـ ِﺔ ﺍﻝﺠـﻭﻯ
ﻙ ﺘﹸﺩﺍﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﻠ
ﻋﺴﺎ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ﻭﻜﺄﻨﻪ ﻨﺎﺭ ﺃﺤﺭﻗﺕ ﺠﺴﺩﻩ ،ﻭﻝﺒﻴـﺎﻥ
ﺸﺩﺓ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺭ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﺴﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺠﻬﻨﻡ "ﻝﻅﻰ" ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘـﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻝﻜـﺭﻴﻡ
) ،3 (3“u褱=Ïj9 Zπtã#¨“tΡ ∩⊇∈∪ 4‘sàs9 $pκ¨ΞÎ) ( Hξx.ﻝﻠﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺭ ﻝﻡ ﺘﺤﺭﻕ ﺠﺴﺩﻩ ﻓﻘﻁ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤـﺎ
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
4
ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻠﺏ ﺃﻀﺤﻰ ﺒﺴﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﺭﻭﺤـﹰﺎ ﻕ
ﻓﺎﻝﺠﺴﻡ ﺃﻤﺴﻰ ﻤﺫﺍﺒﹰﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﻝﻅـﻰ ﺤـ ِﺭ ٍ
ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺸﺎﻋﺭﻨﺎ ﺤﺒﻪ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻋﺩﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ
ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ﻗﺩ ﻋ ﹼﺫﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻭﺁﻝﻤﻪ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻝﻪ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻕ،
ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺘل ،ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺭ ،ﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﺭﺱ ،ﻭﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﻗﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﻴﻔﺔ ،ﺘﹸﺸﻌﺭﻨﺎ ﺒﻤﺩﻯ ﻅﻠﻡ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺤـﺏ
ﻝﻠﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻭﻗﺴﻭﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻓﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻝﻡ ﺩﺍﺌﻡ ،ﻭ ﹶﻗﻠﱠﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺡ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺍﻡ.
ﻭﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺼﺎﺩﻓﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺒﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺼﻭﺭ
ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ،ﺇﻻ ﺇﻨﻪ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻋﺸﻘﻬﺎ ﺜﻡ ﻓﺎﺭﻗﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺫﻜـﺭﻯ
ﺤﺏ.
52
ﺜﺎﻝﺜﹰﺎ :ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ
ﻴﺼﻑ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﺃﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﻭﺃﺩﻗﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻬل ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺔ؟ ﺃﻡ
ﺴﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﻤـﻥ ﺨـﻼل ﻫـﺫﻩ
ﺍﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺤﻲ ﺘﺨﻴﻼﺘﻪ ﻭﺃﺤﻼﻤﻪ؟ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺠ
ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ،ﻓﺼﻭﺭ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩﻕ ﻝﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﺼﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻐﻨﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻡ.
ﻓﺎﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﺒﺩﺕ ﻤﻬﻴﻤﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﻨﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﺠﺎﺭﻴـﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺴـﺎﻗﻴﺔ
ﺨﻤﺭ ،ﺒل ﺃﻝﻔﻴﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺸﺭﻴﻜﺔ ﻝﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻴﻨﺎﻏﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﻝﻁﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺃﺭﻗﻬﺎ،ﻭﺃﻋﺫﺏ ﺍﻷﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺃﺠﻤﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻤﺼﻭﺭﹰﺍ
ﺇﻴﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻜل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ.1
ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ﻤﻨﺤﺔ ﺇﻝﻬﻴﺔ ﻴﻬﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﷲ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺸﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺒﻁﺒﻌﻪ ﻤﻴﺎل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻁـﻭﺭﺕ
ﻼ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺠﺩﻩ ﻏﻴﺭﻨﺎ ﻗﺒﻴﺤﺎ ،ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺫﻭﻕ،
ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭﻩ ﺒﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ .ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ﻨﺴﺒﻲ ،ﻤﺎ ﻨﺭﺍﻩ ﺠﻤﻴ ﹰ
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺒﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ،ﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﺒﻥ ﺤﺯﻡ " :ﻭﻝﻘﺩ ﺸﺎﻫﺩﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻗﺩ
ﻭﺼﻔﻭﺍ ﺃﺤﺒﺎﺒﺎ ﻝﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺼﻔﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻝﻴﺱ ﺒﻤﺴﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻻ ﻴﺭﻀﻰ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﻤـﺎل،
ﻋ ﺭ ﹰﺓ ﻷﻫﻭﺍﺌﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻤﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺤﺴﺎﻨﻬﻡ".2
ﻓﺼﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﺠﻴﺭﺍﻫﻡ
ﻝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﺍ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﺠﻤﺎل ،ﻤﺘﻌﺎﺭﻓﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ،ﻭﺭﺒﻤـﺎ ﺍﻨﺘﻘـل ﺇﻝـﻰ
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺒﺎﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻭ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﻠﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﻭﻥ ﻴﺘﺘﻠﻤـﺫﻭﻥ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻴﺩﻱ ﺇﺨﻭﺍﻨﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﺠﻭﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺭﻕ ﻨﺎﻫﻠﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺌﻪ ،3ﻓﺎﻨﺘﻘـل
ﻤﺎ ﻨﺠﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﻅﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻘﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺘﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﻓﻴـﻪ
ﺒﺭﻭﻓﻨﺴﺎل ،ﻝﻴﻔﻲ :ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺏ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻭﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻬﺎ،ﺩﻁ،ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ -ﻤﺼـﺭ،1951 ، 1
ﺹ.14
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﺍﺒﻥ ﺤﺯﻡ :ﻁﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻤﺔ ،ﺹ .60 2
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻱ ،ﺴﻌﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ :ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻝﺱ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ﻭﺇﺤﻴـﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘـﺭﺍﺙ 3
ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻲ ،ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ،1997 ،ﺹ ،168 111ﻭﺃﻤﻴﻥ،ﺃﺤﻤﺩ :ﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻻﺴـﻼﻡ ،ﻁ،5ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ
ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ،1969 ،ﺝ ،3ﺹ26 25
53
ﺃﻤﺜﺎل :ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻋﺹ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺩﺭ ،ﺒل ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺸـﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـﺭﻕ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﺭﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﺭﺩﻑ ،ﻭﺘﺄﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺩ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻝﻙ.1 "...
ﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﻻ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ
ﺇ
ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺎﺘﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻻ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻋﻥ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ،ﻓﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺼﻭﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻓﻠﻡ ﺘﺯل ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ
ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺩﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺴل ،ﻭﺍﻷﻝﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺤﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻤـﺎ ﺸـﺎﺒﻪ ﺫﻝـﻙ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻁﺎﻝﻤﺎ ﺘﻐﻨﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﻤﻭﻥ ،ﻭﻭﺭﺜﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﺀﻭﺍ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﻡ.2ﺇﺫ ﻅﻠﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ
ﻤﺘﺤﻔﹰﺎ ﺘﺸﺨﺹ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺸﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺤﺩﺭﺓ ﻤـﻥ ﺘﻘﺎﻝﻴـﺩ ﺍﻝﺼـﻭﺭﺓ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﺩ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﻨﻔﺢ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻕ ﺃﻫل ﺍﻷﻨـﺩﻝﺱ " :ﺇﻨﻬـﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻐﺯﻝـﻭﺍ
ﺼﺎﻏﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺭﺩ ﺨﺩﻭﺩﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺭﺠﺱ ﻋﻴﻭﻨﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺱ ﺃﺼﺩﺍﻏﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻔﺭﺠل ﻨﻬﻭﺩﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻤﻥ
ﻗﺼﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﺭ ﻗﺩﻭﺩﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﻗﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﺯ ﻭﺴﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﺡ ﻤﺒﺎﺴﻡ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﺒﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺏ ﺭﻀﺎﺒﺎ".ً 3
ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺭﻱ؛ ﻓﻜﺭﺭ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ﻝﺩﻯ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ
ﺝ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝـﺙ ﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘـﻪ ،ﻴـﺭﺍﻩ
ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﻅﻤﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻤﺎﺫ
ﻴﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺩﺓ ﺃﻭﺼﺎﻑ ،ﻓﻔﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﻨﺭﺍﻩ ﻴﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻤﺱ ،ﺒل ﻫﻲ ﺃﺠﻤـل ﻭﺃﺒﻬـﻰ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﹼﻭﻴل[
4
ﻭﻝﻜﻨﱠﻬــﺎ ﺃَﺒﻬــﻰ ﺠﻤــﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻭﺃَﺒﻬــ ﺭ ـﺎ
ﻁﻠﻭﻋِﻬـ
ﻋﻨﹾـ ﺩ ﹸ
ﺱ ِ
ـﻤ
ﺸـﻙ ﺍﻝ ﱠ
ـﺎﺓﹲ ﺘﹸﺭﻴـ
ﻓﹶﺘـ
ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺠﺩ ،ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ :ﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ،ﺩﻁ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1975 ،ﺹ.47 1
ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ،ﻨﺎﻓﻊ :ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ،ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ-ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ ،1990،ﺹ.198 2
54
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺸﻌﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌ ﺩ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔٍ،
ﻭﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺘﺩﻭﺭ ﺤﻭل ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ،ﺃﻻ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻁﻭﻉ ﻨﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺠﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ،
]ﺍﻝﻁﹼﻭﻴل[
1
ﻭﻝﻜﻨﱠﻬــﺎ ﺃَﻨــﺄﻯ ﻭﺃَﺒﻬــﻰ ﻭَﺃﺒﻬــ ﺭ ﺱ ﺤﺴـﻨﹰﺎ ﻭﻤﻨﺼِـﺒﹰﺎ
ﻲ ِﺇﻝﹼﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﱠـﻤ
ﻭﻫلْ ِﻫ
ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﻨﺼﺭﺕ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ،
ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺭﻤﺯﹰﺍ ﻝﻸﻨﺜﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﻤﺭ ﺭﻤـﺯﹰﺍ ﻝﻠـﺫﻜﺭ" ....ﻭﻗـﺩ ﻋﺒـﺩ
ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﺜﺎﻝﻭﺜﹰﺎ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﻭﻋﺸﺘﺭ )ﺍﻝﺯﻫﺭﺓ( ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﻭﺙ ﺃﺸﺒﻪ ﺒﻌﺎﺌﻠﺔ
ﻤﻘﺩﺴﺔ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺏ ﻭﺃﻡ ﻭﻭﻝﺩ" .2
ﻭﺃﺠﻤل ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺭﻭﻋﻬﺎ ،ﺒﻴﺎﺽ ﻭﺠﻬﻬﺎ،ﺇﺫ ﻴﺸﹾﺒﻪ ﺠﻤﺎل ﻭﺠﻬﻬـﺎ ﺠﻤـﺎل
ﺍﻝﻘﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﻪ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺘﺸﺒﻴﻬﻬﻡ ﻝﻭﺠﻬﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻴﺭ ،3ﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ:
]ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ[
4
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﱠﻘــﻰ ﻝﻴﻨــﹰﺎ ﻭﻗﹶــﺩﺍ
ﻏﺼــ
ﻭﻴــﺎ ﹸ ﻓﹶﻴــﺎ ﺒــﺩ ﺭ ﺍﻝــﺩﺠﻰ ﺤﺴــﻨﹰﺎ ﻭﺨﹶــﺩﺍ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
5
ﻲ ِﻝﻤﻬﺘﹶــ ِﺩ
ﺃَﻨــﺎ ﺭ ِﻝﻤﺴــﺘﺠ ٍل ﻭﺤــ ﻙ ﺃَﺠﻠﻰ ﻤِـﻥ ﺴـﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺒـﺩ ِﺭ ﹸﻜﻠﹼﻤـﺎ
ﻭﻭﺠ ﻬ ِ
ﻏﻭﻤﺱ ،ﻏﺭﺴﻴﻪ :ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﻭﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻪ ،ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ :ﺩ .ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﺅﻨﺱ،ﻁ ،2ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ، 3
55
ﻻ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻴـﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻴﺨﺎﻝﻁـﻪ ﺍﻝﻠـﻭﻥ
ﻭﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺽ ﺠﻤﺎ ﹰ
ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ،ﻭﻜﺄﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﻏﺭﺱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﺤﻤﺭﺍﺀ ﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻨﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻕ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺌِﻤــﺎ
ﻥ ﻓﺎﺴــ ﹶﺘ ﺭ ّﹶ
ﺤــﺎ ﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﺴِــ ﺏ ﺒــﺎﻝﻨﹸﻬﻰ
ﺕ ﻴﻠﻌــ
ﻭﻤــ ﻭ ﺭ ﺩ ﺍﻝ ﻭﺠﻨــﺎ ِ
1
ﻥ ﻭﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﻨﺎﻋِﻤــﹰﺎ
ﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﻴــﺎ ﺀ ِﺒﻬِــ
ﻏﹶــ ﺭ ـﺎ
ـﺎ ﻓﹶﻜ َﺄﻨﹼﻤــ
ـﺎ ﺃَﻝﺤﺎﻅﹸﻨــ
ـﺕﹾ ﺒِﻬــ
ﻋﺒﺜــ
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻭﻥ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺜﺭ ﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻐﻨﻲ ﺒﺠﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻝﻤﺎ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺤﺭ ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﻓﺭﺩ ﻝﻬـﺎ ﺍﺒـﻥ
ﺤﺯﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻤﺔ )ﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻴﻥ( ،ﻭﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎل ﻓـﻲ ﺠﻤـﺎل
ﻼ ﺭﻭﺤﺎﻨﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻓﻘﺎل " :ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻥ ﺘﻨﻭﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺴل ،ﻭﻴﺩﺭﻙ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ" .2
ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ﺘﻌﻠﻘﹰﺎ ﻭﻤﺨﺎﻁﺒﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻭﺍﺼ ﹰ
ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻭﻥ ﺴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺴﺤﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺤﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﻤﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﻓﻘـﺎﻝﻭﺍ:
ﺃﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﻀﻰ ﻭﻨﻅﺭﺍﺕ ﺴﻘﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻔﻭﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺭﺠﺱ ﻝﺫﺒﻭﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻓﺘﻭﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺸﺒﻬﻭﻫﺎ ﺒﻌﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻅﺒـﻲ
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻬﺎ.3ﻓﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻋﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﻭﻜﺄﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻋﻴﻭﻥ ﻅﺒﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺤﻭﺭ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﱠﻀـ ِﺭ
ﻥ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻝـ ﻭ ﺭ ِ
ﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﺎ ِ
ﺕ ﺨﻭ ِ
ﻭﻤﻨ ِﺒ ﹶ ﺏ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﺼـ ِﺭ
ﻀ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻝ ﹶﻐﻨﱠﺎ ﺀ ِﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨِـ ِ
ﺴ ِل ﺍﻝﺭﻭ
4
ﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺩ ﺭ ﺃَﻭ ﺘﹶﺯﻫﻰ ﺠﻤﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺒـﺩِ ﺭ
ِﻫ ﺱ ﺤـﻭﺭﺍ ﺀ ﻁِﻔﻠﹶـﺔﹲ
ﺒِﻬﺎ ِﻤﻥ ﻅِﺒـﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻷُﻨـ ِ
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
6
ﻁﺭﻓِـﻪ ﺍﻝﺴـﺎﺠﻲ
ﺞ ﻓﻲ ﹶ
ﻋٍ
ﻓﺎﻨﹾﻅﹸﺭ ﺇِﻝﻰ ﺩ ﻯ ﻭﺃَﺴـﻰ
ﺕ ﺘﹸﻨ ِﻜ ﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻲ ِﻤﻥ ﺠـﻭ
ﺇِﻥ ﻜﹸﻨ ﹶ
ﺍﺒﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﻀل ﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺼﺎﺭﻱ"،ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﻝﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ،ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﻋﺞ) .ﺩﻋﺞ :ﺍﻝﺩﻋﺞ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻋﺠﺔ :ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺍﺩ; ﻭﻗﻴـل: 5
ﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺍﺩ .ﻭﻗﻴل :ﺍﻝﺩﻋﺞ ﺸﺩﺓ ﺴﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺸﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﺎﺽ ﺒﻴﺎﻀﻬﺎ ; ﻭﻗﻴل :ﺸﺩﺓ ﺴﻭﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺴﻌﺘﻬﺎ.
ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺹ،90 6
56
ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﺴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺘﻐﻨﻰ ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺸﺎﻋﺭﻨﺎ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ[
1
ﺱ
ﻋ ِ
ﻅ ِﺒ ـﺎﻝﻬﻭﻯ ﹶﻨ ـﺎ ِ
ﺕ ﹶﻝﺤ ـ ٍ
ِﻤ ـﻥ ﹶﺘﺤ ـ ِ ﻭ ﻭﺭ ﺩ ٍﺓ ﻓِــــﻲ ﺨﹶــــ ﺩ ِﻩ َﺃﻴ ﹶﻨﻌــــﺕﹾ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
2
ﺏ ﻭﺼــ ﺩ ِﻩ
ﺏ ﺍﻝ ﻤﺤِــ
ﻭﻝــﻭﻉِ ﺒﺘﹶﻌــﺫﻴ ِ ﻑ ﹶﻝﻡ ﻴﺩِ ﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻬـﻭﻯ
ﻁﺭِ
ﻭﺃﺤ ﻭ ﺭ ﺴﺎﺠﻲ ﺍﻝ ﱠ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺸﺒﻬﺕ ﻨﻅﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻭﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﺼﻭﺍﺭﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻁﻌﺔ ،ﺒل ﻫﻲ ﺃﻤﻀﻰ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ،ﻓـﺈﻥ
ﺩﺨﻠﺕ ﻗﺘﻠﺕ ﻭﻝﻡ ﺘﺨﺭﺝ.3
ﻴﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺠﻔﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻼﺡ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻓﻤﺜﻠﻤﺎ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺡ
ﻭﺴــﻤ ﺭ ﻗﹸــﺩﻭ ٍﺩ َﺃﻡ ﻨﹸﺼــﻭ ُل ﺭِﻤــﺎ ِ ﺡ
ﻥ ﺴِــﻼ ِ
ﻅ ﺃَﻡ ﺠﻔــﻭ
ﻥ ﻝِﺤــﺎ ٍ
ﺠﻔــﻭ
4
ﺡ
ﻕ ﻓِﻌــ َل ﺍﻝﺼــﻔﺎ ِ
ِﺒ َﺄﻓﹾﺌِــ ﺩ ِﺓ ﺍﻝ ﻌﺸﱠــﺎ ِ ﺤ ـﺩﻫﺎ
ـﻌﻭﺍ ﺀ ﻴﻔﻌ ـ ُل
ﺸــﺎ ﺭ ﹸﺓ ﺍﻝ ﱠ
ـﺎ ﺍﻝﻐـ
ﻝﹶﻬـ
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﹶﻗﺩ ﻫﺎﻡ ،ﹶﻝﻤﺎ ﺒـﺩﺍ ﻓـﻲ ﺤﺴـ ِﻨ ِﻪ ﺍﻝ ﺒﺸﹶـ ﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻋـﺎ ِﺫﺭ ﻤِـﻥ ﻏﹶـﺯﺍ ٍل ﺯﺍﻨﹶـ ﻪ ﺤـ ﻭ ﺭ
ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﺹ ،33ﻭﺍﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﺴﺎﺠﻴﺔ :ﻓﺎﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻑ .ﺍﻝﻠﻴﺙ :ﻋﻴﻥ ﺴـﺎﺠﻴﺔ :ﻓـﺎﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﻅـﺭ ،ﻴﻌﺘـﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﺤﺴـﻥ ﻓـﻲ 2
ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺎﺀ.ﻭﺍﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﺴﺠﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻑ ﻭﺴﺎﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻑ :ﻓﺎﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﻜﻨﺘﻪ).ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﻝﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ،ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺴﺠﺎ(
ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺭﻱ ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺱ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ:ﺃﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻀﻲ ﻋﻴﺎﺽ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﺍﻝﺴـﻘﺎ ﻭﺁﺨـﺭﻭﻥ،ﺩﻁ، 3
57
1
ﻝﹶﻬــﺎ ﺒِﻘﻠﺒــﻲ ﻭِﺇﻥ ﺴــﺎ ﹶﻝ ﻤ ﻪ َﺃﺜﹶــﺭ ﻑ ﺍﻝﻬِﻨــ ِﺩ ﻤﺎﻀِــ ﻴﺔﹲ
ﺃﻝﺤﺎﻅــ ﻪ ﹶﻜﺴــﻴﻭ ِ
]ﺍﻝ ﺭﻤل[
2
ـﺎﻝ ﱠﻨﻅﹶﺭ
ﺏ ﻤﻐـ ـ ﺭ ٍﻡ ﺒــ
ﻁ ﹶﻗﻠﹾـ ـ ٍ
ﻭﺴـ ـ ﹶ ﻭﺭﻤـــﺕﹾ ﻤِـــﻥ ﺠﻔﻨﻬـــﺎ ِﺒﺄَﺴـــ ﻬ ٍﻡ
ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻭﻥ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴـﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺸـﺭﻕ
ﻫﻨﺭﻱ ﺒﻴﺭﻴﺱ ،ﻫﻭ" ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﺭﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺘﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤـﺏ ﻗـﻭﺓ ﺴـﺤﺭﻴﺔ
ﺘﻤﺎﺭﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﻔﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺘﻜﺎﺕ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﻴﺼﺩﺭ ﺴﺤﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﻰ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻭﻥ".3
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺒﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺼﻔﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺒﺄﻨﱠﻬﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻝﻘﺴـﻲ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺼـﺎﻑ
ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺒﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻴﻘﻭل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ:
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل[
ﻥ
ﺤــــــﻭ َل ﻭﺭ ِﺩ ﺍﻝــــــﻭﺠﻨﹶﺘﻴ ِ ﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﺎ ِﺭﻀــــــــــــﻴﻥ
ﻻ ﻭﺁ
4
ﻥ
ﺠﺒﻴ ِ
ﻲ ﺍﻝﺤــــــﺎ ِ
ﻭﻗِﺴــــــ ﻅﺭﻴﻥ
ﻭﺴِـــــــﻬﺎ ﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﹼـــــــﺎ ِ
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺠـﻪ ﺍﻝﻤـﺭﺃﺓ ﺍﻝﺸـﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺒـﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺼﺩﻏﻴﻬﺎ ،5ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺄﻝﻭﻓﺔ ،ﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺼﺩﻍ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺏ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻘﺭﺏ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
ﺒﻴﺭﻴﺱ ،ﻫﻨﺭﻱ :ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﺍﺌﻑ،ﻁ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ -ﻤﺼﺭ ،1988 ،ﺹ.320 3
ﺍﺒﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ :ﻝﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ،ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺼﺩﻍ ،ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻍ :ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﺨﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺠﺎﻨﺏ .ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺘﺤﺕ 5
ﺍﻝﺠﻠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻋﻅﻡ ﻴﺩﻋﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻏﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺸﻜل ﺃﺤﺩ ﻋﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ.
58
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
1
ـﻠﻭﻝ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﹼﻐ ـ ِﺭ
ﻥ ﻤﺴـ
ـﺩﻏﻴ ِ
ﺼـﻤﻌﻘﺭﺒـ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻝ ﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻴــﺎ
ﻥ ﺘﹶــﺩﻤﻰ ﻤِــ
ـ ﻭﺭﺩ ﹸﺓ ﺍﻝﺨﹶــﺩﻴ ِ
ﻤـ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺸﺒﻬﻪ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻬﺠﺎﺀ ،2ﻭﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﺸﺎﻋﺭﻨﺎ ،ﻓﺒﺎﻹﻀـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﻭﺼـﻔﻪ
ﻁ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻙ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺩﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ
ﺨﱠﺒﺎﻝﻌﻘﺭﺏ ،ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻬﺠﺎﺀ)ﺍﻝﻼﻡ( ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﹸ
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﻁﺭﻓِـ ِﻪ ﺍﻝﺴـﺎﺠِﻲ
ﺞ ﻓِـﻲ ﹶ
ﻋٍ
ﻓﹶﺎﻨﹾﻅﹸﺭ ﺇِﻝﻰ ﺩ ﻯ ﻭﺃَﺴـﻰ
ﺕ ﹸﺘﻨﹾ ِﻜ ﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺒِﻲ ِﻤﻥ ﺠـﻭ
ِﺇﻥ ﹸﻜﻨﹾ ﹶ
3
ﺝ
ﻁ ﻓــﻲ ﻋــﺎ ِ
ﻙ ﺨﹸــ ﱠ
ﹶﻜ َﺄﻨﱠــ ﻪ ﻻ ﻡ ِﻤﺴــ ٍ ﺏ ﺒــﺎ ٍﺩ ِﺒﻭﺠ ﹶﻨﺘِــ ِﻪ
ﻋﻘﹾــ ﺭ ٍ
ﻭﺍﻨﹾﻅﹸــﺭ ﺇِﻝــﻰ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺒﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻭ ،ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻭﹰﺍ ﻝﻠﻌﻁﻑ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﻁﻑ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘـﻪ
ﻝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﻏﻡ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻡ ﺘﺴﺘﺠﺏ ﻝﻪ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
4
ﻕ
ﻑ ﻴــﺄْﺒﻰ ﻋﻁﻔﹸــﻪ ﺍﻹﺸــﻔﺎ ﹶ
ﻝﻠﻌﻁــ ِ ﻙ ﻭﻭﻀـ ِﻌ ِﻪ
ﻍ ِﻤﻨﹾـ
ﻋﺠﺒﹰﺎ ﻝِـﻭﺍ ِﻭ ﺍﻝﺼـﺩ ِ
ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻍ ﺒﺎﻵﺱ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺸـﻌﺭ
ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﺎلٍ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
ﻴﺯﻴﻥ ﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ،ﻭﻴﺯﻴﺩﻩ ﺠﻤﺎ ﹰ
]ﺍﻝﺭﻤل[
ﺍﻝﺸﻨﺘﺭﻴﻨﻲ ،ﺍﺒﻥ ﺒﺴﺎﻡ :ﺍﻝﺫﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﺴﻥ ﺃﻫل ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ،,ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ،1979 ،ﺝ ،4ﺹ.510 2
59
ﻭﺍﻝﻼﻓﺕ ﻝﻠﻨﻅﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺸﺠﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﺱ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻴﺎﻤﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻜﺴﻴﺎﺝ ﺤﻭل ﺤـﺩﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻷﺯﻫـﺎﺭ
ﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ،ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻘﺼﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺒﺕ ﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺇﻻ ﺤﻤﺎﻴـﺔ
ﻭﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻐﻨﹼﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﺜﻐﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺘﺒﺘﺴﻡ ،ﻓﺄﺴﻨﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻝﻠﺅﻝﺅ ﺒﻴﺎﻀﺎ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻝﺒﺭﻕ ﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﹰﺎ
ﻭﻜﺎﻷﻗﺤﻭﺍﻥ ﻨﻀﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺸﺎﻋﺭﻨﺎ:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
1
ﺤ ﻤﻴـﺎ ﺍﻝﻜـﺄﺱ ﺃﻭ ﻫـﻲ ﺠـﻭﻫﺭ
ﹶﺘ ِﻌ ﱡل ﺏ ﺜﻨﺎﻴــﺎ ﻜﺎﻷَﻗــﺎﺤﻲ ﺘﹶﺨﺎﻝﹸﻬــﺎ
ﻭﻋــﺫﹾ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺃﺴﻨﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﻌﻘﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﺅﻝﺅ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻀﻭﺩ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
2
ﻴــﺯﺭﻯ ِﺒ ِﻌﻘــ ِﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﹸﺅﻝﹸــﺅ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻀــﻭ ِﺩ ﻙ ﻤﺒﺴــﻡ
ﻲ ﺍﺒ ﹶﺘﺴــﻤﺕ ﻴﺭﻭﻗﹸــ
ﻭﺇِﺫﺍ ﻫِــ
]ﺍﻝﺭﺠﺯ[
3
ﻤﻨ ﹶﺘﻅِﻤــﹰﺎ ﺒــﺎﻫﻰ ﻋﻘــﻭ ﺩ ﺍﻝــ ﺩ ﺭ ِﺭ ﻥ ﻤِـــﻥ ﻤﺒﺴـــﻤﻬﺎ
ﺤﺴـــ ِ
ﷲ ﺩ ﺭ ﺍﻝ
]ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ[
ﻕ ﺍﻝ ﺯﻫــﺭ
ﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﱠــ ِل ﻓﹶــﻭ ﹶ
ِﺇﻝﹼــﺎ ﺍﺭﺘِﺸــﺎ ﹶ ِﺇﻨﱢـــﻲ ﻅﹶﻤـــﺂﻥ ﻭﻻ ﻤـــﻭ ِﺭ ﺩ ﻝِـــﻲ
4
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺼـﻭﺭ
ﺤﺴـ
ﻉ
ﻤﻥ ﺸﹶﺎ ﺀ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻹِﺒـﺩﺍ ِ ﻤِــﻥ ﺸﹶــ ﹶﻔ ٍﺔ ﻝﹶﻤﻴــﺎ ﺀ ﻗﹶــﺩَ ﺃﻋــ ﹶﺫﺒﻬﺎ
60
ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻌﺫﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ،ﻓﻤﺭﺓ ﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤـﺎﺀ
ﺴﻠﺴﺒﻴل ﻋﺫﺏ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﺠﺯ[
ﺤﺘﱠـــﻰ ﺭﺸﹶـــﺢ
ﻤـــﺎ ﺀ ﺍﻝﺤﻴـــﺎ ﻕ ِﺒ ﻭﺠﻬِـــــــ ِﻪ
ﺘﹶﺭﻗـــــــ ﺭ ﹶ
1
ﻴﺒــﺭﻱ ﺒِــ ِﻪ ﻤــﻥ ﻗــﺩ ﺠــ ِﺭﺡ ﻭﺴﻠﺴـــــــﺒﻴ ُل ﺜﹶﻐـــــــ ِﺭ ِﻩ
]ﺍﻝﺭﺠﺯ[
2
ﻤــﻥ ﻝــﺫﺓ ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﺭ ﻭﺴــﺎﻗﻴﻪ ﺼــﺎﺡ ﻕ ﻤــﻥ ﻴﺫﻗــﻪ ﻴﻬــﻡ
ﻲ ﺭﻴــ ٍ
ﻤﺴــﻜ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺸﻬﺩ ﺍﺒﺘﺴﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﻝﻭﺤﺔ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺎﺒﺘﺴﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﻭﻅﻬـﻭﺭ
ﻗﻁﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻀﺎﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﻨﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ،ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻭﺒﺭﻴﻘﹰﺎ ،ﺃﻭﺤﻰ ﻝـﻪ ﺒﺼـﻭﺭﺓ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻨﻅﺭ ﺃﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺭﺠﺱ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺘﻌﻠﻭﻫﺎ ﻗﻁﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺩﻯ ،ﺃﻭ ﻜﺄﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﻙ
ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺽ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﺜﺎﺭﻩ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻬﺩ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﻝﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻨﺎﻥ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺍﻝﺭﻀﺎﺏ ﺒﻭﻤﻴﺽ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻕ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺭﻤل[
ـﺭ
ﻕ ﺍﻝ ﺯﻫــ
ـﻭ ﹶ
ﻉ ﺍﻝﻁﱠـ ـ ﱢل ﻓــ
ﻜـ ـﺩﻤﻭ ِ ﺢ ﺍﻝﻤــﺎ ﺀ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﻝــﻭﺭ ِﺩ ﺒِــ ِﻪ
ﺭﺸﹶــ
4
ﺒﺎﻝﺜﱠﻨﺎﻴــــﺎ ﻭﻨﹶﺴــــﻴ ِﻡ ﺍﻝﺴــــﺤﺭ ﻕ ﻤِـــﻥ ﻤﺒ ﹶﺘﺴـــ ٍﻡ
ﺭﺍﺒﻨـــﻲ ﺍﻝﺒـــﺎ ِﺭ ﹸ
61
ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻨﻔﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﺭﻉ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﻜﺎﻝﻤﺴﻙ ﻋﻨﺩﻩ ،ﻴﻘﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺫﻝﻙ:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
1
ﻙ ﻓِــﻲ َﺃﻨﹾﻔﺎﺴِــ ِﻪ
َﺃﺭﺩﺍﻨِــ ِﻪ ﻭﺍﻝ ِﻤﺴــ ﻥ ِﻓ ـﻲ
ﺴ ـﺤ ﺭ ِﻓ ـﻲ َﺃﺠﻔﺎ ِﻨ ـ ِﻪ ﻭﺍﻝ ﹸﻐﺼ ـ
ﺍﻝ
ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻴل ،2ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﻝﻠﺤﺭﺍﺌﺭ ،ﺘﻤﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺎﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻓﺭﻨﺞ.3
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺸﻌﺭ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ ﻴﻘﻭل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ:
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل[
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺍﺩ ،ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝﻪ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺼـﻔﺎﺕ
ﺍﻝﻠﻴل ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺠﻲ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺭﻤل[
4
ﻕ
ـﺩﺍﻨﺎ ﺨﹶـ ـ ﺩ ﻩ ﺍﻝ ﻤﺘﹶـ ـ َﺄﱢﻝ ﹸ
ـﻰ ﻫــ
ﺤﺘﱠــ
ﻗﹶــﺩ ﻀــﻠﹶﻠﻨﺎ ﻓِــﻲ ﺩﻴــﺎﺠِﻲ ﺸﹶــﻌِ ﺭ ِﻩ
ﺍﻝﻌﻨﻕ .ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺭﺜﻭﻫﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺭﻗﺔ ،ﺇﺫ ﺭﺃﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻗﺭﺍﻁ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴﻠـﺔ ﺘﺤﻠـﻭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻨـﻕ
ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل.5ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺠﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﻡ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
62
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
1
ﻭﺭﻴ ﻡ ﺍﻝﻔـﻼ ﺠِﻴـﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﻨﹶﻔﺤﺘﹸﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﺯﻫـ ﺭ ﺏ ﺘﹶـ َﺄﻭﺩﹰﺍ
ﺱ ﻭﺠﻬـﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﹶﻀـﻴ
ﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﱠﻤ
ِﻫ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻅﻬﺭ ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻲ ،ﻭﺸﺒﻪ ﺠﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﺯﺍﻝﺔ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻙ
ﻏﺼـ ـﻥ ﻤﺜﻤِـ ـﺭ ﺒِـ ـﺩﻻﻝ ِ
ﻭﺍﻝﻘﹶـ ـ ﺩ ﹸ ﻙ ﺨﹶﻤﻴﻠﹶــﺔﹲ ﻤﻤﻁــﻭﺭﺓﹲ
ﻓﺎﻝﺨﹶــ ﺩ ِﻤﻨﹾــ ِ
ﻙ
ﺕ ﻝﹶﻴــ ٍل ﺤﺎﻝــ ِ
ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺠــ ﻪ ﺼــﺒﺢ ﹶﺘﺤــ ﹶ ﻭﺍﻝﺠِﻴــ ﺩ ﺠِﻴــ ﺩ ﻏﹶﺯﺍﻝﹶــ ٍﺔ ﻤﺭﺘﺎﻋــ ٍﺔ
2
ﻙ
ﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻫ ﹶﺎﻝِــ ِ
ﺇﻤــﺎ ﺃﺴــﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻤ ﻌﻨﱠــ ـﺎ
ـﻭﺏ ِ ﹶﻓ ﹸﻜﻠﱡﻬــ
ﻙ ﻝﻠﻘﹸﻠــ
ـﺎ ﺩ ﺤﺴـ ـ ﹸﻨ ِ
ﺍﻗﺘــ
ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺌﻌﺔ ﻝﺠﻤﺎل ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﻻ ﺘﻜﺘﻤل ﺇﻻ ﺒﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺠﺴﺩ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﻁﻭﻴﻠـﺔ ﺍﻝﻘـﺩ،
ﻤﻤﺸﻭﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻡ ،ﻀﺎﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺭ ،ﻜﺜﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﺍﻑ)ﺃﻱ ﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﻜﺜﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل( ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ
ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴ ﺭ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔﹰ ،ﻭﻤﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎ ﻤﻌﻴ ﹰﻨﺎ ﻝﻠﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻀل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ .ﻭﻗـﺩ ﻭﺼـﻑ ﺍﻝﺸـﺎﻋﺭ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﻴﻥ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻗﻭﺍﻤﻬﺎ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻏﺼﺎﻥ ﺒﺩﻗﺔ
ﺨﺼﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺤﻤل ﺃﺭﺩﺍﻓﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻤـﺭﺃﺓ ﻋﻨـﺩ
ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ.
ﻓﺎﻝﻌﺭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺭﺴﻤﻭﺍ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻝﻠﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻷﻨﺜﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎﻝﻲ ،ﻓﻠﻡ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ
ﺃﻭﺼﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ،ﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﺤﻅ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ
63
ﻴﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﻨﺔ ﻭﻋﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﺩﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻙ " ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺴﻤﻴﻨﺔ ﻀﺨﻤﺔ
ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻙ ،ﻋﻅﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ،ﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﺘﺄﺜﺭﻩ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭﻩ ،ﻓﺒﺩﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤـﺭﺃﺓ
ﺩﻝﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﻏﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻭ" ﺃﺭﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﻁﻴﺘﻬﺎ "ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ،ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ ،ﺩﻝﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﺸﺠﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭﻩ ".1
ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺹ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﻴﻭﺭﺩ ﺇﻴﻠﻴﺎ ﺤﺎﻭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ "ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ " ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﺭﺃﻴﺎ ﺤﻭل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ
ﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻴﻘﻭل" ...ﻭﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺼﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺎﻴل ،ﻀﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻱ
ﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﻴﻪ ....،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ،
ﺍﻝﺤﺴﻴﺭ ،ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺒﻪ ﺒﺩ ﹰ
ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻭﺭﻤﻭﺯﻩ ،ﻭﻤﺜل ﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﻤﺜﻴل ﻝﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﺒﻠﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﻝﻅﺒﻲ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺩﺨـل
ﺍﻝﻅﺒﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﺎﻝﻤﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ؛ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﺴﺩ ﺩﻫﺸﺘﻪ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ....،ﻭﻝﺌﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺸـﺒﻴﻪ
ﺤﺴﻴﺎﹰ ﺒﺸﺭﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻔﺫ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﻤﻘﺘﺒﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﺌﺘﻪ ،ﺃﻱ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻪ ﺍﻝﺤﻴـﺎﺘﻲ؛
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻫﺸﺔ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻅﺒﻲ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﺄﻨﺱ ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﺨﺫﻩ ﺃﺨﺫﹰﺍ ﻓﻜﺭﻴﹰﺎ
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﻓﻠﻡ ﻴﻌﺎ ِ
ﻤﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺩ ﺭ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻐﺯﻝﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺭﻭﺭ ،ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺸﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ
ﻻ ﺘﺼﻠﻪ ﺒﻪ ،ﺒل ﺍﻝﻭﺸﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺫﻫﻨﻴﺔ".2
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻓﻀل ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ﺍﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﻐﻀﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﻅﺎﻓﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ،ﻭﺸﺒﻬﻭﺍ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﻤل ﺒﺎﻝﻭﺭﻭﺩ،
ﻝﻨﻌﻭﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺩﻗﺘﻬﺎ .3ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻘﻭل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
4
ﻭﺘﹶﻌﻁــﻭ ﺒ ِﺒﻠﱠــﻭ ٍﺭ ﻭ ﹶﺘﺒﺴِــ ﻡ ﻋــﻥ ﺩ ﺭ ﺱ
ﺠ ٍ
ﺏ ﻭﺘﹶﺭﻨــﻭ ِﺒﻨﹶــﺭ ِ
ﹸﺘﺸــﻴ ﺭ ِﺒ ﻌﻨﱠــﺎ ٍ
ﻨﺎﺼﻴﻑ ،ﺇﻤﻴل :ﺃﺭﻭﻉ ﻤﺎ ﻗﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻴل ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1998 ،ﺹ.112 1
ﺤﺎﻭﻱ ،ﺇﻴﻠﻴﺎ :ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﺹ .232 2
64
ﻓﻘﺩ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺃﺼﺎﺒﻊ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﺜﻤـﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻨـﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﻤـﺭﺍﺀ،
ﻭﺒﺄﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺭﺠﺱ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻋﻤﺔ.
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻨﺴﻲ ﻫﻨﺭﻱ ﺒﻴﺭﻴﺱ" ﺘﺤﺘل ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺏ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ,ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﻭﻜﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﹰﺎ
ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ ﺒﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺩﺍﺌﻕ ﻭﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ..ﺘﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﺤﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺒﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻔﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺩ
ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺠﻭﻫﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻝﻸﻝﻭﺍﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ ﺒـﺎﻝﻠﻭﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻤـﺭ
ﻭﺍﻷﺼﻔﺭ ﻓﺎﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺼﻔﺭ ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺸﻕ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﺤﺏ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺸـﻙ ﻭﺃﺭﻕ ،ﻭﻴﺭﻤـﺯ
ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻓﺘﺎﺓ ﻋﺫﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﺤﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﺫﺏ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﻬﺎ "...ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴـﻲ ﺠﻌـل ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ
ﺘﺤﺎﻜﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺠﻌل ﺍﻝﻔﻀل ﻝﻠﻤﺤﻜﻲ ﻻ ﻝﻠﺤﺎﻜﻲ .ﻓﺼـﻭﺭ ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻬـﺎ ﺃﺭﻭﻉ
ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺅﻤﻨﹰﺎ ﻜل ﺍﻹﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺨﺭﺠﻬﺎ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻋﺒـﺭ ﺃﻨﻔـﺎﺱ
ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ﻭﻨﺴﺎﺌﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺏ.1
ﻓﻔﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺼﻔﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒـﺔ ،ﻓﻐﺼـﻥ
ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﻭﺩ ،ﺃﻱ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺅﻴﺘﻪ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﺘﺘﺄﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺸﻴﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺤﺴﻥ ﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﺯﺍﻝﺔ
ﻤﻥ ﺤﺴﻥ ﺠﻴﺩﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻭﺭﺩ ﺨﺩﻭﺩﻫﺎ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻉ ﹶﺘﺄْﻭﻴـــ ِﺩ
ﻋﻨﻬـــﺎ ﻓﹶﺠـــﺎ ﺀ ِﺒﺄَﺒـــ ﺩ ِ ﻥ ﻗﹶــﺩَ ﺃﺨﹶــ ﹶﺫ ﺍﻝﺤﻠــﻰ
ﻭﺘﹶــ َﺄ ﻭ ﺩﺕﹾ ﻓﹶﺎﻝﺒــﺎ
ﻙ ﺍﻝﺠِﻴــ ِﺩ ؟
ﻥ ﺫﹶﺍ
ﻤــﻥ ﻝِﻠﻅﱢﺒــﺎ ِﺀ ِﺒﺤﺴــ ِ ﺕ ﺠﻴــ ﺩ ﻏﹶﺯﺍﻝﹶــ ِﺔ ﻤﺭﺘﺎﻋــ ٍﺔ
ِﺇﻥ ﹸﻗﻠﹾــ ﹸ
65
1
ﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﱠﻭﺭﻴــﺩِ؟
ﺱ ﺒِــﺫِﻝ
ﻤــﻥ ﻝِﻠﺸﱡــﻤﻭ ِ ﺼ ـﺒﺤﻬﺎ
ﺕ ﺸﹶﻤﺴ ـﹰﺎ ﹶﻗ ـﺩ ﹶﺘ ـ ﻭ ﺭ ﺩ
ﺃَﻭ ﻗﹸﻠ ـ ﹸ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ
ﻥ ﺠﻤﺎل ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﻓﺎﻕ ﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﺃ
ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃ
ﺍﻜﺘﺴﺒﺕ ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﺤﺎﺴﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻜل ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﺴﻥ ﺘﺠﻠﹼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻴﻜﺭﺭ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺃﻨـﻪ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺃﻭِ ﺍﻝﻭﺭ ﺩ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﹶﻭﺭﻴـ ِﺩ ِﻩ ﻴﺸـ ِﺒ ﻪ ﺍﻝﺨﹶـﺩﺍ ﻁﻔﹶـ ِﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﹶـﺩﺍ
ﻥ ﻴﺤﻜِـﻲ ﻤـﻥ ﻤﻌﺎ ِ
ﻫ ِل ﺍﻝﺒﺎ
ـﻌﺩﺍ
ﺴــﻲ ﺁﻓﺎ ِﻗ ـ ِﻪ ﺍﻝ ﹶﻘ ﻤ ـ ﺭ ﺍﻝ
ـﺎ ِﻭ ﻡ ﻓـ
ﻴﻘـ ﺏ ﺍﻝﺴـﻬﺎ
ﺤﺴِـ
ﻁ َﺄ ﺍﻝﺘﱠﺸﺒﻴ ﻪ ﻤـﻥ
ﹶﻝﻘﹶﺩ ﺃَﺨ ﹶ
ﻥ ِﻤﻨﹾﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺜﱠﻐـ ﺭ ﻗﹶـﺩ ﺃَﺸـﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﻌِﻘـﺩﺍ
ﻴﻅﹸﻨﻭ ﻭﻫــلْ ِﻝﺤﻠــﻰ ﻝﻴﻠــﻰ ﻨﹶﻅﻴــﺭ ﻭِﺇﻥ ﻫــﻡ
ﺃ ِﻭ ﺍﻝﺯﻫ ﺭ ﻨﹶﺜـﺭﹰﺍ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝـ ﱠﺘ ﹶﻜﹼﻠ ِﻡ ﺃﻭ ِﻨﻀـﺩﺍ ﺡ ﻴﺤﻜـﻲ ﺍﻨﺜِﻨﺎﺀﻫـﺎ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘـﺎ
ﺃ ِﻭ ﺍﻝﻐﹸﺼ
2
ﺕ ﻭﻻ ﻨِـﺩﺍ
ﺸﹶﺒﻴﻬﹰﺎ ﻝﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﻨِﻴـﺎ ِ ﻥ ﻝـﻡ ﹶﺘﺠِـﺩ
ﻲ ﺍﻝﻐﺎ ﻴ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﹸﺼﻭﻯ ﻤﺤﺎﺴـ
ِﻫ
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ
ﻴﺠﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﻻ ﻤﺜﻴل ﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺎﺀ.
ﻓﻔﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩﻩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺭﺩ ﻻ ﺸﺒﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻻ ﻨﻅﻴﺭ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﺌـﻕ،
ﺨﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﷲ ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻝﺅﻝﺅ ﺭﻁﺏ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺫﺍﻙ ﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻴﺎﺽ ﻝﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻨﺼﺎﻋﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻝﻔﻅ ﺭﻁﺏ
ﻝﻠﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻌﻭﻤﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﺠﺯ[
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﺍل ﻤﻘﺼﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ
66
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻭﺤﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺭﻯ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺠﻤﺎل ﻤﺜﺎﻝﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻀﺎﻫﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺴـﻥ
ﺃﺤﺩ ،ﻓﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻨﻬﺠﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺞ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ،ﻓﺎﺒﻥ ﺯﻴﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻭﻨﻴﺘﻪ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘـﻪ ﺒـﺄﻥ ﺍﷲ
ﺨﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻙ ،ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﺯﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺫﻫﺏ ،ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺨﻠﻕ ﺒﻘﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻥ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ـﺎ
ـﺎ ﺀ ﺍﻝ ـﻭﺭﻯ ﻁِﻴﻨـ
ِﻤﺴ ـ ﹶﻜﹰﺎ ﻭ ﹶﻗ ـ ﺩ ﺭ ِﺇﻨﹾﺸـ ﻥ ﺍﷲ َﺃﻨﹾﺸﹶـ ـ َﺄ ﻩ
ﻙ ﻜﹶـ ـ َﺄ
ﺏ ﻤﻠـ ـ ٍ
ﺭﺒﻴـ ـ
2
ﺼ ِﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﱢﺒـ ِﺭ ِﺇﺤﺴـﺎ ﹶﻨﹰﺎ ﻭ ﹶﺘﻭﺠِﻴﻬـﺎ
ِﻤﻥ ﻨﹶﺎ ِ ﻏ ﻪ ﻭﺭِﻗــﹰﺎ ﻤﺤﻀــﺎﹰ ،ﻭ ﹶﺘ ﻭﺠــ ﻪ
َﺃﻭ ﺼــﺎ ﹶ
ﻝﻡ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻁ ،ﺒل ﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ؛ ﻝﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻝﻨـﺎ ﺃﻥ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻭﺤﺎﺯﺕ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﹶﻠﻘﻴﺔ ،ﺘﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﺼـﻔﺎﺕ
ﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺃﺭﺍ ﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻌﺠـﺏ ﺃﻭ
ل ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻋﺼﺭﻫﺎ ،ﺒﻤﻌﻨ
ﺠﻤﺎ ٍ
ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﺘﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﻜﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﺭ،ﺍﻝﻠﻭﺍﺘﻲ ﻴﻨﻌﻤﻥ
ﺒﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺭﻓﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﺸﻬﻥ،ﺨﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺎل ،ﻻ ﺘﺴﻬﺭ ﻝﻠﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻴﺒﺔ ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺏ
ﻭﻻ ﺴــ ِﻬ ﺭﺕﹾ ﻴﻭﻤــﹰﺎ ﻝِــﺫِﻜ ِﺭ ﺘﹶﺼــﺎ ِ ﻭﻤﺤﺠﻭ ﺒ ٍﺔ ﺒِﺎﻝﻘﹶﺼ ِﺭ ﹶﻝﻡ ﹶﺘﺩِ ﺭ ﻤـﺎ ﺍﻝﻬـﻭﻯ
3
ﺏ
ﺠﻤــﺎ َل ﺭﻭﺍ ٍﺀ ﻓــﻲ ﺒﻬــﺎ ِﺀ ﺸﹶــﺒﺎ ِ ﻑ ﺃَﻭ ﺩﻋــﺕﹾ
ﻤ ﹶﻨ ﻌﻤــ ٍﺔ ﺭﻴــﺎ ﺍﻝــﺭﻭﺍ ِﺩ ِ
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺯﻴﺩﻭﻥ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﻝﻴﺩ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ،ﺸﺭﺡ :ﻜﺭﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﺘﺎﻨﻲ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،1975،ﺹ.11 2
67
ﺒل ﻭﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻔﺨﺭ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﻜﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﺭ ،ﻭﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﻤـﻥ ﺴـﺎﻜﻨﺎﺕ
ﺍﻝﻔﻼﺓ ،ﻭﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺸـﺩﻴﺩ
ﺍﻝﻔﺨﺭ ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻅﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﻴﻔﺨﺭ ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ
ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﻓﺘﺎﺓ ﻋﺎﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﻅـﻰ ﺒﻤﻜﺎﻨـﺔ
ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ،ﻻ ﻴﺼل ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻝﻪ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﺭﻤﻭﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻭﻝﻜِــﻥ ﻝﹶــ ﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﺼــ ﺭ ﺍﻝ ﻤ ﺭﻓﹼــ ﻊ ﻤﻨــ ِﺯ ُل ﺱ ﺴــﻜﻨﺎ ﻩ ﺒِــﺎﻝﻔﹶﻼ
ﻲ ﻝﹶــﻴ
ﺕ ِﺒﻅﹶﺒــ ٍ
ﹶﻜﻠِﻔــ ﹸ
1
ﻋﻨﹾـ ﻪ ﹶﺘ ﻌﻠﱡـ ُل
ﺱ
ﻓﹶﻤﺎ ﻝـﻲ ِﺒﻐﹶﻴـ ِﺭ ﺍﻝﻴـﺄْ ِ ﻑ ﺍﻝـﺩﻫ ِﺭ ﻋﻨـ ﻪ ِﺒﻔﹸﺭﻗﹶـ ٍﺔ
ﺭﻤﺘﻨﻲ ﻅﹸـﺭﻭ ﹸ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻏﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﻤﺅﻨﺴﺔ ﻤﺴﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﺭ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺼل ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺫﻭﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻓﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻜـﺫﻝﻙ
ﺍﻝﻐﺯﺍل ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻅﻔﺭ ﺒﻪ ﺇﻻ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﻤﺭﺴﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﻴﺩ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻜﺎﻝﺒـﺩﺭ ﻋﻠـﻭﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋـﹰﺎ
ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻴﺘﻤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
2
ﻉ ﻤﻨﺎ ِﺯﻝﹸــ ﻪ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﻀــﻠﻭ ِ
ﻭﺒــﺩﺭ ﺒِﺂﻓــﺎ ِ ـﺯﺍلٌ ﹶﻝ ـ ﻪ ﺍﻝ ﹶﻘﺼ ـ ﺭ ﺍﻝ ﻤ ﺭ ﱠﻓ ـ ﻊ ﻤﺴ ـ ﹶﻜﻥ
ﻏـﹶ
ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺏ
]ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ[
ﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﹶﻀـــ ِل
ﻓـــﻲ ﺍﻝﻌِﻠـــ ِﻡ ﻭﺍﻵﺩﺍ ِ ﻴــﺎ ﻭﺍﺤِــ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﺼــ ِﺭ ﺒِــﻼ ﻤِﺭﻴــ ٍﺔ
3
ﺨﺼــ ِل
ﺕ ﻤِﻨﻬــﺎ َﺃﻤــ ﺩ ﺍﻝ ﹸ
ﺃَﺤــﺭﺯ ﹶ ﻕ ﺍﻝﻌِـــ ﺯ ﺇﻝـــﻰ ﻏﺎﻴـــ ٍﺔ
ﻭﺴـــﺎ ِﺒ ﹶ
68
ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻤﻴﺯﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺒﺤﻜﻡ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ،ﺒﻨﺸﺎﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺴـﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﻴـﻪ
ﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻭﻝﻭ ﺘﺄﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻬﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻴـﺎﺓ ﻝﻠﻤﺴـﻨﺎ
ﻼ ﻋـﻥ
ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻭﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻝﻠﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻓﺭﺼﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻀ ﹰ
ﺍﻝﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺨﺼﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻠﻔﺎﺀ ﻝﻬﻥ ،ﻭﺘﺸﺠﻴﻌﻬﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺇﻏـﺩﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﻤـﻭﺍل ﻋﻠـﻴﻬﻥ،
ﻭﺘﺤﻔﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻬﻥ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﺜﻠﻪ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺭﻗﻲ ﻋﻠﻤـﻲ ﻭﺘﻤـﺩﻥ
ﺤﻀﺎﺭﻱ.1
ﻓﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ،ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﺘﺘﻔﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺘـﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ
ﻭﺘﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ،ﻭﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ؛ ﻓﺘﺒﻭﺃﺕ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻤﺘﻌـﺕ
ﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ ،ﻓﺄﺼﺒﺢ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺎﻓﻅـﺎﺕ
ﻝﻠﻘﺭﺁﻥ ،ﻭﻻ ﻴﺤﺼﻰ ﻋﺩﺩﻫﻥ ،ﻭﻗﻴل ﺇﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺴﺘﻭﻥ ﺃﻝﻑ ﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺭﺁﻥ ،ﺘﺭﻓـﻊ ﻜـل
ﻼ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺒﺎﺏ ﺒﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﻴل ،ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ،ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﻴﻴـﺯ ﻋـﻥ
ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻗﻨﺩﻴ ﹰ
ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ.2
ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻨﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻝﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺤﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻨﻌﺘﻭﺍ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺠﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻔﺎﺀ،
ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻝﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﺓ ﺼﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎل ﻤﺘﻌﻨﺘﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﺎل ،ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺍﻝﻬﺠﺭ ﺼﻔﺔ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴـﺔ ﻤﻼﺯﻤـﺔ
ﻝﻠﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ ،4ﻝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺅﻝﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺘل ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﻴﺩﻱ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻓﺘﻭﺡ :ﺠﺫﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺘﺒﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺼـﺭﻱ ،ﺍﻝﻘـﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻤﺼـﺭ، 1
،1983ﺹ.412414
ﺒﻴﻬﻡ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺠﻤﻴل :ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ،ﻁ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ ﻝﻠﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1962،ﺹ.240 2
ﻋﻠﻲ ،ﺴﻠﻤﻰ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ :ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ،ﻁ ،1ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ-ﻤﺼﺭ ،2006 ،ﺹ.119 4
69
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺘِــ ِل
ﻭﺃَﻗــﻭ ُل ﻻ ﺸﹸــ ﹶﻠّﺕ ﻴﻤــﻴ ﻑ ﺼــﺩﻭﺩ ِﻩ
ﺕ ﻤﻘﺘــﻭ ﹰﻻ ِﺒﺴــﻴ ِ
َﺃﺼــﺒﺤ ﹸ
1
ﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺴـﺎ ِﻡ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺘـ ِل
ﺤﻤﻠـ ﹸ
ﺤﺘﱠﻰ
ﻀ ـﺭﺘﻲ
ـﺭﻭ ﺭ ﻩ ِﺒ ﻤ
ﺴــﻲ
ﺕ ﺃﺒﻐـ
ـﺎ ﺯِﻝ ـ ﹸ
ﻤـ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺸﻜﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﺠﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﺩﻭﺩ ،ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻘﻭل ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺴﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻨﻲ،2
ﻴﻘﻭل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ:
]ﺍﻝﺭﻤل[
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻁﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﺼﺎل ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ[
ﻓﺨﻴﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺭﺏ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺒﻴﺒﻪ ﺩﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﻔﻭﺡ ،ﻭﻗﻠﺏ ﻤﺠﺭﻭﺡ ،ﻭﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺸﺒﻭﺏ ،ﻭﺼﺒﺭ
ﻤﻐﻠﻭﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻘﺭﺏ ﺒﺎﻝﺩﻤﻊ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﺘﻐﺯﻯ ﺒﻪ ﻗﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﻥ.5ﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ:
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﻤﺒﺎﺭﻙ ،ﺯﻜﻲ :ﻤﺩﺍﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﺸﺎﻕ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1971 ،ﺹ.242 2
70
ﻓﺩﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻤﺜل ﺃﻤﻭﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ،ﺤﺯﻨﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺠﺭﻫﺎ ﻝﻪ ،ﻭﻴﺩﻋﻭﻫﺎ ﻷﻥ
ﺘﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﺼﺎل؛ ﻷﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻭﺩ ﺠﻌل ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺍﺓ ﻴﺸﻤﺘﻭﻥ ﺒﻪ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
1
ﺕ ﻋــﺫﺍﺒﻲ ﺒِﻁــﻭ ِل ﻋِﺘــﺎﺒﻲ
ﻭَﺃﻨﹾﻌﻤــ ِ ﺕ ﺍﻝﻌــﺩﺍ ﹶﺓ ِﺒﻬﺠﺭِﻨــﺎ
ﺕ ﻭﺃﺸــﻤ ﱢ
ﺼــﺩﺩ ِ
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﻴﻌﺠﺒﻪ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﺩﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻤﻨﻊ ﻭﺼﺩ ﻝـﻪ،
ﺇﺫ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩﻩ ﺼﻔ ﹰﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻐﺯﺍل ،ﻭﺼﻭﺭﻩ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺃﻴﻀـﹰﺎ ﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺠﻤـﻴﻼﹰ ،ﺇﺫ
ﻻ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻏﻀﺎ ﻁﺭﻴﺎ ،ﻝﻜـﻥ
ﻭﺼﻑ ﺼﺩﻭﺩ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺼﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻤﺎﻴل ﻴﻤﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﻭﺸﻤﺎ ﹰ
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺼﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻻ ﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺼﻠﺒﹰﺎ ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺩل ،ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ
]ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ[
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻐـﺩﺭ ﻭﻗﻠـﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻓـﺎﺀ،
]ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ[
3
َﺃﻥ ﻴﻅﻬِــ ﺭ ﺍﻝــ ﻭ ﺩ ﻭﻴﻁــﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﺠِﻤــﺎﺡ ـﺎ ِﻨ ِﻪ
ـﺩ ﺭ ِﻤ ـﻥ ﺸـ
ـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝ ﹶﻐـ
ـﺎ ﺭ ﻫـ
ﺼــﺩ
ﹶﻗـ
71
ﻭﻭﻋﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺨﺩﻉ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﻗﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ ،ﻓﺎﻹﻨﺴـﺎﻥ
ﻴﻔﺭﺡ ﺒﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﻴﺩ ،ﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﻠﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺠﺩﻩ ،ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻭﻋﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ،ﻴﻔﺭﺡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺤـﺏ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻝﻡ ﻴﻘﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﻭﻏﺯﻝﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﺎﺕ ،ﺇﺫ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻨـﻪ ﻗﺼـﻴﺩﺘﻴﻥ
ﺘﻐﺯل ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﺯ ﻵﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ.
ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﺇﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ )ﻫـ897 -92ﻫـ( ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ،
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺄﻝﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻴﺎﻥ ،ﻤﻥ ﻋﺭﺏ ﻭﺒﺭﺒﺭ ،ﻭﺇﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﺼﻘﺎﻝﺒﺔ،
ﻼ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﺠﻌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ
ﻭﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻴﻬﻭﺩ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺘﻔﺎﻋ ﹰ
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎ ﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺌﻪ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭﻱ.2
ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻝﻴﺘﺴﻨﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻭﻻ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺴﺎﻤﺢ ،ﻭﺍﺤﺘﺭﺍﻡ
ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ.ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺎﻤﺢ ،ﻤﺎ ﺃﻝﻔﻴﻨﺎﻩ ﻝﺩﻯ
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻴﻬﻭﺩ ﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻨﺎﺌﺱ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻴﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ
ﺸﻌﺎﺌﺭﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ،ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ
ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﻝﻘﺩ ﺍﺸﺘﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻴﻬﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺼﺎﺭﻯ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺏ
ﻭﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻨﻭﻥ.3
ﺍﻝﻐﺭﻨﺎﻁﻲ ،ﺍﺒﻭ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺒﻥ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ :ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺭﺏ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺸﻭﻗﻲ ﻀﻴﻑ،ﻁ ،4ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺎﺭﻑ ،ﺍﻝﻘـﺎﻫﺭﺓ- 2
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ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﻘﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ﺒل ﻨﺠﺩﻫﻡ ﻴﺸﺎﺭﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﺎﺭﻯ ﺃﻋﻴﺎﺩﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺘﺹ
ﺒﻬﻡ ،ﻤﺜل ﻋﻴﺩ ﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺢ ،ﻭ)ﻋﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻴﺭﻭﺯ( ،ﻭﻋﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭﺓ )ﺍﻝﻤﻬﺭﺠﺎﻥ( ،ﻭﺨﻤﻴﺱ ﺃﺒﺭﻴل
ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻴﺎﺩ ،ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻔﻭﻥ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﻻ ﻴﻘل ﻋﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻥ ﺒﻬﺎ.
ﻓﻘﺩ ﺸﺎﻉ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻐﺯﻝﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻐـﺯل ﺍﻝﻨﺼـﺭﺍﻨﻲ ،ﻭﺫﻜـﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﻨـﺎﺌﺱ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺴﺎﻭﺴـﺔ،
ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺎﻥ .1"...ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﻠﺸﺎﻋﺭ"ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﺍﺩ" ﻓﻀل ﺍﻝﺴﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺠﺩﻴـﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﻤﺴﺭﺡ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻭﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩﺍ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻐﺯل ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺇﺫ ﻴﻌﻜﺱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺘﺠـﺎﻩ
ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ" ﺍﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﺍﺩ" ،ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺤﻅﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺼـﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤـﻊ
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﻭﻜﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺎﻤﺢ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻅﻔﺭ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﺎﺭﻯ ﻓـﻲ ﻜﻨـﻑ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝـﺔ ﺍﻻﺴـﻼﻤﻴﺔ
ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﺔ.2
ﻭﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻝﻘﺎﺀﻩ
ﺒﺎﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ " ﺍﻝﻴﻨﻭﺭ" ،ﺇﺫ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺇﻋﺠﺎﺒﻪ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺘﺒﺩﻭ "ﺍﻝﻴﻨـﻭﺭ" ﺍﻝﻨﺼـﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ
ﺘﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﻨﺎﺌﺱ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻝﺘﺄﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺴﻴﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻝﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﻠﻕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻜـﺎﻥ
ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﺱ.
ﺇﺫ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﻫﺎﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻝﻘﺎﺀﻩ ﺒﺎﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ،ﺤﻴـﺙ
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
3
ﺱ ﻓِﻴــ ِﻪ ﻋﻬــﻭﺩﻱ
ﺇﺫ ﺠــ ﺩ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻘِﺴــﻴ ﻼ ِﺒﻴــﻭ ِﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴِــ ِﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﻬﻭ ِﺩ
ﺃَﻫــ ﹰ
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﻁﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ
ﺍﻝﻔﺘﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻓﻭﺠﻬﻬﺎ ﺃﺒﻴﺽ ،ﻭﺨﺩﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﺘﻭﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺭﻀﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﺜﺭ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
ﻗﻁ ،ﻨﺴﻴﻤﺔ :ﺤﻀﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻝﺴـﻲ ،ﻤﺠﻠـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺒـﺭ ،ﺒﺴـﻜﺭﺓ- 2
73
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻭﺼﻭﺭ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺸﻬﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻔﺔ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﻋﺭﻀﺕ ﻋﻨـﻪ ،ﻭﻝـﻡ
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ـﺩﻴ ِﺩ
ﻅ ﺴــ
ـﺎ ِ
ﺘﺭﻤـ ـﻲ ِﺒﺴـ ـﻬ ٍﻡ ﻝﻠﱢﺤــ ﻋﻨﹾــﺩﻫﻡ ﺭﻭﻤﻴــﺔﹲ
ﻤ ﹶﻠﻜﹶــﺕ ﻗِﻴــﺎﺩﻱ ِ
ﺏ ﻭﻋﻴــﺩﻱ
ِﺒﺒﻌــ ِﺩ ﻭﻋــﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻗﺘِــﺭﺍ ِ ﻥ ﻤﺴــﻴﺤِﻬﺎ
ﻓﹶــﺈِﺫﺍ ﺒِﻬــﺎ ﺩﺍﻨﹶــﺕﹾ ﺒِــﺩﻴ ِ
2
ﺢ ﺼـﺩﻭﺩﻱ
)ﺍﻝﻴﻨﻭ ﺭ(ﻻ ﻴﺭﻀﻰ ﺍﻝ ﻤﺴـﻴ ﻲ ﺼـــﺩﻫﺎ:
ﻨﹶﺎﺩﻴﺘﹸﻬـــﺎ ﺇِﺫ ﺭﺍﻉ ﻗﻠﺒِـــ
ﻝﻘﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩﻩ ﺍﻝﻐﺯﻝﻴﺔ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻜﻴـﻑ
ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ؟؟
ﺘﻌﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﻝﻠﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﻭﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺸـﺎﻋﺭ ﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘـﻪ ،ﺇﺫ
ﺸﺎﺀﺕ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﺍﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﺭﺍﻗﻪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻤﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﺤﺘﻤﺎ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺭﻙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺁﻻﻤـﺎ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭﺓﹰ،
ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻭﻝﻪ ﺃﺨﺫﺕ ﺘﺸﺎﺭﻜﻪ ﺃﺤﺯﺍﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺤﻴـل ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘـﻪ ،ﻭﻤﻭﻀـﻭﻉ
ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻝﻠﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﺤﺯﺍﻨﻪ ﻝﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﻓﺒـﻴﻥ ﺸـﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻨـﻴﻥ
ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻐﻨﻲ ﺒﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺯﺝ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻓﺘـﺘﺢ ﺍﻝﺸـﺎﻋﺭ
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻨﻴﻥ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﺭﺯﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭ
74
ﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ .1ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻕ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﺒﺱ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻪ ،ﻤـﺘﺠﻬﻡ ﺒﺴـﺒﺏ ﺍﻝﻔـﺭﺍﻕ،
ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﺨﺫﺕ ﺘﺸﺎﺭﻜﻪ ﺍﻝﺒﻜﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺤﺘﺠﺏ ﺍﻝﻬﻼل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻅﻬـﻭﺭ ﺤﺯﻨﹰـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﻏﻴﺎﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺤﺎل ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺭﺜﻰ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻋﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻘﻠﺏ ،ﻗﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻡ ،ﺩﺍﺌـﻡ
ﺍﻝﺴﻬﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ ﻴﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﺩﻤﻭﻋﻪ ﻝﻡ ﺘﻌﺩ ﺘﻔﺎﺭﻕ ﺨﺩﻴﻪ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
3
ﻭﺃَﺒﻘــﻰ ﺒِﺠﻔﻨــﻲ ﻋﺒﺭﺘــﻲ ﻭﺴــﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﻨﹶﻔﻰ ﺍﻝﻬﺠ ﺭ ﻋـﻥ ﻋﻴﻨـﻲ ﻝﹶﺫﻴـ ﹶﺫ ﺭﻗـﺎﺩﻱ
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
4
ﺤﺘﱠــﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﻓــﺎ ﺀ ﻝﹶــﻡ ﹶﺘﺠــﺩ ِﺒﻭﻓــﺎ ِﺀ
ﻙ ﻅﹶﺎﻝِﻤــﹰﺎ
ﻜﹶــﻡ ﻤﻘﻠﹶــ ٍﺔ َﺃﺴــﻬﺭﺘﹸﻬﺎ ﺒِــ
ﻭﻻ ﻴﺯﺍل ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺫﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻭﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ،ﺇﺫ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺼﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
5
ﻭﺒــﺩ ﺭ ﻜﹶﻤــﺎ ٍل ﺃَﻁ ﹶﻠ ﻌﺘﹾــ ﻪ ﻀــﻠﻭﻋﻲ ﻥ َﺃﻨﹾ ﺒ ﹶﺘﺘﹾــ ﻪ ﺩﻤــﻭﻋﻲ
ﺕ ِﺒﻐﹸﺼــ ٍ
ﺒﻠﻴــ ﹸ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻫﻨﺭﻱ ﺒﻴﺭﻴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ" ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ" ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺏ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﺭﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ
ﺃﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻭﻕ ﻝﻠﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ،ﺇﺫ ﻗﺎل" ...ﻭﻗﺴﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺏ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻝﺭﻋﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺼـﺤﺔ
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻠﻲ ،ﻤﻬﺎ ﺭﻭﺤﻲ :ﺍﻝﺤﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ" ﻋﺼﺭ ﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ" ،ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ،ﺇﺸـﺭﺍﻑ :ﺩ 1
75
ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺏ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺸﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺴـﻼﻡ ﻤﺜـل:
ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﺯﺓ ،ﻭﺠﻤﻴل ﺒﺜﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﻤﺠﻨﻭﻥ ﻝﻴﻠﻰ ،ﻭﺼﻔﻭﺍ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺘﺒﺎﺭﻴﺢ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻐﻡ ﻻ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺤﺩﹰﺍ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﻡ
ﻗﺩ ﻓﺎﻗﻬﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺘﺤﺴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﺤـﺏ،
ﻭﻴﺫﺒل ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﺎ ،ﻭﻴﺸﺤﺏ ﻭﺠﻬﻪ ،ﻭﻴﻨﺤﻑ ﺠﺴﻤﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻭﻡ.1"...
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﻭﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﺫﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻝﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ،ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺼﻐﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻁﻔﺔ،
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
3
ﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼِــ ﺭ
ﻗﹶــﺩ ﹸﺫ ﱠل ﻓﻴﻬــﺎ ﻗﹶﺒﻠــ ﻻ ﺘﹶﻌﺠﺒــﻭﺍ ﻤِــﻥ ِﺫﻝﱠﺘــﻲ ﻓــﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﹶــ ٍﺔ
4
ﻙ ِﺫﻝﱠــ ﹰﺔ ﺇﺫ ﺘﹶﺼــﺒ ﺭ
ﻥ ﺼــﺒ ﺭ
ﹶﻓﻴﻜــﻭ ﻼ ﻭﻤﻜﺎﻓِﻴــﹰﺎ
ﺏ ﻤﻤــﺎ ِﺜ ﹰ
ﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴــ
ﻝِــﻴ
ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺏ ﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺫل ،ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺄﻨﻔﻪ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺯﺓ ،ﻭﻻ ﻴﻌﺩﻭ ﻩ ﻨﻘﺼﺎﹰ ،ﺃﻭ ﻋﻴﺒﺎﹰ ،ﺒل ﻴﻌﺩﻭﻩ
ﻥ :ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﺏ ،ﻋﺭﻭﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺫل ﻝﻠﻤﺤﺒﻭﺏ " .6
ﻋ ﺯﹰﺍ .5ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺃ
ِ
ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺭ :ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺼﺭ ،ﻭﻫﻴﺎﻤﻪ ﺏ"ﺼﺒﺢ" ﺃﻡ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﻴﺩ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻡ 3
ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺭ ﺴﻨﺔ)366ﻩ(.
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﺍﺒﻥ ﺤﺯﻡ :ﻁﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻤﺔ ،ﺹ.84 4
ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺯﻴﻪ ،ﺍﺒﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ :ﺭﻭﻀﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﻨﺯﻫﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺎﻗﻴﻥ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1977 ،ﺹ.311 5
76
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
1
ـﺎﻝﻐﹶﺭﺍﻡ ﺫﹶﻝﻴـــ ُل
ـ ﱡل ﻋﺯﻴـــ ٍﺯ ﺒِــ
ﹶﻓﻜﹸــ ﺏ ﻭﺍﺘﱠﺌــﺩ
ﺏ ﺍﻝ ﻤ ﹶﻘﻠﱠــ
َﺃﻓِــﻕﹾ َﺃﻴﻬــﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﻠــ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﺭﺭﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﻤﺘﻔﺭﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺒﺼﻭﺭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻓﻔـﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺘـﻴﻥ
ﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺠـﺂﺫﺭ
ﺍﻵﺘﻴﻴﻥ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﺩ ﻤﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺒﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺠﺅﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﻀﻌﻴﻑ ،ﻝﻜ
ﺘﻐﻠﺒﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺴﻠﺒﺘﻪ ﻗﻭﺘﻪ ،ﺭﻏﻡ ﻗﻭﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻌﻅﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻬﻭ ﺃﺴﺩ ﻫﺼﻭﺭ ﺘﻬﺎﺒﻪ ﻜـل ﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨـﺎﺕ ،ﻓﻐﻴـﺎﺏ
ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﺃﻀﻌﻔﻪ ﻭﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻀﻌﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﻫﺯﻴل ﺍﻝﺠﺴﻡ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺼﻭﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃﺼـﺒﺢ
ﻤﻤﻠﻭﻜﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﺤﺒﻭﺏ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻌﻜﻭﺴﹰﺎ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
2
ﺏ ﻭﻫـ ﻭ ﻫﺼـﻭ ﺭ
ﺙ ﺍﻝﻐـﺎ ِ
ﻥ ﻝﻴـ ﹶ
ﻴﺴﻠِﺒ ـﺂﺫﺭﹰﺍ
ﺠــﺭﻴ ِﻡ
ﺼــﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻝ
ـﺕ ﺃﻋـ
ـﺎ ﻜﻨـ
ﻤـ
3
ﻋﺒــﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﹶﺼــﻴﺭ ﹸﺘ ﻪ ﺤــﺭﺍ
ﻭﺼــﻴﺭﻨﻲ ﺕ ﻤﺎﻝِــﻙ ِﺭﻗﹼــﻪ
ﹶﺘﻤﻠﻜﻨــﻲ ﻤــﻥ ﹸﻜﻨﹾــ ﹸ
ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻘﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺠﻌل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻨﺒل
ﺴﻴﺩﺓ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ ،ﻭ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻁﻔﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻨﻠﻤﺢ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﻴﺴﺘﺴﻠﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺭﺠل ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺸﻕ
ﺇﻝﻰ ﺴﻴﺩﺓ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ.4 "...
ﻭﻻ ﻴﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺫﻝل ﻝﻠﻤﺤﺒﻭﺏ ﻤﻨﻘﺼﺔ ﺒﺤﻘﻪ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ[
ﺏ ﺍﻝﻤــﻭﺍﻝﻲ
ﻙ ﺤــ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻠــﻭ
ﻻ ﻴﺸــﻴ ـﺎﻗﺒﻠﻭﻨﻲ
ـﺎ ﻤﻠِـ ـﻙِ ﻝﺤﺴـ ـ ِﻨﻜﹸﻡ ﻓﹶــ
ﺃَﻨــ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺭﻴﻡ :ﻤﺎ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺜﻤﺭﻩ.ﻴﻘﺎل :ﺸﺠﺭ ﺼﺭﻴﻡ ،ﻭﺃﺭﺽ ﺼﺭﻴﻡ .ﻭ-ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﻴل ﺍﻭ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺭ .ﻭﻴﻘﺎل ﻝﻠﻴل ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺍ َ
ﻷﺼﺭﻤﺎ ِ 2
77
1
ﺃَﻭ ﹶﺘﺼـــﺩﻭﺍ ﻓﺸـــﻴ ﻤﺔﹲ ﻝِﻠﻐﹶـــﺯﺍ ِل ﻙ ﺃَﻫـ ـلٌ
ـﺫﻝ
ـﺘﻡ ﻝِــ
ـﻭﺩﻭﺍ ﺃَﻨــ
ﺇِﻥ ﺘﹶﺠــ
ﻭﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻜﻐﻴﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻝﻠﻭﻡ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺤﺒـﻪ ﻫـﺫﺍ ،ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺼﺩ ﻋﻨﻪ ،ﻭﻻ ﺘﻌﻁﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﻪ ،ﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ،ﻓﻬـﻭ
ﻜﺎﻝﺠﻤل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃُﻋﻘل ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺒل ﻭﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﻓﻼﺕ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
2
ﺕ ِﻤﻨﹾـ ﻪ ﺒِﺎﻝﻨﱠـﺎﺠﻲ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﱠﺠـﺎ ﺀ ﻭﻝﹶﺴـ ﹸ
ﺃَﻴ ﻥ ﺍﻝـﺭﻴ ِﻡ ﺃَﻋ ﹶﻘﻠﹶﻨـﻲ
ﺹ ﻭﺠِﻔـ
ﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﹶﻼ
ﻜﹶﻴ ﹶ
ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻜﺘﻤل ﻝﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺇﻝﻘﺎﺀ ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﻬﻡ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻓـﻲ
ﺇﺫﻜﺎﺀ ﻨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺭﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﻫﻡ :ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺫل ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺍﺸﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻗﻴﺏ.
ﻭﻫﻡ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺤﺯﻡ ﺁﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻘﻭل ":ﻭﻝﻠﺤﺏ ﺁﻓﺎﺕ ،ﻓﺄﻭﻝﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﻌـﺎﺫل
ﻭﻫﻡ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ،...ﻭﺍﻵﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺁﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻴﺏ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻪ ﻝﺤﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻁﻨﺔ ،ﻭﺒﻭﺴﺎﻡ ﻤﻠـﺢ ،ﻭﻓﻜـﺭ
ﻤﻜﺏ ،ﻭﻫﻡ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ،....ﻭﺍﻵﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺸﻲ.3....
ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﻝﺘﻌﻜﺭ ﺼﻔﻭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻴﻥ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺭﻗﻴﺏ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺤﺯﻡ
ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﻓﻀﻭﻝﻲ ،ﺃﻭ ﻤﻨﺎﻓﺱ ،ﺃﻭ ﺭﻗﻴﺏ ﺒﺄﺠﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻗِﺒل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺩ.4
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺸﻲ ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺭﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﺘﻘﺼﹰﺎ ﺍﻝﺭﺠل ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤـﺭﺃﺓ
ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﺠل ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺩﻑ ﺍﻝﻭﺸﺎﺓ ﺇﺜﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ ﻀﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺏ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺫل ﺘﺤﺕ ﻗﻨـﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺼـﺢ
ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻠﺹ ﻴﺤﻠﻡ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺏ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ
ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺭﺠلٌ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺍﺀ .5
78
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺴﺒﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻕ ﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺒـﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘـﻪ ﻫـﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻴﻨـﺎ
ﺃﺼﺎﺒﺘﻬﻡ ،ﺃﻭ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺒﺴﺏ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺎﻗﻠﻪ ﺍﻝﻭﺸﺎﺓ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﺃَﻭ ﻭﺍﺸــﻴﹰﺎ ﻗﹶــﺎل ﻓِﻴﻤــﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﹶﻨــﺎ ﻜﹶــﺫِﺒﺎ ﻝﻌــ ﱠل ﻋﻴﻨــﹰﺎ ﺃَﺼــﺎﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﻓﹶــﻼ ﹶﻨﻅﹶــﺭﺕ
ﻭﻝﻡ ﺘﹸﺼﺏ ﻨﺎل ﻤِﻨﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺘـﺩﻯ ﻭﺼـﺒﺎ ﻥ ﺭﻤـﺕ
ﻥ ﺴِـﻬﺎ ﻡ ﺍﻝﻌـﻴﻥ ﺤِـﻴ
ﻼ ﻓﹶﺈ
ﻤﻬ ﹰ
1
ﺒِﻤــﺎ ﻴﻭﻜــل ﻤﻨﻬــﺎ ﻝِﻠﺭﻀــﺎ ﺴــﺒﺒﺎ ـﻪ
ـﺎﻩ ﻤِﻘ ﻭﻝﹸــ
ـل ﺯﻭ ٍﺭ ﻓﹶــ
ـﺩﹰﺍ ﻝِﻘﺎﺌــ
ﺒﻌــ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
2
ﻓﹶــﻼ ﺘﹶﺴــﻤﻌﻭﺍ ﺒــﺎﷲ ِﻝﻐﹶﻴــ ِﺭ ﺴــﺩﺍ ِﺩ ﺵ ﻭﺤﺎﺴِـ ٍﺩ
ﻥ ﺫﺍ ﻤِـﻥ ﻗﹶـﻭ ِل ﻭﺍ ٍ
ﻓﹶﺈﻥ ﻜـﺎ
ﻷﻥ ﻗﻭل ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﻻ ﻴﺠﺩﻱ ﺸﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﻴﻌﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻜل ﺤﺎﺴـﺩ ﻭﻋـﺎﺫل،
ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻭﻴﻭﺠﻪ ﻜﻼﻤﻪ ﻝﻠﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺫل ﻓﻴﺩﻋﻭﻩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺴﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﺢ؛ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻝﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﻊ ﻝﻪ،
ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﺩ[
79
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺯﻝﻴﺔ ﻴﺩﻋﻭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺤﻔﻅ ﻭﺩﻩ؛ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻝـﻥ ﻴﻐـﺩﺭ ﺒـﺫﻝﻙ
ﺍﻝﻌﻬﺩ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
1
ﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻌ ﻬ ﺩ ﻋﻬﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﻝﻭﻓﺎ ﺀ ﻫـﻭ ﺍﻝـﺫﹸﺨ ﺭ ﺕ ﻴــﺎ ُﺃﻤﻴﻤــ ﹸﺔ ﺒِﺎﻝــﺫﻱ
ﹶﻓﻬــﻼ ﺍﻗﺘﹶــﺩﻴ ِ
ل ﻤـﻥ
ﻭﺴﻴﺤﻔﻅ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺍﻝﻭ ﺩ؛ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺭﻀﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﺎل ﻋﻨﻪ ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﻏﺩﺍﺭ ،ﺃﻭ ﺇﻨﹼﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻤ ﱠ
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻭﻻ ﺴــﻤﺤﺕ ﻓِــﻲ ﺃَﻥ ﻴﻘــﺎ َل ﻤﻠــﻭ ُل ﺽ ﻨﹶﻔﺴـﻲ َﺃﻥ ﻴﻘـﺎ َل ﻏﹶـ ﺩﺭﺘﹸﻬﻡ
ﻭ ﹶﻝﻡ ﹶﺘﺭ
3
ﺱ ﻴﺤـﻭ ُل
ﺏ ﻝﹶـﻴ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﺤـ
ﻓﹶﻌﻬﺩﻱ ﻭﺤـ ﹸ ﺤﻔِﻅﺕﹾ ﺤﺴﻨﺎ ﺀ ﻋﻬﺩﻱ ﻭﻝﹶـﻡ ﹶﺘﺤِـل
ﹶﻓ ﻬلْ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ـﺩﺍ
ﻀ ـ ﻪ ﺍﻝﻌﻬـ
ﺨ ـ ﱡل ﺃﻨﹾ ﹸﻘ
ﺏ ﺍﻝ ِ
ﻭﻻ َﺃﻥ ﻴﻐﻴ ـ ﻥ ﺍﻝﻬـﻭﻯ
ﺕ ﻋـ ِ
ﻓﻼ ﺘﹶﺤﺴﺒﻲ ﻗﹶـﺩ ﺴـﻠﹶﻭ ﹸ
4
ﻥ ﺒﻌـﺩﺍ
ﺸ ﻴﻥ ﺼـ ﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﻻ ﺘﹶـﺭ ﻫ ﺒ
ﻓﹶﻼ ﺘﹶﺨ ﹶ ﺕ ﻁﹶﺒﻴﻌــﺔﹲ
ﻋﻠِﻤــ ِ
ﻭﻓــﺎﺌِﻲ ﻭﻭِﺩﻱ ﻤــﺎ
80
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ اﺍﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺭﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﻐﺯﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻐـﺎﻤﺭﺓ
ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺍﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺨﺎﻀﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ؛ ﻝﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺠﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺒﺴﺎﻝﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﺴـﺒﻴل
ﺍﻝﻠﻘﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻨﻬﺞ ﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻤﺭﺉ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺱ ﻭﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺭﺒﻴﻌﺔ.1
ﻓﻘﺩ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺩﻯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺭﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻤﻁﻠﻌﻬﺎ:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭﻨﺎ ﻤﻐﺎﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﻜﻤﻐﺎﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺭﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ " ﹸﻨﻌﻡ" ،ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺠﺎﺀﻫـﺎ
ﻝﻴﻘﻀﻲ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻝﻴﻠﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﺭ ﻓﻘﺼﺕ "ﻨﹸﻌﻡ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺨﻭﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻤـﺎ
ﺠﺭﻯ ،ﻓﺎﻗﺘﺭﺤﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻐﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺘﺩﻱ ﻋﻤﺭ ﻝﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻤﺘﻨﻜـﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻓـﻼ ﻴﻌـﺭﻑ
ﻓﻴﺅﺫﻯ.3
ﻭﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻜﺒﺩﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺍﻝـﺩﺨﻭل
ﺨﻠﺴﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼﻭﺭ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺤﺼﺎﻨﺔ ﺨﺩﺭ ﺼﺎﺤﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻝﺨﺩﺭ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﻴل ِ
ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻤﺭﻩ ،ﻏﻴﺭ ﺁﺒﻪ ﺒﺄﻭﻝﺌﻙ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺱ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﻤﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺨﺩﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺘﺠـﺎﻭﺯ ﻜـل
ﺍﻝﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺭﺍﺱ ،ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎﺓ ﺭﻗﻴﺏ؛ ﻝﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﻑ ،ﻓﻜل ﺃﻤﺭ ﻋﺴﻴﺭ ﻴﻬﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺨﻁﱡــ ﺭ
ﻁ ﻓﻴــﻪ ﹶﺘ ﹶ
ﻴــﺭﻯ ﻝﻭﺸــﻴﺞ ﺍﻝﺨــ ﱢ ﻕ
ﻉ ﺒِﻤــﺄ ِﺯ ٍ
ـﻌﺎ ِ
ﺱ ﺍﻝﺸﱡـ
ـﺎﻝﻨﱠﻔ ِ
ﺕ ﺒـ
ـﺎﻁﺭ ﹸ
ﻭﺨـ
4
ﺴ ـ ﺭ
ـﻭﻯ ﻤ ﹶﺘ ﻴ
ـﻲ ﺍﻝﻬـ
ـﻴ ٍﺭ ﻓـ
ﻭﻜ ـ ﱡل ﻋﺴـ ﻕ ﻏﺎﻝـﺏ
ﺕ ﺍﻝﺨِـﺩ ﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺸـﻭ ﹸ
ﺇِﻝﻰ َﺃﻥ ﻭﻝﹶﺠ ﹸ
81
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻐﺎﻤﺭﺍﺘﻪ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻜﻴﻑ ﻗﻀﻰ ﻝﻴﻠﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﻀـﺎﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻨـﺭﻯ
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺘﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺂﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻠﺫﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻬﻭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﻴﻌﺭﺽ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﻔﺎﻅﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤـﺎ
ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻬﺭ ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻥ ﺃﺨﻀـ ﺭ
ﻥ ﻓﻴﻨـﺎ
ﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻐﹸﺼـ
ﻭﻋﺎﻨﹶﻘ ﹸ ـﻰ
ﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﱠﻠـ
ـﻭﺍِﻝ ِ
ﺴـﻥ ﺍﻝ
ـﻴ
ـﺎ ﺒـ
ﺕ ﻤـ
ﹶﻓ ﹶﻘﺒﻠ ـ ﹸ
ـﻭﺜ ﺭ
ﻋـﺩﻥ ﻭ ﹶﻜـ
ـﺩ ﻗِﻴـ َل
ـﺎ ﹶﻗـ
ـﻲ ﻤـ
ﺃَﺭﺘﻨـ ﻥ ﻭﺠﻨﹶـ ٍﺔ
ﻲ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﺴِـ ِ
ﺕ ﻭﺠﻬِـ
ﻭ ﹶﻨﺯﻫ ﹸ
1
ﻕ ﺍﻝﻅﱠﻠﻤـﺎ ِﺀ ﺴِـﺘﹾﺭ ﻤـﺩﺜ ﺭ
ﻏﺴـ ِ
ﻭ ِﻤﻥ ﹶ ـﻼﺀﺓﹲ
ﻑ ﻤــ
ـﺎ ِ
ـﺎ ﻋﻠﹶﻴـ ـ ِﻪ ﻝِﻠﻌﻔــ
ﻜِﻼﻨــ
ﻭﺘﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻲ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺨﻠﻴﻑ ﺃﻥ :ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺠﺩ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺎﻤﺭﺓ
ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺨﻭﻀﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺸﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﺘﺴﻡ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻁﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺯﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﻨﺼﺭﻑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻝـﻰ
ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻫل ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻗﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﻋﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﺸﺎﺓ.2
ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻅﻠﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ،ﻭﻻ ﺘﺯﺍل ﺘﺤﻅﻰ ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ،ﻓﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴـﺔ
ﻭﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﺼﺭﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻀﺭ ،ﻭﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻴﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ،
ﺒل ﺇﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻭﻗﻔﻭﺍ ﺸﻌﺭﻫﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ،ﻴﺼﻭﺭﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﺠﻤل ﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﺕ ﺃﻋﻴﻨﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻴﺘﻐﻨﻭﻥ
ﺒﻭﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﺸﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺼﺩﻫﺎ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺼـﻭﺭ
ﻼ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺠﻴـل ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻭ ﺭﻤﺯﻭﺍ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺯﻝﻬﻡ ﻗﺩ ﻅﻠﺕ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺭﺜﺔ ﺠﻴ ﹰ
ﻭﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﺩﺍﺌﻡ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﻴﺤﻠﻭ ﻭﺼﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺏ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ
ﺭﺒﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺤﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺘﺄﺠﺞ ﻝﻬﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ﺃﻁﻔﺄﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺏ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﻤﺭ .ﻓﻐﺯل ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻴﻬـﺘﻡ
ﺇﻝﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺏ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻀﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺏ.3
ﺨﻠﻴﻑ ،ﻤﻲ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ :ﺒﻁﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﻗﺒﺎﺀ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ-ﻤﺼﺭ ،1998 ،ﺹ.55 2
:3ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﺸﺏ ،ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻲ :ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1966 ،ﺹ.199
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ﻓﺎﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﻭﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺫﻜﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ،ﺒل ﻻ ﻴﺫﻜﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺤﺎﺏ
ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻡ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﻨﺤﻭﻥ ﻏﺯﻝﻬﻡ ﻝﻭﻨﹰﺎ ﺒﻬﻴﺠﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ﺘﻘﺩﻤﻪ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻀـﻡ ﺨﻠـﻭﺍﺘﻬﻡ،
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﺍﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ،ﻝﻨـﺭﻯ ﻜﻴـﻑ ﻭﺼـﻑ
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ؟ ﻭﻜﻴﻑ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل؟.
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ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ
ﻭﺘﺭﺍﺠﻌﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺤﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺴﻘﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﺃﻴﺩﻱ ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺸﻤﺴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﻓﻭل ﻝﻴﺤل ﻤﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﺭﺜـــﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ،ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻓﺎﻀﺕ ﻋﺒﻘﺭﻴﺔ ﻨﺎﻅﻤﻴﻪ،
ﻓﺄﺒﺩﻋﻭﺍ ﺃﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺜﻲ ،ﻭﺃﺼﺩﻗﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﻭﺱ.
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﺘﱠﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﺨﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻻﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ،ﺒﺩﺃ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻴــــﺩ
ﻋﺎﻓﻴﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﻭﺽ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺫﺍﻉ ﻭﻓﺸﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻜــﺎﻜﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ.
ﻭﻋﺭﻓﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﺎﺝ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﻭﺍﺒﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻐﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﷲ ﻁﺎﺌﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ
ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭﻱ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل :ﺍﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺎﺏ ،ﻭﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺒﻥ ﻫﺫﻴل ،ﻭﺍﺒﻥ ﺨﻤﻴﺱ ،ﻭﺍﺒﻥ ﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺼﺎﺭﻱ ،ﻭﺍﺒﻥ
ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﺒﻥ ﺯﻤﺭﻙ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ .ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺨﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﻬﺩ،ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺨﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻤﻥ ،ﻝﻡ
ﻴﺴﻁﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭﻱ ﺴﻭﻯ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﻨﺎﻁﻲ.2
ﺤﺒﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﷲ ﺒﻜل ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻔﻭﺍ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻌﺯﻑ ﺍﻷﻝﺤﺎﻥ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺸﺭﺒﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻜﺄﻨﻬﻡ
ﻴﻌﻴﺸﻭﻥ ﺍﺤﺘﻔﺎﻻً ﻻ ﻴﻨﻘﻁﻊ.3
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻴﺏ ،ﻝﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ،ﺍﻹﺤﺎﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ ،ﺝ ،3ﺹ282 3
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ﻭﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻝﺱ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﻀﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺭﻴﻘﺎً ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ
ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻘﻴﻤﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎﺡ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﺘﺴﻁﻊ ﺒﺄﺸﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﺎﻓﺢ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﻭﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ،
ﻭﺍﻝﻁﻴﻭﺭ ﺘﺼﺩﺡ ﺒﺄﺠﻤل ﺍﻷﻝﺤﺎﻥ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺃﻏﺼﺎﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻴﻁﻠﻘﻥ ﺃﺠﻤل
ﺍﻷﻏﺎﻨﻲ.1
ﻭﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﻭﻥ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩ ﺇﺨﻭﺍﻨﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻤﺭﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ،ﻭﺠﺎﺀ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺼﻭﺭﻫﻡ
ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻤﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺒﻲ ﻨﻭﺍﺱ ،ﺇﺫ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﺒﻲ ﻨﻭﺍﺱ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺨﻤـﺭﻱ ﻤﺒﺘﻜـﺭ
ﻤﺘﺠﺩﺩ ،ﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻝﻴﺱ ﺇﻻ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﹰﺍ
ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺭﻗﻲ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ ﻴﺘﺠﺩﺩ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻷﺴـﻠﻭﺏ
ﻝﻠﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻔﺫﺕ ﻗﺒ ﹰ
ﻜﺎﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﺩﺕ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻡ ﺘﺨﺭﺝ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻤﻭﺩ
ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻡ ،ﺇﻻ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﻴﻁﺭﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ.2
ﻭﺍﻨﺘﺸﺭﺕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺯﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺤﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻴﻬﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ،ﺇﺫ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻘﺼﺩﻫﺎ ﺸﺎﺭﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ،ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻬﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﻴﺒﺘﺎﻋﻭﻥ
ﻤﻨﻪ ﺃﻓﻀل ﺍﻝﺨﻤﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﺠﻭﺩﻫﺎ.3
ﻭﻴﺘﻔﻨﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ،ﻓﻴﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﺠﻤل ﺃﻭﺼﺎﻓﻬﺎ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝـﺭﻏﻡ
ﻤﻥ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭﻩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻝﻜﻨﹼﻪ ﺠﻤﻊ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺠﻤﺎل ﻝﻭﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻓﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺕ
ﺒﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻤﻤﺘﺯﺠﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺯل.
ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻝﻡ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ،ﻓﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺤﻤﺭﺍﺀ ﻜﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺭﺱ ،4ﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﺎﺌﻬﺎ
ﻭﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻝﻡ ﺘﻤﺯﺝ ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻤﺯﺠﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻝﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻝﻸﺼﻔﺭ ﻴﻘﻭل:
ﺤﺎﻭﻱ ،ﺍﻴﻠﻴﺎ :ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭﻱ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1960 ،ﺹ.350 2
4ﺍﻝ ﻭﺭﺱ :ﻨﺒﺕﹲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻨﻴﺔ ]ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺸﻴﺔ[ ﻴﻨﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺒﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩ ،ﻭﺜﻤﺭﺘﹸﻬﺎ ﹶﻗﺭﻥ ﻤﻐﻁﱠﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻀﺠﻪ ﺒ ﹸﻐ ﺩ ٍﺩ
ل ﻝﺘﻠﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺒﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻴﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻻﺤﺘﻭﺍﺌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﻤـﺭﺍﺀ:3MNOE ،ا 7MQRSKا،P8MHGK
ﻏﺏ ﻗﻠﻴل؛ ﻴﺴﺘﻌ ﻤ ُ
ﺤﻤﺭﺍﺀ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺯ ﹶ
CDدة )ورس(
85
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﺱ
ـﻤ ِ
ﺸــﻨﺎ ﺍﻝ ﱠ
ـﻲ ﺴـ
ـﺔ ﺘﹶﺤﻜـ
ﺒِﻜ ـﺭﺍ ﻤ ﻌﺘﱠﻘـ ﺨﹸﺫﻫﺎ ِﺒ ﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﻭﻗﻬـﺎ ﺤﻤـﺭﺍﺀ ﻜـﺎﻝﻭﺭﺱ
1
ﺱ
ﻭ ﻤﺎ ﹶﺘﻨـﺎ ُل ﺴِـﻭﻯ ﺒِـﺎﻝ ﻭﻫ ِﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺤـﺩِ ﻑ
ﻥ ﻤِــﻥ ﹸﻝﻁﹾــ ِ
ﺭﻗﱠــﺕ ﹶﻓﻤــﺎ ِﺇﻥ ﹶﺘﺒــ ﻴ
ﻓﺎﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻔﻀﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺸﺭﺒﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻝﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺤﻤـﺭ ،ﻭﺒﻜـﺭﺍﹰ،
ﻤﻌﺘﱠﻘﺔ ،ﻭﺸﻌﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ .ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺎﺒﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ،ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ
ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻅل ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺘﺭﺠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺸﺒﻴﻬﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ
ﻭﻴﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺁﺨﺭ ،ﺇﺫ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﺒﻨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸـﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﺴـﺎﻁﻊ
ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﻴل ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻠﻌﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﺄﺱ ،ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻕ .ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
3
ﺏ
ﺱ ﺸِـﺒ ﻪ ﻝﹸﻌـﺎ ِ
ﺃَﻭ ﺴﺎ َل ﻨﹸـﻭ ﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﱠـﻤ ِ ﺠﺴــﺩﹰﺍ
ﻜﹶﺄﺴــﹰﺎ ﺒِﻬــﺎ ﺤــ ﱠل ﺍﻝﻬــﻭﻯ ﻤ ﹶﺘ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻗﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺠل ﻝﻪ ﺒﺠﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺴـﻼﻓﺔ،
ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻼﻓﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ،ﻭﺴﻼﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻭﺴﻼﻓﺘﻬﺎ :ﺃﻭل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺼﺭ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ،
ﻭﻗﻴل :ﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﺴﺎل ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﺼﺭ ،ﻭﻗﻴل :ﻫﻭ ﺃﻭل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺯل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ،4ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺕ ﻨﹶﺩﺍﻤــﺔ
ﻭﺩﻉ ﻤــﻥ ﻴﺤﺎﺸــﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﻤــﻭ ﹸ ﻋﺠﻠﻬــﺎ ﺴــﻼﻓﹰﺎ ﻤﺩﺍﻤــﺔ
ﻙ
ِﺒﻌﻴﺸِــ
5
ـﺔ
ـﺫﺍﻙ ﻗِﻴﺎﻤــ
ـﻜﺭﺍﻨﹰﺎ ﻓــ
ﻙ ﺴــ
ﻭﺇﻥ ﺃ ﺠﻨﱠـ ـﺔﹲ
ﻙ
ـﺫِﻝ
ـﻭﺍﻨﹰﺎ ﻓﹶــ
ﻙ ﻨﹶﺸــ
ـﺈﻥ ﺃ
ﻓﹶــ
86
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺤﺭﻴﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻼﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺍﻤـﺔ ،ﺃﻱ ﺍﻝﺒﻜـﺭ
ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﱠﻘﺔ ،ﻭ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺸﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ،ﺴﻭﻑ ﻴﻤﻭﺕ ﺘﺤﺴﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﻨﺩﺍﻤﺔ ،ﻓﺸﺭﺒﻪ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻪ
ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺸﻭﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻌﺎﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻜﺄﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻌﻴﻡ .ﻓﺎﻝﻤﺭﺀ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﻌل ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﻭﻩ ﺒﻨﺸـﻭﺓ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻫﻭل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﻨﺢ ،ﻓﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻨﺴﺠﺎﻤﺎ ﻭﺘﺂﻝﻔﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺭﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻴـﺎﺓ،
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﺸﻭﺓ ﻭﻏﺎﻝﻭﺍ ﺒﻬﺎ.1
ﻭﻜﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻭﺼﻔﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ،ﻴﻌﻅﱢﻡ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻗِﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﻝﻴﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﻪ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜـﺎﻥ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻅﻡ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ ،ﺒﻘـﺩﺭ
ﻗﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻭﺩﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺜﻤﻨﻬﺎ ،ﺫﻝﻙ ﺃ
ﻗﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻌﺘﻘﻬﺎ .2ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺏ
ﻥ ﺍﻷَﻋﺘــﺎ ِ
ﺼــ ﻤﺕﹾ ﻤﺴــﺎ ِﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﻋــ ِ ﺡ ﻗﹶﺒــ َل ﻋﻭﺍﺘِــﺏ
ﺒﺎﻜﹶﺭﺘﹸﻬــﺎ ﺒِــﺎﻝﺭﺍ ِ
3
ﺙ ﺍﻝﻀــﻨﺎ ﺒِﺎﻝﻬــﺎ ِﺌ ِﻡ ﺍﻝ ﻤﺘﹶﺼــﺎﺒﻲ
ﻋﺒــ ﹶ
ﻥ ِﺒﺤﺴــﻨِﻬﺎ
ﺙ ﺍﻝﺯﻤــﺎ
ﻋﺒــ ﹶ
ِﺒﻤﺩﺍﻤــ ٍﺔ
ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅﹰﺎ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻝﻠﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗِﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭﺓ ،ﻤﻨﻬﺎ" :ﻋﺒﺙ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﺎﻥ ِﺒﺤﺴـﻨﻬﺎ" ،ﺃﻱ
ﻤﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺼﻨﻌﻬﺎ ﺯﻤﻥ ﻁﻭﻴل ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴـﺎﺒﻘﺔ ،ﻜـﺫﻝﻙ ﻜـﺎﻥ
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻝﻔﻅﺔ" ﻤﺩﺍﻤﺔ" ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﺨﺘـﺭ
ﻥ ﺯﻤﺎﻨـﹰﺎ
ﺍﺴﻤﹰﺎ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ،ﻓﺎﻝﻤﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻝﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ﻫﻲ :ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭﺓ ﻹﺩﺍﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝ ﺩ
ﺤﺘﻰ ﺴﻜﻨﺕﹾ ﺒﻌﺩﻤﺎ ﻓﺎ ﺭﺕﹾ ،ﻭﻗﻴل :ﻷﻨﻪ ﻝﻴﺱ ﺸﻲﺀ ﺘﹸﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺇﺩﺍ ﻤ ﹸﺔ ﺸﺭﺒﻪ ﺇﻻ ﻫﻲ .4ﻭﻝﻔﻅﺔ "ﻤﻌﺘﻘـﺔ"
ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭﻝﻪ:
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
5
ﺱ
ﺒِﻜﺭﺍ ً ﻤ ﻌﺘﱠﻘـﺔ ﺘﹶﺤﻜـﻲ ﺴـﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﱠـﻤ ِ ﺨﹸﺫﻫﺎ ﺒِـ ﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﻭﻗﻬـﺎ ﺤﻤـﺭﺍﺀ ﻜـﺎﻝﻭﺭﺱ
87
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻤﺭ ﺘﺠﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ،ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺸﺎﻋﺭﻨﺎ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻝﻪ ،ﻭﻫـﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻌـﺭﺏ
ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻔﻀﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﻀﺠﺕ ﻭﺨﻤﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﺘﻬﺠﻥ ،ﺃﻱ ﻝﻡ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨـﺎﺭ،
ﻀل ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻴﺔ ،ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﺀ ،ﺇﻻ ﺇﻨﻪ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻤﺎﻨﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻤـﺯﺝ
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻔ
ﺒﺭﻀﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃُﻋﺠﺏ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﺩﻭﺍ ﺀ ﺸﺎﻓﻴﺎ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺝ
ـﺯﺍ ِ
ـ ِﺭ ﻤــ
ـﺭ ﹶﻓﹰﺎ ِﺒﻐﹶﻴــ
ـﺔ ﺼــ
ﻨﹸﻭﺭﻴــ ﻲ ﻓﹶﻬﺎﺘِﻬــﺎ
ﺤ ﺒ
ﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﱠﺴــﻴ ﻡ ﺃَﺼــﺎ ِ
ﻫــ
2
ﺝ
ﻑ ﻤِـﻥ ﺒﻨـﻲ ﺍﻷَﻋـﻼ ِ
ﻁ ِ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺎ ِ
ﻝﹶﺩ ﺱ ﺴــﺎﺤ ٍﺭ
ﺏ ﻏﹶــﺯﺍ ِل ﺃُﻨــ ٍ
ﺇِﻻ ﺭِﻀــﺎ
3
ـﻲ
ـﻪ ﻋِﻼﺠـــ
ـﺎ ﻓﹶﻔﻴـــ
ﷲ ﺩ ﺭﻜﹸﻤـــ ﹶﻓ ِﺒﻤِﺜــ ِل ﻫــﺫﺍ ﻓﹶــﺎﻤﺯﺠﻲ ﻴــﺎ ﻗﹶﻬــﻭﺘﻲ
ﻭﻤﺯﺝ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ،ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻨﻐﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺜﻨﺎﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺒـﺎﻁﻥ ﺍﻝﺸـﻔﺔ
ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻝﻌﺱ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺴﻭﺍﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺎﻁﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻔﺔ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
4
ﺒﻴﺽ ﺍﻝﺜﻨﺎﻴـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﺭﺍﺸـﻑ ﻝﻌـﺱ ﻜﺄﻨﻬـــﺎ ﻭﺤﺒـــﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤـــﺯﺝ......
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﺍﺏ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻠﻡ ﻴﺭﺩ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺼﺭﻴﺢ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺸـﻌﺭﻴﺔ
ﺴﻭﻯ ﻝﻔﻅﺔ ﺒﺎﻜﺭﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺤﺘﺴﺎﺌﻪ ﻝﻠﺨﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻜﺭ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
5
ﺏ
ﻥ ﺍﻷَﻋﺘــﺎ ِ
ﺼــ ﻤﺕﹾ ﻤﺴــﺎ ِﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﻋــ ِ ﺡ ﻗﹶﺒــ َل ﻋﻭﺍﺘِــﺏ
ﺒﺎﻜﹶﺭﺘﹸﻬــﺎ ﺒِــﺎﻝﺭﺍ ِ
88
ﻭﻻ ﻨﻌﺭﻑ ﻫل ﻫﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒﻴل ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ،ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺒﺎﻜﺭﺘﻪ ﻝﻠﺨﻤﺭ ،ﻭﻫﻭ
ﻓﻲ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺴﺭﻑ ﺒﺈﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺇﺩﻤﺎﻨﻪ ﺇﻴﺎﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ؟ .ﻓﻠﻭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻁﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﻅﻬﺭﺍﹰ ،ﺃﻭ ﻋﺸﺎﺀ ،ﻝﻜـﺎﻥ ﺫﻝـﻙ
ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ .ﻝﻜﻥ ﺇﻗﺒﺎﻝﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺼﺒﺤﺎ ،ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﻴﺩ ،ﻴﺄﺒﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒﺘﻌﺩ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻡ .ﻭﻝﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺸﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻭﻤﺩﻤﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺤﺩ ،ﻝﻭﺠﺩﻨﺎ ﻝﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻗﺼـﺎﺌﺩ
ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ،ﺘﺤﺎﻜﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ،ﺃﻭ ﻝﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﺼﻔﺎ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻝﻨﺸﻭﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫـﺎ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ،ﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻜﺘﻔﻰ ﺒﺄﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ.
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل[
1
ﻭﺠﻬــــ ﻪ ﻴﺘﹾﻠــــﻭ ﺍﻝﻀــــﺤﻰ ـﻭ ﺍﻝــــ ﺩﺠﻰ
ﹶﻜﺄْﺴــــ ﻪ ﻴﺠﻠــــ
ﻭﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻤﺯﺍﺠﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﺠﻠﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻔـﻭﺱ ﻤـﻊ ﻏـﺯل
ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺫﻜﺭ ،ﻭﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻜﺜﺭﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻐﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﻜﺜﺎﺭﺍ ﻓﺎﻕ ﻨﻅﻴﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺭﻕ ،ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ
ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻁﺔ ﺴﺒﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻝﻙ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺫﻜﺭ ﺇﺒﺎﻥ ﺼﻔﺎﺀ ﻤﺠـﺘﻤﻌﻬﻡ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺯﺠﺕ ﺒﻪ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ.2
ﻓﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺠﻤﺎل ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻝﻐﻠﻤﺎﻥ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻭﻩ ،ﺠﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻭﻥ ،ﻓـﻴﻬﻡ
ﺠﺎﺫﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ .ﻭﻝﻌل ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻝﻐﻠﻤﺎﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﺴﻘﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻤـﺭ ،ﺤﺘـﻰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺫﻫﺒـﺕ ﺒﻌﻘـﻭل
3
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺘﺨﻴﻠﻭﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺸﺎﺀ ﻝﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻴل ﻭﺘﻐﺯﻝﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻗﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﻠﻤﺎﻥ.
ﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺯﻝﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻘﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ،ﺸﻜﻠﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻤﻼﺒﺴﻬﻡ ،ﺜﻡ ﻭﺼﻔﻭﺍ
ﻤﺤﺎﺴﻨﻬﻡ ﻓﺄﺴﺒﻐﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺃﻭﺼﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﺠﻤﺔ :ﻓﻬﻡ ﻜﺎﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺘﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺯﻻﻥ ﻁﻭﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻌﺭﻫﻡ
ﺨﻔﺎﺠﻲ ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻌﻡ :ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻴل ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،1992 ،ﺹ.60 2
89
ﺃﻨﻬﻡ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﻔﻀﻠﻭﻥ ﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻘﺎﺓ ،ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﻼﻡ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺠﻤﺎﻝـﻪ
ﻭﺒﻬﺎﺅﻩ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ.1
ﻭﺘﺴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﻓﻴﺼﻔﻪ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻝﺤﻅﺔ ﺴـﻜﺒﻪ ﻝﻠﺨﻤـﺭﺓ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻝﻜﺄﺱ ،ﻭﻜﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﻗﺩ ﺴﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﺄﺱ ،ﻴﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻗﻲ ﺒﻜﻔﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻀﺒﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺸﺨﺹ
ﺃﺤﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺸﻑ ،2ﺸﻔﺎﻫﻪ ﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺒﻴﺩﻩ ،ﺤﻤﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﺴﻭﺍﺩ ،ﻏﻨﺞ ،ﻤﺎﺠﻥ ،ﻤﺨﻨﺙ ،ﻭﻓﻲ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻠﺤﻅﺔ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺤﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻝﺜﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻗﻲ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺏ
ﺱ ﺸِـﺒ ﻪ ﻝﹸﻌـﺎ ِ
ﺴﺎ َل ﻨﹸـﻭ ﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﱠـﻤ ِ
ﺃﻭ ﺠﺴــﺩﹰﺍ
ﹶﻜﺄْﺴــ ﹰﺎ ِﺒﻬــﺎ ﺤــ ﱠل ﺍﻝﻬــﻭﻯ ﻤ ﹶﺘ
ﺏ
ـﺎ ِ
ـﺎ ﺠﺩﻴـ ـ ﺩ ﺨِﻀــ
ﻭ ِﺒ ﹶﻜﻔﱢـ ـ ِﻪ ﻤِﻨﻬــ ﺝ ِﺒﻬــﺎ ﹶﻜﺜﹶﻐــ ِﺭ ﻤــﺩﻴﺭِﻫﺎ
ﺃَﺒــﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤِــﺯﺍ
ﺏ
ـﺎ ِ
ﺙ ﺍﻝـ ـﺩﻻ ِل ﻤﻐﹶـ ـ ﹼﻨﺞ ﻤﺘﹶﻐــ
ﺨﻨِـ ـ ﹸ
ﹶ ﺠﻥ
ﻑ ﻤـﺎ ِ
ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﺒِﻬـﺎ ﺃَﺤـﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺸِـ ِ
3
ﺏ
ﺕ ﺴــﺎﻗﻴﻬﺎ ِﺒﻐﹶﻴــ ِﺭ ﺤِﺴــﺎ ِ
ﻭ ﹶﻝﺜﹶﻤــ ﹸ ﻋﺎﻁﻴﺘﹸﻬــﺎ ﺠﻬــﺭﹰﺍ ﺴــﻼﻓﹰﺎ ﻗﹶﻬــﻭ ﹰﺓ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﺍﻷﻨﺜﻭﻱ ﻝﻴﻁﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻗﻲ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻝﻨﺎ
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺏ
ﻙ ﺍﻝ ﻌﻘــﻭ ِل ﻭﺭﻴﻘﹶــ ﹶﺔ ﺍ َﻷﻝﺒــﺎ ِ
ﺸِــﺭ ﹶﺘﺠﻠـــﻭ ﹶﻝﻨﹶـــﺎ َﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅﹸـــ ﻪ ﻭ ِﻝﺤﺎﻅﹸـــ ﻪ
ﺏ
ـﺎ ِ
ﻑ ِﺭﻀـ
ـﺎ ِ
ﺽ ِﻭﺭ ٍﺩ ﻭﺍﺭ ِﺘﺸـ
ﻏـ
ِﻤ ـﻥ ﹶ ﻏﻨﹾ ﻴـﺔﹲ
ﻓِـﻲ ﻭﺠﻬِـ ِﻪ ﻋـﻥ ﹶﻜﺄْﺴِـ ِﻪ ﻝِـﻲ ﹸ
4
ﺏ
ﻋــﻥ ﻭﺼــ ِﻠﻪ ِ ِﺒﺎ َﻷﺴــﻭ ِﺩ ﺍﻝ ﻤﻨﹾﺴــﺎ ِ ﺕ ِﺒﺸِـ ـﻌِ ﺭ ِﻩ
ﺤﻴـ ـﺎ ﻩ ﻀـ ـ ﹶﻠﻠﹾ ﹸ
ﻝﹶـ ـﻭﻻ ﻤ
ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻝﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻫﺞ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻊ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻐﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻭ ﻴﺴﺘﺤﻭﺫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﻴﻠﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻴﻘﻴﺩ
ﻨﻅﺭﻩ ،ﻓﻔﻲ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﺸﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻗﻲ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺤﻤل ﻜﺄﺱ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻴـﺭ ﺒﺠـﺎﻤﻊ
ﺍﻝﻨﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﻴﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺤﻤل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻴﺩﻩ ﺸﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﻀﺤﻰ )ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ( ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
ﺒﻜﺎﺭ ،ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ :ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻬﺠﺭﻱ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ -ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،1971،ﺹ.227 1
ﺍﺒﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ،ﻝﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ،ﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺤﻭﺍ ،ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺓ :ﺴﻭﺍﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻀﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻗﻴل :ﺤﻤﺭﺓ ﺘﻀﺭﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺍﺩ. 2
90
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل[
ﻭﻤﺎ ﺯﺍل ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺴﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻝﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻭﺃﺸﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻤﺱ .ﻭﻫﻭ ﻫﻨﺎ
ﻴﻨﻘل ﻝﻨﺎ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﺸﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﻌﺔ ،ﻭﺇﺒﺭﺍﺯ ﻝﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺠﻠﺕ ﺴﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺤﻭﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺫﻜﺭﻩ
ﻝﺴﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﻴل ﻨﻘل ﻝﻠﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ -ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ -ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻴﺎل ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸـﻤﺱ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻻ ﺘﺴﻁﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﻴل.
ﻭﻨﻭﺭ ﻭﺠﻪ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻗﻲ ﻴﻤﺤﻭ ﺍﻝﻅﻼﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ،ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻜﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﻴـﺭ ﻤـﺎ
ﺤﻭﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺠﻌل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻗﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻴﺄﺨﺫﺍﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻹﺸﺭﺍﻕ ،ﻓﺄﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻤـل
ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻪ ،ﻝﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻤﺸﺭﻗﺔ ﻝﻤﺸﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻗﻲ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺤﻤل ﻜـﺎﺱ
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل[ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ.
ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻗﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ،ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺼﺎﺤﺔ،
ﻓﺒﺎﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﺃﻋﺠﻤﻴﺎ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺼﻔﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻔﺼﺎﺤﺔ ﺇﺫ ﻋﺠﺯ ﺃﻋﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺼﺤﺎﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺘﻴـﺎﻥ
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل[
3
ﻝﹶــــﻡ ﹶﺘ ﺭﻤــــ ﻪ ﺍﻝ ﹸﻔﺼــــﺤﺎ َﺃﻋﺠـــــﻡ ﻴـــــﺄﺘﻲ ﺒِﻤـــــﺎ
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ﻭﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩ ﻏﺎﻝﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻌﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﻠـﻪ ﻝﻠﻤﻌـﺎﻨﻲ
ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﺩﺍﻭﻝﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻅﻠﺕ ﻏﺎﻝﺒ ﹰﺎ ﺨﻤﺭ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ،ﺘـﺭﺩ ﻀـﻤﻥ ﻗﺼـﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﻐـﺯل
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺒﺠﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻬﺠﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺒﺩﺍﺌﻊ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺃﺯﻫﺎﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺠﺩﺍﻭﻝﻬﺎ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻜﺒﻴـﺭ ﻓـﻲ
ﺇﻗﺒﺎﻝﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻠﻬﻭ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺯﺝ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻼﺯﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋـﻥ
ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺎﺭ ،ﻓﺎﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻤﺤﻔﺯ ﻭﻤﺤﺭﻙ ﻝﺘﻌﺎﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻼﻑ.1
ﺤ ﺒﺕﹾ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺴﺤﺭﺍ ﺨﺎﺼﺎ ﺒﻬﺭ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺭﺁﻫﺎ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻓﺎﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺭﺨﻭﻥ ﻤـﻥ
ﺃﻤﺜﺎل ﻴﺎﻗﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﺒﻥ ﻋﺫﺍﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻜﺸﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻘﺭﻱ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺭﻓـﺔ،
ﻭﻤﻴﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺒﺴﺎﺘﻴﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺠﻤﺎل ﻗﺼﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺨﻼﺒﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﻅﺭﻫﺎ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﻝﻴﻘﻭل ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺼﺎﺤﺏ
ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ " :ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻓﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻤﺭ ﻭﻏﺎﻤﺭ ...ﻭﺘﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻴـﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺭﻴـﺔ
ﻭﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺃﺒﻭ ﻋﺒﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻜﺭﻱ ﺒﻘﻭﻝﻪ ":ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺸﺂﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ،ﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺘﺩﺍﻝﻬﺎ
3
ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺫﻜﺎﺌﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻫﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻅﻡ ﺠﺒﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ،ﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﻫﺭ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻨﻬﺎ"
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺤﻭﺘﻪ ﺒﻴﺌﺘﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ،ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫـﺎﺕ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻓﺼﺤﻭﺍ ﺒﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺄﻤﻼﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻡ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﻁﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ
ﺘﺄﺜﺭﻫﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺃﺸﺩ ﻭﺃﻗﻭﻯ ،ﻓﻠﻠﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺃﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻝﻌﺼـﺭ ﺍﻝﺠـﺎﻫﻠﻲ،
ﺍﻝﺴﻌﻴﺩ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺠﻴﺩ :ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺒﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺤـﺩﻴﻥ،ﻁ ،2ﺍﻝـﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴـﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺴـﻭﻋﺎﺕ ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨـﺎﻥ، 1
،1985ﺹ.204
ﺍﻝﺤﻤﻭﻱ ،ﻴﺎﻗﻭﺕ :ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ،ﺝ.262 ،1 2
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ﻏﻨﻰ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺘﻐﻨﻭﺍ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻭﻗﻔﻭﺍ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻭﻫﺒﻭﻫـﺎ ﺃﺤﺎﺴﻴﺴـﻬﻡ ﻤﺴـﺘﺠﻠﻴﻥ
ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻤﺘﺄﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﺭﻭﺍﺌﻌﻬﺎ.1
ﻭﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﺨﺫ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺼـﺎﻤﺘﺔ ﻤﺎﺩﺘـﻪ
ﻭﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻪ .ﻭﻗﻠﻤﺎ ﺨﻼ ﺃﺩﺏ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺃﺤﺒﻭﺍ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺒﻼﺩﻫﻡ ،ﻭﺘﻐﻨﻭﺍ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺃﺸـﻌﺎﺭﻫﻡ
ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎﻝﻬﻡ ﺒﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻤﺠﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻝﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻭ ﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﻤﺩﻯ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ.2
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸـﻌﺭ،
ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻴﺴﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺤﻭﺍﺴﻬﺎ ،ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻬﻴﺊ ﺍﻝﺨﻴﺎل ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺍﺱ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺱ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺴﻴﺱ ،ﻭﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ.3
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺫﻫﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻭﺸﻌﺭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ،ﻓﺎﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﻝـﻡ
ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺤﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﻁﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ،ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻝﻡ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ
ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺤﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻝﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻔﺎﺀ ﺫﻫﻥ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻘﺎ ﻝـﻪ،
ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻨﺭﺍﻩ ﻓـﻲ ﻭﺼـﻔﻪ ﻝـﺒﻌﺽ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل ﺹ ،43ﻓﻀ ﹰ
ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻴﻘﺭﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﻤﺭ.
ﻝﻘﺩ ﺘﻐﻨﻰ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺒﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺩﻨﻬﻡ ،ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸـﺩﺓ ﺘﻌﻠﻘﻬـﻡ
ﻭﺍﻋﺘﺯﺍﺯﻫﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻤﺘﺩ ﺤﺒﻪ ﻓﺸﻤل ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻐﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﻤﺠﺩﻫﺎ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻗﻑ ﺤﺒـﻪ
ﻭﺘﻤﺠﻴﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺘﻪ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺸﺏ ﻭﺩﺭﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﻀﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻋﺎﺵ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻜﻨﺎﻓﻬﺎ.4
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ_ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﻝﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﺠﻭﺩﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻜﺎﺒﻲ....":ﻴﻘﺩﻡ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻝﻭﺤـﺎﺕ ﺘﹶـ ِﻨ ﻡ ﻋـﻥ
ﺍﻤﺘﺯﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺼﺩﻕ ﻋﺎﻁﻔﺘﻪ ﻨﺤﻭﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻪ ﻝﻬﺎ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻝﺴـﺎﻥ ﻨﺠـﻭﺍﻩ،
5
ﻭﺨﻔﻘﺔ ﻗﻠﺒﻪ".
ﺸﻠﺒﻲ ،ﺴﻌﺩ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل :ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻋﺼﺭ ﻤﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﺍﺌﻑ ،ﺹ.67 1
93
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺴﻬﻤﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﻴﻥ ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﺃﺩﻕ ﺃﻋﺎﻨﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻹﻓﺼﺎﺡ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﻭﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺭﻯ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻁﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﻁﺭﺒﺔ ،ﻓﻠﻴﺱ ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ
ﺼﺩﻴﻘﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺅﻫﻡ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺴﻤﺭﻫﻡ ،ﻭﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺘﺴـﺎﺭﻋﻬﻡ ﺇﻝـﻰ
ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺭﺘﺠﺎل ،ﻝﻴﺱ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻜﻠﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺇﻓﺼﺎﺤﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ،ﻭﻋﻭﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﻪ ،ﻭﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺇﺘﻘﺎﻥ.1
ﺇﻥ ﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﻤﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻴﻤﺴﻙ ﺒﺭﻴﺸﺔ ﻓﻨﺎﻥ ،ﺍﺴﺘﺤﻀﺭ ﻤﻌﻪ ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ
ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻝﻭﺍﻥ ﺒﻬﻴﺠﺔ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺠﻌل ﻤﻥ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻝﻭﺤﺔ ﻓﻨﻴﻪ ﺘﺠﺫﺏ ﺍﻷﺒﺼـﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺘﺨﻁـﻑ
ﺍﻷﻨﻅﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻭﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻠﻭﻴﻥ ،ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﺨﻀﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﺤﻤﺭﺍﺭ
ﻭﺍﺼﻔﺭﺍﺭ ،ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺨﻀﺭ ﻨﻀﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺃﻏﺼﺎﻥ ﻤﻴﺎﺴﻪ ،ﻭﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻨﻭﺭ ،ﻭﺃﺯﺍﻫﻴﺭ ﻭﺸﺫﺍ ﻋﺒﻴﺭ.2
ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻴﺼﻭﺭ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺨﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺯﻫﺔ ﻓـﻲ
ﺃﺠﻤل ﻤﻨﺘﺯﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻜﺭ ،ﻭﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻝﻭﺤﺔ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻭﺼـﻑ ﺠﻤـﺎل
ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺢ ،ﻭﺃﺜﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺤﺎﺴﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﺩﺕ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﺎﻥ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺨﻴﺹ ﺒـﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﻓـﻲ
ﺘﺠﺴﻴﺩ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻫﺯﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻓﺎﻨﺒﺭﻯ ﻝﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺼﻔﹰﺎ ﺤﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻼﹰ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺏ
ﻭﺍﻝﻔﹶﺠــ ﺭ ﻴﺒﺼــ ﺭ ﻤِــﻥ ﺨِــﻼ ِل ﺴــﺤﺎ ِ ﺕ ﺼــﻔ ﻭ ﻨﹶﻌﻴﻤِﻬــﺎ
ﺤﺩِﻴﻘــ ٍﺔ ﺒــﺎﻜﹶﺭ ﹸ
ﻭ
ﺏ
ﻋﻠﹶﻴـــ ِﻪ ﺩﻻﺌِـــ ُل ﺍﻷَﻭﺼـــﺎ ِ
ﺩﻝﱠـــﺕﹾ ﺠﺤـــ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﹶـــﺭﺍ ﻡ ﻭِﺇﻨﱠﻤـــﺎ
ﹶﻜ ﻤﺘﹶـــ ﻴ ٍﻡ
ﺏ
ﺏ ﹶﻓﻠﹶــﻡ ﻴﻔِــﻪِ ﺒﺠــﻭﺍ ِ
ﺤــ ﹶﺫ ﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻴــ ِ ﺨﻠﹾﺴــ ﹰﺔ
ﻑ ﻴﺭﻨــﻭ ﹸ
ﻤ ﹶﺘﺴــﺘﱢﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﱠــﺭ ﹸ
ﺏ
ﻥ ﻜﹶﻌــﺎ ِ
ﺁﺜــﺎ ﺭ ﻜﹸﺤــ ٍل ﻓــﻲ ﺠﻔــﻭ ِ ﻕ ﺍﻷَﺩﻴـ ـ ِﻡ ﹶﻜ َﺄﻨﱠـ ـ ﻪ
ـﺯ ﹸ
ﻭﺍﻝﱠﻠﻴـ ـ ُل ﻤﻤﺘﹶــ
3
ﺽ ﺒِﺎﻷَﺫﻫـــﺎﺏ ِ
ﻭ ﹸﺘ ﺭﺼـــ ﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﱠﻔﻀـــﻴ ﺠ ٍﺩ
ﺱ ﺘﹸﻠ ِﺒﺴــ ﻪ ﻤﺠﺎﺴِــ ﺩ ﻋﺴــ
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﱠــﻤ
94
ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺨﻴﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻔﺠﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺒﺯﻍ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺒﺒﻁﺀ ﻭﺤـﺫﺭ ﺸـﺩﻴﺩﻴﻥ،
ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﻴﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺏ ،ﻫﻭ ﻴﻨﻜﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺽ ﻭﻫﺯﺍل ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺘـﺩل
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﺸﻕ ،ﻴﺴﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺸﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻤﺘﺴﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﺤﺫﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻠﻤﺤﻪ ﺃﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﺒـﺎﺀ،
ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻔﺠﺭ ﻴﺘﺴﻠل ﺒﺒﻁﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﻴﻭﻡ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻪ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺭ ﺒﺤـﺫﺭ،
ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ،ﻓﻤﻥ ﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺸﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺠﺩ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺸﻕ ﻤﺭﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺸﺎﺤﺏ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ،ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻅﺭ
ﻝﻤﺸﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺠﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺘﻪ ﻴﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺸﺤﻭﺒﹰﺎ ﻨﺎﺘﺠﺎﹰ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻁ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ ﻤﻊ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ
ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ.
ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺴﻠل ﺨﻴﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻔﺠﺭ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﻠﻴل ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺴﺤﺎﺏ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺼﻭﺭ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻠﻴل ﺒﻘﻁﻌﺔ ﺃﺩﻴـﻡ ﺃﺴـﻭﺩ
ﺕ
ﺃﺨﺫﺕ ﺘﺘﻤﺯﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎﺡ ،ﺘﺎﺭﻜ ﹰﺔ ﻭﺭﺍﺀﻫﺎ ﺁﺜﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻔﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺘـﺎﺓ ،ﻭﻓﺭﺍﻏـﺎ ٍ
ﺃﺨﺫﺕ ﺸﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺘﺭﺼﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﺸﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺫﻫﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻠﻴل ﻋﺒﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻫﺏ ﻝﺘﻤﻸ ﺍﻝﺩﻨﻴﺎ
ﺒﻨﻭﺭﻫﺎ.
ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺤﻴﺔ ﺘﺼﻑ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻝﺒﺯﻭﻍ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎﺡ ،ﻭﺘﻜﺸﻑ ﻋـﻥ ﻗـﺩﺭﺓ
ﻼ
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺠﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻓﻭﺼـﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺼـﻔﹰﺎ ﺠﻤـﻴ ﹰ
ﻤﻌﺒﺭ ﹰﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭﻩ ،ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺘﻭﺤﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺄﻤل ،ﻭﺘﺒﻌـﺙ ﻓﻴـﻪ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻌـﺎﺵ
ﻭﻤﻊ ﺒﺯﻭﻍ ﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﺫﻫﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﻗﻁﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺩﻯ ﺒﺎﻝﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻏﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺸـﺠﺎﺭ،
ﻭﻜﺄﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻏﺼﺎﻥ ﺴﻼﺴل ﺘﹸﻨﻅﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺤﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻠﺅﻝﺅ ،ﻓﺘﻨﺜﻨﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻏﺼﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺤﻤـل ﻫـﺫﻩ
ﺍﻝﻶﻝﺊ ﺇﻋﺠﺎﺒﹰﺎ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﺤﺴﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺠﺴﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺤﻭﻝﻪ ،ﻓﺠﻌل ﺍﻝﻐﺼﻥ ﻴﺭﺤﺏ ﺒﻘﺩﻭﻡ
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺒﺯﻫﺭﻩ ﻭﻴﻤﻴﺯﻩ ﻋﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺏ
ﻥ ﻭﺍﻹِﻋﺠــﺎ ِ
ﻉ ﺍﻝﺤﺴــ ِ
ﻥ ﻁﹶــﻭ
ﻓﹶــ ﻴ ِﻤﻠﹾ ﻥ ﻝﹶﺂﻝِﺌــﹰﺎ
ﻅ ﻡ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻝﻐﹸﺼــﻭ ِ
ﻭﺍﻝﻁﱠــ ﱡل ﻴــﻨﹾ ِ
95
1
ﻲ ِﺒﺯﻫـــ ِﺭ ِﻩ ﻭﻴﺤـــﺎﺒﻲ
ﻴـــﻭﻤﻲ ِﺇﻝﹶـــ ﻑ ﻤﺘﻠﹶــﻑﹲ
ﻁ ِ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌــﺎ ِ
ﻥ ﺭﻴــﺎ
ﻭﺍﻝﻐﹸﺼــ
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻏﺩﺕ ﻤﺒﺘﺴﻤﺔ ﻀﺎﺤﻜﺔ ،ﻜﺼﺩﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻰ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻁﻭل ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ،ﻭﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ
ﺘﻌﺎﺘﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﻴﺎﺏ ،ﻭﺃﻗﺩﻤﺕ ﺃﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺴﻥ ﺘﺭﺤﺏ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﺼﺎﻓﺤ ﹰﺔ ﻤﺘﻐﺯﻝ ﹰﺔ ﺒﻪ ﻭﻤﻌﺠﺒ ﹰﺔ.
ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺨﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺭﺠﺴﻴﺔ ﻅﻬﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺠﻌل ﺍﻷﺯﻫـﺎﺭ ﺘﺘﻐـﺯل
ﺒﺠﻤﺎﻝﻪ ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻪ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﻅل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﺜﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺸـﺎﻋﺭ
ﺘﻬﺏ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴل ﺤﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺭﺍﺌﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﺒﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺏ
ﻥ ﻭﺼــ ٍل ﺒﻌــ ﺩ ﻁﹸــﻭ ِل ﻋِﺘــﺎ ِ
ﹶﻜﺯﻤــﺎ ِ ﺤﻙ
ـﺎ ِ
ﻀـﺴ ـ ﻡ ﺍﻷَﺴ ـ ﺭ ِﺓ
ﺽ ﻤﺒ ﹶﺘ ِ
ﻭﺍﻝ ـﺭﻭ
ﺏ
ـﺎ ِ
ـﺎ ﻤـ ـ ﻊ ﺍﻹِﻋﺠــ
ﻭ ﺭﻨﹶـ ـﺕﹾ ﺘﹸﻐﺎ ِﺯﻝﹸﻨــ ﻥ
ﻤــ ﺭﺕﹾ ﺘﹸﺼــﺎ ِﻓﺤﻨﺎ ﺃَﻨﺎﻤِــ ُل ﺴﻭﺴــ ٍ
2
ﺘﻬــﺩﻱ ﺍﻷﻨــﻭﻑ ﺭﻭﺍﺌــﺢ ﺍﻷﺤﺒــﺎﺏ ـﺔ
ـل ﺨﻤﻴﻠـ
ـل ﻜـ
ـﺤﺏ ﺫﻴـ
ـﺭﻴﺢ ﺘﺴـ
ﻭﺍﻝـ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺯﺝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺯل ،ﻭﺼﻑ ﺠﻤﺎل ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﺠﻭﺍﻝﻬﺎ
ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔ ،ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺎﻝﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﻨﻅﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﻫـﻲ
ﻜﺎﻝﺴﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻭﺒﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻗﻠﺒﻪ ،ﻭﺃﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺘﻪ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﺒـﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻜﺎﻤـل
ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩﻩ ،ﻓﺠﻌل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺘﺸﺭﺏ
ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺸﻌﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺩﺭﻉ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﺢ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻕ
ﻙ ﺩﺃْﺒــﹰﺎ ﻴﺤــ ِﺭ ﹸ
ﺏ ﻭﺫﺍ
ﻫــﺫﺍ ﻴﺼــﻭ ﻕ
ـﻴﻥ ﻤﺴـ ـﻬﺩﺓﹲ ﻭﻗﹶﻠـ ـﺏ ﻴﺨﻔـ ـ ﹸ
ﻋــ
ﻕ
ﻕ ﻤﺼــ ﺩ ﹸ
ﹶﻓﺄَﻨــﺎ ﺒِﻬــﺎ ﺒﻌــ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﹸــﺭﺍ ِ ﻑ ﻝِﻠﺼــﺒﺎ ﺒ ِﺔ ﻤﻭ ِﻗﻌــﹰﺎ
ﺕ ﺃَﻋــ ِﺭ ﹸ
ﻤــﺎ ﹸﻜﻨﹾــ ﹸ
ﻑ
ﻲ ﻤﻔﹶــ ﻭ ﹸ
ﺨﻠِــ
ﻲ ﺍﻝ ﹶ
ﺴــﻬﻡ ﺇِﻝــﻰ ﻗﹶﻠﺒِــ ﻅ ﹶﻓِﺈﻨﱠﻬــﺎ
ﻤــﺎ ﺭﺍﻋﻨــﻲ ِﺇﻝﹼــﺎ ﺍﻝﻠﺤــﺎ ﹸ
ﻕ
ﻑ ﻤـــﺎ ِﺀ ﺸﹶـــﺒﺎ ِﺒ ِﻪ ﻤﺘﹶﺭﻗـــ ِﺭ ﹸ
ﺸﹶـــﻔﺎ ﹸ ﺡ ﺇِﻝـﻰ ﺍﻝـﻭﻏﻰ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﺭﻤـﺎ ِ
ﺏ ﻤﻌﺘﻨـ ﹸ
ﻭ ﹶﻝ ﺭ
3
ﻕ
ﻥ ﺃَﺯﺭ ﹸ
ﺢ َﺃﻭ ﺴِــــﻨﺎ
ﺩِﺭﻉ ﹶﺘ ﻭﻀــــ ﻥ ﺸﹸــﻌﺎﻋﻬﺎ
ﻴﻌﻁــﻭ ﺒِﺴــﺎِﻝ ﹶﻔ ٍﺔ ﻜﹶــ َﺄ
ﻁ ِﻪ.
ﺴِ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﺹ .8ﺍﻝﺨﻤﻴﻠﺔ :ﺍﻝﺸﺠ ﺭ ﺍﻝ ﻤﺠﺘ ِﻤ ﻊ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴ ﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻠ ﹶﺘ ﱡ
ﻑ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺭﻯ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﻲ ﺀ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻭ 2
96
ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺘﺠﻭﺍل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﺽ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻕ
ﻥ ﻴﻔﹾﻬــ ﹸ
ﻥ ﺯﺍﻫِــ ﺭ ٍﺓ ﻭﻁﹶﻌــ ٍ
ﻤــﺎ ﺒــﻴ ـﺎ ﻤ ﹶﺘ ﺒﺨﹾﺘِـ ـ ﺭﹰﺍ
ـﺎ ِل ﺍﻝﻘﹶﻨــ
ﺠـ ـﺭﺍ ﺭ ﺃَﺫﻴــ
ﻕ
ﻉ ﺒِﻬــﺎ ﻋﻴــﻭﻥ ﺘﹶﺤــ ِﺩ ﹸ
ﺙ ﺍﻝــﺩﺭﻭ
ﺤﻴــ ﹸ ﻥ
ـ َل ﺴﻭﺴــ ٍ
ـ ﺩﺕﹾ ﺃَﻨﺎﻤِـ
ـ ٍﺔ ﻤـ
ـﻲ ﺭﻭﻀـ
ﻓِـ
1
ﻕ
ﺒِـــ ﺩ ٍﻡ ﻭﺴـــﺎ ﹶﻓﻜﹶﻬﺎ ﻓﹸﺘـــﻭﺭ ﻤﻭﻨﹶـــ ﹸ ﻋﻠﹼﻬــﺎ
ـﺩ
ﻕ ﻗﹶـ
ـﻘﺎ ِﺌ ﹸ
ﺱ ﺸﹶـ
ـﺅﻭ ِ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﹸـ
ـﻭﻤِـ
ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﺠﺴﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺤﻭﻝﻪ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﺩﺕ ﺃﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺴﻥ ﺃﻨﺎﻤﻠﻬﺎ
ﻻﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ،ﻭﺒﺩﺕ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻜﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻴﻭﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺸﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻌﻤـﺎﻥ
ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺭﺍﺀ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺒﺩﺕ ﻤﺜل ﻜﺅﺅﺱ ﻗﺩ ﻤﻠﺌﺕ ﺨﻤﺭﺓ ﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻔﻭﻙ ﻝﻴﺱ ﺒﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﻋﻨﻴﻔـﺔ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤـﺎ
ﺒﻬﺩﻭﺀ ﺠﻤﻴل.
ﻭﻴﻌ ﺩ ﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺸﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻌﻤﺎﻥ ﺒﻜﺅﻭﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻡ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻤﺼﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ
ﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺒﺸﺎﻋﺔ ﺒﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻭﺭﺩ ﺒﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻡ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﻘﺒﺽ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﻝﺭﺅﻴﺘﻬـﺎ
ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺒﻭﻝﺔ؛ ﻷ
ﻭﺘﻨﻔﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ.
]ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ[
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﺒﻘﻭﻝﻪ":ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺘﺸﺒﻴﻬﹰﺎ ﻤﺼﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺒﺸﺎﻋﺔ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﺎﺀ،
ﻭﻝﻭ ﻗﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻔﺭ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ ،ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﺸﺎﻜﻠﻪ ﻝﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻭﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﺱ".2
ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺸﻭﻗﻪ ﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺘﻪ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ ﻭﻀﻭﺍﺤﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﻴـﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺴـﺒﻴﻜﺔ،
ﻭﻴﺼﻑ ﺤﺴﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺫﻜﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﻪ ﺤﺯﻨﹰﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ
97
ل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻜﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﻓﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻴﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻴﺎﻤﻪ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻝﻴﺎﻝﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺒﻭﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻁ ّ
ﺃﻏﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻗﺭﺍﻁ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ،ﻭﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺴﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻭﻓﻴﺎ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ
ﺍﻝﺩﻴﺎﺭ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ـﺔ
ـﺭﺍ ﺀ ﻏِﺭﻨﺎﻁـ
ﻥ ﺭ ﻴـ ﹶﺔ ﺃَﻭ ﺤﻤـ
ﹶﻜ ـﻡ ﺒ ـﻴ ﻑ ﺍﻝﱢﻠﻘـﺎ ﺀ ﻭﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﻌـ ﺩ ﻗﹶـﺩ ﺤﺎﻁﹶـﻪ
ﻜﹶﻴ ﹶ
ﺽ ﺃَﺴــﻤﺎﻁﹶﻪ
ﹶﻝﻴﺤﺴــ ﺩ ﺍﻝﺯﻫــ ﺭ ﺍﻝﻤــﺭ ﹶﻓ ـﺎ
ﺙ ﺒِﻬـ
ـﺩﻴ ِ
ﺤــﺭﺩﺍ ﺩ ﺍﻝ
ﻥ ِﺘـ
ـﺎ ﺤﺴ ـﻨﹶﻬﺎ ِﺇ
ﻴـ
ﻼ ﻭﺃَﻓﺭﺍﻁﹶــﻪ
ﺘﹶــﻭﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝــﺩﻤ ﻊ ﻤــﻨﹾ ﻬ ﱠ ﻉ ﻓِـﻲ ﺫِﻜـﺭﻯ ﺴـﺒﻴ ﹶﻜﺘِﻬﺎ
ﺱ ﺒِﺎﻝﺒِـ ﺩ ِ
ﻭﻝﹶﻴ
ـﻪ
ﺡ ﺃَﻗﺭﺍﻁﹶــ
ﺕ ﺍﻷَﺩﻭﺍ
ﻅﻤـ ـ ِ
ﻭﺍﻝﻁﱠـ ـ ﱡل ﹶﻨ ﹶ ـﺎ
ـﺎ ِﺒﺭﺒ ﻭﺘِﻬــ
ـﺎ ٍل ﹶﻨﻌِﻤﻨﺎﻫــ
ﻭﻜﹶـ ـﻡ ﻝﹶﻴــ
1
ـﻪ
ﻁـﺽ ﺇِﺤﺒﺎ ﹶ
ـﺎ ِﺒ ـ ِﻪ ﹶﻝ ـﻡ ﹶﻨ ـﺭ
ﺇِﻻ ﻭﻓﻴﻨـ ﻋﻤِـ َل ﻓِﻴـ ِﻪ ﺍﻝﻭﻓـﺎ ﺀ ﻝﻬـﺎ
ﺕ ﻤـﺎ
ﺃَﻗﺴﻤ ﹸ
ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭ ﺼﻭﺕ ﻫﺩﻴل ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺸﻭﺍﻕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻨﺠﺩ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺯﻫﻭ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴل ،ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺭﻱ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻥ "ﻨﺠﺩ" ﻫـﻲ ﺍﺴـﻡ
ﻫﻀﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺤﺭﺹ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻴﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻋﻬﺩﻫﻡ ﺒﺎﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺩﻭﻝـﺘﻬﻡ
ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ،ﻭﺸﺠﻌﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﺩﻭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺩﻭﻝـﺘﻬﻡ
ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻗﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺸﺎﻫﺩﻭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﻝﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻑ
ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﻲ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ،ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺩﻓﻌﻬﻡ ﻝﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﺎﻝﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺒﺄﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺸـﺎﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻨﺠـﺩﻫﻡ
ﻴﻁﻠﻘﻭﻥ ﻝﻔﻅﺔ :ﺤﻤﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺸﺒﻴﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﻬﻡ ﻭﺯﻋﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺩﻴﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـﺭﻕ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﻷﻗﺎﻝﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺘﻬﻡ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﹰﺎ.
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺼﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﺭﻉ ،ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺨﻴﺎﻝﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼﻭﺭ ﺠﻤـﺎل ﺍﻝﻨﻬـﺭ
ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ" ﻨﺠﺩ" ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺯﻴﻥ ﺠﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻘﺩ ﻻﻤﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ
ﺍﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ ،ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺯﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻨﺠﺩ ،ﻓﻤﻴﺎﻫﻪ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ،ﻻﻤﻌﺔ ﻜﺄﻨﻬـﺎ ﺼـﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﺴـﻴﻑ
98
]ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ[
ـ ِﺩ
ـﺩﻭ ِﺒﻨﹶﺠــ
ـﺎ ﺀ ﺤﻤﺎﻤـ ـ ٍﺔ ﺘﹶﺸــ
ﻏِﻨــ ﺝ ﺃَﺸــﻭﺍﻗِﻲ ﻭﻭﺠــﺩﻱ
ﻭ ِﻤﻤــﺎ َﻫــﺎ
1
ﻥ ﺠﻌــ ِﺩ
ِﺒ ﻤﻁﱠــ ِﺭ ٍﺩ ﺼــﻘﻴ ِل ﺍﻝﻤــﺘ ِ ﺤﻠﱠــﻰ
ﺽ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻴــ ﺩ ﺍﻝ ﻤ
ﺯﻫﺎﻫــﺎ ﺍﻝــﺭﻭ
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺤﺭﻜﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ،ﺘﺤﺭﻜﺕ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓـﻲ
ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ،ﻋﻨﺩﺌ ٍﺫ ﻴﺴﻤﻊ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺼﻭﺕﹲ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻲ ﻴﺤﻜﻲ ﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﻠﺒﺴﻪ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﺄﺭﺠﻠﻬﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻨﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻴﺼﺩﺭ ﺼﻭﺘﹰﺎ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻴﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻬﻥ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ[
2
ﺢ ﺭﺍﻋﺘـ ـ ﻪ ِﺒﻤـ ـ ﺩ
ـﺭﻴ
ـﺎ ﺍﻝــ
ﺇِﺫﺍ ﻤــ ﻲ ﺍﻝﻐﹶــﻭﺍﻨﻲ
ﺤﻜﹶــﺕﹾ ﺤﺼــﺒﺎ ُﺅ ﻩ ﺤﻠــ
ﺘﻔﺘﺤﺕ ﺃﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺸﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻌﻤﺎﻥ ﺤﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ،ﻭﺼﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﺭﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺤﻤﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ
ﺍﻝﺠﻨﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺯﺍﺤﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺭﻭﺩ ،ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﻫﺎﺩﺌـﺔ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ،ﺘﺘﻨﺎﻓﺱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻤﻊ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﻜل ﻋﻀﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ
ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺘﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺇﻥ ﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻓﺈﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤـﺩﻯ
ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺯﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭﻱ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ.
]ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ[
ﺠﻨﹾـــ ِﺩ
ﻕ ﹶﻜ َﺄﻨﱠـــ ﻪ ﺃَﻋـــﻼ ﻡ
ﻴـــﺭﻭ ﹸ ﻥ ﻨﹶـــﻭ ٍﺭ
ﺢ ﺤﻭﻝﹶـــ ﻪ ﻨﹸﻌﻤـــﺎ
ﹶﺘﻔﹶـــ ﱠﺘ
3
ﻥ ﺍﻝ ﱠﺘﻌــﺩﻱ
ﺜﹶﻘﻴــ َل ﺍﻝــﻭﻁ ِﺀ ﻤــﺄْﻤﻭ ـﺎ ﺨﹶﻤﻴﺴـ ـﹰﺎ
ﻁﺤِﻬــ
ـﻲ ﺃَﺒﺎ ِ
ـﺩﺍ ِﻓ ﻊ ﻓِــ
ﺘﹸــ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻅل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ،ﺘﺜﻭﺭ ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺸﺘﻴﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ
ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻷﺠﻤل ﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﻗﻀﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ" ﺍﻝﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ "" ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺼﻠﻰ" ،ﻭﻴﺤﻥ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ "ﻫﻨﺩ" ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠـﻙ
ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
99
]ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ[
ﻋﻬـــ ِﺩ
ﻥ
ﻥ ﻭﺤﺴـــ ِ
ﻷﻴـــﺎ ٍﻡ ﺴـــ ﹶﻠﻔﹾ ﺤﻬـــﺎ ِﺒﺸﹶـــﺠ ٍﻭ
ﻥ ﻴﻁﺎ ِﺭ
ﺠٍﻭ ِﺫﻱ ﺸﹶـــ
1
ﹶﺘﻁﻴــ ﺭ ِﺒ ﹶﻘﻠﺒِـ ـ ِﻪ ﺍﻝــ ﱢﺫﻜﺭﻯ ِﻝ ِﻬﻨﹾـ ـ ِﺩ ِﺇ ﹶﺫﺍ ﹶﺫﻜﹶـــﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﺴـــﺒﻴﻜ ﹶﺔ ﻭﺍﻝ ﻤﺼـــﻠﱠﻰ
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻗﺩ ﻨﻅﻡ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ ﻭﻀـﻭﺍﺤﻴﻬﺎ" ،ﻨﺠـﺩ"" ،ﻭﺍﻝﺴـﺒﻴﻜﺔ""،
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺼﻠﻰ" ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﺠﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺏ "ﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺸﺔ" ،2ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻘﻁﻭﻋﺔ
ﻨﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻨﻴﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ،ﻴﻘﻭل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺢ
ﻥ ﹶﻨﺎﻀِــ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻤــﺯِ
ﻑ ﻤِــ
ﻭِﺇﻻ ﹶﻓ ﻭﻜــﺎ ٍ ﻙ َﺃﺩﻤــﻊ
ﺠﺎ ﺩﺘﹾــ ِ
ﺴــﺒﻴ ﹶﻜ ﹸﺘ ﹶﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻐﹶــﺭﺍ ﺀ
ﺡ
ـﻭﺍ ِﺭ
ﺱ ﺠــ
ـﻭ
ﻙ ﺭﻭﺡ ﻭﺍﻝ ﱡﻨﻔــ
ﹶﻜ َﺄﻨﱠـ ـ ِ ﺤﺒﻴﺒــﺔﹲ
ﺱ
ﺕ ِﺇﻝــﻰ ﻜﹸــ ﱢل ﺍﻝ ﱡﻨﻔــﻭ ِ
ﹶﻓ َﺄﻨﹾــ ِ
ﺢ
ﻙ ﺠـ ـﺎ ِﻨ
ـﺎ َﺃﻤـ ـلٌ ِﺇﻻ ِﻝ ﹶﻘﺼـ ـ ِﺩ ِ
ﹶﻓﻤــ ﺠ ﻤﻌــﺕﹾ
ﺱ ﹶﺘ
ﻙ َﺃﻫــﻭﺍ ﺀ ﺍﻝ ﱡﻨﻔــﻭ ِ
ِﺒ ﻤﻐﻨــﺎ ِ
ﺢ
ﻙ ﺼــﺎِﻝ
ﻋﻴﺸﹸــ ِ
ﺴﻠﹾﺴــﺎلٌ ﻭ
ﻙ
ﻭﻤــﺎ ُﺅ ِ ﻙ ﻤﻨﹾ ﹶﺘﻘــﻰ
ﻙ ِﻤﻌﻁــﺎﺭ ﻭ ﹸﺘﺭﺒــ ِ
ﻫــﻭﺍ ُﺅ ِ
3
ﺢ
ﺏ ﻝﹶـ ﻪ ﺍﻝ ﻭﺠـ ﺩ ﺒـﺎ ِﺌ
ﺏ ﻤﻐﻠـﻭ ٍ
ﻭﻴﺎ ﺭ ﻥ َﻷﺴـﻰ
ﻙ ﻤِـ
ﺕ ِﻤﻨﹾـ ِ
ﺤ ﻤﻠـ ﹸ
ﺡ ِﺒﻤـﺎ
َﺃﺒﻭ
ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺤﺯﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺫﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺸﺒﻬﻬﺎ ﺒﻬﻁﻭل
ﺍﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﻝﻐﺯﺍﺭﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﻝﻠﺠﺴﺩ ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺒﺘﻌﺩ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ،
ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻴﻌﺩﺩ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ :ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻁﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘـﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻘـﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤـﺎﺀ
ﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨـﺔ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻝﻌﺫﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻴﺵ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﻴﺩ ،ﻜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻝﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﺃ
ﻴﺴﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻻ ﻴﺴﻬل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﻤﻐﻠﻭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻤﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ،ﺤﻴـﺙ ﻏﻴﺒـﻪ
ﺍﻝﺴﺠﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل.
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻁﻭل ﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺩﻩ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻫﻠﻪ ﻭﺒﻠﺩﻩ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﺨﻠﻔﻪ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻝﻡ
ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻓﻴﺩﻋﻭ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻘﻴﺎ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
100
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﻭﻴﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﺭﺃ ﺍﻝﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻴﺨﺹ ﻗﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻴﺔ،
ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺏ ﻗﹶﺒــﻭ ُل
َﺃﻴﻠﻘــﻰ ﺴــﻼﻤﻲ ﻤِــﻥ ﺤﺒﻴــ ٍ ﺏ ﺘﹶــ َﺄﻤﻠﻲ
ﺢ ﺍﻝﺠﻨــﻭ ِ
ﹶﻓﺒِــﺎﷲ ﻴــﺎ ﺭِﻴــ
ﻥ ﻁﹸﻠــﻭ ُل
ﺨﻠﹶــﺕﹾ ﻤِﻨــﻲ ﹶﻓﻬــ
ﺩِﻴــﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﹶ ـﻲ
ﺤﻴﺘـ
ـﺎﻗﺭﻱ ﹶﺘ ِ
ـﺎﻝﺤﻤﺭﺍ ِﺀ ﹶﻓـ
ﺕ ِﺒـ
ﺠﻠﹾـ ِ
ﻭﺇﻥ
ﺏ ﺤﻠــﻭ ُل
ﻥ ﺒِــ ِﻪ ﻤِــﻥ ﺃَﻫــ ِل ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴــ ِ
ﻓﹶــِﺈ ـﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﺼ ـ ِﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﹶﺒﻴ ـ ِﺭ ﻋﻠﻴ ﹶﻠ ـ ﹰﺔ
ـﻲ ﻋﻠـ
ﻭﻫﺒـ
2
ﻝﹶـــ ﻪ َﺃﻨﱠـــﺔﹲ ﻻ ﹶﺘﻨﹾﻘﹶﻀـــﻲ ﻭﻋﻭﻴـــ ُل ﺏ ﹶﻗﻠﹾﺒــ ﻪ
ﻑ ﺍﻝﺤــ
ﺏ َﺃﺘﹾﻠﹶــ ﹶ
ﻭﻗﹶــﻭ ُل ﻏﹶﺭﻴــ ٍ
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺸﺨﻴﺹ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﺎﻫﺠﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﺍل ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ﺃﻥ
ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﺎﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺤﺎل ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻭﻝﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺼﻭﺭ ﻭﻭﺠﻭﻩ ﻨﺎﻁﻘﺔ.3
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺘﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺼـﻔﻪ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ
ﻭﺼﻔﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻤﻊ ﻤﺯﺠﻬﺎ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨ ﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺯل ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ.
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻨﻅﺭﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻴﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻨﺭﺍﻩ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ
ﺘﺸﺒﻴﻬﺎﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﺠﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻪ؛ ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺒﻴﺌﺘﻪ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻭﺼـﻑ ﺃﺸـﻌﺔ
ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﺒﺎﻝﺫﻫﺏ ،ﻭﻗﻁﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺩﻯ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﺅﻝﺅ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﺼﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ
ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﺒﺎﻝﺫﻫﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻠﺅﻝﺅ ﻭﺍﻷﺤﺠﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ.
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ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭﻩ ﻝﺨﻴﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻔﺠﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﺎﺸﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ
ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺸﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﻨﻰ ،ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﺒﺎﺀ.
ﻭﺘﺸﺒﻴﻬﻪ ﻝﺸﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻌﻤﺎﻥ ﺒﺭﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺤﻤﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻭﺒﻜﺅﻭﺱ ﻤﻠﺌﺕ ﺩﻤﺎ،
ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺨﻭﻀﻬﺎ.
ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻐﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﺎﻤﺘﺔ ،ﻨﺭﺍﻫﻡ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻐﻨﻭﺍ ﻜـﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﻭﺼـﻑ
ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﺴﺭﻓﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺸﻴﻴﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻏـﺭﺍﺭ ﻗﺼـﻭﺭ
ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺭﻕ ،ﻭﺍﺘﺨﺫﻭﻫﺎ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﻌﺎﺕ ﻝﻠﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﻤﺎﻡ ،ﺒﻌﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻘﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻡ
ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻤﺨﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺫﺨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﺒﺩﻋﺕ ﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺯﺨﺭﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨل
ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﺘﺄﻨﻘﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺤﺩﺍﺌﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻬﺎ ،1ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴـﻭﻥ
ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﻋﺯﻫﺎ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺭﺜﺎﺌﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻔﺠﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺨﺭﺍﺒﻬﺎ.2
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺃﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻭﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻤﺘﺯﺍﺝ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺒﻪ،ﻗﺩﻡ ﻝﻪ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﺠﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﺎﺠﺎﺓ ﺃﺸﺒﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺸﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﻥ .4ﻭﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺫﻝـﻙ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺒﺤـﺙ
ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ.
ﻭﻻ ﻴﺨﻴل ﻷﺤ ٍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻏﺯل ﻭﻤﺠـﺎﻝﺱ ﺨﻤـﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺭﺤـﺎﺏ
ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺩﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻝﻐﻨﱠﺎﺀ ،ﻓﺎﻷﻤﺭ ﻝـﻴﺱ ﻜـﺫﻝﻙ؛ ﻓﺤﻴـﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺸـﺎﻋﺭ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﻤﻠﻴﺌـﺔ ﺒـﺎﻝﺤﺭﻭﺏ
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ،ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝ ٍﺔ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻝﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ،
ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺭﺏ.
ﺸﻠﺒﻲ ،ﺴﻌﺩ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل :ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ " ﻋﺼﺭ ﻤﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﺍﺌﻑ" ،ﺹ86 4
102
ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺃﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺒﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺤﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﻀﺕ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻨﺠﺤـﺕ
ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺫﻭﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﺽ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ ﺯﻤﻨﹰﺎ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﺘﺼﺩ ﻫﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﺒﻜل ﻗﻭﺓ ﻭﺒﺴﺎﻝﺔ ،ﻭﻝـﻡ
ﻴﻘﺩﺭ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﺭﻴﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻴﻭﻤﺎ ﻤﺎ ،ﻓﻤﻨﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﻫﻡ ﺤﺭﻴﺼﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺴـﻙ
ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻴﺘﺨﺫﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﺘﻭﺤﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﻹﺴـﺒﺎﻥ
ﻴﺩﺭﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﻝﻬﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ ﻭﻗﻠﻕ ،ﻓﻌﻤﻠﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﺭﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺸﻨﻭﺍ ﻫﺠﻤﺎﺕ
ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺨﺎﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻀﺩ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﻤﻌﻴﻥ.1
ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﺩ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ )1492-1231ﻡ( )897-636ﻫــ( ﺤﺘﻰ ﺩﻫﻤﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﺩ
ل ﺤﺯﺏ ﻴﺴﻲﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ،ﻭﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﻝﻬﺩﻤﻪ
ﻭﺍﺸﺘﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺯﺍﻉ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻤﺭﺍﺌﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻜ ّ
ّ ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ،
ل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ،ﺘﻨﺒﻪ
ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﺂﺭﺒﻪ ﻭﺃﻁﻤﺎﻋﻪ ،ﻭﺴﺎﺩﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﺩ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﻀﻰ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﻅ ّ
ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﺎﺩﺕ ﻋﻤﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﺩ ،ﻓﺄﺨﺫﻭﺍ ﻴﻌﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺓ ﻻﺴــﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺃﺠﺩﺍﺩﻫﻡ
ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﺎ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎً،ﺘﻘﺎﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﻀﻰ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ
ً ﻤﻥ ﺃﻴﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ، ،ﻭﺠﺍﺀﺕ ﺤﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ
ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ.2
ﻷﻥ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺩّﻯ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻀﻴﺎﻉ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﺘـﺎﺒﻊ ﺴـﻘﻭﻁﻬﺎّ ،
ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺭﺩ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﻝﻙ ،ﻭﺘﻡّ ﻝﻬﻡ ﻤﺎ ﺃﺭﺍﺩﻭﺍ ،ﻓﻘـــﺩ
ّ ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻋﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺴﻤﻭﺍ ﻤﺨﻁﻁﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل
ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺘﻬﻡ ﺘﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺇﺴﻘﺎﻁ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﻠﻭ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ.3
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺃﺭﺴﻼﻥ ،ﺸﻜﻴﺏ :ﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1983 ،ﺹ .80-72ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻁﻴـﺏ, 2
ﻝﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ :ﺍﻹ*ﺎﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃ+ﺒﺎﺭﻏ-,ﺎﻁﺔ،ﺩﻁ ,ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻨﺠﻲ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1974،ﺝ ,1ﺹ .13ﻭ ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺃﺒﻭ ﻝﺒﺩﺓ ،ﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ:
ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺘﻥ)ﻋﺼﺭ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ( ،ﺍﺸﺭﺍﻑ :ﺩ ﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﺒﻭ ﺼﺎﻝﺢ ،ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻨـﺎﺒﻠﺱ،
،2007ﺹ.50
ﺃﺭﺴﻼﻥ ،ﺸﻜﻴﺏ :ﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ،ﺹ .78ﻭﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺡE ,ﺎ ./ :3Hﺍﻝﻔﺠ ,ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻐ,ﻭﺏ ,ﻁ،1ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻹ3Hﺍﺀ، 3
1993ﻡ ,ﺹ.243
103
ـﻲ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ
ـﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺒّﺭﻭﺍ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓـ
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﺍﻜـ
ِ
ﺍﻝﺩﻋﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺄﺴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﺼﺎﺒﺕ ﺃﻫﺎﻝﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﺩ ،ﻭﻭﺠﻬﻭﺍ
ِ ﺤﺎﻭﻝﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻅﻬﺭﻭﺍ ﺤﺠـــ ﻡ
ﻭﺍﻝﺼﺭﺨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻼﺤﻘﺔﹶ ﻹﺨﻭﺍﻨﻬﻡ ،ﻝﻜﻲ ﻴﻘﻔﻭﺍ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻬﻡ ،ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺼﺩّ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻬﺠﻤﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻬﻀﻭﺍ
ِ
ﻝﻨﺼﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﻭﻫﻡ.1
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﺴـﺒﺎﻥ ﻓـﻲ
ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭﻩ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺩﻋﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻻﺴﺘﻨﻬﺎﺽ ﻫﻤﻤﻬﻡ ،ﻭﺤﻤﺎﺴﺘﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻥ ﺃﺭﻀﻬﻡ ،ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻝﻬﻡ
ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ ﻗﺩ ﻋﺯﻤﻭﺍ ﺃﻤﺭﻫﻡ ﻝﻼﺴﺘﻴﻼﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ،ﻓﻌﺴﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻔﺭﻕ ﺸﻤﻠﻬﻡ ﺒﺘﻭﺤﺩ
ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺴﻴﻭﻓﻜﻡ ﺘﺒﺩﱠﺩُ
ْ ﻓﻌﺴـــــــــﻰ ﺒﺒﺄْﺱﹺ ﻗﺩ ﺘَﺠﻤـــ ﻊ ﺸﻤﻠﻬﺎ
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﱠﺼـــﺎﺭﻯ ْ
ّ
2
ﻑ ﻭﻤُﺤﻤﺩُ
ﻴﺠﻠﻭ ُﺩﺠﺎﻫﺎ ﻴُﻭﺴُــــــــ ٌ ﻭَﺘَﺭﻭﻋُﻬﻡُ ﻤِﻨْﻜﻡ ﺴُــــــﻴﻭﻑﹸ ﺤِﻤﺎﻴﺔٍ
ﻭﻝﻌل ﺘﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺴﻘﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﺒﻴﺩ ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻥ ،ﻗﺩ ﺃﻋﺎﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﺴﺔ ﻋﺎﻓﻴﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺒﺴﻘﻭﻁﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﺩ
ل ﻗﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﺘﺸﺒﺜﻴﻥ ﺒﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﺱ ،ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻤﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺎل ،ﻅ ّ
ﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ ،ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺒﻘﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻭﺃﺤﺠﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺒﺭﺓ.3
ﻭﻨﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺩلﱡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥﱠ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻗﺩ ﺤﺭﺼﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺜﺎﺭﺓ
ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻤﻀﻤﻨﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺩل ﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ
:1ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺠﺭﺍﺭ ،ﺃﻴﻤﻥ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ :ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ،ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ،ﺇﺸـﺭﺍﻑ ﺩ .ﻭﺍﺌـل ﺃﺒـﻭ
ﺼﺎﻝﺢ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻨﺎﺒﻠﺱ ،2007 ،ﺹ .32
:2ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺹ.53
:3ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ،ﻴﻭﺴﻑ :ﻤﺩﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﺹ .25ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﻋﻨﺎﻥ ,ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﷲ :ﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻹHﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨـﺩﻝﺱ ,ﻨﻬﺎﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻭWﺎﺭEﺦ ﺍﻝﻌ3ﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺼﺭﻴﻥ "ﺍﻝﻌﺼ3ﺍﻝ3ﺍ;ﻊ",ﻁ ،4ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻨﺠﻲ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫ3ﺓ ﻤﺼﺭ ،1987 ،ﺹ.18
104
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﺤﻤﻠﻭﺍ ﻋﺏﺀ ﺍﻝﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻼﺩﻫـﻡ ﺤﺘـﻰ
ﺁﺨﺭ ﺃﻴﺎﻤﻪ ،ﻓﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺭﺒﻪ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﺴﺒﺎﻥ ،ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺭﺏ ،ﻭﺃﻏﻠـﺏ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﻓﺎﺱ ﻤﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭ ﻝﻪ .ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺴـﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﺜﻤـﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻴﻨـﻲ
ﺍﻷﺼﻐﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺭﺏ)823 -800ﻩ( ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺨﺎﻑ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻤﻠﻜﺘﻪ ﺸﺄﻥ ﺃﺴﻼﻓﻪ
ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻭﻓﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻼﻑ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ،ﻭﺠﺭﺕ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺒل ﻁﺎﺭﻕ .2
ﺒﻭﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺴﺎﻝﻡ) 823 -800ﻩ( ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺩﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻤﻥ
ﻋﻤﺭﻩ ،ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺠﺎﺏ ﺒﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ ﻤﺘﻔﺭﻏﹰﺎ ﻝﺫﺍﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﻋﺼـﺭ
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ ﺍﻤﺘﺩ ﻨﻔﻭﺫ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺤﻔﺹ ﺒﺯﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﺃﺒﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﻔﺼﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﺍﻷﻗﺼﻰ ،ﻭﺃﺼـﺒﺢ
ﺒﻨﻭ ﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺘﺎﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﻡ.3
ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﺎﺱ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻤﺭﺘﻌﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺍﺓ ،ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴـﻠﻤﻬﺎ
ﺼﺎﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﻝﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻻ ﺘﺠﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺤﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ،ﺤﺴﻥ ،ﻋﺎﻤﺭ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ :ﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺒﻨﻲ ﻤﺭﻴﻥ :ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻬﺎ،ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﺔ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ 3
ﻭﻓﻲ َﺃﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺃُﺨﺭﻯ ﻴﻤﺩﺡ ﺒﻨﻲ ﻤﺭﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻴﺩﻋﻭﻫﻡ ﻝﻠﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻀﺩ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺤﺎﻜﻡ ﻓﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃﺴﻠﻤﻬﺎ
ﻝﻠﻌﺩﺍﺓ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﺘﻕ ﺍﷲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻫﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ـﺩﻭﺍ
ـﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘ ـ ِﺔ ﻭﺍﻫ ﹶﺘـ
ـﺭﻭﺍ ﺒِﺴـ
ﺼـﻭﺍﺴﺘﹶﺒ ِ ﺱ ﻤِــﻥ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻨِﻬــﺎ
ـﻭﺍ ﻓــﻲ ﻓﹶــﺎ
ﻭ ﹶﺘ ﻤﻜﱠﻨـ
ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺤل ﺒﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﺎﺱ؛ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺃﺴﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﻝﻸﻋـﺩﺍﺀ
ﻴﻔﻌﻠﻭﻥ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﺎﺅﻭﻥ ،ﻭﻴﺩﻋﻭ ﺒﻨﻲ ﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺎﺱ ﻭﺇﻻ ﺴﻴﺒﺩﺩ.
ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺼﺭﺍﺥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﻭﺱ ،ﻜﺎﻥ ﻻ ﺒ ﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻘل ﺒﻌﻀﹰﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﻤﺸـﺎﻫﺩ
ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻅﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫل ﻓﺎﺱ ،ﻭﺭﺒﻁ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻗﺭﺏ ﺇﻝـﻰ
ﺍﻝﻨﻔﻭﺱ ﺁﻨﺫﺍﻙ،ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻴﻌﺘﺯ ﺒﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﻝﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ" ﺤﺭﻤﹰﺎ" ،ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺤﺎﻡ ﺨﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﺱ ﻓﺎﺠﻌﺔ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﺎ
ﺤل ﺒﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻜﻴﻑ ﻏﺩﺕ ﻨﺴﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻤﻬﺎﻨﺎﺕ ،ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﻻ ﻴﺠﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻑ
ـﻭ ِ
ـﻭ ِل ﺍﻝﻤﺨــ
ـﻰ ﺍﻝﻬــ
َﺃ ِﺭﺒـ ـﺕﹾ ﻋﻠــ ﺱ ﺒِــــﺎﱠﻝﺘﻲ
ﺯﺤﻔــــﻭﺍ ﻝِﻔــــﺄْ ٍ
106
1
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺴـــﺠﻭﻑ
ﻥ ﻤِـــﻨﹾ ﻬ
ﻑ ﻭَﺃﻴـــ ﺨﻠﹶـــ ِل ﺍﻝﺴـــﺠﻭ
ﻥ ﻤِـــﻥِ
ﻴﻨﹾﻅﹸـــﺭ
ـﻑ
ـﺎﻝﺭﺤﻴ ِﻡ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻝ ﻌﻔﻴـــــ
ﻻ ﺒِـــــ ﺏ
ﻥ ﹶﻨﻬــــ ﺯ ﹶﺓ ﹶﻨﺎﻫــــ ٍ
ِﺇﺫ ﺼِــــﺭ
ﺕ ﹶﻗﻁـــﻭﻑ
ﺝ ﺴِـــﻜﻴ ٍ
ﻓِـــﻲ ﺴـــﺭ ِ ﺤﻤــــــﺎ ﹸﺘ ﻬﻡ ﻭﻜﻤــــــﺎ ﹸﺘﻬﻡ
ﻭ
2
ﺒﻌــــ ﺩ ﺍﻝ ﹶﻘﻼﺌِــــ ِﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﱡــــ ﹸﻨﻭﻑ ﻥ ﺸِــ ـ ﻌﺎ ﺭ ﻫﻡ
ـﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻬــ ـﻭﺍ
ﺠﻌﻠـــ
ﺇﺫ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻨﻬﺒﹰﺎ ﻝﻸﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻠﻜﻭﻥ ﺭﺤﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻻ ﻋﻔـﺔ ﺘﻤـﻨﻌﻬﻡ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻥ ،ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺠﺩﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻨﻬﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ،ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﺠﻌﻠﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﻥ ﺸﻌﺎﺭﻫﻡ
ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﺘﺩﻓﻌﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻝﻠﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺴﺎﺌﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻗﺩ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﺅﻝﻤـﹰﺎ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺠﻭﻑ) ،ﻭﺍﻝﺴـﺠﻑ :ﻫـﻭ
ﺃﻝﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﻤﻀﹰﺎ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻫﺘﻙ ﺴﺘﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺌﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺴﻘﻁﺕ ﻋﻨﻬ
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻑ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺴــــﺠﻭ ﹸ
ﻥ ﻤِــــﻨﹾ ﻬ
ﻑ ﻭَﺃﻴــــ
ِ ﺨﻠﹶـــ ِل ﺍﻝﺴـــﺠﻭ
ﻥ ﻤِـــﻥِ
ﻴﻨﹾﻅﹸـــﺭ
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻭﺍﺼل ﻤﺴﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺔ ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ
ﻭﺨﻁﻭﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺄﺴﺎﺓ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺒﺫﻱ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﻻ
ﻥ ﺃﺸ ﺩ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺜﻴﺭ ﺤﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻔﻭﺱ ﻭﺤﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻭﺏ ,ﻤﺸﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻗﺩ
ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ .ﺇﺫ ﺇ
ﻫﺘﻙ ﺴﺘﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺼﻭﻥ ﻭﻋﻔﺎﻑ ,ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﻨﺼﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺤﻔﻅ ﻭﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻴﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل :ﻀـﻴﺎﻉ
ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺭﺽ ﻭﻀﻴﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﺠﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺀﺓ ﻭﻀﻴﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻌﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻹﺒﺎﺀ.ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﻨـﺩﻱ ﻗـﺩ
ﻋﺭﺽ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﻥ
ﻲ ﻴـــﺎﻗﹸﻭﺕﹲ ﻭ ﻤﺭﺠـــﺎ
ﹶﻜ َﺄﻨﱠﻤـــﺎ ﻫِـــ ﺱ ِﺇﺫﹾ ﺒـ ﺭ ﺯﺕ
ﻁﻔﹾﻠﹶ ِﺔ ﻤـﺎ ﺭَﺃﺘﹾﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﱠـﻤ
ﻭ ﹶ
ﻥ
ﺏ ﺤﻴـ ـﺭﺍ
ﻥ ﺒﺎ ِﻜﻴـ ـﺔﹲ ﻭﺍﻝ ﹶﻘﻠﹾـ ـ
ﻭﺍﻝﻌـ ـﻴ ﺞ ِﻝﻠﹾ ﻤﻜﹾــﺭﻭ ِﻩ ﻤﻜﹾ ﺭﻫــ ﹰﺔ
ﻴﻘﹸﻭﺩﻫــﺎ ﺍﻝ ِﻌﻠﹾــ
3
ﻥ
ـﺎ
ﻼﻡ ﻭﺇِﻴﻤـ
ﺏ ِﺇﺴ ـ ﹶ
ـ ِ
ـﻲ ﺍﻝ ﹶﻘﻠﹾـ
ﻥ ِﻓـ
ـﺎ
ِﺇﻥ ﹶﻜـ ﺏ ﻤـﻥ ﹶﻜﻤـ ٍﺩ
ﺏ ﺍﻝ ﹶﻘﻠﹾـ
ِﺒﻤِﺜﹾـ ِل ﻫـﺫﹶﺍ ﻴـﺫﹸﻭ
ﺴﺘﹾﺭ.
ﻑ :ﺍﻝ
ﺴﺠ ﹸ
ﻑ ﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻝﺴﺠﻭﻑ :ﻤﻔﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺴﺠﻑ :ﺍﻝ
ﺴﺠ ﹸ 1
ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻴﺔ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺭﻀﻭﺍﻥ :ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﻨﺩﻱ ﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺴﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1976،ﺹ.149 3
107
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻅل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺨﺎﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻨﻅﻡ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﺯﺨﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻨﻪ،ﺘﻌﺒﺭ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﻁﻭﻝﻲ ﻫﻭ :ﻤﺩﺡ ﺍﻷﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﻭﺼﻔﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﻁﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻗﺩﺍﻤﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ
ﻋﻥ ﺒﻁﻭﻻﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺒﻴﺔ،ﺇﺫ ﺇ
ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻁل ﺸﺎﻋﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻴﺼﻑ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﺼﻔﻪ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ،ﻭﻴﺼـﺎﺤﺏ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺼـﻑ
ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺏ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺘﺎل ،ﻭﻴﺼﻭﺭ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻭ ﻭﻗﻭﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺴـﻁﻭﺘﻪ
ﺹ ﺒﻁﻭﹶﻝﺘِـ ِﻪ ﺫﹸﺭﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺠـﺩ،
ﺴ ﻡ ﺒﺨﺼﺎ ِﺌ ِ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻁل ﺃﻨﻪ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﻬﺭ ﻋﺩﻭﹰﺍ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍﹰ؛ ﻓﻴ ﹶﺘ ﹶﻨ
ﻭﻫﻴﺒﺘﻪ؛ ِﻝ ﻴ ﺒ ﻴ
ﻅﻤﺔ ،1ﻓﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺸﺠﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﻭﺒﻁﻭﻻﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻴﺼﻑ ﻝﻨـﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺼـﺭ
ﺕ ﺍﻝ ﻌ ﹶ
ﻭ ﻴﺒﻠ ﹸﻎ ﺒﻬﺎ ﹸﺫﺅﺍﺒﺎ ِ
ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺨﺎﻀﻬﺎ؛ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻴﻭل ﻭﺠﻨﻭﺩ ،ﻭﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ،ﻭﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠﻬﺎ.
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﺠﺏ ﺩﻴﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺤﺭ ﻏﻴﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻼﺩﻩ
ﻭﺃﻤﺘﻪ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﻴل ﻝﻠﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﻲ ،ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻨﻲ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﺎﻋﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻨـﻪ،
ﻋﺎﻗﺒﻬﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺨﻴﺏ ﺃﻤﺎﻨﻴﻬﻡ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﱠﻭﻴل[
ﺏ
ﻭﻨﻴــ ُل ﺍﻷَﻤــﺎﻨﻲ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﻗﹾﺘِﻴــﺎ ِﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻨِــ ِ ﺏ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﻭﺍﻀِـ ِ
ﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺎﻝﻲ ﺒِﺎﻝﺭﻗـﺎ ِ
ﻁِﻼ
ﺏ
ﻋﻁﹾﻔﹶـ ـ ﹸﺔ ﻭﺍﻫِـ ـ ِ
ـﺎ ٍﺭ ﻭ
ﺠﺒــ
ﻭﺃَﻨﻔﹶـ ـ ﹸﺔ ﺱ ﺍﻝﺤــ ﺭ ﹶﻓﺘﹾﻜﹶــ ﹸﺔ ﺒــﺎ ِﺘ ٍﺭ
ﻭﺭﺍﺤــ ﹸﺔ ﻨﹶﻔــ ِ
ﺏ
ﻑ ﻤـﻥ ﻜﹸـ ﱢل ﺠﺎﻨِـ ِ
ﻭﺒﺫ َل ﺍﻝﻠﻬﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﻌـﺭ ِ ﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺠـ ﺩ ﻫﻤﻬـﺎ
ﺱ ﻝﹶـﻡ ﻴـ
ﹶﻓ َﺄ ﻴ ﹸﺔ ﹶﻨﻔﹾـ ٍ
2
ﺏ
ﻥ ﺸﹶــ ﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻗِــ ِ
ﻭﺃَﻋﻘﺒﻬــﺎ ﺍﻝــﺭﺤﻤ ﺴ ـﺅْﻝِﻬﺎ
ﻙ
ـﺈﺩﺭﺍ ِ
ـﻼ ﻤ ِﻨ ﻴ ـﺕﹾ ﻴﻭﻤ ـﹰﺎ ِﺒـ
ﹶﻓـ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﷲ ﻭﻁﺎﻋﺔ ﻝﻪ ،ﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻝﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﺒﺎﻥ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺍﻝﻨﺒﺎﻝﻲ ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﻁﻴﻑ ﻤﻁﻴﻊ :ﻝﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﺴﺔ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺠﺭﻴﺭ ،ﻋﻤﺎﻥ -ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ ،2007 ،ﺹ .17 1
108
ﻯ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﹰﺎ ﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻀﻁﺭﻡ ﺒﻬـﺎ
ﻭﻨﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺼﺩ
ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺭﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺍﺙ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﺠﺩﺍﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻌﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﺸـﺒﺙ ﺒﻜـل
ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻭﺸﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ،ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻜﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﺴﺔ ﻋﺫﻭﺒـﺔ ﻭﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﹰ،
ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻔﺴﺭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻭﺴل ﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺼﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﻭﺴـﻠﻡ
ﻭﻋﺘﺭﺘﻪ ﺭﻀﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﻬﻡ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻍ
ـﻼ ﹸ
ـﻭ ِل ﺒـ
ـﻰ ﻗﹶﺒ ـ ِﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺴـ
ـﻲ ﺇِﻝـ
ﻭ ﻫ ـلْ ِﻝـ ﻥ ﺒِـﺎﻝﻤﻨﻰ
ﺕ ﺸِﻌﺭﻱ ﻫـلْ ﺃَﻓـﻭ ﺯ
ﺃَﻻ ﻝﻴ ﹶ
ﻍ
ﻁ ﺫﻨـــﻭﺏ ﻋِﻨـــﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺘﹸـــﺭﺍ ﹸ
ﹸﺘﺤـــ ﱡ ﻥ ﻴﻭﻤــﹰﺎ ُﺃ ﹶﻗﺒــ ُل ﺘﹸﺭﺒــ ﹰﺔ
ﺤ
ﻭﻫــلْ ﺃُﺼــ ِﺒ
1
ﻍ
ـﻼ ﹸ
ﺤ ِﺒّــ ـ ِﻪ ﻭﺒـــ
ـﺒﻲ ﺯﺍ ﺩ
ﻭﺤﺴـــ ﺤﺒـﻲ ﺇﻝﻴـ ِﻪ ﻭﺴـﻴﻠﺔﹲ
ﻓﹶﻤﺎ ﻝِـﻲ ﺴِـﻭﻯ
ﻭﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺨﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﷲ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻗﺎﺌﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﻡ ،ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻭﺽ ﻏﻤـﺎﺭ
ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺒﻁﻭﻝﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺙ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ :ﻫﻲ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻔﻀـﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴـﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻠﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻥ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺤﻁ ﺁﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻼﺫ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ،ﻴﻠﺠﺄ ﺍﻝﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺘﻬﻡ
ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻴﺒﺔ ،2ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻴﺭﻯ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺃﻫ ﹰ
ﻼ ﻝﺤﻤل ﻋﺏﺀ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺩ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﱠﻭﻴل[
ﻑ ﻀـﺎﺭﺏ
ﻭﺘﹶﻠﻘﻰ ﺤﺴﺎ ﻡ ﺍﻝ ﱠﻨﺼِ ﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﻜﹶـ ﱢ ـﺎ
ـﺎ ﺩ ﹶﺓ ﺃَﻫﻠﹶﻬـ
ﺕ َﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﻌﻁ ـﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻘـ
ﺸ ـﺌْ ﹶ
ﺇِﺫﺍ ِ
ﺏ
ﺠﻤﻌــﻭﺍ ﺃ ﻭ ﻋــﺩﺩﻭﺍ ﻤِــﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻨِــ ِ
ﺒِﻤــﺎ ﹶﺘﺠِﺩﻨﻲ ﻤِﻘﺩﺍﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻬـﻭ ِل ﻝﹶـﻡ ُﺃﺒـلْ
3
ﺏ
ـﺎ ِﺭ ِ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻀـ
ﺴـﻠﱠﺕ ﺭِﻗـﺎ ﹸ
ﻭﻋـﺯﻡ ﻜﹶﻤـﺎ ـﻲ
ﻥ ﻫﻭﺍﺠِﺴـ
ـﻭ
ـﺯﻡ ﻴﺨـ
ﺤﺒﻨﻲ ﺤـ
ـﺎ ِ
ﻴﺼـ
ﻭﻴﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﺍﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﺏ ،ﻴﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺠـﻴﺵ ﻭﻻ
ل ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻋﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻭﻋﺘﺎﺩ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﺤﺯﻡ ﻭﻋﺯﻴﻤﺔ ﺠﺒﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻫﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ،ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﻋﺘـﻪ
ﻴﺒﺎ ِ
ﻋﻴﺩ ،ﻴﻭﺴﻑ :ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﻭﺼﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻨﻜﺒﺎﺕ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،2002،ﺹ.28 2
109
ﻭﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻁل ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺒـﺩﻭ ﻤﻌﺠﺒـﹰﺎ
ﺒﻔﺭﻭﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﻭﻤﻪ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﻅل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻷﻭل ﻹﺜﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻭﺴـﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺒـﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺜﺒﺕ ﻝﻠﺫﻴﻥ ﺴﺎﻋﺩﻭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺩﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻡ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺃﻫلٌ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺼﺏ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺩﻱ.
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺸﺠﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﻭﻜﺭﻤﻪ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺨﺸﻰ ﻋﺯﻴﻤﺘﻪ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺏ ﻜل ﺍﻝﺠﻨﻭﺩ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻓﺎﻕ ﻜﺭﻤﻪ ﻭﻋﻁﺎﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﺏ ﺍﻷﺠﻨـﹸﺎﺩ ﺃﻭ ﹶﻜ ﱠﺘﺒـﺎ
ﺏ ﺇﻥ ﹶﻜﺘﱠـ
ِﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭ ِ ﻋﺯﺍ ِﺌ ﻤـ ﻪ
ـﻰ
ـﺎ ﻡ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﺘﹸﺨﺸـ
َﺃﻨﹶـﺎ ﺍﻝ ﻬﻤـ
1
ﺤﺒﺎ
ﺕ ﺍﻝﺴــ
ِﻝﻠــﻪ ِﻤﻨﻬــﺎ ﺨِــﻼلٌ ﹶﻓﺎﻗﹶــ ِ ـﻰ ﻤﻜﺎ ِﺭ ﻤ ـ ﻪ
ـﺫﻱ ﹸﺘﺭﺠـ
ـﺎ ﻡ ﺍﻝـ
َﺃ ﹶﻨ ـﺎ ﺍﻹﻤـ
ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﺘﺄﺜﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻭﺼﻴﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﺩﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻤﺩﺡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺭﺴـﻭل
ﺼﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺴﻠﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻗﺎل:
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
2
ﺤ ﻡ
ﻥ ﺍﻷَﻫــﻭﺍ ِل ﻤﻘﹾــ ﹶﺘ ِ
ِﻝﻜﹸــ ﱢل ﻫــﻭٍ ل ﻤِــ ﻋ ﹸﺘ ﻪ
ﺸ ـﻔﹶﺎ
ـﻰ ﹶ
ﺠــﺫﻱ ﺘﹸﺭ
ـﺎ ﻡ ﺍﻝـ
ﻫ ـ ﻭ ﺍﻹِﻤـ
ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻋﺯﻤﻪ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻫﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺘﻬﺘﺩﻱ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﻬﺏ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﻬﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺠﻭﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ
ﺘﻬﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻅﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻫـﻭ ﻴﻬـﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺸـﻬﺏ
ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺠﻭﻡ ،ﻓﻜﺄﻨﻪ ﻴﻬﺩﻱ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻬﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺍﺏ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻬﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺠﻭﻡ ﺒﺈﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻀﺎل،
ﻓﺠﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻭﻫﺩﺍﻫﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺍﺏ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻤـﻥ ﺸـﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﻴﻴـﺯ
ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺒﺎﻋﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺤﻴﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻝﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺨﺎﺼـﺔ
ﻭﻤﺘﻤﻴﺯﺓ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
3
ﺏ
ﺸ ـ ﻬ
ـﺩﻯ ِﺒ ـ ِﻪ ﺍﻝ ﱡ
ـﺎ ِﺩﻕﹲ ﺘﹸﻬـ
ﹶﻓﻌﺯ ﻤ ـ ﻪ ﺼـ ـﻼ ِﻡ ﻤﺎِﻝ ﹸﻜ ـ ﻪ
ﻙ ﺍﻹﺴـ
ﻤ ـﻥ ﻴﻭﺴ ـﻑﹲ ﻤِﻠ ـ
ﺍﻝﺒﻭﺼﻴﺭﻱ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،2007 ،ﺹ .229 2
110
ﻭﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﺯﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺤﺼﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭﺓ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺸﻜﻙ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ
ﻓﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺫﻝﻙ ،ﻭﺴﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻝﺠﻠﻴل ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤﻨﺎﺭﺓ
ﺘﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﻌﺯﻤﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ،ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻀﻤﻴﻥ ﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺘﻪ)ﻓﺘﺢ ﻋﻤﻭﺭﻴﺔ(
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺸﻜﻙ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﺼﻡ ﺒﺎﷲ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺢ ﻋﻤﻭﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻨﺼﺤﻪ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻓﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻬﻨﺔ ﺒﺄﻥ
ﻋﻤﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻥ ﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ،ﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﺘﻭﻜل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﺘﺤﻬﺎ ،ﻴﻘﻭل ﺃﺒﻭ ﺘﻤﺎﻡ:
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﺏ
ﺠ ـ ﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﱠﻠ ِﻌ ـ ِ
ﻥ ﺍﻝ َِ
ـﻴ
ﺤ ـ ﺩ ﺒـ
ﺤ ـ ﺩ ِﻩ ﺍﻝ
ـﻲ
ِﻓـ ﺏ
ﻥ ﺍﻝ ﹸﻜ ﹸﺘ ـ ِ
ـﺎ ﺀ ِﻤ ـ
ﻕ ﺇِﻨﺒـ
ﻑ ﺃَﺼ ـ ﺩ ﹸ
ـﻴ ﹸ
ﺴـﺍﻝ
1
ﺏ
ﻙ ﻭﺍﻝ ﺭ ﻴ ـ ِ
ﺸـ ِ
ـﻼ ﺀ ﺍﻝ ﱠ
ﺠـﻥ
ـﻭ ِﻨ ِﻬ
ـﻲ ﻤﺘـ
ِﻓـ ﻑ
ﺢ ﻻ ﺴـﻭ ﺩ ﺍﻝﺼـﺤﺎ ِﺌ ِ
ﺽ ﺍﻝﺼـﻔﺎ ِﺌ ِ
ﺒِﻴ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻨﻅﻡ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺤﺼﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ ﻨﻔﺴـﻪ
ﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺘﻤﺎﻡ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﺏ
ﺤﻘﹶـ ـ
ـﺎ ﻡ ﻭﺍﻝ ِ
ـﻲ ﻋﺠﺎ ِﺌﺒـ ـ ﻪ ﺍﻷَﻴــ
ﺘﹸﻤﻠــ ﺏ
ﷲ ﻤﺭ ﹶﺘﻘﹶــ
ﺡ ﻭﺼــﻨ ﻊ ﺍ ِ
ﺒﻜﹾــ ﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﹸﺘــﻭ ِ
ﻑ ﻤـﺎ ﹶﻜﺘﹶﺒـﻭﺍ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺤـ ﻭ ﻤـﺎ ﹶﻜﺘﹶﺒـﻭﺍ
ﻝِﻠﺴﻴ ِ ـﻭﺍ
ـﺎ ﹶﻓﻌﻠـ
ـﺎﻝﻭﺍ ﻭﻤـ
ـﺎ ﹶﻗـ
ﻥ ﺒِﻤـ
ـﺩﻭ
ﺤـﻭﺍﻝﻤﻠ ِ
ﺏ
ﻥ ﻻ ﺸﹶــﻙ ﻭﻻ ِﺭﻴــ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﺒــﺭﺍﻫﻴ ِ
ﺼِــﺩ ﹸ ﺞ
ﺠـ ٍ
ﺤ
ـﺎ ﻴﻠﻘﻴ ـ ِﻪ ِﻤ ـﻥِ
ـﺎ ﻤﺒﻴ ﹶﻨ ـﹰﺎ ﻝِﻤـ
ﻓﹶﻴـ
ﺏ
ﹶﻓﻌﺯﻤــ ﻪ ﺼــﺎ ِﺩﻕﹲ ﺘﹸﻬــﺩﻯ ﺒِــ ِﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﱡــ ﻬ ﻙ ﺍﻹﺴــﻼ ِﻡ ﻤﺎِﻝﻜﹸــ ﻪ
ﻤــﻥ ﻴﻭﺴــﻑﹲ ﻤﻠِــ
ﺏ
ﺠـ
ﻋ
ﺸ ـﺄْﻨﹸﻬﺎ
ﺡ ﹶ
ـﻭ ٍ
ـﺎ ِﻤ ـﻥ ﻓﹸﺘـ
ﻼ ﺒِﻬـ
ﺃَﻫ ـ ﹰ ﻭ ِﺘﻠﻜﹸــ ﻡ ﺍﻝﺼــﺨﺭ ﹸﺓ ﺍﻝ ﻭﻀــﺎ ﺀ ﻤﻁﹾ ﹶﻠﻌﻬــﺎ
ﺏ
ﹶﻝﻡ ﻴﺜﹾﻨِـ ِﻪ ﻋـﻥ ﺤِﻤﺎﻫـﺎ ﺍﻝ ﻤﻌﻘِـ ُل ﺍ َﻷﺸﹶـ ﺢ ﹶﻝﻴ ﹶﻠﺘِــ ِﻪ
ﻼ ﺒِﻁﺎ ِﺭﻗِﻬــﺎ ﻓِــﻲ ﺠــﻨﹾ ِ
ﺃَﻫــ ﹰ
2
ﺏ
ﺤﺠــ
ﺍﷲ ﻴﺴــ ﹸﺘ ﺭ ﻤــﺎ ﻻ ﺘﹶﺴــ ﹸﺘ ﺭ ﺍﻝ ـﻰ ِﺜﻘﹶـ ـ ٍﺔ
ﻭِﻗﺎﻴـ ـ ﹸﺔ ﺍﷲ ﻨﺎ ﺩﺘﹾـ ـ ﻪ ﻋﻠــ
ﺴﻴﺤﻤﻴﻪ ﻤﻨﻪ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﺒﻁل ﺼﻨﺩﻴﺩ ﻴﺨﻭﺽ ﻏﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﺏ ،ﻭﻴﻘﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
ﺍﺒﻭ ﺘﻤﺎﻡ ،ﺤﺒﻴﺏ ﺒﻥ ﺃﻭﺱ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﺌﻲ ،ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩﻩ ﻋﺯﺍﻡ،ﻁ ،4ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ،ﻤﺼﺭ ،1976 ،ﺹ.40 1
111
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﻀﺢ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻅﻤﺔ ﻝﺩﻯ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﻭﺱ ،ﺭﺴﻡ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻠـﻙ ﺍﻝـﺭﻭﻡ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺡ
ﻁﻤــﻭ
ـﺎ ِﺀ ﹶ
ـﻥ ﺒﻌــ ِﺩ ﺍﻹِﺒـ
ـﺎ ﺍﻨﻘــﺎ ﺩ ﻤِـ
ﻜﹶﻤـ ﻥ ِﺇﻓِﻨــﺕ 2ﺍﻝــﺭﻭ ﻡ ﻴﻨﻘــﺎ ﺩ ﺨﹶﺎﻀِــﻌﹰﺎ
ﻭِﺇ
ﺢ
ﺽ ﺸﹶــﺤﻴ
ﺢ ﺒِﺎﻝﻤــﺎ ِل ﺍﻝﻌــﺭﻴ ِ
ﻭﻴﺴــﻤ ﻑ ِﻤﻨﹾـ ﻪ ﻤﺴـﻭﻑ
ﺤﻜﹾ ِﻡ ﺍﻝﺴـﻴ ِ
ﺴﻴﺭﻀﻰ ِﺒ
ﺢ
ﻙ ﺼــﺭﻴ
ﻥ ﻤﻘﺼــﻭﺩﻱ ﻝﹶــﺩﻴ
ﻭﺒﺭﻫــﺎ ﺤ ِﻪ
ـﻠ ِ
ﺼـﻙ ﺍﻝـﺭﻭ ِﻡ ﺠﻬـﺩﹰﺍ ِﺒ
ﺡ ﻤﻠِـ
ﻴﺼـ ﺭ
(
3
ﺡ
ﻭ ﻫلْ ﻝِـﻲ ﺇِﻝـﻰ ﻏﹶﻴـ ِﺭ ﺍﻝﺠِﻬـﺎ ِﺩ ﻁﹸﻤـﻭ ﻁﻠﱡـ ﻊ
ﺏ ﹶﺘ ﹶ
ﻭ ﻫلْ ﻝِﻲ ﺇِﻝـﻰ ﻏﹶﻴـ ِﺭ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﻭ ِ
ﻭﺜﻤﺔ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﺒﻁل ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩﻱ ﻨﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ
ﻴﺘﺤﻠﻰ ﺒﺄﺨﻼﻕ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻭﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺌﻬﺎ ﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻠﻙ ﺍﻝـﺭﻭﻡ
ﺒﺈﻁﻼﻕ ﺴﺭﺍﺤﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﺎل ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻷﺨﻼﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﺏ.
ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﺴﻡ ﻝﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺏ ﺘﺒﻌﺙ ﺍﻝﺭﻋﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻠﻭﺏ
ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻭ ﻗﺒل ﻝﻘﺎﺌﻪ ،ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺭﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﻝﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺩﻭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﺭﻋﺒﺔ ﻓـﻲ
ﻋﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻭ.
ﻝﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﺒﻁﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻝﻠﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﻓﻨﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺼـﻑ
ﻭﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻝﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﻑ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺘﻔﺼﻴﻼﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﺒﺘـﺩﺍ ﺀ ﻤـﻥ ﻭﺼـﻑ
ﺍﻓﻨﺕ ،ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ) (infanteﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ. 2
112
ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﺵ ﻭﺨﻴﻭﻝﻬﻡ ،ﻤﺭﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﻭﺼﻑ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺴﻴﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﻭﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺀ ﺒﺎﻻﻨﺘﺼـﺎﺭ
ﻭﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻁﻤﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻨﻌﺔ ﻭﺤﻔﻅ.
ﺍﻋﺘﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ؛ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺠﻭ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻓـﺎﻝﺒﻁﻭﻻﺕ
ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﺎ ﺫﺍﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﺒﺼﺎﺤﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻝﻐﺔ ،ﺃﻤـﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻁـﻭﻻﺕ ﺃﻤـﺎﻡ
ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﺵ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﺭﺍﻥ ﻓﺘﻠﻙ ﺒﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺸﺎﻫﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺎل ،ﻭﺤﺩﻴﺜﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺌﻊ ﺍﻝﺼﻴﺕ ،ﻁﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻬﺭﺓ ،ﻴﻨﺘﻘـل
ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻨﻘﻠﻬﻡ ﻭﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﺴﻤﺭﻫﻡ.ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺤﺭﻴﺼﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﺯ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻜل ﻋﻨﺼﺭ
ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺴﺎﻥ.
.1ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺴﺎﻥ
ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ "ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ" ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﻭﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻪ ،ﻭﻝﻘﻭﻤﻪ ﻭﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﺴﺘﺠﻴﺒﻭﻥ ﻝﺩﺍﻋﻲ
ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻨﺎﺩﻯ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺩﻝﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﻴﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ :ﺍﻝﺩﺭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺘﻠﻭﻥ ﻴﻠﺒﺴـﻭﻨﻬﺎ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺱ ﺍﻝ ﻤَــﺩﺍ ِﻡ ﻨﹶﺠﻴﻌــﺎ
ﻭﺃَﺒــﺩ َل ﻤِــﻥ ﻜــﺄ ِ ﻋـﹰﺎ
ﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻴـ ِﺭ ﺩﺭﻭ
ـﺒ ِ
ﺽ ِﻤـﻥِ ﻝـ
ﹶﺘ ﻌـ ﻭ
1
ﻫﺠﻴــﺭﹰﺍ ﻴﻅﹶــ ﱡل ﺍﻝﺴــﺭﺏ ﻓﻴــﻪ ﻤﺭﻭﻋــﺎ ﻕ ﺍﻝﻅﱢــﻼ ِل ﻤﻬــ ﺩ ٍل
ﺨﻔﱠــﺎ ِ
ﻭﻤِــﻥ ﻅِــ ٍل ﹶ
ﺜﻡ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺠﻭﻩ ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﻭﻤﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﻔﺠﺭ ﺒﻁﻠﻭﻋﻬﺎ ،ﺒل ﺘﻔﻭﻗﻪ ﺒﻬﺠﺔ ﻭﺭﻭﻨﻘـﹰﺎ ،ﻜـﺫﻝﻙ
ﺍﻝﺸﻬﺏ ﺍﻝﻼﻤﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﻬﻭﻥ ﻭﻴﺨﻔﺕ ﻨﻭﺭﻫﺎ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻗﻴﺴﺕ ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻭﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻴـﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻝـﻴﺱ ﻫـﺫﺍ
ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ،ﺒل ﺘﻔﻭﻗﻬﺎ ﺫﻫﺎﺒﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺇﻴﺎﺒﺎﹰ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻕ ﻁﹸﻠﻭﻋـــﺎ
ﻁﻠﹶﻌـــﺕﹾ ﻓﹶـــﺎﻝﻔﹶﺠ ﺭ ﺭﺍ ﹶ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﹶ ﺼ ـ ِﺭ ﻴﺔﹲ
ـﻲ ﺍﻝ ـﻭﻏﻰ ﻨﺎ ِ
ـﻭﻩِ ﻓـ
ـﺎ ﻭﺠـ
ﻭ ِﻤ ﱠﻨـ
113
1
ـﺎ
ـﺎ ﻭﺭﺠﻭﻋــ
ـﻰ ﺁﺜﺎﺭِﻨــ
ـﹰﺎ ﻋﻠــ
ﺫﹶﻫﺎﺒــ ﺤﱠﻠ ﹰﺔ
ﺏ ﻓـﻲ ﺁﻻﺌﻬـﺎ ﻤﻀـ ﻤ ِ
ﻨﹶﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺸﱡـ ﻬ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﻭﻤﻪ ﻭﻴﻔﺨﺭ ﺒﻬﻡ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻭﻗــــ ﻊ ﺍ َﻷﺴِــــ ﱠﻨ ِﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺴــــﻴﻭﻑ ﻗﹶــــﺩ ﻋــــ ﻭﺩﺕ ﺃَﺠﺴــــﺎ ﻤ ﻬﻡ
2
ﻤ ﹶﺘﺼــــﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻤــــ ﻊ ﺍﻝﺼــــﺭﻭﻑ ﺏ ﺍﻝـــﻭﻏﻰ
ﻗﹶـــﺩ ﺃُﺸـــﺭِﺒﻭﺍ ﺤـــ
ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺤﺭﻴﺼﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﺯ ﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﻭﻤﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﻪ ،ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺒﻴﺔ
ﻓﻬﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﻭﺩ ﻗﺩ ﻋﻭﺩﺕ ﺃﺠﺴﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻑ ،ﻭﻫـﻡ ﻻ ﻴﺨـﺎﻓﻭﻥ ﺨـﻭﺽ
ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﺨﻭﻓﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺘل ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻜﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺨﺎﻀﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﻭﻤﻪ ،ﺜﻡ ﻴﺅﻜـﺩ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺒﻬﻡ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﺩﻭﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﻀﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺨﻭﻑ ،ﺒل ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺘﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺎﺭﻙ
ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﺒﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻔﻭﺴﻬﻡ.
ﻭﻘﺩ ﺘﻤﻴﺯﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﻁﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﺤﺎﺭﺒﻲ ﺒﻨﻲ ﻨﺼــــﺭ ،ﺒﻁﺎﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ
ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺨﺭ ,ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻓﺘﺨﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺒﻬﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺴــﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﻤﻠﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺭﻭﻗﻬﻡ ﺤﺒﻬﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻤﺍﺀﻫﻡ
ﻝﻭﻁﻨﻬﻡ ﻓﻴﺤﻭﻝﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻼﺤﻡ ﺒﻁﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺼﺩﺍﻫﺎ ﻤﺩﻭﻴﺎﹰ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﺒﺩ .ﺇﻀــﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻗﻭﺓ
ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻫﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻝﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺘﺎل ﻭﻗﺘﺎﹰ ﻁﻭﻴﻼﹰ ﻓﻼ ﺒﺩ ﻝﻠﻔﺠﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻁﻴﺎﺘﻪ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺃﺒﻭ ﻝﺒﺩﺓ ،ﺭﺍﻨﻴﺎ ،ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺘﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻝﺱ)ﻋﺼﺭ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ( ،ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ،ﺍﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﺩ .ﻭﺍﺌـل ﺍﺒـﻭ 3
114
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺘﻨﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﻷﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﻭﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻭﻓﺨـﺭﻩ ﺒﻬـﻡ،
ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃ
ﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻨ ِﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻨﺒﻲ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﻭﻤﻪ :ﺍﻝﻔﺘﱠﻭ ﹸﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺒﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺏ ﺒﺩﻝﻴل ﺃﺜـﺎ ِﺭ
ﻓﺄﺒﺭ ﺯ ﺴﻤﺎ ِ
ﺴ ﻤﺕﹾ ﻭﺠﻭﻫﻬﻡ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
ﺍﻝﺠﺭﺍﺡ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
1
ﺏ ﺴـﻁﹾﺭ ﺒﺎﻷَﺴـ ﹼﻨ ِﺔ ﻤﻌﺠـ ﻡ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻀـﺭِ
ِﻤ ﺠﺒِﻴﻨِــﻪ
ﻕ
ﺏ ﻓﹶــﻭ ﹶ
ﻰ ﻝﻠﺤــﺭِ
ﻭﻜﹸــ ﱡل ﻓﺘــ
ل ﺒﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻑ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ،ﺭﺸﺎﻗﹰﺎ ،ﻻ ﺘﻜﺎ ﺩ ﹶﺘﺸﹾ ﻌ ﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻴﻭ ُ
ﺕ ﺨﻴﻭﻝِﻬﻡ ،ﺨِﻔﺎ ﹶ
ﻥ ﺼﻬﻭﺍ ِ
ﻭﻫﻡ ﻴﻤﺘﻁﻭ
ﻤﺘﻭﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﻡ ﻤﺤﺘﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
2
ﺱ ﺍﻝﱢﻠﺒـ ﺩ
ﺨﹶﻔ ِﻴﻑﹲ ِﺇ ﹶﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ َﺃﺜﹾﻘﹶـ َل ﺍﻝﻔﹶـ ﺭ ﻀﺎﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﻬﺎ ِﻡ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻝـﻭﻏﻰ
ﻀﺭﻭﺏِ ﻝﻬﺎ ِﻡ ﺍﻝ
ﻴﺒﺭﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻤﻥ ﺨﻴﻭل ﻭﺴﻴﻭﻑ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﻜل ﻤﺸﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﻴﺒﺭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺠﻤـﻊ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﻭﺼـﻔﻪ
ﻭﺘﻔﻨﹼﻥ ﺸﺎﻋﺭﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻋﺘﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﻻ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻑ ،ﻷﻨﻪ ﺭﻤﺯ ﺍﻝﻘـﻭﺓ ،ﻭﺫﻝـﻙ ﻷﻥ
ﺍﻝﺴﻼﺡ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺒﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺭﺍﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﻭﺓ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﺭﺩ ﺇﻻ ﺒـﺎﻝﻘﻭﺓ ،ﻝـﺫﻝﻙ
ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻀﻔﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻼﺤﻪ ﺃﻭﺼﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﺘﺘﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻭﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺤﺎﻤﻠﻪ ،3ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻨﺒﻲ ،ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﻴﻥ ،ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺇﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺙ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ 1969 ،ﺝ ،4ﺹ .75ﺍﻷﺴﻨﺔ :ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﺎﺡ، 1
ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺠﺎﻡ :ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻘﻴﻁ.
ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﺝ،2ﺹ .106 2
ﺍﻝﻌﺯﻴﺯﻱ ،ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻬل ﻓﻲ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻻﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ،ﻁ" ،1ﺤﺒﺵ" ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺱ،1956،ﺝ ،1ﺹ.21 3
115
ﻭ ﻴﻘﻀــﻲ ِﺒﻤــﺎ ﺸﹶــﺎ ﺀ ﺍﻝﺠِــﻼ ﺩ ﻭ ﻴﺤﻜﹸــ ﻡ ﺕ ِﺒﺼــﺩِ ﺭ ِﻩ
ﻴــ ﺭ ﺩ ﺼــﺩﻭ ﺭ ﺍﻝ ﱠﻨﺎ ِﺌﺒــﺎ ِ
1
ﺕ ِﺒﻬـﺎ ﺩ ﻡ
ﻑ ﻋـﺎ ﺩﺕﹾ ﻭ ِﻭﺭ ﺩ ﺍﻝﺼـﺎ ِﻓﻨﺎ ِ
ﺴ ﹶ ﻋﺯﻤــ ﹸﺔ ﻴــﻭ
ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﻝ ﺒﻴﻀــﺎ ِﺀ
ﹶﻨﻀــﺘﹾ ﻪ
ﻓﺎﻝﺴﻴﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﻱ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺤل ﻝﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺌﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻫﻭﺍل ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺠﻌـل ﻝـﻪ
ﺼﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻴﺼﺩ ﺒﻪ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺼل ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﻌﺒﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻑ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﻗﺎﺌـﺩ ﺫﻭ
ﻋﺯﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﺤﻤﻠﻪ ،ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻗﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺯﻴﻤﺔ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻝﻪ ﺒﻁﻭﻻﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻜﻭﺏ
ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺸﺒﻪ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻴﻑ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻝﻭ ﺘﺭﻜﻪ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻭﺒﻘﻲ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻓـﺭﺩﺍﹰ،
ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻤﺨﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﻗﺎﻁﻌﹰﺎ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻑ ﺘﺨﺸﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ،ﻜﺄﻨﻪ ﺠﻴﺵ ﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺘﺎﺩ.2
ﻭﺴﻴﻭﻑ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﺸﻬﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ،ﻓﻬﻡ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻌﺩﻭﻥ ﻝﻠﻘـﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻌـﺩﻭ،
ﻥ ﺍﻝ ﱢﻨﻀﻭ)ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻓﺴﺩ ﻝﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻤﺎ ﺭﻤﻲ ﺒﻪ( ،ﻴﺼـﻭﺭﻩ
ﻭﻤﻭﺍﻗﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﻁﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﻬﻭﺭﺓ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃ
ﺒﺎﻝﻌﺎﺸﻕ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺌﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺸﻭﻕ ﻝﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺘﻙ ﺒﻬﻡ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻥ ﻫـ ـﺎ ِﺌ ﻡ
ـﺎ
ﻤﺸﹶـ ـ ﻬ ﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﱢﻀـ ـ ﻭ ﻭﻝﹾﻬــ ﻤﻭﺍ ِﻗ ﹸﻔﻨـــﺎ ﻤﺸﹾـــﻬﻭ ﺭﺓﹲ ﻭﺴـــﻴﻭ ﹸﻓ ﹶﻨﺎ
3
ﻋ ﹶﻠﻴــ ِﻪ ﺍﻝ ﻌﻤــﺎ ِﺌ ﻡ
ﻭﻀــﺭﺏِ ﻝﻤــﺎ ِﻝﻴﺜﹶــﺕﹾ ﺠﻭﺍ ِﻨﺤــ ﹰﺎ
ﻁﻴــ ﺭ ِﻓﻴــ ِﻪ
ﹶﻝﻁﻌــﻥ ﻴﻅﹶــ ﱡل ﺍﻝ ﱠ
ﻭﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺴﻭﺭ ﻭﻋﻘﺒﺎﻥ ﻝﺠﻴﺵ
ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﺘﻨﺘﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺘﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻨﻘﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺠﺴﺎﺩﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ
ﻭﺘﻤﺯﻗﻬﺎ.
ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻝﻠﻔﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻨـﻪ ﻫـﻭ
ﺍﻝﺨﻴل ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻝﻘﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﻴل ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﺕ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺩ ،ﻭﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻝﺸـﻌﺭﺍﺀ
ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺤﻭﺍﻝﻬﺎ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ،ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺭﺍﺸﺩ ،ﺍﻝﻔﺨﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ،ﺍﺸﺭﺍﻑ :ﺍﻝﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﺌل ﺍﺒﻭ ﺼﺎﻝﺢ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌـﺔ 2
116
ﻥ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺤﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺭﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺼـﻑ ﻓﺭﺴـﻪ ﻓـﻲ
ﻭﺘﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﻲ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺨﻠﻴﻑ ﺃ
ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﻫﻭ " :ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻁﻭﻝﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﺌﺫ ﻤﻭﺯﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻀﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺤﺩ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ
ﺨﻼل ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ،ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻗﺘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﻁﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺴـﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﺍﻹﻨﺴـﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸـﺎﻋﺭ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺌﺜﺎﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻁﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻝﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻷﺼﻴل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺨﻠﻰ ﻋـﻥ
ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺭﺱ ،ﺒل ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺠﺯﺀﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻴﺎﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ،ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍ ﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻬـﺎ ﺀ
ﺒﻤﻭﻗﻔﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻐﻨﺎﺌﻡ ،ﺇﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﺒﻁل ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺎﻨﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻨﺘﻪ ،ﻓﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺤﻕ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺭﺍﻑ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻩ
ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺼﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻓﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺒﻁﻭﻝﺔ.1
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺭﻓﻭﺍ ﺒﺤﻕ ﺍﻝﺨﻴل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺼﺎﺭ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ،ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻴل ﺍﻷﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺨﺭﺠﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﻤﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻋـﺩﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻜـﺄﻥ
ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺢ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻤﺴﻙ ﺒﻌﻨﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻴل ،ﻓﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺢ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴـﺘﻌﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸـﺎﻋﺭ
ﺒﺎﻝﻌﺒﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻴﺼﻭﺭ ﺨﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺫﻝﻬﻡ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺠﻌل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻴل ﻜﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺤﺭﺍﺏ ،ﻭﺼﻭﺭ
ﺍﻝﺠﻨﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﻀﺎﻉ ﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺫل ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻀﻭﻉ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺠﻌل ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻡ ﺴﺎﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﻴﺌـﺔ
ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻜﻭﻉ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻴل ﺍﻷﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻔﺭﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻅﻠﻬﻡ ﻫﻭ ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ،ﺃﻤـﺎ
ﻤﻭﺭﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻴل ﻝﻴﺱ ﻤﻭﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﺫﺏ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻴـل ﻤﺘﻌﻁﺸـﺔ
ﺨﻠﻴﻑ ،ﻤﻲ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ :ﺒﻁﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ،ﺩﻁ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﻗﺒﺎﺀ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ-ﻤﺼﺭ ،1998 ،ﺹ.71 1
:2ﺍﻝﻜﻤﺎﺓ :ﻤﻔﺭﻫﺎ ﻜﻤﻲ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺸﺠﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﺭﻱﺀ ،ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺴﻼﺡ ﺃﻡ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ.
:3ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺹ.114
117
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
1
ﺙ ﺍﻝــﺭﺩﻯ ﻤــﺘﹶﻼ ِﻜ ﻡ
ﻭﻨﻭﺭﺩﻫــﺎ ﺤﻴــ ﹸ ﺙ ﺍﻝﻅﱢــﻼ ُل ﻋﺠﺎﺠــﺔﹲ
ﺢ ﺒِﻬــﺎ ﺤﻴــ ﹸ
ﻨﹸــﺭﻴ
ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻤﺸﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺒل ﻭﻫﻲ ﺘﺘﻁﺎﻴﺭ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻴﻭل ،ﻭﻜﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﻫﻡ ﻻﻤﻌﺔ
ﻤﻨﺜﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﻭﺱ ،ﻭﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﻫﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻠﻤﻌﺎﻥ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻝﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻝﺭﻤﺎﺡ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺘﻁﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻁﺎﻴﺭ ﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺭﻋﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
2
ﺱ ﺍﻝ ـﺩﺭﺍ ِﻫ ﻡ
ـﺭﻭ ِ
ﻕ ﺍﻝ ﻌـ
ـﻭ ﹶ
ـﺭﺕﹾ ﹶﻓـ
ـﺎ ﹸﻨ ِﺜـ
ﻜﹶﻤـ ﻴــﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻨِﺒــ ُل ﻋــﻥ ﹸﻝﺒﺎﺘِﻬــﺎ ﻤﺘﹶﻁــﺎﻴِﺭﹰﺍ
ﻭﻋﺠﺯ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻨﺒﻲ ﺴﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﻓـﻲ
ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﻤﻌﺎﺭﻜﻪ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻓﺘﻙ ﺒﺎﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺠﺜﺜﻬﻡ ﻤﻨﺜﻭﺭﺓ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
3
ﺱ ﺍﻝـﺩﺭﺍ ِﻫ ﻡ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﻌـﺭﻭ ِ
ﻜﹶﻤﺎ ﹸﻨﺜِـﺭﺕﹾ ﻓﹶـﻭ ﹶ ب ًَ ,11111111112-ة
ق ا ُِ :ِ 111111111!*8
ََ #11111111117 &ُ 5ُ 3َ ,111111111َ2-
ﻭﺼﻭﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻴل ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﺏ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻋﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﻝﺯل ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺨﻴﻑ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﺒﺼـﻭﺘﻬﺎ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
4
ﺢ ﻨــﺎﻋِﻡ
ﺞ ﺃَﻭ ﺘﹶــﺭ ﱡﻨ ِ
ﻭﻤِــﻥ ﻤﺎﺌِــ ِل ﻝﹸــ ٍ ـﺩﹰﺍ
ﻋــﺎ ﺭﻭﺍ ِ
ـﺭ ِﺩ ﻓِﻴﻬـ
ﺠــﻬﻴ َل ﺍﻝ
ﺼــﺎ ُل
ﺘﹶﺨـ
ﻭﻴﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺨﻴﻠﻪ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺨﻴل ﻀﺎﻤﺭﻩ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻴل ﺍﻝﻀﺎﻤﺭﺓ ﺃﻗﺩﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻋﺔ،
ﻴﻘﻭل:
118
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺭﺩﺩﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺔ ﻝﻠﺨﻴل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺼﻔﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺨﻴل ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺩ ،ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺃﺒﻭ
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
2
ﻥ
ﻕ ﻋِﻘﺒــﺎ
ﹶﻜ َﺄﻨﱠﻬــﺎ ﻓــﻲ ﻤﺠــﺎ ِل ﺍﻝﺴــﺒ ِ ﻕ ﺍﻝﺨﹶﻴــ ِل ﻀــﺎﻤﺭ ﹰﺓ
ﻥ ﻋِﺘــﺎ ﹶ
ـﺎ ﺭﺍﻜِﺒــﻴ
ﻴـ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘـﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻜـﺭﻴﻡ )9ÏΒ$|Ê Èe≅à2 4’n?tãuρ Zω%y`Í‘ š‚θè?ù'tƒ Ædkptø:$$Î/ Ĩ$¨Ψ9$# ’Îû βÏiŒr&uρ
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻭﻋﺩ ﺍﻹﻏﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺒﺎﻏﺘﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻴﻬﺎﺠﻤﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻏﺭﺓ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻴﺩﻉ
ﻻ ﻝﻠﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ ،ﺃﻭ ﻝﻔﺭﺴﺎﻨﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻬﻴﺅ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﻝﻠﻘﺘﺎل ،ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﺭ ﻋﻠـﻴﻬﻡ،
ﻝﻬﻡ ﻤﺠﺎ ﹰ
ﻓﻬﻭ ﺨﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻭﻋﺩ ﺍﻷﻏﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻭﻜﹶــﻡ ﺴــ ﺭ ﻝﹶﻴــلٌ ﻭﺴــﺎ ﺀ ﺼــﺒﺎﺡ ﻥ ﻏﹶــ ﺭ ٍﺓ
ﺕ ﺤِﻤــﺎ ﻫ ﻡ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺤِــﻴ ِ
ﻁ ﺭﻗﹾــ ﹸ
ﹶ
4
ﻥ ﺍﺼـــﻁِﺒﺎﺡ
ﻲ ﺩﻭ
ﹶﺘﺼـــ ﺒﺤﻬﺎ ﻭﻫـــ ﻭﻜﹶــﻡ ﻤِــﻥ ﻜﹶﺴــﻭ ٍل ﻨﹶــﺅﻭ ِﻡ ﺍﻝﻀــﺤﻰ
ﻓﻬﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻭﻋﺩ ﺇﻏﺎﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﺒـﺎﻜﺭ،
ﻲ
ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻨﻴﺎﻡ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ﺘﻘﻭل ﺇﺫﺍ ﻨﺫﺭﺕ ﺒﻐﺎﺭﺓ ﺘﻔﺠﺅﻫﻡ ﺼﺒﺎﺤﹰﺎ :ﻴﺎ ﺼﺒﺎﺤﺎﻩ ،ﻴﻨﺫﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺤ
ﺃﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻲ ....ﻭﺘﻘﻭﻝﻬﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺼﺎﺤﻭﺍ ﻝﻠﻐﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻷﻨﻬﻡ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻐﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎﺡ ،ﻓﺎﻝﻬﺠﻭﻡ
ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻴﺔ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺭﻀﻭﺍﻥ :ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﻨﺩﻱ ﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ،ﺹ .147 2
119
ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭل ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻜﺭ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﻡ ﺴﻤﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎﺡ ،ﻭﺃﻁﻠﻘﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻓﺘﻰ
ﻼ
ﺸﺠﺎﻉ" ﻓﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎﺡ"" ،ﻭﻗﺎﻝﻭﺍ :ﺼﺒﺤﻨﺎ ،ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻏﺭﻨﺎ ،ﻭﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﺒﺩﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺭ ﻝﻠﻐﺎﺭﺓ ﻝﻴ ﹰ
ﻝﻜﻲ ﻴﺼﻠﻭﺍ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺎﺭﺓ ﺼﺒﺎﺤﹰﺎ".1
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
2
ﺏ ﺍﻝــﺩﻴﺎﺠﻲ ﺤِﺯﺒــ ﻪ ﻭﺭِﻓﺎﻗﹸــ ﻪ
ﻭﺸﹸــﻬ ﺢ ﻝﹶﻴﻠﹶـ ٍﺔ
ﻋﹰﺎ ﺠـﻨﹾ
ﺽ ﻏِﻤـﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺼـﺎ ِﺩ
ﻴﺨﻭ
ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻁﻭﻝﺔ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ؛ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻻ ﻴﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺒﺈﺒﺭﺍﺯ ﺒﻁﻭﻝﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﻴﻼﺤﻘﻬﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺒـﺭﺯ ﻓﻜـﺭﺓ
ﺍﻝﺒﻁﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺼﻭﺭ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺸﺠﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﻤـﻥ ﻗﺘـل ﻭﺒﻁـﺵ؛
ﻝﻴﻌﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻝـﺒﻼﺩ،
ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ،ﻓﺈﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻬﻠﻙ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﺭ ،ﻭﻴﻜﻥ ﻝﻪ
ﺍﻝﻌﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﻌﺔ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
3
ﻙ ﺃَﻭ ِﻝﻌِـــ ٍﺯ ﻤﺸﹶـــ ﻴ ِﺩ
ﹶﻓﺈِﻤـــﺎ ﻝِﻬﺎﻝِـــ ٍ ﺃَﻻ ﺨﹶﺭﺠــﺔﹲ ﻓــﻲ ﺍﷲ ﺘﹸﻭ ِﺭﺜﹸﻨــﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻠــﻰ
ﻭﺼﻭﺭ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﻏﻁﻲ ﺴﻤﺎﺀﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻐﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻴل ،ﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻴﺱ ،ﻭﻝﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻤﺎﺡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻝﺠﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻁﺎﻴﺭ ﻴﻀﻲﺀ ﺴﻤﺎﺀ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺠﺜﺙ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺘﺴﺎﻗﻁ ﺘﺴﺎﻗﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺩﻱ ،ﻋﻠﻲ :ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺠﻠﻭ ،ﻤﺼﺭ ،ﺝ ،1ﺹ .78 1
120
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
1
ﺞ ﺍﻝ ﻤ ﹶﻘﺼــ ِﺩ
ﻭﺘﹸﻤﻁِــ ﺭ ﻫﺎﻤــﹰﺎ ﺒِﺎﻝﻭﺸــﻴ ِ ﺴــﺄُﻭ ِﺭﺜﹸﻬﺎ ﻏﹶﺒــﺭﺍ ﺀ ﺒِــﺎﻝﺠﻤ ِﺭ ﺘﹶﻠﺘﹶﻅــﻲ
ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌل ﺫﻝﻙ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻝﻭﻉ ﻭﺸﻐﻭﻑﹲ ﺒﺘﺨﻀﻴﺏ ﻴﺩﻴﻪ ﺒﺩﻤﺎﺀ
ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﺘﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻻ ﻴﺨﺸﻰ ﻓﻌل ﺫﻝﻙ؛ ﻷﻨﻪ ﺠﺭﻱﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻌل ﺍﻝﻘﺘل ﻓﺎﷲ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
2
ﺱ ﻤ َﺅﻴـ ِﺩ
ﺽ ﺍﻝﻨﱡﻔـﻭ ِ
ﺠﺭﻱﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻗﹶـﺒ ِ ﻥ ﻝﹶـﺩﻯ ﺍﻝـﻭﻏﻰ
ﺏ ﺍﻝﺒﻨـﺎ ِ
ﻭﻝﻭﻉِ ﺒﺘﹶﺨﻀﻴ ِ
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻘﻡ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺒﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺏ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻴﻭل ﻀـﺎﻤﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﺠـﻪ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺃﺭﺽ
ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﻜﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺴﻬﺎﻡ ﻤﺴﺩﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻻ ﺘﺨﻁﻲﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻨﺎ ﺘﻘﺭﻉ ﺍﻝﻘﻨﺎ ،ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﺤﻕ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ
ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻬﻤﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﺤﻕ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺴﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺭﺴﻭل ﺍﷲ ﺼﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺴﻠﻡ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻭﻭﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﻓﺼﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻭﺍﻝﻴـــﻭ ﻡ ﻴﺨﹾـــ ﹶﺘ ﻡ ﺒِـــﺎﻝﺠِﻼ ِﺩ ﻭ ﻴﺒـــ ﺩُﺃ ﺠﻤــ ﻪ ﻨﹸﺼــﻭ ُل ﺫﹶﻭﺍﺒِــ ُل
ﻭﺍﻝﱠﻠﻴــ ُل َﺃﻨﹾ
ـﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻻ ﺘﹸﻅﻤـ ـُﺄ
ﻥ ﻤــ
ـﻭ ِ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻔــ
ﻭﻤِـ ـ ﺢ 4
ﺤﻤــ ﺭﺓﹲ ﻻ ﺘﻨﻁﻔــﺊ ﻥ ﺍﻝﺠــﻭﺍ ِﺌ ِ
ﹶﻓﻤِــ
ﻕ ﺇِﺫﺍ ﺍﻨﹾﺒــ ﺭﺕﹾ ﹶﺘ ﹶﺘ ﹶﻠﺄْﻝﹶــُﺄ
ﺘﹶﻌﺸــﻰ ﺍﻝﺒــﺭﻭ ﹶ ﻭﺍﻝﺠــﺭ ﺩ ﹸﺘﺭﺴــ ُل ﻝِﻠﻐﹸــﻭﺍ ِﺭ ﹶﻜ َﺄﻨﱠﻬــﺎ
121
1
ـﺭﻴ ﻡ ﻤـــ ﺭ ﺯُﺃ
ـﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺤــ
ـﺎ ُل ﹶﻨﻬــ
ﻓﺎﻝﻤــ ـﺎ ﺤــﻭﺕﹾ ﺃَﻭﻁﺎﻨﹸﻬــﺎ
ـﺭﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻌِــﺩﺍ ﻭﻤـ
ﺘﹸـ
2
ـﺄ
ﺏ ﻴﻬﻨــ
ـ ِ
ﺢ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﺭﻴــ
ـﺘﹾ ِ
ـﻨﺎ ِﺌ ِﻊ ﺍﻝﻔﹶــ
ِﺒﺼــ ـﺎ
ﻙ ﻓﹶﻤﻠﻜﹸﻨـ
ـﻭ
ـﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻠـ
ـﻰ ﹶﻗ ﻬـ
ﻥ ﺍﻷُﻝـ
ﻨﹶﺤـ
ﺘﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻭ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻤﺎﺭ ،ﻓﺠﻔﻭﻥ ﺃﻫل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﺩ ﻻ ﺘﺠﻑ
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺭﺩﻴﻬﻡ ،ﻝﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻤﻭﺍﻝﻬﻡ ﻏﻨﺎﺌﻡ ﻝﺠﻴﺵ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝـﺙ ،ﻭﺤـﺭﻴﻤﻬﻡ
ﺴﺒﺎﻴﺎ ،ﻤﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﻔﻘﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺘل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺠﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ .ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻴﻔﺨﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺒﻔﺘﻭﺤﺎﺘﻪ،
ﻭﻫﺯﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﻴﺒﻴﻴﻥ.
ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﺤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻴﺱ ،ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻐﺴل ﻏﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﺒﺩﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﺂﻗﻲ،
ﻓﺭﺜﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻘﺩﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ،ﻤﻥ ﺃﺨﻭﺓ ﻭﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺯﻭﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀ.
122
ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺒﻊ
ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻓﻥ ﻗﺩﻴﻡ ﻗﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻋﺭﻓﻪ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺼـﻭﺭ،
ﻭﻴﺠﻤﻊ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺭﺨﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭل ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻗﻴﻠﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﺜـﺎﺀ ،1ﻭﻴـﺄﺘﻲ
ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻝﻴﺘﻭﺴﻌﻭﺍ ﻓﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺜﺎﺀﻫﻡ ﻻ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻴﻪ ﻭﺃﺴﺎﻝﻴﺒﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺭﻗﺔ،
ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻹﻜﺜﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺠﻊ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻬﻭﻴل ﻭﺍﻷﺤﺯﺍﻥ.2
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺯﺍﺌﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﺭﺜـﺎﺀ ﺸـﻌﺭﺍﺀ
ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺭﻕ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺸﺠﺎﻫﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﻭﺍ ﺩﻴﺎﺭﻫﻡ ﺘﺴﻘﻁ ﺒﻠﺩﹰﺍ ﺇﺜﺭ ﺒﻠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻴﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﻴﺒﻴﻴﻥ ،ﻓﺒﻜﻭﻫﺎ
ﺒﻜﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺒﻜﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻁﻥ ﺃﺤﺒﻪ ﻭﻓﺘﻥ ﺒﺠﻤﺎل ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ﻭﺭﺨﺎﺀ ﺃﻴﺎﻤﻪ.3
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ ،ﻴﻨﻔﺱ ﻋﻥ ﻝﻭﺍﻋﺞ ﺍﻝـﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎﻻﺘﻬـﺎ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ
ﻲ ﻭﺘﺨﻠﻴﺩ ﻤﺂﺜﺭﻩ .ﻭﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺩﻝﻴلٌ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤـﺩﻯ
ﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻝﺘﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺜ
ﻥ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ،ﺃﻭ ﺠﺭﺍﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻭﺏ ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﻜﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺤﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻁﻔﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﺼـﺩﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻁـﻑ
ﺇ
ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺃﺨﻠﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﻭ ﹶﻜ ﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ .ﻭﻝﻌل ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺃﺼﺩﻕ ﻓﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺸـﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒـﻲ
ﻗﺎﻁﺒﺔ ،ﺫﻝﻙ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﺨﺎﻁﺏ ﻋﺯﻴﺯﹰﺍ ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﺃﻭ ﻤﻠﻜﹰﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤِل ﺀ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺼـﺭ ،ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﺕ
ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﺴﺌل ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻻﻋﺭﺍﺏ :ﻝﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﻌﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺃﺼﺩﻕ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭﻜﻡ؟ ﻓﻘﺎل :ﻷﻨﻨـﺎ
ﻨﻘﻭﻝﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﻠﻭﺒﻨﺎ ﻤﺤﺘﺭﻗﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﻘﻴﺩ ﻻ ﻴﺒﺘﻐﻲ ﺃﺠﺭﹰﺍ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻔﻌل ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺡ ،ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻘﻭﻝـﻭﻥ
ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺤﻲ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺴﻼﻡ :ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1980 ،ﺹ.22 1
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ..ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ،ﻓﺩﻭﻯ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻴﻡ :ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻋﺼﺭ ﻤﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﺍﺌﻑ ،ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ،ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﺩ .ﻭﺍﺌل ﺃﺒﻭ ﺼـﺎﻝﺢ،
ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ.2002 ،
ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ،ﻨﺎﻓﻊ :ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺍﻝﻬﺠﺭﻱ ،ﺹ.175 2
ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ،ﻨﺎﻓﻊ :ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺍﻝﻬﺠﺭﻱ ،ﺹ.175 4
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ﻝﻨﻴل ﻋﻁﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺜﻲ ﻴﻌﺩﺩ ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻓﺎﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﻓﺎ ﺀ ﻝﺤﺒﺱ ﺴـﺎﻝﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺯﺍﻤـﹰﺎ
ﺒﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﻜﺭﻴﻡ.1
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺤﻔل ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﻪ ﻭﺤﺩﻴﺜﻪ ﺒﺄﺸﻜﺎل ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ،ﻨﺘﻴﺠ ﹰﺔ ﻝﻠﻅﺭﻭﻑ
ﺍﻝﻤﺄﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻤﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻨﺠﺩ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ،ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ
ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻗﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﻭﺍﻷﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻹﺨﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀ .ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻨـﺎﻭل
ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻭﻙ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﺸﺭﺍﻑ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻭﺘﻬﻡ ﻴﻤﺜل ﺤﺩﺜﹰﺎ ﻋﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻝﻜل ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ
ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺸﻌﺏ .2
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻭﺘﺄﺒﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺭﺜﺎ ﺀ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﹰﺎ
ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺹ؛ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺭﺜﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻩ ،ﻭﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀﻩ ،ﻭﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺃﺨﺎﻩ ،ﻭﻜﺘﺏ ﻗﺼـﻴﺩﺓ
ﺘﺄﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺌﻪ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺸﻬﺩﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ.
ﻭﻓﺭﺍﻕ ﻜل ﺸﺨﺹ ﻗﺭﻴﺏ ﻝﻪ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﺃﻋﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻓﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻴﻪ،
ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻝﻬﻤﺎ ،ﻤﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﺤﺼل ﻤﻊ ﺸﺎﻋﺭﻨﺎ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻭﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻩ ،ﻭﺃﺤﺎﻁﺕ ﺒـﻪ
ﺍﻝﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ،ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﻤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻘﺩ ﻭﻗﺴﺎﻭﺘﻪ.
ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﺏ ﻴﻭﻝﺩ ﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎﻻﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔـﺱ ﺍﻻﺒـﻥ_ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ
ﺸﺎﻋﺭﹰﺍ_ ﻓﺘﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻴﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻠﻘﺔ ﻤﻔﺭﻏﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘﻬﺩﺃ .ﻓﺎﻻﺒﻥ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﻠـﻎ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻘـﻭﺓ
ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻔﻭﺫ ،ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﻤﻭﻗﻔﹰﺎ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﹰﺎ ﺼﻌﺒﹰﺎ .ﻓﻔﻲ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻪ ﺼﻭﺕﹲ ﻀﻌﻴﻑﹲ ﺼﺎﺭﺥ ﻴﻬﻔﻭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻗﻠﺏ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ
ﺃﺒﻭ ﻨﺎﺠﻲ ،ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ :ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ،ﻁ ،1ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1981 ،ﺹ.11 1
ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻴﻬﻲ ،ﺩ.ﻤﺤﻤﺩ :ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﺒﻲ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1969 ،ﺹ.338 3
124
ﻴﺤﻨﻭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻴﺴﻨﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺩﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺼﻌﺒﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺒﻥ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻬﺭﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻜﺊ
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻋﻀﻪ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﺒﻨﺎﺒﻪ ،ﻭﺘﻘﺎﺫﻓﺘﻪ ﻋﻭﺍﺼﻑ ﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ.1
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﺍﺜﻨﺎ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻲ ﺼﻭﺭ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓﹲ ﻝﻸﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺨﻠﱠﻑ ﺒﻤﻭﺘﻪ ﺃﻋﺎﺼﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤـﺯﻥ ﻻ
ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻬﺩﻭﺀ ،ﻭﻝﺴﻨﺎ ﺒﺼﺩﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﻴﻠﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺀ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻷﺯل ﺤﺘﻰ ﻭﻗﺘﻨـﺎ
ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻀﺭ ،ﻓﻤﻌﺯﻭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻝﺩ ﺴﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻁﺎﻝﻤﺎ ﺒﻘﻴﺕ ﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭ ﺘﺘﺨﻁﻔﻨﺎ ،ﻭﺘﺴﻭﻗﻨﺎ ﻗﺴﺭﹰﺍ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻴﺭ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻩ ،ﺴﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻝﺸـﻌﺭﺍﺀ
ﻲ" ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺒﻪ_ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻜﺎﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻤﺠﺎﺯﹰﺍ_ ﻝﻴﺒﺩﺃ
ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺎﻓﺘﺘﺎﺤﻬﺎ ﺒﻠﻔﻅﺔ" ﺨﻠﻴﻠ
ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﺎﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺃﻤﻭﺭ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻫﺎ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺤﺯﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻩ ،ﻴﻘﻭل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ:
]ﺍﻝﻁﱠﻭﻴل[
ﻑ
ﻥ ﺃَﻴﺎﺩﻴــ ِﻪ ﺍﻝﻜﹶﺭﻴﻤــ ِﺔ ﺘﹸﺼــ ﺭ ﹸ
ﻭﺃَﻴــ ﻑ
ﺴـ ﹸ
ـﺎ ﻭﻴﻭ
ـﺒ ﺭ ِﻤ ﱠﻨـ
ﺼـﻥ ﺍﻝ
ﻲ ﺃَﻴـ
ﺨﻠﻴﻠـ
ﻅﻡ ﻝِﻠــﺩﻫ ِﺭ ﻨﹶﺤــﻭﻱ ﻴﻁــﺭﻑ
ﻭﻻ ﻤــﻨ ﹶ ﻥ ﻝﹶﻴــﺎ ٍل ﺒِﺎﻝﺴــﺒﻴﻜ ِﺔ ﻨِﻤﺘﹸﻬــﺎ
ﻭﺃَﻴــ
2
ﻭﺩﻭﻨــﻲ ﺤﺴــﺎ ﻡ ﺍﻝﺨِﻼﻓــ ِﺔ ﻤﺭﻫــﻑ ﻑ
ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻅِــﻼل ﻤــﻥ ﻋِﻨﺎﻴــ ِﺔ ﻴﻭﺴــ ﹸ
ﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻩ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺴﺎﺅل ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺭ ،ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺨﻭﻨﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺭ ،ﻭﻴﻌﺠﺯﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﻪ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺩﺜﹰﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ
ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ،ﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻻ ﻴﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺌﺤﺔ ،ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺃﻨـﻪ
ﺒﻤﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻩ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗِﺒل ﺃﺨﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃﺒﻌﺩﻩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻡ ﻭﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴـﺠﻥ،
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺤﻤﻴﻪ ﻭﻴﺅﺍﺯﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ،ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺸﺭﻉ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ ﻤﺂﺜﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻩ
ﻭﺼﻔﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻨﺴﺠﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻘﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺜﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺒﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺠﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﺓ
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺜﻲ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻜﺘﻔﻰ ﺒﺎﻹﺠﻤﺎل ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺼﻴل ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺼـﺎﺤﺏ
ﺃﻴﺎ ٍﺩ ﻜﺭﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺸﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ،ﻭﺘﺫﻜﱠﺭ ﺃﻴﺎﻤﻪ ﻤﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ "ﺍﻝﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ" ،ﺘﺤﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺭﻋﺎﻴﺘﻪ.
ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ،ﻓﺩﻭﻯ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻴﻡ :ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻋﺼﺭ ﻤﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﺍﺌﻑ ،ﺹ.50 1
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ﺜﻡ ﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻝﻴﺼﻑ ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﺼﺎﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﻔﻘﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻩ ،ﻓﻘﻠﺒﻪ ﺘﻔﻁﱠﺭ ﻭﺫﺍﺏ
ﺤﺯﻨﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻘﺩﻩ ،ﻭﻋﻴﻨﻪ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺘﺫﺭﻑ ﺩﻤ ﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺭﺍﻗﻪ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻝﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻴﻌﺒﺭ
ﻥ ﺩﻤﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﺴﺘﺤﺎﻝﺕ ﺩﻤﺎﺀ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﺎﺠﺯﹰﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺒﺄﻱ ﺸﻲﺀ ،ﻭﻜﺄﻥ ﺍﻝﺤـﺯﻥ
ﺒﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺃ
ﺨﻤﺎﺭ ﺃُﺴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﺒﻪ ﻤﻨﻌﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺴﻭﻯ ﺒﻭﺍﻝﺩﻩ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﱠﻭﻴل[
ﻑ
ﻲ ﺒِﻘـﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝـﺩﻤ ِﻊ ﺘﹶﻬﻤـﻰ ﻭﺘﹶـﺫ ِﺭ ﹸ
ﻭﻋﻴﻨ ﺏ ﹶﺘ ﹶﻔﻁﱡــﺭﹰﺍ
ِﻝﻘﹶﻠﺒــﻲ ﺃﻭﻝــﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴــﺫﻭ
1
ﻑ
ﺱ ﻴﻭﺼـ ﹸ
ﻲ ِﻤﻨﹾـ ﻪ ﻤـﺎ ﻝﹶـﻴ
ﻭﺨﺎﻤﺭ ﻗﹶﻠﺒ ﻱ ﻴﻭﺴــﻔﹰﺎ
ﻋﻨﹾــ ﺩ ﻓﹶﻘــﺩ
ﹶﺘ ﺒﻠﱠــ ﺩ ﻓِﻜــﺭﻱ ِ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻴﺩﻋﻭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻝﻭﺍﻝﺩﻩ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﺤﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺩﺨﻭل ﺠﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻌﻴﻡ ،ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺤـﺔ
ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻌﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎﻥ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﱠﻭﻴل[
2
ﻑ
ﻑ ﺍﻝ ﻤﺸﹶـ ﺭ ﹸ
ﺒﻠﺤ ٍﺩ ﺜـﻭﻯ ﻓﻴـﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﱠـﺭﻴ ﹸ ﻓﹶــﻼ ﺯﺍ َل ﺭﻴﺤــﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺡ ﻭﺭﺤﻤــﺔﹲ
ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ ،ﻭﺨﺎﺼـﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻋﺎﺀ ﻝﻭﺍﻝﺩﻩ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅﹰﺎ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ،
ﺇﺫ ﻭﻋﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻓﻌﻠﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺤﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺘﺭﻜـﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺭﻤـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺭﻭﻫـﺎﺕ،
ﺡ ﻭﺭﻴﺤﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺘﺒﺸﺭﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺌﻜﺔ ﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺕ ،3ﻗﺎل ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰβÎ) !$¨Βr'sù) :
ﻭﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺤﺎﺕ ،ﺒﺭﻭ ٍ
.4(5ΟŠÏètΡ àM¨Ζy_uρ ×β$ptø†u‘uρ Óy÷ρtsù ∩∇∇∪ tÎ/§s)ßϑø9$# zÏΒ tβ%x.ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻝﻨـﺎ ﻤﻜﺎﻨـﺔ
ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺃﺨﻼﻗﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺨﻼﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨﺎﺕ
ﺍﻝﻨﻌﻴﻡ.
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺀ ﻋﻅﻴﻤﺎﹰً ،ﻝﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﺴـﻨﺩﹰﺍ ﻝـﻪ
ﻭﻋﻭﻨﺎﹰ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﻓﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺃﻋﻅﻡ ﻭﺃﺸﺩ؛ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺼﻐﺎﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻤﻌﻘﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﺁﻤﺎل ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ.
ﺍﺒﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ،ﺍﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل ﺒﻥ ﻋﻤﺭ :ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻅﻴﻡ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﻁﻴﺒﺔ،ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﺽ -ﺍﻝﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ،2002ﺝ،7ﺹ.549 3
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ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ :ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﺎﺀ
ﻻ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﺎﻁﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﺎﺀ ،ﺒل ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﺎﺀ
ﻭﻴﻌ ﺩ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺀ ﻷﺒﻨﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼﺩﻕ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ؛ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﻌ ﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺯﻓﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﺘﻬﺒﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻠﺫﺓ ﻜﺒﺩ ﺫﻫﺒﺕ ﻭﻝﻥ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ،ﻓﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﺒﺩﻋﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺒﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻲ
ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺘﺄﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ.3
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺃﺼﻴﺏ ﺒﻔﻘﺩ ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻪ ،ﻓﻠﺫﺍﺕ ﻜﺒﺩﻩ ،ﻓﺭﺜﺎﻫﻤﺎ ﺒﺸﻌﺭ ﻓﻴـﻪ ﻜﺜﻴـﺭ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻠﻭﻋﺔ ،ﻭﻤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺒﻥ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﻫﻕ ﻜﺎﻫل ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺘﺸﻜل ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻬـﺩﻡ
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ ،ﻓﻌﻨﺩ ﻤﻭﺕ ﺍﻻﺒﻥ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺭﻜﻨﹰﺎ ﻤﻬﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻗﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻬـﻰ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﺩﻩ ﺒﺎﻷﻤل ﻗﺩ ﺨﺒﺎ ،ﻓﺘﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺄﺴﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺼﺩﺭﻩ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﻜﻠﻤـﺎﺕ
ﺇﻝﻰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺭﺠﻌﺔ ،ﻭﺃ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺨﻠﻔﻪ ﺭﺤﻴل ﻭﻝﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻝﻡ ،ﻓﻘﻠﺒـﻪ
ﺩﺍﺌﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ،ﻭﻋﻴﻭﻨﻪ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻜﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﺒﻨﻪ ﺒﺄﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﻌﻠﻘﻪ
ﺒﻪ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻠﺒﻪ ،ﻭﻗﺭﺓ ﻋﻴﻨﻪ ،ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺒﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻴـﺎﺓ ،ﻓﻬـﺫﻩ
ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻜﺏ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻭﻉ ﺤﺯﻨﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺭﺍﻗﻪ ،ﻝﻡ ﻴﻤﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺭﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻓﻲ ﻝﺘﺄﻤل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻁﻔـل،
ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل :ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ )ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺎﺌﺯ(،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺒﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ،ﺩﻤﺸﻕ-ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ،1993،ﺝ ،1ﺹ.439 1
ﺍﺒﻭ ﺼﺎﻝﺢ ،ﻭﺍﺌل :ﺍﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﻝﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺠﻲ ﺸﺎﻋﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﺕ ﻝﺤﻡ ،ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻠﺩ ،1996 ،15ﺹ.144 3
ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ،ﻓﺩﻭﻯ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﻡ :ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻋﺼﺭ ﻤﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﺍﺌﻑ.47، 4
127
ﻲ )ﻴﺎ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﺏ ،ﻴﺎ ﻗﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻥ( ،ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺸـﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﺴـﻠﻭﺏ
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺘﻪ ﺒﻨﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺜ
ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺩﺍﺌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻝﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﱠﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﺠﻴﺏ ﻝﻨﺩﺍﺌﻪ ،ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺼﺩﺍﻫﺎ ،ﻫﻲ ﺒﺤـﺩ
ﺫﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻨﺎﺠﺎﺓ ﺘﻔﺼﺢ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻘﺩ ،ﻭﺘﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﺭﺍﻩ ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﻓﻘـﺩﻩ
ﻻﺒﻨﻪ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺴﺭﺡ[
ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻻﺸﺎﺭﺓ )ﻫﺫﻱ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻭﺏ ،ﻫﺫﻱ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻭﻥ( ﺇﺸـﺎﺭﺓ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺩﺙ ﻤﻭﺕ ﺍﺒﻨﻪ "ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ" ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃُﺸﻌﻠﺕ ﻓـﻲ
ﻗﻠﺒﻪ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﺠﻌﻠﺘﻪ ﻤﻠﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﺒﺠﻤﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻜﻭﻱ ﻗﻠﺒﻪ ﻭﻴﺤﺭﻗﻪ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻤﻨـﻰ ﺭﺅﻴﺘـﻪ
]ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ[
2
ـﺎﻝﺤﻤﻰ
ـﺢ ﺒِـ
ـﻡ ﻴﹸﻠـ
ـﺎ ﻝﹶـ
ﺏ ﹶﻝ ﻤـ
ـ ِ
ـﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﻠـ
ﻓـ ﺃَﻀــﺭ ﻡ ﻋﺒــ ﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺠﻤــ ﺭ ﺍﻷَﺴــﻰ
ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺸﺎﺭﻜﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺯﻨﻪ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺼﻭﺭ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺍﺒﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ
ﻫﻭﻯ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻨﻁﻔﺄ ،ﻓﺸﻌﺭﺕ ﻨﺠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﻔﺎﺌﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﺤﺸﺔ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﺴﻊ ﺩﺍﺌـﺭﺓ
ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ،ﻓﻴﻘﻴﻡ ﻤﺄﺘﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻝﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﻜﻭﻨﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻤﺄﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺤﺯﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺀ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
128
]ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ[
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻬﺏ ﻝﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﻬﺎﺏ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﺠـﺄﺓ ،ﻭﺘﻜـﻭﻥ
ﺇﻀﺎﺀﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻀﺤ ﹰﺔ ﻻﻓﺘ ﹰﺔ ﻝﻠﻨﻅﺭ ﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﺴﺭﻋﺎﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺨﺘﻔﻲ ،ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺠﻴﺌﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﻴـﺎﺓ
ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃﻀﺎﺀ ﻝﻠﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ،ﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﺴﺭﻋﺎﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻏﻴﺒﺘﻪ ﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻭﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻨﻁﻔﺄ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻀﻭﺀ.
ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺤﺯﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻝﺩﻩ ،ﻭﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔـﺱ
ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺭﺉ ،ﻓﺘﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻴﻌﻴﺵ ﺍﻝﻔﺠﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﺤﺯﺍﻨﻪ ،ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻏﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﻔل ﺍﻝﺼﻐﻴﺭ،
ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺒﺄﻥ ﻝﻪ ﺠﻴﻭﺸﹰﺎ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺜﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺠل ﻓﻲ ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﻴﺱ ﻝﺘﻘﺘل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻁﻔـل،
ﻭﺘﻭﻝﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻬﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻜﺄﺱ ﺨﻤﺭ ﻴﺘﻌﺎﻁﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻊ ،ﻭﻗﺩ
ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻜﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﻁﻴﻥ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻜﺄﺱ ،ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﺒ ﺩ ﻝﻜل ﺸﺨﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺠـﺭﻉ
ﻤﻨﻪ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل[
ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺒﺩﻩ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻨﻌﺵ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺍﻩ ،ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﺒﺎﻷُﻓﻕ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﺘﻐﻴـﺏ ﻋﻨـﺩﻩ
ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺤﺠﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺏ ﻨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﻔل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﻀﺎﺀ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل[
ﻕ ﺍﻝــــﺭﺅﻭﺱ
ﺠﻌِﻠــــﺕ ﻓﹶــــﻭ ﹶ
ﻗِﻁﻌـــــﺔﹲ ﻤِـــــﻥ ﹶﻜﺒِـــــﺩﻱ
129
1
ﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﱡــــﻤﻭﺱ
ﻓﻴــــﻪ ﻤﻐــــﺭ ـﺩﺍ
ـﺭﻯ ﺃُﻓـــ ـﻕﹲ ﻏــــ
ﻭﺍﻝﺜﱠــــ
ﻭﻴﺘﻭﻋﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻝﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻝﺩﻩ،ﻻﻨﺩﻝﻌﺕ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﺏ ﻷﺠﻠـﻪ،
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺕ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﺠﺎﺒﻬﺘﻪ ،ﻓﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻭﻤﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻴﺩﻴﻪ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
ﻝﻜ
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل[
ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺼﺒﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﻭﻝﺩﻩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ،ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﻤـﺭ
ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﺸﺩﺍﺌﺩ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻬﺎﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺕ ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺠـﻭﻡ ﺒﻨـﻲ
]ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ[
ـﺎﺭﺍ
ﺱ ﺍﻋﺘِﺒــ
ـﻭ ِ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﱡﻔــ
ـﺕ ﻤِـ ـ
ﹶﻓﺄَﺠﺎﺒــ ـﺄﻝﹶﻭﻨﺎ ﻋﻤـــﺎ ﻝﹶـــﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺨﺘِﺒـــﺎﺭﺍ
ﺴــ
ﻭﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻨﺯﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻤﻪ ﻝﻘﻀﺎﺀ
ﺍﷲ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﻩ ،ﻭﺍﺤﺘﺴﺎﺒﻪ ﻭﻝﺩﻩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰ ﻁﻤﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺠﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﻭﺍﺏ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻓﹸﺠﻊ ﻤـﻥ ﻗﺒﻠـﻪ ﺒﻤـﻭﺕ
130
ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺌﻬﻡ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺭﺠﻭ ﻝﻭﻝﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﻤﺎل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﺠﻭﻩ ﻜل ﺃﺏ ﻻﺒﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل ﺍﻝﻌﻅﻴﻡ ،ﻝﻜﻥ ﻴﺩ
ﻼ ﺠﺩﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻝﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻜﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﺴﻨﻪ ﻝﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ
ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﻴﻔﺨﺭ ﺒﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺒﻨﻪ ﻤﻠﻜﹰﺎ ﺨﻠﻴﻔ ﹰﺔ ﻝﻪ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺒﻜﺎﻩ ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻗﻀﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤـﻥ
ﺴﻨﻴﻥ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﺃﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ ﻓـﻲ
ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ﻭﻭﻝﺩﻴﻪ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺭﺜﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ﺒﺄﺸﻌﺎ ٍﺭ ﻤﻠﺅﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ.
ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺯﻭﺠﺎﺕ ﻝﻭﻥ ﺫﺍﺘﻲ ﺨﺎﻝﺹ ﻴﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ،ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻴﺤـﺱ
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻀﻴﺎﻉ ،ﻭﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﻤﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﺯﻭﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﺎﺠﻌﺔ ﺘﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﻋﺯﻴﺯﺓ ،ﻭﺘﺤﺭﻤﻪ ﺃﻝﻴﻔﻪ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻠﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﺸﺩ ،ﻝﻀﻴﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺄﻭﻱ ﺇﻝﻴـﻪ
ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺴﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ ﻭﺍﻻﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ.2
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﺯﻭﺠﺎﺕ ،ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ
ﻗﺩ ﻴﻀﻴﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﻭل ﻓﻴﻪ ﺭﺜﺎ ﺀ ﻭﺘﺄﺒﻴﻨﺎﹰ ،ﻴﻘﻭل " :ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﺸ ﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ
131
ﻭﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ "ﺠﺭﻴﺭ" ﻓﻲ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ﺩﺭﺓ ﺜﻤﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻡ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﻭﻝﻪ :
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
1
ﺏ ﻴــﺯﺍ ﺭ
ﺤﺒﻴــ
ﻙ ﻭﺍﻝ
ﺕ ﹶﻗﺒــ ﺭ ِ
ﻭﻝﹶــ ﺯﺭ ﹸ ﺠ ِﻨﻲ ﺍﺴــ ِﺘﻌﺒﺎ ﺭ
ﺤﻴــﺎ ﺀ ﹶﻝﻬــﺎ
ﹶﻝﻭﻝﹶــﺎ ﺍﻝ
ﻭﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ" ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺎﺕ" ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﻜﺘﻪ ﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ﻤﺨﻠﻔ ﹰﺔ ﺍﺒﻨﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤـﺭﻩ،
ﻼ:
ﻓﻨﺭﺍﻩ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺴﺭﺘﻪ ﻗﺎﺌ ﹰ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻥ
ﻋﻴﻨـــﺎ ﻩ ﹶﺘﺒﺘﹶـــ ِﺩﺭﺍ ِ
ﺒﻌﻴـــ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﹶـــﺭﻯ ﻕ ُﺃﻤـ ﻪ
ﻁﻔﹾـ َل ﺍﻝ ﻤﻔـﺎ ِﺭ ﹶ
َﺃ ﹶﻝﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﺭَﺃﻯ ﺍﻝ ﱢ
ﻥ
ﺤﺒـــﺎ ِ
ﺕ ﺍﱠﻝﻠﻴـــ ِل ﻴﻨﹾ ﹶﺘ ِ
ﻥ ﹶﺘﺤـــ ﹶ
ﻴﺒﻴﺘـــﺎ ِ ﻏﻴــ ﺭ ُﺃﻤــ ِﻪ
ﺭَﺃﻯ ﻜﹸــ ﱠل ُﺃ ٍﻡ ﻭﺍﺒ ﹶﻨﻬــﺎ ﹶ
2
ﻥ
ﺨ ﹶﻔﻘـــﺎ ِ
ﺏ ﺩﺍﺌِـــ ِﻡ ﺍﻝ ﹶ
ﺒﻼﺒِـــ ُل ﹶﻗﻠﹾـــ ٍ ـﻪ
ﺠ ﱡﻨـ
ﺵ ﹶﺘ
ـﺩﹰﺍ ِﻓ ـﻲ ﺍﻝ ِﻔ ـﺭﺍ ِ
ﺤﻴ ـ
ﺕ ﻭ ِ
ـﺎ ﹶ
ﻭﺒـ
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ،ﻨﺭﺍﻩ ﻴﺼـﺭﺥ ﻤﻌﺒـﺭﹰﺍ ﻋـﻥ
ﺍﻝﺨﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺩﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﻝﻤﺕ ﺒﻪ ﺒﻔﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺯﻭﺠﺔ ،ﻭﺭﻓﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺏ ،ﺇﺫ ﺤـﺭﺹ ﺍﻝﺸـﺎﻋﺭ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻠﻘﻲ ،ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻷﻥ ﺸﻌﻭﺭﻩ ﺒﻔﺩﺍﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺄﺴﺎﺓ ﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻁﻴﻕ ﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ
ﻭﺤﺩﻩ ،ﻓﺄﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺸﺭﻙ ﻤﻌﻪ ﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭ ﻋﺼﺭﻩ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻼﺤﻘﺔ ،ﻓﻠﺠـﺄ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﻤﺨﺎﻁﺒـﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻘـل
ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺠﺩﺍﻥ ﻭﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻓﻤﺨﺎﻁﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻘل ﺘﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺘﺎﺤﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﻁﺭﺡ ﺃﺴـﺌﻠﺔ
ﺍﺴﺘﻨﻜﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺕ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺨﺭﺝ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ،
ﺃﻱ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻭﺩﺓ ﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ﻭﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺸﻤل ،ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺍﺭﻱ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺔ ﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼـﻴﺔ
ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺄﺴﺎﺓ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻋﻭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻅﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻝﻙ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺠﺭﻴﺭ،ﺠﺭﻴﺭ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻔﻲ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺸﺭﺡ :ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺤﺒﻴﺏ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺎﺭﻑ ،ﺍﻝﻘـﺎﻫﺭﺓ-ﻤﺼـﺭ ،1969،ﺝ،2 1
ﺹ.862
ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺭﻭﺍﻨﻲ،ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ :ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺩﺓ ،ﺹ.156 2
132
1
ـﺎﺘِﻪ
ـﺔ ﺒﻤﺴـــ
ﻤﺴــ ـﺭﺘﻪ ﻤﻘﺭﻭﻨـــ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻫﺭ ﻗـﺩ ﻴﺒـﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴـ َل ﻭﺇﻨﻤـﺎ
ﺜﻡ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺤﺯﻨﻪ ﻭﻝﻭﻋﺘﻪ ﻭﺩﻤﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘﻨﻔﻙ ﺘﻨﻬﻤﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺤﻴﻠﻬﺎ ،ﺇﺫ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺨـﺩﻩ
ﺒﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻴﻭل ،ﻭﺩﻤﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺤﺎﻝﺕ ﺩﻤﺎ ﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﺠﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ،ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺢ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻋ ﺒﺭﺍﺘِــ ِﻪ
ﺤﻤــ ﺭ ﻤِــﻥ
ﺠﻴــﺎ ﺩ ﺍﻝ
َﺃﺠــﺎ َل ﺍﻝ ِ ﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﹶــ ﺩ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﹸــ ﻪ ﻭﻗﹶــﺩ
ﺠﻔﻨــﻲ ﻜﹶــ َﺄ
ﻭ ِ
2
ﺠ ﻤﺭﺍ ِﺘ ـ ِﻪ
ﺏ ِﻤ ـﻥ
ـﺒﻭ ِ
ﺏ ِﻓ ـﻲ ﺍﻝ ﻤﺸـ
ﹶﺘﻘﱠﻠ ـ ﺱ ﻴﻬ ـ ﺩُﺃ ﺒﻌ ـ ﺩ ﻤﺎ
ﺏ ﹶﻝ ـﻴ
ﻴ ـﺎ ﻤ ـﻥِ ﻝ ﹶﻘﻠ ـ ٍ
ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺨﻼﻗﻬﺎ ﻤﺜل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻨـﻪ
ﺍﻜﺘﻔﻰ ﺒﺤﻔﻅ ﻋﻬﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻭﻓﺎﺀ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴﺎﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺴﻴﺼﺒﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻷﻝﻴﻡ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺼﺒﺭ ﻤـﻥ
ﻋﺎﺩﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻴﻤﺘﻪ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻭﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻭﺍﻁﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻠﻘﻲ ،ﻭﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻴﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺌﻀـﺔ
ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺯﻥ ،ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻁﻔل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺨﻠﻔﺘﻪ ﻭﺭﺍﺀﻫﺎ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺍﹰ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺒﻭﻝﺩﻫﺎ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ،ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻷﻥ ﻋﺎﻁﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﻝـﺩﻫﺎ ﻫـﻲ
ﻋﺎﻁﻔﺔ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻑ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻜل ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻁﻑ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻁﻔل ﺍﻝﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻝﻨـﺎ
133
ﺼﻭﺭﺘﻪ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺒﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺸﻬﺩ ﻴﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻔﻘﺔ ،ﻓﻼ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺤﻭﻝﻪ ﻴﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﻜـﺎﺀ،
ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺨﺫ ﻴﻔﺴﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﻜﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭﻩ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﺼل ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ
ﻓﻬﻡ ﻝﻐﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻁﻔل ﻭﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺃﻤﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺭﺤﻠﺕ ﻋﻨﻪ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻠﻭﻋﺔ ﺫﺍﺘﻬﺎ ،ﺒﺩﺃﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻤﻲ
ﻋﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺴﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻫﺎﺏ ﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ﺒﻼ ﺇﻴﺎﺏ ،ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻗﺔ ﻗﺩ ﻗﻀﻰ ﺍﷲ ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻝﻭ
ﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻕ ﻴﺭﺠﻰ ﺒﻪ ﻋﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺤﻠﻭﺍ ﻻﻨﺘﻅﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺴـﺎﺭﺕ
ﺃ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﻌﻴﺩ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ،ﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﺴﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺼﺎﺒﺭﹰﺍ ﺭﻏﻡ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻵﻻﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﺤﺯﺍﻥ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ[
ﺏ
ﻭﺇﻨــــﺄ ﺇِﻥ ﺴــــﺄَﻝﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﹸﺠــــﺎ ﺏ
ـﺎ
ـﻼ ﺇﻴــ
ﺕ ﻓﹶــ
ـ ِ
ﺤﻠﹾــ
ﺤﻘﱠـ ـ ﹰﺎ ِﺇﻥ ﺭ
َﺃ
ﺏ
ﻕ ﺍﻝِﻜﺘـــﺎ
َﺃﻓﹸﺭ ﹶﻗﺘﹸﻨـــﺎ ﺒِﻬـــﺎ ﺴـــ ﺒ ﹶ ﺕ ﺍﻝﻠﱠﻴــﺎﻝﻲ
َﺃﻭﺤﺸــﺘﹸﻨﺎ ﺒِﻬــﺎ ﹶﻗﻀــ ِ
ﺏ
ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺃَﻥ ﻻ ﻴــﺭﻯ ﻤِــﻨﻜﻡ ﺨِﻁــﺎ ﺏ ﺼــﺒﺭ ﻴﻭﺴــﻔﻲ
ﻝﹶﻨــﺎ ﻓِــﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﹶﻁــ ِ
ﺏ
ﺏ ﻭﺍﻹﻴـــﺎ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻌـــﻭ ﺩ ﻴﺭﻗﹶـــ
ﻝﹶﻜـــﺎ ﺏ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻴــ ُل ﺇﻝــﻰ ﺇﻴــﺎ ٍ
ﻭﻝــﻭ ﻜﹶــﺎ
2
ﺏ
ﺤﺜﻴﺜـــﹰﺎ ﺩﻭﻨﹶـــ ﻪ ﺍﻝﺨﹶﻴـــ ُل ﺍﻝﻌـــﺭﺍ ﻥ ﺴــﻴﺭﹰﺍ
ﺕ ﺍﻷﻅﻌــﺎ
ﻭﻝﻜِــﻥ ﺴــﺎ ﺭ ِ
ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﺜﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﹰﺎ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺍﺒﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﺼﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﺨﻠﻔﺘـﻪ
ﻭﺭﺍﺀﻫﺎ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﻩ ﻝﻘﺏ " ﻓﺭﻉ" ﻜﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﺎ ﺯﺍل ﻏﻀﹰﺎ ﺼﻐﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺘﺸﺒﻴﻬﹰﺎ
ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﺹ .15ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﺏ :ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﺭﺏ ،ﻭﺨﻴل ﻋﺭﺍﺏ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻤﺎﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﺭﺍﺫﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺇﺒـل ﻋﺭﺍﺒﻴـﺔ 2
ﺏ
ﻝِـــﺫِﻜﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻝـــﺩﻋﺎ ﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـــﺘﺠﺎ ﻲ ﻗﹶــﺩ ﺩﻋــﺎﻨﻲ
ﻭﻫــﺎ ﺃَﻨــﺎ ﻴﻭﺴــﻔ
ﺏ
ﺭﻓﻴـــﻊ ﻤـــﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﻴـــ ِﻪ ﺍﻝﺠِﻨـــﺎ ﻙ
ﻉ ﺨﻠﱠﻔﺘـــ ﻪ ﺃَﻤﻴـــ ﺭ ﻤﻠـــ ٍ
ِﻝﻔـــﺭ ٍ
1
ﺏ
ـﺎ
ـﻪ ﺒِــ
ـﻭﻡ ﻤﻨــ
ﻴﻔﹶـ ـﺘﱠﺢ ﻜـ ـ ﱠل ﻴــ ﻱ ﻋﻨــ ﻪ
ﻥ ﺭِﻀــﺎ
ﺕ ﻓﹶــِﺈ
ﻝﹶــ ِﺌﻥ ﺤﺠﺒــ ِ
ﻴﻌ ﺩ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺨﻭﺓ ﺇﺒﺩﺍﻋﹰﺎ ﻓﻨﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺇﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺎﹰ؛ ﻝﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻴﻪ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻤـﻥ ﺼـﺩﻕ
ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻁﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﻠﻕ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻴﻪ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻝﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ.،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﻌﺒـﺭ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺜﻲ ،ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎﻻﺘﻪ ﻭﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺼﻌﺏ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﺩﻗﻬﺎ.2
ﻻ ﻴﻘل ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺨﻭﺓ ﺤﺯﻨﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﺒﻨﺎﺀ؛ ﻓﺎﻷﺥ ﻋﺯﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺠﻠـﻰ
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺤﺯﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻷﺨﻴﻪ" ﻋﻠﻲ" ،ﺇﺫ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻗﺼـﻴﺩﺘﻪ
ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺨﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺩﺍﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻠﺤﺔ ،ﺇﺫ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴـﻨﺩﹰﺍ
ﻻ ﻭﻻ ﻗﻭﺓ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﺃﺨﻴﻪ ﻤـﻥ
ﻝﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻭﻻ ﻴﺠﺩ ﺤﻴﺎل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺤﻭ ﹰ
ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ،ﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﻪ ﺫﺨﺭﹰﺍ ﻴﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻭﺍﺌﺏ ﺍﻝﺩﻫﺭ ،ﻴﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﻼﺫﹰﺍ ﻝﻠﺭﺍﺤﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻨـﺱ،
ﻭﻤﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺴﺎﻋﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻏﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﺏ ،ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺴﻤﻌﻪ ﻭﺒﺼﺭﻩ ،ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﺸـﺩﻩ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴـﻕ
ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻴﺢ ،ﻓﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﺥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻨﺠﺩﻩ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻝﺤﻅﺎﺕ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ،ﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﺯﺍﻤـﹰﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺜﻴﻪ ﺒﻘﺼﻴﺩﻩ ﻤﻠﺅﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺴﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻨﺩﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻋﻭﻨﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ،
ﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ:
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ[
ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ،ﻓﺩﻭﻯ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻴﻡ :ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻋﺼﺭ ﻤﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﺍﺌﻑ ،ﺹ.63 2
135
ﻏﹶﻴـــــ ﺭ ﺘﺭﺩﻴـــــﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻠﻬـــــﻑ ﻙ ﺤِﻴﻠﹶـــﺔﹲ
ﺱ ﻝِـــﻲ ﻓِﻴـــ
ﻝﹶـــﻴ
ـﻑ
ﻙ ﺍﻝ ﱠﺘﻠﹶــــ
ــﻭ ﻡ ﺃَﻭﺩﻯ ﺒِــــ
ﻴــــ ﺵ ﻴﻠِــــ ﱡﺫ ﻝِــــﻲ
ﻱ ﻋــــﻴ ٍ
َﺃ
ﺨﻠﹶﻔــــﹰﺎ ﻝِــــﻲ ِﻤﻤــــﻥ ﺴــــ ﹶﻠﻑﹾ
ﹶ ﺕ ﺫﹸﺨــــﺭﻱ ﻭﻋــــﺩﺘﻲ
ﹸﻜﻨﹾــــ ﹶ
ﺴـــﺎﻋِﺩﹰﺍ ﻓِـــﻲ ﺍﻝـــﻭﻏﻰ ﻭﻜﹶـــﻑﹾ ﺕ ﺃُﻨﺴــــﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺤﺘــــﻲ
ﻜﹸﻨــــ ﹶ
1
ﻙ ﺍﻝﺴــــﺩﻑ
ﹶﻓ ﻤﺤــــﺕ ﻨﹸــــﻭﺭ ﺕ ﺴــــﻤﻌﻲ ﻭﻨــــﺎﻅِﺭﻱ
ﻜﹸﻨــــ ﹶ
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻨﻅﺭﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺜﺎﺌﻪ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅﻪ
ﻤﺘﺩﺍﻭﻝﺔ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ ،ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻷﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻤﺠﺎل ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﻝـﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺸـﺎﻋﺭ
ﻹﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﻭﺘﻨﻤﻴﻕ ﺍﻷﻝﻔﺎﻅ ،ﻭﺘﺭﺼﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﺩﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻝﺯﺨﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻭل
ﻓﻲ ﺨﺎﻁﺭﻩ ،ﻭﻴﺘﺭﺠﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻬﻴﺞ ﺒﺼﺩﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻝﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺤﺯﻥ.
ﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺸـﺠﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺸـﻤﺱ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺃﺨﺎﻩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﻓﺎﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺼﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻗﹸﺼ ﹶ
ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﹸﺴﻔﺕ ،ﻭﺨﺒﺎ ﻨﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﺤﻰ ،ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﻤـﺎ
ﻴﺯﺍل ﻓﻲ ﺭﻴﻌﺎﻥ ﺸﺒﺎﺒﻪ ﻭﺃﻭﺝ ﻋﻁﺎﺌﻪ ،ﻭﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ
ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺼﻥ ﻗﺎل ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺍﻨﺜﻨﻰ ﺜﻡ ﺍﻨﻘﺼﻑ ،ﻭﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﻻ ﻝﻠﻐﺼﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﺽ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻱ ،ﺇﺫ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻴﺎﺒﺱ ﻴﺴﻬل ﻜﺴﺭﻩ ،ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺜﻨﻴﻪ ،ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﺒﺸﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﻀﺤﻰ ،ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﺘﺒﻌﺙ
ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﺩﻑﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺎﻁ ،ﻭﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﺸﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﺯﻋﺠﺔ ﺤﺎﺭﻗﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻅﻬﻴﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻻ ﻫـﻲ
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ[
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺜﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺭﺜﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺨﺎﻩ ،ﻴﺴﻠﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻝﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﻩ ،ﺇﺫ ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﻫﻲ
ﻤﻨﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﷲ ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰ ﻝﻺﻨﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻤﻥ ﻴﺸﺄ ﻴﻨﻌﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺒﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﻴﺸﺄ ﻴﺘﻭﻓﺎﻩ ﻤﺒﻜﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
136
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻲ ﻨﹶﺭﺠِــ ﻊ
ﻭﻝﻜــﻥ ﺇﻝــﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﻜــ ِﻡ ﺍﻹﻝﻬــ ﺏ ﺍﻝ ﻤ ﹶﻔﺠــ ِﻊ ﻤﻭﻗِــﻊ
ﻝِﻤﻭﺠــ ﺩ ِﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﻠــ ِ
ﻉ
ﺙ ﻤﻤــ ﺭ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﹶﻴــ ِ
ﻴﻌﺎﻫِــ ﺩ ﻩ ﺼــﻭﺏ ﻤِــ ـﺭﻭﺡ ِﻻ ﺯﺍ َل ﻝﹶﺤ ـ ﺩ ﻩ
ﻕ ﺍﻝـ
ـﻘﻴ ﹸ
ﺸــﻰ ﹶ
ﻀـﹶﺘ ﹶﻘ
ﻭ ﺭﺒــﻲ ﻴﻌﻁــﻲ ﻤــﺎ ﻴﺸــﺎ ﺀ ﻭﻴﻤﻨﹶــ ﻊ ﺱ ﻤِﻨﺤـ ﹸﺔ ﻤـﻨ ِﻌ ٍﻡ
ﻲ ِﺇﻝﱠـﺎ ﺍﻝـﻨﱠﻔ
ﻭﻫل ﻫِـ
1
ﺘﹶﺭﻗــﻰ ﺇﻝــﻰ ﺩﺍ ِﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﻘــﺎ ِﺀ ﻭﺘﹸﺭﻓﹶــ ﻊ ـﻲ
ﺤ ـ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻝﺘـ
ـﺎ ﺍﻝﻤِﻨ
ـﺎ ﺃﻨﱠﻬـ
ـﺒﻲ ﻤِﻨﻬـ
ﻭﺤﺴـ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺭﺜﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺨﺎﻩ ﻭﻭﻝﺩﻴﻪ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭﺼﻔﻬﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﻫـﻭﺕ ﺴـﺭﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﺇﻝـﻰ
ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ،ﻓﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻭﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﺘﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻝﻠﻨﻴل ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻀﺤﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺤﺯﻥ ﺸـﺩﻴﺩ،
ﻓﺼﺩﺭﻩ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻅﻤﺂﻨﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﻭﻕ ﻝﻬﻡ ﻭﻓﻘﺩﺍﻨﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻋﻴﻭﻨﻪ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻻ ﺘﻨﻔﻙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻜﺎﺀ ،ﺤﺘـﻰ
ﻼ ﻻﺭﺘﻭﺍﺌﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺩﻤﻭﻉ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﻜﺎﺀ ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﻭﻤﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻡ ﻓﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﺒﻬﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﻐﺯﻴﺭ،
ﺃﻥ ﺨﺩﻩ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻨﻬ ﹰ
ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﺤـﺒﻬﻡ
)ﻭﻝﺩﻴﻪ ﻭﺃﺨﻴﻪ( ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻫﻭﺕ ﻨﺠﻭﻤﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻨﺎﻝﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺩﻯ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﹰﺎ.
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺸﺨﺎﺹ ﻻ ﻴﻘﻠﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﺯﻝﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻭﺓ ،ﺒل ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﻝﻠﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺨﻭﺘﻪ ،ﺃﻻ
ﻭﻫﻡ ﺍﻷﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻋ ﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺌﻪ ﻓﺭﺜﺎﻫﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ.
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ﺨﺎﻤﺴﺎ :ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀ
ﻝﻭﻥ ﺨﺎﺹ ﻝﻪ ﺤﻀﻭﺭﻩ ﻭﻤﻼﻤﺤﻪ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺼﺩﺍﻗﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﺔﹲ ﻨـﺎﺩﺭﺓ
ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺯﻤﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺼﺩﺍﻗﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻕ ،ﻭﻜﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺩﻴﻕ ﺼﺩﻭﻕ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻴﻙ ﻭﺘﺭﺘﻌﺵ ﺭﻭﺤـﻙ
ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻔﻪ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻙ.
ﺸﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﻜﺸﻔﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻔﻭﺱ ﻤﻠﺘﺎﻋﺔ ،ﻭﻗﻠﻭﺏ ﺠﺭﻴﺤﺔ ،ﺠﻌﻠﺘﻬﻡ ﻴﻨﺤﻭﻥ ﺒﻤﺭﺍﺜﻴﻬﻡ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻴـﻕ،
ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺄﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺕ ،ﻓﺘﻤﻴﺯﺕ ﻤﺭﺍﺜﻴﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﺒﻌﻭﺍﻁﻑ ﺼﺎﺩﻗﺔ ﺠﻠﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻨﺒـﺭﺍﺕ
ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﻋﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺯﻓﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﺭﻴﺤﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﻠﻔﺔ ﺒﻅﻼل ﺴﻭﺩﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺘﻤﺔ ﺘﺠﻌل ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺒﻌﺩ
ﺍﻷﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀ ﻗﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ .ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻋﻭﺍﻁﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺜﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﻷﺼﺩﻗﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ،
ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ ﻝﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻤﻠﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﺤﺯﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﻘﻴﺩ ،ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ
ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﺤﺎﺴﻨﻪ ،ﻭﻤﻨﺎﻗﺒﻪ ﻭﺒﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﺎﻡ ﻴﺘﻌﺯﻯ ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺘﺄﻤل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﻉ ﻤﻘﻬـﻭﺭﹰﺍ
ﻋﺎﺠﺯﹰﺍ ﻴﺠﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺭ ﻭﻴﺒﺘﻠﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻬﺭ ﻭﻴﺘﺠﺭﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺭﺓ.1
ﻭﻻ ﺘﻘل ﻋﺎﻁﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻝﻸﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀ ﺤﺯﻨﹰﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻵﺒﺎﺀ ﻭﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺒﺔ ،ﺒل ﺭﺒﻤـﺎ
ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻁﻔﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ﺍﺘﻘﺎﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﺇﺜﻤﺎﹰ ﻭﺤﺴﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻵﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻓﺎﻝﻤﺭﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺩﻴﻥ ﺨﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﺩﻴﻕ ﻫﻭ ﻜﺎﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺭ ،ﻭﻤﺅﻨﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺭ.2
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﺭﺜﻭﺍ ﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀﻫﻡ ،ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺒﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴـﺔ ﻤـﻥ
ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺭﺜﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﻝﻪ ﻗﺎل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻭﺍﻝﻲ ،ﻓﺘﺤﻲ ﻓﺎﻀل :ﺍﻝﻔﺘﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻝﻠﻨﺸﺭ،ﺤﺎﺌل-ﺍﻝﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ،1990 ،ﺹ .457 1
ﺍﻝﺭﺯﺀ :ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻅﻴﻤﺔ ﺸﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﺄﺓ......ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺍﻓﺢ :ﻤﻔﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺴﺎﻓﺢ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﻁل ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺼﺏ. 3
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2
ﺢ
ﻥ ﺭﻨﱠــ ﹶﺔ ﻨــﺎ ِﺌ ِ
ﺕ ﺍﻷﻝﺤــﺎ
ﻜﹶﻤــﺎ ﺼــﺎﺭ ِ ﺱ 1ﻋِﻨـﺩ
ﻱ ﻋﻠﻘﻤـﺎ ﻭﺼﺎ ﺭ ﺤﻤﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻜـﺄ ِ
ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺒﺙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﺤﺯﺍﻨﻪ ﻭﺁﻻﻤـﻪ،
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻗﺒﺭ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ ،ﻓﻠﻡ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻅﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺼﺒﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺤﻤل ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻓـﻭﻕ
ﻁﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺩﻤﻭﻋﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻬﻁﻭل ﻜﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻁﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺭ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻩ ﻗﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻲﺀ
ﺒﺎﻷﺤﺯﺍﻥ ،ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻱ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻗﺎل:
]ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ[
ﺇﺫ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻁﻌﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﺏ ﻋﻠﻘﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻭﺕ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ ،ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻷﻝﺤﺎﻥ
ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺸﺒﻴﻬ ﹰﺔ ﺒﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺌﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺨﺹ ﻤﻴﺕ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻴﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺸـﻴﺌﹰﺎ
ﺠﻤﻴﻼﹰ ،ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺠﻭﺍﺀ)ﺍﻝﺸﺭﺍﺏ ﻭﺴﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ( ،ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻝﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ
ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﺩﻴﻡ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺭﺍﺏ ﻻ ﻴﺤﻠﻭ ﺇﻻ ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﺩﻴﻡ ﻴﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻨﺩﻴﻤﻪ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺴﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ
ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺸﺎﺭﻜﻪ ﺴﻤﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻝﺤﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻤﺘﺎﻉ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻴﺭﻯ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ؛ ﻷﻨﻪ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺸﺎﺭﻜﻪ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ.
ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺤﺯﻨﻪ ،ﻭﻜﻴﻑ ﺒﺩﺕ ﺠﻔﻭﻨﻪ ﻜﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﻭﻡ ﺘﻬﻁل ﺍﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﺭﺭ
ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﻭﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ،ﺇﺫ ﻏﺎﻝﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺩﻤﻭﻋﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻁﺭ
ﻭﻋﻴﻭﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﻤﺎﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺤﺯﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ ،ﻜﺄﻥ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻤﺕ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻝﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ،ﺇﺫ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺇﻨﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ
ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﻔﻘﺩﻩ ﺒﺨﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ،ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻴﻕ ﻤﻠﺠًﺄ ﻴﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ
ﺸﻌﻭﺭﻩ ﺒﺎﻝﻀﻴﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ،ﻭﻏﺎﻝﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻴﻕ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺩﻉ ﺃﺴﺭﺍﺭ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ ﻭﺤﺎﻓﻅﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻤﺜل ﻫـﺫﺍ
ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻴﻕ ﻴﺴﺘﺤﻕ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺯﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻴﺭﺜﻰ ،ﻭﺴﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻭﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﻝﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ ،ﻴﺒﻜﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﺠـﻑ
ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻊ ﺴﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻬﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻭﺍﺡ ،ﻴﻘﻭل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ:
ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻱ ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﺀ :ﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺩ،ﺸﺭﺡ :ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺸﺎﻤﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،2004،ﺹ.55 3
139
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻕ ﻭﺭﻭﺽ ﻝﻨـــﺎﻓﺢ
ﻏﻤـــﺎﻡ ﻝﻤﺴﺘﺴـــ ٍ ﻼ
ﻝِﻐﻴــ ِﺭ ﺠﻔــﻭﻨﻲ ﻗﹸــلْ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﻨــﺕ ﻗــﺎﺌ ﹰ
ﺡ
ﻭﻤِــﻥ ﻜﹶﺒــﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺤــ ﺭﻯ ﺯﻨــﺎﺩ ﻝﻘــﺎ ِﺩ ِ ﻲ ﻤﻨﻬــلٌ
ﻓﹶﻤــﺎ ﻁــﺎﺭﻕﹲ ﺇﻻ ﻭﺩﻤﻌــ
ﺡ
ﺒﻜــﺎﺌﻲ ﻝِﺘﺭﺠﻴــ ِﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﻤــﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺼــﻭﺍﺩ ِ ﻙ ﻭﻝﹶـﻡ ﻴﻜﹸـﻥ
ﻜﹶﺄﻥ ﹶﻝﻡ ﻴ ﻤﺕﹾ ﻤﻴـﺕﹲ ﺴِـﻭﺍ
1
ﻙ ﺘﹶﺴــﻬﻴﺩﻱ ﻭﻁــﻭ َل ﺘﻨــﺎﺌﺤﻲ
ﹶﻓﺤﺴــ ﺒ ﻀﺕﹾ ﺩﻤـﻭﻋﻲ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺘﹶﻐـﺽ
ﻙ ﻤﺎ ﻓﺎ
ﺴﺄﺒﻜﻴ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻝﺼﺩﻴﻕ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺤﺎﻭل ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻨﻅﻡ ﻤﺨﻤﺴﺔ،2ﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﺨﺭﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻤﺴﺎﺕ،
ﻴﻘﻭل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ـﻤﺎ
ﻕ ﹶﺘ ﻭﺴــ
ـﺭﻭ ﹸ
ـﺩﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺘﹶــ
ﻋﻬِــ
ـﺎ
ﻭ ﹸﻜﻨﱠــ ﻏ ﺭﺒـﺕﹾ ﺃﻨﹾﺠـ ﻡ ﺍﻝﺴـﻤﺎ
ﻋﺠـﺏ ﺃﻥ ﹶ
ﺃﻤﺎ
ﻲ ِﻤﻤــﺎ ﺘﺠﻬﻤــﺎ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﺸﱠــﺭﻗ
ﺴــﻠﻭﺍ ﺍ ُﻷﻓﹸــ ﹶ ﻉ ﺍﻝﺤِﻤـﻰ
ﹶﻓﻴﺎ ﺠِﻴ ﺭ ﹰﺓ ﻗﹶﺩ ﻴﻤﻤـﻭﺍ ﺃَﺠـ ﺭ
ﻥ ﻤﻘ ﹶﻠ ِﺘ ِﻪ ﺩﻤﺎ
ﻭﻝﻡ ﹶﻗﻁﹶﺭﺕﹾ ﺃَﺠﻔﺎ
ﻥ ﺤﻠﻭﻝﹸــﻪ
ﻑ ﺃﻴــ
ﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﻴــ ِ
ﻨﹸﺴــﺎ ِﺌ ُل ﺭﻜــ ﻭﻗﹶﻔﻨــﺎ ﺒِــ ِﻪ ﺭﺒﻌــﹰﺎ ﺸﹶــﺠﺘﻨﺎ ﻁﹸﻠﻭﻝﹸــ ﻪ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﺸﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻭﻝﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺯﻨﻪ ﻭﺭﺜﺎﺌﻪ ﻝﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ،
ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﻜﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻝﺴـﻤﺎﺀ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺠﺎﻉ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺘﻌﺠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﻨﺠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﻬﺩﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﻤﻀﻴﺌﺔ
ﻻﻤﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﻓﻕ ﺒﺈﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﺒﺱ ﻤﺘﺠﻬﻡ ،ﻭﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻕ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻗﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻁﻠـﻊ ﺍﻝﺸـﻤﺱ،ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻤﺴﺎﺕ :ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺘﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﺸﻁﺭ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻨﻅـﺎﻡ ﻤـﺎ 2
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ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺤﺯﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺸﺭﻗﺔ ﻜﻌﺎﺩﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﻜﻲ ﺩﻤﹰﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﻓﺭﺍﻕ ﺼﺩﻴﻘﻪ.
ﻭﻤﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺤﺯﻥ ﻋﻤﻴﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺀ ،ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻪ ﺤﺯﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ ﺍﻓﺘﻘـﺩﺕ ﻫـﺫﺍ
ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺴﺄل ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﻫل ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ،ﻭﻴﺘﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺼﺒﺎﻩ ،ﻭﻴﺼﻑ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺃﺼـﺒﺤﺕ
ﺃﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﺫﺍﺒﻠﺔ ﺤﺯﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺭﺍﻗﻪ.
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻝﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ
ﺍﻝﺸﻜﻌﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻝﻐﺎﺕ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻘﻭل ...." :ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﻴﻥ ﺃﺩﺨﻠﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴـﻊ
ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭﻫﻡ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻴﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴـﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻤـﻊ
ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺤﺏ ﻭﻏﺯل ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﺸﺭﺍﺏ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﺩﻤﺔ ،ﻴﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـﺭﻗﻲ ﻭﺃﺨـﻭﻩ
ﺱ ﺃﻨﻔﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻨـﻭﻥ
ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ .ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺤﺱ ﺒﻘﻭﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﺴﻁﻭﺘﻪ ،ﻓﺩ
ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﺃﻤﺭﹰﺍ ﻻ ﺒﺄﺱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻏﻀﺎﻀﺔ ،ﻤﺜـل
ﻤﺯﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﺢ ﺒﺎﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻤﺯﺠﹰﺎ ﻴﻜﺎﺩ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺩﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﻤﺭ ﻗﺩ ﻨﻘﺒﻠـﻪ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﻋﹼﻠﺎﺘﻪ ،ﺜﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻜﺘﻔﻲ ﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﺒل ﻴﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﻤﻘﺘﺤﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ،ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻌﻘل ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻭﻗـﻊ ﺍﻝـﺩﺍﺭﺱ
ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﻴﻪ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﺨﻁﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ،ﻴﺼﺭ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺤﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺜﻴﺔ ﺠﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﻭﻭﻗﺎﺭﻫـﺎ
ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺜﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﺍﺸﺘﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺼـﻠﻴﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﺤـﺯﻥ
ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻔﺠﻊ ،ﻭﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺭ ﻭﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺭ ،ﻭﺨﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺜﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻜﻤﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﺄﺴﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﻨﻭ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎﹰ،
ﻭﻻ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺃﻫل ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺭﻕ ،ﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺴﺎﻝﻴﺒﻬﻡ ﻭﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻴﻬﻡ ﻭﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻴـﺎﻝﻬﻡ ﻭﻻ
ﻓﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﻫﻡ ،ﺒل ﺴﺎﺭﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ.2
141
ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﻘﺩﻩ ﻷﻋﺯ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻝﺩﻴﻪ ﻤـﻥ :ﻭﺍﻝـﺩﻩ،
ﻭﺃﺒﻨﺎﺌﻪ ،ﻭﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺌﻪ ﻭﺇﺨﻭﺘﻪ ،ﻴﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ
ﺃﺼﺎﺒﺘﻪ ،ﺘﻌﺠﺯ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻭﻝﻪ ،ﻓﻠﻭ ﺃﺼﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﻕ ﻝﻤﺎ ﺃﻀﺎﺀﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﻭﻡ،
ﻭﻝﻭ ﺃﺼﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﻤﺎ ﺃﺯﻫﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻝﻭ ﺃﺼﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻝﻤﺎ ﻨﺯل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ[
ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﺘﻪ ﻭﺠﺒﺭﻭﺘﻪ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺕ ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴـﺭﺩﻩ،
ﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤـﻭﺕ ﻻ
ﻭﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺠﺎﻋﻪ ﻋﻨﺩﻩ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺨﺸﺎﻫﺎ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺤﻭﻝﻪ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃ
ﺘﺭﻫﺒﻪ ﺃ ﻴﺔ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻤﻭﻗﻑ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻭﺼﻔﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﻭل ﺒﻌﺩ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺤﺩﺜﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻥ "ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴـﻑ
ﻥ ﺸﺎﻋﺭﻨﺎ ﺒﺭﻉ ﻭﺘﻔﻨﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ،ﻜﺎﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ،ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ
ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ" ،ﺇ
ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ.
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ﻻ ﺇﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻭﺘﻔﻭﻗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺯﻴﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﺼـﻑ
ﻭﻤﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺠﻤﺎ ﹰ
ﻻ ﻭﺭﻭﻋﺔ ،ﻭﺃﺴﺎﻝﻴﺏ ﻝﻐﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺸـﺎﻋﺭ
ﺒﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺠﻤﺎ ﹰ
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ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ
144
ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻷﻭل
ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﻭﻱ
ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ﻤﺤﺎﻜﻴﹰﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻡ ،ﻭﻤﻘﱢﻠﺩﹰﺍ ﻝﻪ ﺒﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻝﻔﻨـﻲ ﻭﻫﻴﻜﻠـﻪ
ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ،ﻤﺎ ﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺸﺤﺎﺕ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﻨﺘﺎﺠﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻗﺼـﺎﺌﺩ ﻁﻭﻴﻠـﺔ
ﻭﻤﻘﻁﻌﺎﺕ ﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ؛ ﻓﺎﻝﻘﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﺸﺘﻤﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ :ﻤﻥ ﻏﺯل ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ
ﻭﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻁﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻤـﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻐـﺯل ،ﺃﻭ
ﻭﺼﻑ ﺸﻭﻗﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﻼﺩﻩ ،ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻁﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺎﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ،ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﺸﻐﻔﻬﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺭﻭﺏ ﻓﻨﻅﻤﻭﺍ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ،
ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃ
ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻨﻅﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺎﺏ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ،
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻏﺭﻀﺎ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻭﻕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﺎﺭ ﻓﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻘﻁﻭﻋﺎﺕ
ﺇﻝﻰ ﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺤﺭﻭﺒﻪ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺭﻜﻪ ،ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻭﻕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﺎﺭ ﻴﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻁﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ " ﺘﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺼـﺎ ﺀ ﻝﻠﺤﻅـﺔ
ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺜﻭﻥ ﺃ
ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﺍل ،ﺇﺫ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺨﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ،ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ
ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﻴﺯ".1
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﻫﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻭﻝﻭﻩ ﻋﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﺌﻘﺔ ،ﻝﻤﺎ ﻴﻀـﻔﻴﻪ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺤﺩﺩﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻜـﺎﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺃﺒﺭﺯﻫـﺎ:
ﺍﻝﻘﻁ ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﺭ :ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1979 ،ﺹ.136 1
145
* ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ
ﺍﻋﺘﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺤﺜﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﺤﺴـﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻘـﺩﻴﻤﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺃﺴـﻤﻭﻫﺎ
ﺒﺄﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼل ،ﻭﺍﻻﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ.1
ﻭﻷﻥ ﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺸﺭﺍﺡ ﻭﻤﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﺎﺡ ....ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻗﻔل ﺃﻭﻝﻪ ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺤﻪ".3
ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻁﺎﻝﺒﺔ ﺍﻝ ﹼﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺜﻴﻥ ﺒﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺠﻭﻴﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭﻫﻡ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻤـﺎ
ﻨﺯﺍل ﻨﺠﺩ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻴﻘﻠﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺍﻤﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺎﺘﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻗﺎل ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻝﻙ":ﻭﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﻥ
ﻴﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﺃﻭل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺭﻉ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﻊ ،ﻭﺒﻪ ﻴﺴﺘﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭل ﻭﻫﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻝﻴﺘﺠﻨـﺏ
ﻲ" ،ﻭ"ﻗﺩ" ،ﻓﻼ ﻴﺴﺘﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻪ ،ﻓﺈ ﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﻌﻑ ﺇﻻ ﻝﻠﻘﺩﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝـﺫﻴﻥ
"ﺃﻻ" ،ﻭ"ﺨﻠﻴﻠ
ﻻ".4
ﺠﺭﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﻑ ،ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺎﻜﻠﻪ ،ﻭﻝﻴﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﺤﻠﻭﹰﺍ ﺴﻬﻼﹰ ،ﻭﻓﺨﻤﹰﺎ ﺠﺯ ﹰ
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻨﻅﺭﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺸﻌﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺴ ﺭﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ
ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺨﻠﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻻﺸﺘﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ
ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﻴﺸﻬﺎ.
ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌ ﺩ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻁﻠﻠﻴﺔ ﻹﺤﺩﻯ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩﻩ ﺍﻝﻐﺯﻝﻴﺔ ﻴﻘﻭل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ:
]ﺍﻝﻁﱠﻭﻴل[
ـﻴ ُل
ﺙ ﺘﹸﺴـ
ﻥ ﺤﻴ ـ ﹸ
ـﺯ ِ
ـﺎ ﺍﻝ ﻤـ
ـﻘﺘ ﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﻴـ
ﺴـ ﻥ ﻤﺤﻴـ ـ ُل
ـﺎﻝﺭِﻗﻤﺘﻴ ِ
ـﻥ ﻁﻠـ ـلٌ ﺒــ
ِﻝﻤــ
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺍﻝﻌﺴﻜﺭﻱ :ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﻴﻥ ،ﺹ .431ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ :ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺩﺓ ،ﺝ ،1ﺹ .217ﺍﻝﻘﺯﻭﻴﻨﻲ ،ﺠﻼل ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ :ﺍﻻﻴﻀﺎﺡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠـﻭﻡ 1
146
ﻥ ﺴــﺒﻴ ُل
ﺱ ﻤــﺎ ﹶﻝﻬــ
ﻭﺃﻴــﺎ ﻡ ﺃُﻨــ ٍ ﺕ
ﺏ ﹶﻗﻁﻌــ ﹸ
ﺕ ﻋﻬــﺩﹰﺍ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺒﻴــ ِ
ﺘﹶــﺫﻜﹼﺭ ﹸ
1
ﻓﻤﻨﻬــﺎ ﺃﻤــﺎﻤﻲ ﺠــﺩﻭلٌ ﻓﹶﻤﺴــﻴ ُل ﻥ ﺍﻝـﺩﻤ ِﻊ ﺘﹸﻬﻤـ ُل ﻜﺎﻝﺤﻴـﺎ
ﺸﺕﹾ ﺸﹸﺅﻭ
ﻓﹶﺠﺎ ﹶ
ﻴﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﻗﻑ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺩﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ،ﻤﺘﺫﻜﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻬـﺩﻩ
ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﺃُﻨﺴﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻭﺩﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﺘﻤﺎﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺒﻪ ﻴﺠﻬـﺵ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻜـﺎﺀ،
ﻭﺘﺴﻴل ﺩﻤﻭﻋﻪ ﻜﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺴﺎﺏ؛ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺨﻠﹼﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻴل ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻭﻗﻠﺒﻪ ﺁﻻﻤﹰﺎ ﻭﺃﺤﺯﺍﻨﹰﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻔﺎﺭﻗﻪ.
ﻭﻻ ﻴﻤﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﻋﻭ -ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻘـﺩﻤﺎﺀ -ﺒﺎﻝﺴـﻘﻴﺎ
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺏ ﺍﻝﺴـﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﻓﹶـُﺄ
ﺙ ﺍﻝﺘﻘـﻰ ﺭﻜـ
ﺤﻴ ﹸ ﺽ ﻭﻅِﻠﻬــﺎ ﻴﺘﻔﻴــﺄ
ﺘﺭﻜــﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﹼﺭﻴــﺎ
2
ﻓــﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺠــﻭﻯ ﻨﻴﺭﺍﻨــ ﻪ ﻻ ﺘﹸﻁﻔــُﺄ ﻭﺘﻘﺴــﻤﺕﹾ ﺃﻴــﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺒﻌــﺎﺩ ﺨﻼﻓﻬــ ﻡ
ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭﻫﺎ ﻤـﻊ ﺘﻁـﻭﺭ
ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ،ﺇﺫ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺍﻷﺜﺎﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺅﻱ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻝﻁﻠل ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺭﺤﻠﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻁﺎﻝﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻭﻋﻬﺩﻫﺎ ﻫـﻭ
ﻹﺤﺴﺎﺴﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ....
ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻝﺘﺼﻑ ﺇﺤﺴﺎﺴﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻰ ﻝﻔـﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒـﺔ،
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻭﻕ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺩﺍﺌﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻔﺎﺭﻗﻪ ،ﻭﻴﺸﻌﺭﻩ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﹸﺎ ﺒﺤﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻕ ،ﻜﺄﻨﻪ ﺃﻋﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻁﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﻘﻲ
ﺍﻝﻨﻴﺭﺍﻥ ﻤﺸﺘﻌﻠﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻨﻁﻔﺊ)ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻯ ﻨﻴﺭﺍﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺘﹸﻁﻔُﺄ(.
147
ﻭﻨﺭﻯ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻫل ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺩﻴﺔ –ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ :-ﻴـﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻴـل
ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻭﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺍﻹﺸﻔﺎﻕ ﻤﻨﻪ ،ﻭﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﻭل ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻤﻭل ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸﻭﻴﻕ ﺒﺤﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺒـل ،ﻭﻝﻤـﻊ
ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻭﻕ ،ﻭﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﻴﻡ ،1....ﻓﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﺩﺃ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺘﻪ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻏﺯﻝﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺸﻭﻗﻪ ﻭﺤﻨﻴﻨﻪ ﻝﻤﻥ ﻴﺤﺏ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻜـﺎﻤﻥ
ﻓﻲ ﺼﺩﺭﻩ ﻴﻬﻴﺞ ،ﻭﻴﻀﻁﺭﻡ ﻝﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺩﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻭﻓـﻲ ﺃﺤﺸـﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺒـﺭﻕ
ﺍﻝﻼﻤﻊ ﺼﻭﺏ ﺩﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ،ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻝﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺭﻗﺔ ﻭﺸـﺩﺓ ﻭﺠـﺩ،
ﻭﺘﻜﺸﻑ ﺩﻤﻭﻋﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻋﻤﺎ ﺘﺨﻔﻕ ﺒﻪ ﻀﻠﻭﻋﻪ ﻭﻴﺠﻴﺵ ﺒﻪ ﺼﺩﺭﻩ ،ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻜﺎﻝﻤﻁﺭ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﺘﺤﻤﻠـﻪ
ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﻭﺘﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ.
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻁﺎﻝﻊ ﺍﻝﻐﺯﻝﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺇﺜﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻤﻊ ،ﻭﺘﻬﻴﺌﺘﻪ ﻷﻥ
ﺇ
ﻴﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻊ ﺒﻭﺠﺩﺍﻥ ﻴﻘﻅ ،ﻭﻋﺎﻁﻔﺔ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺫﻫﻥ ﺼﺎﻑٍ ،ﺫﻝﻙ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻫﻭ ﺃﺸﻬﻰ ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻴـﺙ
ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ؛ ﻝﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺜﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒـﺔ،
ﻭﻫﺠﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﻭﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺭﻀﺎﻫﺎ ،3ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻗﺎل ﺍﺒﻥ ﻗﺘﻴﺒﺔ " :ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﺒﺘﺩﺃ ﺒﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ،
ﻓﺒﻜﻰ ﻭﺸﻜﺎ ﻭﺨﺎﻁﺏ ﺍﻝﺭﺒﻊ ،ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﻓﻴﻕ؛ ﻝﻴﺠﻌل ﺫﻝﻙ ﺴﺒﺒﹰﺎ ﻝﺫﻜﺭ ﺃﻫﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻋﻨﻴﻥ ،ﺜﻡ ﻭﺼـل
ﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﻴﺏ ﻓﺸﻜﺎ ﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﻭﻕ ،ﻭﺃﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻓﺭﻁ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎﺒﺔ؛ ﻝﻴﻤﻴل ﻨﺤﻭﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻭﺏ ﻭﻝﻴﺼﺭﻑ ﺇﻝﻴـﻪ
ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻭﻩ ﻭﻝﻴﺴﺘﺩﻋﻲ ﺒﻪ ﺇﺼﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻉ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ؛ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﻴﺏ ﻗﺭﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﻭﺱ ،ﻻﺌﻁ ﺒـﺎﻝﻘﻠﻭﺏ ،ﺜـﻡ
ﻴﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﻤﺸﻘﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻤﺩﺡ".4
ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ،ﻨﺠﻭﻯ ﻤﻌﺘﺼﻡ :ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻱ ،ﻁ ،1ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ-ﻤﺼﺭ ،2005،ﺹ,43 3
ﺍﺒﻥ ﻗﺘﻴﺒﺔ ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺒﻥ ﻤﺴﻠﻡ :ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺸﺎﻜﺭ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ،ﺍﻝﻘـﺎﻫﺭﺓ -ﻤﺼـﺭ ،1966،ﺝ،1 4
ﺹ.114
148
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﻋﺭﻀﻬﺎ ﻜﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻝﻠﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻤـﺎ ﻫـﻲ ﺇﻻ ﻨﻤـﺎﺫﺝ
ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻝﻤﻘﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺎﺌﺩ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ
ﺍﺒﺘﻌﺩ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻬل ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩﻩ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺱ ،ﻤﺭﺍﻋﻴﹰﺎ ﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀ ،ﻭﺒﺭﺍﻋﺔ
ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻊ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ،ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻗﻴﻠﺕ ﻓﻴـﻪ ،ﻭﺒـﺫﻝﻙ
ﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻨﺴﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﻝﻊ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻤﻌﻅـﻡ ﻗﺼـﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝـﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ
ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻨﻴﻨﺎ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻤﺯﺝ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﻤﻭﻀـﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﻐـﺯل
ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ.ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
1
ﺏ
ﻭﺍﻝﻔﹶﺠ ﺭ ﻴﺒﺼـ ﺭ ﻤِـﻥ ﺨِـﻼ ِل ﺴـﺤﺎ ِ ﺕ ﺼــﻔ ﻭ ﻨﹶﻌﻴﻤِﻬــﺎ
ﺤﺩﻴﻘﹶــ ٍﺔ ﺒــﺎﻜﺭ ﹸ
ﻭ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
2
ﺝ
ـﺯﺍ ِ
ـﺭ ﹶﻓﹰﺎ ِﺒﻐﹶﻴــ ِﺭ ﻤِــ
ﹸﻨﻭ ِﺭﻴــ ﹰﺔ ﺼــ ﻲ ﻓﹶﻬﺎﺘِﻬــﺎ
ﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﺴــﻴﻡ ﺃﺼــﺎﺤﺒ
ﻫــ
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
3
ـﺎ ِﺩ ِﻩ
ﻋـﻥ ﻭﺜﻴـ ِﺭ ﻤِﻬـ
ـﺎﺒﻲ
ـﺎﻓﻰ ﺠِﻨـ
ﺘﹶﺠـ ﻉ ﺭﺸــﺎ ِﺩ ِﻩ
ﺃَﻻ ﻓِــﻲ ﺴــﺒﻴ ِل ﺍﷲ َﻁﹶــﻭ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻫﺎﺠﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺠـﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﺤﻤـﺭﺕ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ ﹶﻝﻘﹶــﺩ ﻋﻠﻤــﺕ ﻨﺼــﺭ ﺒــﺎﻨﻲ ﻜﻔﻴﻠﻬــﺎ
4
ﻭﺃﺤﻤﻲ ﺤﻤﺎﻫﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨـﺎل ﻝـﻪ ﻋـﺭﺽ ُﺃﺩﺍﻓــﻊ ﻋﻨﻬــﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺼــﻭﺍﺭﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻨــﺎ
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺩﻋﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻔﺠﻊ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠـﻊ ﻝﻬـﺫﺍ
ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ،ﻓﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻤﻁﺎﻝﻊ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ " ﻤﺘﻔﻘﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﺫﻫﺏ ﺍﻝﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﻘـﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﺸـﺘﺭﻁﻭﻩ ﻭﺃﺸـﻌﺭﺕ
149
ﺒﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﺘﺴﻤﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻘﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻜﻠﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺸﻭ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺭﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻝﻔـﺎﻅ
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﻼﺅﻡ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﹰﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺸﻁﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻊ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩ .1ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻏﺎﻝﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﻬل ﻗﺼـﺎﺌﺩﻩ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
2
ﺢ ﺠﻔــﻭﻨِﻲ ﺃَﻭ ﹶﺘﻘِــ ﺭ ﺠــﻭﺍﺌِﺤﻲ
ﹶﺘﺴِــ ﺡ
ﺙ ﺜﹶــﺎ ٍﻭ ِﺒ ﺭﻴــ ِﺔ ﻨﹶــﺎ ِﺯ ِ
ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺠــ ﺩ ٍ
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
3
ﻑ ﻭﻋﺒــ ِﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺜﹸــ ﻡ ﻋﻠــﻲ
ﺒِﻴﻭﺴــ ﹶ ﺙ ﺃَﻭﺩﻯ ﺒِﺎﻝﺒـﺩﻭ ِﺭ ﻭﻝِـﻲ
ﻤﺎ ﻝِﻠﺭﺩﻯ ﺤﻴـ ﹸ
ﻭﻴﺘﻭﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ
ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﺸﻌﺭﺓ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻭﺩﺍﻝ ﹰﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃﺭﺍﺩﻩ ﺒﻌﺩﻩ ﺘﻠﻤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﻻ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﺤﺎﹰ؛ﻷﻥ
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺼﺭﺡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺘﻬل ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺘﻪ " ﻝﻡ ﻴﺒﻕ ﻝﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﺤل ﻭﻻ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ،ﻭﻨﻅـﻡ ﻫـﺫﻩ
ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺴﺎﻓل ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ" .4
ﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻠﺹ
ﻤﻁﻠﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ" ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﻤﻊ ﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺀﻤﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ؛ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻤﻊ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺘﺭﻗﺒﹰﺎ ﻝﻼﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤـﻥ
ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻴﻡ،ﺭﺍﺌﺩ :ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻠﻭﻜﻲ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺯﻱ ،ﻋﻤﺎﻥ-ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ ،2003،ﺹ.304 1
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺤﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﻭﻱ ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﺒﻜﺭ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ،ﺨﺯﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻭﻏﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺏ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻜﻭﻜﺏ ﺩﻴـﺎﺏ ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼـﺎﺩﺭ، 4
150
ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻴﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺴﻨﹰﺎ ﻤﺘﻼﺌﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﻙ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻤﻊ ،ﻭﺃﻋﺎﻥ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺼﻐﺎﺌﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩﻩ ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺨﻼﻑ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻤﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻜﺱ".1
ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺒﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻨﺎﺒﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﺒﻭﺤﺩﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ "،ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻤﻥ
ﺠﺯﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺠﺯﺀ ﺨﺭﻭﺠﹰﺎ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﻭﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻼ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺤـﻭﺍﺠﺯ ﻭﺍﻀـﺤﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬـﺎ".2
"ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭ ﺒﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ".3
ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻏﺎﻝﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﻝﺩﻴﻪ ﺘﺨﻠﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘـ ﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺠﻤﻴـﻊ
ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺘﺘﺴﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ ،ﹶﻓﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﻝﺸـﺎﻋﺭ،
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻤﺯﺝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻐـﺯل ،ﻨﺠـﺩ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻻ ﻴﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻴﺨل ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺘﻬﺎ ،ﺒل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻜﺱ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻬﺫﻩ
ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺙ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁﺔ ﻜل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁ ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﻴﺤﻠﻭ ﺸﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ
ﻤﺠﺎﻝﺱ ﺍﻷﻨﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﺯل.
ﻓﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻴﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺒﺩﺃﻫﺎ
ﺒﻭﺼﻑ ﺤﺩﻴﻘﺔ ﻏﻨﺎﺀ ،ﺜﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﻘل ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺏ
ﻥ ﻜﹶﻌــﺎ ِ
ﺁﺜــﺎ ﺭ ﹸﻜﺤــ ٍل ﻓِــﻲ ﺠﻔــﻭ ِ ﻕ ﺍﻷَﺩﻴـ ـ ِﻡ ﹶﻜ َﺄﻨﱠـ ـ ﻪ
ﻭﺍﻝﱠﻠﻴـ ـ ُل ﻤﻤﺘﹶـ ـ ِﺯ ﹸ
ﺏ
ـﺎ ِ
ﺽ ﺒِﺎﻷَﺫﻫــ
ـﻴ
ـ ﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﱠﻔﻀــ
ﻭ ﹸﺘ ﺭﺼــ ﺠ ٍﺩ
ﻋﺴــ
ﺱ ﹸﺘﻠﹾ ِﺒﺴــ ﻪ ﻤﺠﺎﺴِــ ﺩ
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﹼــﻤ
ﺏ
ﻏﻔﹶــﺭﻭﺍ ﺒِﻬــﺎ ﻝِﻠــﺩﻫ ِﺭ ﻜﹸــ ﱠل ﻤﺼــﺎ ِ
ﹶ ﺡ ﻝﹸﺒﺎﻨﹶــ ﹰﺔ
ﻨﹶــﺎﻝﻭﺍ ﺒِــ ِﻪ ﹶﻗﺒــ َل ﺍﻝﺼــﺒﺎ ِ
ﺏ
ﻝﹶــﺩﻋﺎ ِﺒﻌﻭﺩﺘِﻬــﺎ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﻷﺤﻘــﺎ ِ ـﺒﻴ ﻬﻬﺎ
ﻲ ﺸـ
ﺢ ﺍﻝﺭﻀ ـ
ـﻔ ِ
ﺴــﺎ َل ﺒِﺎﻝ
ـﻭ ﹶﻨـ
ﹶﻝـ
ﺏ
ﻥ ﺍﻷَﻋﺘــﺎ ِ
ﺼــ ﻤﺕﹾ ﻤﺴــﺎ ﻤﻌﻨﺎ ﻋــ ِ ﺏ
ﺡ ﹶﻗﺒــ َل ﻋﻭﺍﺘِــ ٍ
ﺒﺎﻜﺭﺘﹸﻬــﺎ ﺒِــﺎﻝﺭﺍ ِ
ﺒﻜﺎﺭ ،ﻴﻭﺴﻑ :ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻝﺱ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨـﺎﻥ،1983 ، 2
ﺹ.221
ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻱ،ﺍﻝﻤﺅﻴﺩ ﺒﺎﷲ ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺒﻥ ﺤﻤﺯﺓ :ﺍﻻﻴﺠﺎﺯ ﻷﺴﺭﺍﺭ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺍﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻹﻋﺠﺎﺯ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺒﻥ ﻋﻴﺴﻰ ﺒﺎ ﻁـﺎﻫﺭ، 3
ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ،
ﺍﻋﺘﻨﻭﺍ ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻝﻠﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﺘﻤﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺌﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻭﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ
ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ.
* ﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ
ﺍﻋﺘﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺒﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺃﺴﻤﻭﻫﺎ ﺒﺄﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻤﻘﻁﻊ ،2ﻭﺍﻻﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ 3ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ،
ﻭﻨﻅﺭﻭﺍ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﺭﻜﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻤﻊ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺩﻋﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺴﻜﺭﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺠﻌل ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ ﺃﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻨﻅﻤﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻠﻪ ،4ﻓﻬﻲ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤـﺎ ﻴﻁـﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﺴـﻤﺎﻉ
ﻭﻴﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻷﺫﻫﺎﻥ 5ﻤﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﻝﺏ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺠ
ﺏ ﺒﻔﻀﻠﻪ
ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻔﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻴﻨﺴﻰ ﻤﺤﺎﺴﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺠﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.6
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻝﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻝﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ،ﺒﺩﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ،ﺭﺸﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻠﻔـﻅ،
ﻼ ﺴﺎﺌﺭﹰﺍ " 8ﻓﻼ ﻴﺯﺍﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻨﺘﻅﺭ ﺒﻌـﺩﻩ ﺃﺠﻤـل
ﻤﺅﺫﻨﹰﺎ ﺒﺨﻭﺍﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﻼﻡ " ،7ﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﹰﺎ ﺤﻜﻤ ﹰﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﻤﻨﻪ.9
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺨﺘﻡ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩﻩ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻝﻴﺴﺘﻌﻁﻑ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ ،ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺩﺓ ،ﺝ ،1ﺹ .239ﺍﻝﻘﺯﻭﻴﻨﻲ :ﺍﻻﻴﻀﺎﺡ ،ﺹ.224 3
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ :ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺩﺓ ،ﺝ ،1ﺹ .239ﺒﻜﺎﺭ :ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﺹ.229 5
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ :ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺩﺓ ،ﺝ ،1ﺹ .239ﺍﻝﻌﺴﻜﺭﻱ :ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﻴﻥ ،ﺹ .443ﺍﻝﻘﺯﻭﻴﻨﻲ :ﺍﻻﻴﻀﺎﺡ ،ﺹ.244 7
152
1
ـﺎ ِﺀ
ﺕ ِﻤ ـﻥ ﺒﺭﺤـ
ـﺫﻱ ﻫﻴﺠ ـ ﹶ
ـﺭﻱ ﺍﻝـ
ﻴﺒـ ﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠــﺎ َل ﺘﺠﻤــلٌ
ﻤــﺎ ﻀــ ﺭ ﻝﹶــﻭ ﺯﺍ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
2
ﻥ ﻫـﺩﻴﻼ
ﻱ ﺍﻝﻐﹸﺼـﻭ ِ
ﺡ ﹶﻗﻤـ ِﺭ
ﻭﻤﺎ ﻨﹶـﺎ ﻥ ﻫــﺎ ِﺌﻡ
ﻙ ﺴــﻼ ﻡ ﺍﷲ ﻤــﺎ ﺤــ
ﻋﻠﹶﻴــ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
3
ﺡ
ﻙ ﻤﺒــ ﺭ
ـﻭﻕﹲ ِﺇﻝﹶﻴــ
ﻭَﺃﻗﹾ ﹶﻠﻘﹶــ ﻪ ﺸﹶــ ﺤ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋِﻴـ َل ﺒِـﺎﻝﻬﺠ ِﺭ ﺼـﺒ ﺭ ﻩ
ﺃَﻻ ﻭﺍﺭ
ﻭﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺨﺘﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻀﺎ ﺒﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﷲ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﻩ ﻭﻴﺩﻋﻭ ﺍﷲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﻨﺤﻪ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺭ ﻭﻴﻤﻥ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
4
ﺽ ﻫِﺒﺎﺘِــ ِﻪ
ﻥ ﺒﻌــ
ـﺎ ﺍﻝﺭﻀــﻭﺍ
ﻭﻴﻤ ﹶﻨﺤﻨـ ﷲ ﺒِﺎﻝﺼــﺒ ِﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴــ ِل ﻴﻌﻴ ﹸﻨﻨﹸــﺎ
ﻰﺍ ُ
ﻋﺴــ
ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻜﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﻋﻅﻴﺔ ،ﻤﺜل ﻗﻭﻝﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺘﺎﻡ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺭﺜﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻝﺩﻩ:
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل[
ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﻭﺍﺘﻴﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺘﻡ ﻗﺼـﺎﺌﺩﻩ ،ﺤﻴـﺙ ﺠﻌـل
ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﻴﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻨﺘﻬﺕ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺘﺭ ﻝﻠﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻻ ﻴﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ،
153
ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺨﻭﺍﺘﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﺨﺭﺝ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺎﺘﻤﺘـﻪ
ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﺒل ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻤﻜﻤﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ.
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﺠﻤﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﻭﻋﺼﺭﻩ ،ﻭﻤﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﻴﺒﻘﻰ ﻗـﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻐﻁﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻴـﻭﻤﻲ،
ﻭﺇﺒﺭﺍﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺭﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘـﺄﺜﻴﻡ
ﻤﻥ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻝﻬﺎ.2
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ،ﻷﻥ ﻜﻼ ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﺘﻤﻡ ﻝﻶﺨﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل
ﻥ " ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅ ﺠﺴﻡ ﻭﺭﻭﺤﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ،ﻭﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻪ ﺒﻪ ﻜﺎﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﺒﺎﻝﺠﺴﻡ،
ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻲ ،ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ ﺃ
ﻴﻀﻌﻑ ﺒﻀﻌﻔﻪ ،ﻭﻴﻘﻭﻯ ﺒﻘﻭﺘﻪ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺴﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺨﺘل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻨﻘﺼﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﺸﻌﺭ ،ﻜـﺫﻝﻙ ﺇﻥ
ﻰ ﻴﺨﺘل ﺇﻻ ﻤـﻥ ﺠﻬـﺔ
ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺨﺘل ﺒﻌﻀﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﻠﻔﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﻭﻓﺭ ﺤﻅﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻻ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﻨ
ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅ ،ﻭﺠﺭﻴﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺠﺏ".3
ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺫﻕ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺘﻘﻲ ﺃﺭﻗﻰ ﺍﻷﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺃﻓﻀﻠﻬﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻩ ﻓـﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨـﻰ
ﻭﺇﺘﻤﺎﻤﻪ ،ﻓﻼ ﻴﺼﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺼﺎﺌﺒﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅ ﻓﺎﺘﺭﹰﺍ ﺭﻜﻴﻜﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﺩﻋﺎﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﺴـﺘﻬﺠﺎﻨﻪ
ﻭﺫﻤﻪ ﻭﺭﻓﻀﻪ.4
ﻭﻴﻠﻙ،ﻴﻨﻴﻪ\ ﻭﻭﺭﺍﻴﻥ ﺍﻭﺴﺘﻥ :ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ،ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ :ﻤﺤﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﺼﺒﺤﻲ،ﻁ ،2ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ- 1
ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1981،ﺹ.22
ﻓﻀل ،ﺼﻼﺡ :ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﺒﻲ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ-ﻤﺼﺭ ،1978 ،ﺹ.310 2
154
ﻭﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ؛ ﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻝﺏ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺴﻜﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻲ
ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻨﻔﻌﺎﻻﺘﻪ ﻭﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ" ،1ﻭﺍﺸﺘﺭﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺤﺴﻥ
ﺍﻝﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻭﻏﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻓﻠﻜل ﻤﻀﻤﻭﻥ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅﻪ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻪ ،ﻓﺄﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﺢ ﻤﺜﻼﹰ ،ﻻ
ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻬﺠﺎﺀ ،2ﻭﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﺢ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻝﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅ
ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺴﻬﻠﺔ.3
ﻭﺩﻋﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺴﻥ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺒﺄﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ " ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻼﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜـﺎﻥ ﻝﻔﻅـﻪ ﻏﺜﱠـﹰﺎ
ﻭﻤﻌﺭﻀﻪ ﺭ ﱠﺜﺎﹰ ،ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﺩﻭﺩﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻝﻭ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺠل ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺃﻨﺒﻠﻪ ،ﻭﺃﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﻭﺃﻓﻀﻠﻪ ،"4ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﻥ"
ﺍﻷﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﻤﺩﻋﺎﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ،ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺌﻪ ﻝﻠﻤﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺘﻡ ﻭﺠﻪ ،ﻭﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻌﺴﻜﺭﻱ ﺃ
ﺍﻝﻜﻼﻡ ﻴﺤﺴﻥ ﺒﺤﺴﻥ ﺴﻼﺴﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺴﻬﻭﻝﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻨﺼﺎﻋﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺘﺨﻴﺭ ﻝﻔﻅﻪ ،ﻭﺇﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ،ﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻁﺎﻝﻌﻪ،
ﻭﻝﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻁﻌﻪ" .5
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻨﻅﺭﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺸﻌﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻨﺠﺩﻩ ﻤﻭﺍﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻝﻤﺎ ﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﺸﺘﺭﻁﻭﻩ ،ﻭﻝﻐﺘـﻪ
ﺘﺘﺼﻑ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻼﺴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻼﺅﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ،ﻭﺍﺒﺘﻌﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺤﺫﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻤﻥ
ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺩﻋﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺴﻜﺭﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﻴﺒﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻭﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺘﺫﻝﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤـﻁ
ﻼ ﺠﺯﻻﹰ ،ﻻ ﻴﺸﻭﺒﻪ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻤـﻥ
ﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻲ ،ﻭﺩﻋﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻼﻡ " ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺴﻬ ﹰ
ﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺸﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺨﺎﻝﻑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل" .6
ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅﹰﺎ ﺘﻭﺤﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻘـﻭﺓ
ﺃﻤﺜﺎل) :ﺍﻝﺠﻼﺩ،ﺍﻝﺠﺭﺩ ،ﺘﹸﺭﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺍﺓ ،ﻨﺤﻥ ﺍﻷﻝﻰ ﻗﻬﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻭﻙ(،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺒﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻼﺅﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻝﻔـﺎﻅ
ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻴﺒﻲ ،ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺴﻌﻭﺩ :ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻝﺱ ﻫﺎﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺸﻴﺩ ،ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺴـﻭﻋﺎﺕ ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨـﺎﻥ، 1
،.2008ﺝ ،2ﺹ.299
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ،ﺒﺩﻭﻱ،ﺃﺤﻤﺩ :ﺃﺴﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﻤﺼﺭ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻤﺼﺭ ،1994 ،ﺹ.477 2
155
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻭﺍﻝﻴــﻭ ﻡ ﻴﺨــ ﹶﺘ ﻡ ﺒِــﺎﻝﺠِﻼ ِﺩ ﻭ ﻴﺒــ ﺩُﺃ ﺠﻤــ ﻪ ﻨﹸﺼــﻭ ُل ﺫﹶﻭﺍﺒِــ ُل
ﻭﺍﻝﱠﻠﻴــ ُل َﺃﻨﹾ ل
1
ﺏ ﻴﻬﻨﹶــُﺄ
ﺢ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﺭﻴــ ِ
ِﺒﺼــﻨﺎ ِﺌ ِﻊ ﺍﻝﻔﹶــﺘ ِ ـﺎ
ﻙ ﹶﻓﻤﻠﻜﹸﻨـ
ـﻭ
ـﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻠـ
ـﻰ ﹶﻗ ﻬـ
ﻥ ﺍﻷُﻝـ
ﻨﹶﺤـ
ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅﹰﺎ ﺘﻭﺤﻲ ﺒﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻤﺘﻊ
ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺠﻨﻭﺩﻩ ﻤﺜل :ﺒﺎﻝﺠﻤﺭ ﺘﻠﺘﻅﻲ ،ﻭﺘﻤﻁﺭ ﻫﺎﻤﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻝﻭﻉ ﺒﺘﺨﻀﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ،
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤـﺩﻯ
ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻠﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﺼﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻓﻘﺩﻩ ﻝﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻝﻔـﺎﻅ:
ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻜﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﺴﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻘﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻴﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻝﻔﺎﻅ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺭﺜﺎ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ
ﻭﻝﺩﻩ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺯﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﹶــ ﺩﺭ
ِﻝﻤــﺎ ﺠــﺭﻯ ﻓِﻴــ ِﻪ ﺴــﺎ ِﺒ ﹸ ﺱ ﻤِــﻥ ﺼــ ﹶﻔﺭ
ﺨﻤــﻴ ِ
ﺒﻌــ ﺩﹰﺍ ِﻝﻴــﻭ ِﻡ ﺍﻝ ﹶ
ﻋﻠﹶــﻰ ﺤــ ﹶﺫﺭ
َﺃﻓﹾﺌِــ ﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻝﹶــﻡ ﹶﺘﻜﹸــﻥ ﻥ ﺤِــﺫﹾ ﺭ ﻩ ﹶﻓﺭﻤــﻰ
ﻗﹶــﺩَ ﺃﺨﹶــ ﹶﺫ ﺍﻝﺒــﻴ
3
ﻲ ﻝِﻠــﺩﻤ ِﻊ ﻭﺍﻝﺴــ ﻬﺭ
ﻋﻴﻨﹶــ
ﺕ
ﺨﱠﻠﻔﹾــ ﹶ
ﹶ ﺕ ﹶﻝﻘﹶــﺩ
ﻥ ﻤــﺫﹾ ﺭﺤﻠــ ﹶ
ﻴــﺎ ﻗﹸــ ﺭ ﹶﺓ ﺍﻝﻌــﻴ ِ
156
ﻭﻨﺭﻯ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺒﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﻭﻗﻭﻓﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺒﺭ ﺃﺨﻴﻪ ﻴﺨﺎﻁﺏ ﺍﻝﻘﺒﺭ
ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻅﺎﺕ ،ﻓﻤﺼﻴﺭ ﻜل ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻁﺎل ﺃﻤﺩﻩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻘﺒـﺭ ،ﻭﻻ
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺕ
ﻙ ﻤِــﻥ ﺃﻨﹾﺼــﺎ ِﺭﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﱠﻠﺤﻅــﺎ ﹸ
ﻭﺇﻝﻴــ ﺕ
ﻙ ﺘﹶــ ﹶﺫ ﱡﻜﺭ ﻭﻋِﻅــﺎ ﹸ
ﻴــﺎ ﻗﹶﺒــ ﺭ ﻓِﻴــ
ﺕ
ﺕ ﹶﺘﺭﺠِــ ﻊ ِﺘﻠﹾﻜﹸــ ﻡ ﺍﻷَﻭﻗــﺎ ﹸ
ﻫﻴﻬــﺎ ﹶ ﻉ ﻋﻬـ ٍﺩ ﻗﹶـﺩ ﻤﻀـﻰ
ﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺭﻭ ﻡ ﺭﺠﻭ
1
ﺕ
ـﺎ ﹸ
ـﻨﺢ ﹶﻝﻬــﻡ ﻭﻫِﺒــ
ﹶﻝﺘﹶﻌــ ﺩﺩﺕ ﻤِــ ﻥ ﻴﻔﺩﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺘﹶـﻭﺍﺭﻯ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﺜﱠـﺭﻯ
ﻝﹶﻭ ﻜﹶﺎ
ﻭﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﺨﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ،ﻓﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺭﺩﺓ،
ﺠﺎﺀ ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﺒﺄﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﻤﺤﺴﻭﺴﺔ ﻤﺩﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺯل
ﺍﻝﺤﺴﻲ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺏ
ـﺤﺎ ِ
ﺴــﻼ ِل
ﺨـﺼ ـ ﺭ ِﻤـﻥِ
ﻭﺍﻝﻔﹶﺠـ ﺭ ﻴﺒ ﺕ ﺼــﻔﹾ ﻭ ﻨﹶﻌﻴﻤِﻬــﺎ
ﻭﺤﺩﻴﻘــ ٍﺔ ﺒــﺎﻜﺭ ﹸ
ﺏ
ﺢ ﺍﻷَﺤﺒــﺎ ِ
ﻑ ﺭﻭﺍﺌِــ
ﺘﹶﻬــﺩﻱ ﺍﻷُﻨــﻭ ﹶ ﺏ ﺫﹶﻴــ َل ﻜﹸــ ﱢل ﺨﹶﻤﻴﻠﹶــ ٍﺔ
ﺤ
ﺢ ﹶﺘﺴــ
ﻭﺍﻝــﺭﻴ
2
ﻭﺍﻝﺨـــ ﺩ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻤﺸـــﺭﻕ ﻜﺸـــﻬﺎﺏ ﺏ ﻤ ﻌﻁﱠﻔـــﹰﺎ
ﻭﺍﻵﺱ ُﺼـــﺩﻍﹲ ﻝِﻠﺤﺒﻴـــ ِ
ﻓﺎﻷﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻤﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﻕ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ
ﻓﻘﺩ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺒﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻔﺠﺭ ﺒﻘﻭﻝﻪ ":ﻴﺒﺼﺭ" ،ﻭﺍﻹﺒﺼﺎﺭ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴـﻭﺱ ،ﻜـﺫﻝﻙ ﺭﻭﺍﺌـﺢ
ﺍﻝﺯﻫﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺭﻭﺍﺌﺢ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺤﺏ ،ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺤﺎﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻡ ،ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺤﻀﺭ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﺘـﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠـﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ
ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺸﻬﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺼﺩﺍﻍ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺱ ﻜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ
ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﻭﺍﺱ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﻜﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﻝﺘﻔﺎﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻼﺀﻤﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻤﺘﺎﺯﺕ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻼﺴﺔ ،ﻓﻤﻭﻀـﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻐـﺯل
ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺫﻭﺒﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل " ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﻠﻭ ﺍﻷﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺭﺴﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻗﺭﻴﺏ
157
ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺴﻬﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻏﻴﺭ ﻜ ﺯ ﻭﻻ ﻏﺎﻤﺽ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻝﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻼﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻅـﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨـﻰ ،ﻝـﻴﻥ
ﺍﻹﻴﺜﺎﺭ ،ﺭﻁﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺴﺭ ،ﺸﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻫﺭ".1
ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ،ﻓﺄﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﺍﻝﺤﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﺸـﻬﻭﺓ
ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﺍﻝﻌﻔﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻭﻫﺭﻩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴـﺎﻨﻴﺔ .ﺇﺫ ﺠـﺎﺀﺕ
ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﺍﻝﺤﺴﻲ ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺠﺴﺩ ﻭﺃﻭﺼﺎﻓﻪ ،ﻓﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻴﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻔﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺸﺒﻬﻪ
ﺒﺎﻝﺨﻤﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻓﻲ ﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﻙ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻤﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻴﻥ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﺍﻝﻌﻔﻴﻑ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻝﺠﺴﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻬﻭﺓ ،ﻓﻌﺒـﺭﺕ ﻋـﻥ ﺭﻭﺡ
ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ﻭﺠﻭﻫﺭﻩ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺼﺒﻭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ ﻭﺼﺩﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻭﻓﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻻﻝﺘﺯﺍﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻬـﺩ،
ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻬﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻤﻭﻉ ،ﻭﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﺼل ،ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻜﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﺠـﺭ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫـﺎ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻷﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻝﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺸﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺭﺍﻡ ،ﻭﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻨﻜﺴﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ
ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ،ﻤﺜل ﻗﻭﻝﻪ:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻓﹶــﺈِﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻬــﻭﻯ ﺒﺭﻫﺎﻨﹸــ ﻪ ﻝﹶــﺎ ﻴﺠﺤــ ﺩ ﺕ ﺇِﺨﻔـﺎ ﺀ ﺍﻝﺼـﺒﺎ ﺒ ِﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻬـﻭﻯ
ﹶﻜﻡ ﺭﻤـ ﹸ
ﺠ ﺭﺤــ ﻪ ﺠﻔــﻭﻥ ﺴــ ﻬ ﺩ
ﻤــﺎ ﻝﹶــﻡ ﹸﺘ ﺤﺴــﺒﻲ ﺩﻤــﻭﻋِﻲ ﻭﺍﻝ ﱠﺘﺸﹶــ ﻬ ﺩ ﺸﹶــﺎ ِﻫﺩ
ﻤﻬﻤــﺎ ﺃَﺭﺍﺤــﻭﺍ ﺸﹶــﻭﻗﹶﻬﺎ ﻝﹶــﺎ ﻴﺭﻜﹸــ ﺩ ﺱ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ
ﻀ ﺭﻫﻡ ﻝﹶـﻭ َﺃﻨﹾﻌﺸـﻭﺍ ﺍﻝـﻨﱠﻔ
ﻤﺎ
2
ﻭﺭِﻀـــﺎ ﹸﻜﻡ ﻤﺄْﻤﻭﻝﹸﻨـــﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼـــ ﺩ ﺏ ِﺒﺤـ ﺒﻜﹸﻡ
ﺃَﻨﺎ ﺫﹶﺍﻜﹸـ ﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻀـﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺼـﺎ
ﻭﻨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅﹰﺎ ﻭﺃﺴﻤﺎ ﺀ ﺃﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺘﺴﺭﺒﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻁ
ﺒﺎﻷﺠﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ " ﺍﻓﻨﺕ" ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ ﺒﺎﻹﺴﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
3
ﺡ
ﻜﹶﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻘﺎ ﺩ ﻤِـﻥ ﺒﻌـ ِﺩ ﺍﻹِﺒـﺎ ِﺀ ﺠﻤـﻭ ﻥ "ﺍﻓﻨــﺕ" ﺍﻝــﺭﻭ ﻡ ﻴﻨﻘــﺎ ﺩ ﺨﹶﺎﻀِــ ﻌﹰﺎ
ﻭِﺇ
158
ﻭﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﺨﻭﻨﺩ" 1ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺭﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻠﺒﻪ ﻝﻠﻭﺼﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
2
ﺠﺩ ﺒِﺎﻝﺭﻀـﺎ،ﺒِﺎﷲ ،ﻴـﺎ ﹶﻗﻤـ ﺭ ﺍﻝﺴـﻌ ِﺩ
ﻭ ﻼ
ﹶﻓ ِﺭﻓﹾﻘﹶــﹰﺎ ِﺒﻘﹶﻠﺒــﻲ ﻴــﺎ ﺨﹶﻭﻨــ ﺩ ﹶﺘ ﹶﻔﻀــ ﹰ
ﻓﺎﻝﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﻗﺔ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ
ﻝﻜل ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺎﺴﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻝﻔﺎﻅ ،ﻝﻴﺠﻌل ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ﻤﺅﺜﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﻭﺱ.
ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺼﺎﻫﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺯﺍﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘ ﻡ ﺒـﻴﻥ
ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺘﺤﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻨﺎﻕ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ ،ﻭﺭﺠﻭﻋﻬﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺴـﻠﻁﺎﻥ
ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻝﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻤﺼﺎﻝﺤﻬﻡ ،ﻭﺇﻋﺠﺎﺒﻬﻡ ﺒﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺘﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺼﺭ ﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴـﺔ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ.3
ﻭﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ،ﻻ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻗﻀﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨـﺕ
ﻤﻨﺘﺸﺭﺓ ﻗﺒل ﻗﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺘﺤﻴﻥ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ،ﺇﺫ ﺒﻘﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺠﻨﺒﹰﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺠﻨﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻁﻭﺍل ﻤﺩﺓ ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ
ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ﺒﺎﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ .ﻭﻻ ﺒ ﺩ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺘﺤﻭﻥ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﻠﻐﺔ ﺃﻫل ﺍﻝﺒﻼﺩ ،ﻓـﺩﺨل
ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻷﻋﺠﻤﻴﺔ.
ﺜﺎﻝﺜﹰﺎ :ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ
ﻴﻌ ﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻝﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻝـﻨﺹ ﺍﻷﺩﺒـﻲ ،ﻭﻗـﺩ ﺩﺭﺴـﻬﺎ
ﺍﻝﺒﻼﻏﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ،ﻭﺘﻨﺒﻬﻭﺍ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﻡ ﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻭﺍﻫﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺜﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻭﺍ ﻓﻭﺍﺌﺩﻫﺎ
ﻭﻭﻅﺎﺌﻔﻬﺎ.4
ﺨﻭﻨﺩ :ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﺭﺴﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺩﻋﻭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺏ. 1
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺃﺒﻭ ﺼﺎﻝﺢ ،ﺩ ﻭﺍﺌل :ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ ،ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ،ﺍﺸﺭﺍﻑ :ﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻴـﺩ 3
159
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﻡ ﻝﻠﻨﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺠﺎﺯﻩ ﻗﺩ ﺩﻓﻌﺘﻬﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺜل ﻫـﺫﻩ
ﺍﻝﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ،ﺨﺼﻭﺼﹰﺎ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ،ﻗﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﺎ
ﻭﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﻏﻴﻴﻥ ،ﻓﺤﺎﻭﻝﻭﺍ ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﻭﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﻻﻝﺘﻬﺎ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻨﻲ.1
ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺘﻪ ﺇﻝﺤﺎﺡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻬﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﻨﻠﻤﺴـﻪ
ﻜﺎﻤﻨﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻴﺨﻁﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺎل ،ﻓﺎﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻴﺴﻠﻁ ﺍﻝﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺤﺴﺎﺴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺒـﺎﺭﺓ،
ﻭﻴﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻜﻠﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺫﻭ ﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ.2
ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﻏﻴﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ،ﻭﻋﺩﻭﻩ ﻨﻭﻋﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ".ﻓﻤﻥ ﺴﻨﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ
ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺒﻼﻍ ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻤﺭ".3
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﻏﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ "،ﻻﻨﻪ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻝﻔـﺎﻅ ﺩﻭﻥ
ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺘﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﻓﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺨﺫﻻﻥ ﺒﻌﻴﻨﻪ".4
ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺔ".5
ﻭﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﻨﺎﺯﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺌﻜﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻓﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻓـﻲ ﺫﺍﺘـﻪ
ﻻ ﻴﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻜﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻝﻴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺠـﻲﺀ ﻓـﻲ
ﻝﻴﺱ ﺠﻤﺎ ﹰ
ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﺘﻠﻤﺴﻪ ﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻠﻤﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﻌﺙ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤـﺎﺕ،
ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻙ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺨﺎﺩﻋﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻬﻭﻝﺘﻪ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﻤﻭﺴـﻴﻘﻲ ﻴﺴـﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻀـﻠل
ﺍﺒﻥ ﻗﺘﻴﺒﺔ ،ﺍﺒﻭ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺒﻥ ﻤﺴﻠﻡ :ﻤﺸﻜل ﺘﺄﻭﻴل ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﻥ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺙ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ-ﻤﺼﺭ ،1973 ،ﺹ.241-232 1
ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺌﻜﺔ ،ﻨﺎﺯﻙ :ﻗﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭ ،ﻁ ،9ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﻝﻠﻤﻼﻴﻴﻥ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،1996 ،ﺹ.276 2
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻁﻲ ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻤﻥ :ﺍﻝﻤﺯﻫﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ،ﻀﺒﻁ :ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻝﻰ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺤﻴـﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻜﺘـﺏ 3
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ،ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺤﻅ ،ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺒﻴﻴﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻼﻡ ﻫﺎﺭﻭﻥ،ﻁ ،3ﻤﻜﺘﺒـﺔ ﺍﻝﺨـﺎﻨﺠﻲ ،ﺍﻝﻘـﺎﻫﺭﺓ-ﻤﺼـﺭ ،1968 ،ﺝ،3 5
ﺹ.314
160
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻭﻴﻭﻗﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺯﻝﻕ ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭﻱ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻐﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﻴﻁﺭ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﻌﻪ ،ﻭﺇﻻ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺘﻜـﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻝﻔﻅﻴـﺔ
ﻤﺒﺘﺫﻝﺔ.1
ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﺤﺼﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﻑ،
ﻭﺘﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺒﺴﻁ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭل ﻜل ﺒﻴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ
ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻝﻭﻥ ﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭ ،ﻴﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺼﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺸـﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻌﻁﻴـﻪ ﺍﻷﺼـﺎﻝﺔ
ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ،ﺇﻻ ﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻭﻫﻭﺏ ﺤﺎﺫﻕ ﻴﺩﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻭل ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻌـﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤـﺔ
ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺭﺭﺓ.2
ﻭﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ :ﺇﺒﺭﺍﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺘﻘﺭﻴـﺭﻩ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝـﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺍﺴـﺘﻤﺎﻝﺔ
ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺎﻁﺏ ،ﻭﺘﺭﻏﻴﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺒﻭل ﺍﻝﻨﺼﺢ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺫﻜﻴﺭ ﺒﻨﻌﻡ ﺍﷲ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻝﻐـﺔ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺫﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﻴﺭ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺩﺒﺭ،ﻭﺃﺨﺫ ﺍﻝﻌﻅﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺒﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﻜـﻼﻡ
ﻝﻁﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﻼﻡ.3
ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻴﻘﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﻨﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻴﻨﺠﺢ
ﻓﻲ ﻜﺴﺭ ﺭﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﻴﻘﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﺯﻭﻓﺔ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻝﺤﺎﻥ.4
ﻭﻨﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﻠﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل
ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻤل ﺍﻹﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﻤﻴﺔ" ﺃﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻬﻤﺎﻡ" ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﻝﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﺤﺩﻴﺜـﻪ
ﻋﻥ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻩ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺒل ﻜﺭﺭ
ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼﻭل "ﺍﻝﺫﻱ" ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺭﻡ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻝﻬﻤﺎﻡ ﺼـﺎﺤﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺯﻴﻤـﺔ
ﻓﻴﻭﺩ ،ﺒﺴﻴﻭﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺡ :ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ )ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ(،ﻁ ،1ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ ،ﺍﻝﻘـﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺩﺍﺭ 3
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺏ ﺃَﻥ ﻜﹶﺘـﺏ ﺍﻷﺠﻨـﺎ ﺩ ﺃﻭ ﹶﻜ ﹶﺘﺒـﺎ َﺃﻨﹶـﺎ ﺍﻝﻬﻤـﺎ ﻡ 1ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﺘﹸﺨﺸـﻰ ﻋﺯﺍ ِﺌ ﻤـ ﻪ
2
ﺕ ﺍﻝﺴــﺤﺒﺎ
ﷲ ﻤِﻨﻬــﺎ ﺨِــﻼلٌ ﻓﺎﻗﹶــ ِ ﺃﻨﹶــﺎ ﺍﻝﻬﻤــﺎ ﻡ ﺍﻝــﺫﻱ ﺘﹸﺭﺠــﻰ ﻤﻜﺎ ِﺭﻤــ ﻪ
ﻭﻴﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ "ﻴﺒﻜﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﹰﺎ" ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻨﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺃﺨﻴﻪ" ﻋﻠـﻲ"،
ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﺘﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺒل ﻜﺭﺭ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺼﻭل"ﻤﻥ" ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻠﺔ
ﺍﻝﻔﻌﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺤﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺃﺨﻴﻪ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺕ
ﺤﺴـــﺭﺍ ﹸ
ﻭﺘﹶﻌﺎ ﻫ ﺩﺘﹾـــ ﻪ ِﻝ ﹶﻔﻘﹾـــ ِﺩ ِﻩ ﺍﻝ ﻋِﻠﻴــﹰﺎ ﻤــﻥ ﺸﹶــﺠﺎ ﻩ ﻓِﺭﺍﻗﹸــ ﻪ
ﻴﺒﻜــﻲ
ﺕ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﺨﹸــﺩﻭ ِﺩ ِﻝﺨﹶﻴﻠﻬــﺎ ﺴــﻜﹶﺭﺍ ﹸ
ﻓﹶــﻭ ﹶ ﻕ ﺩﻤﻌِــ ِﻪ
ﻋِﻠﻴــﹰﺎ ﻤــﻥ ﺴــﻭﺍ ِﺒ ﹸ
ﻴﺒﻜــﻲ
3
ﺕ
ـﺭﺍ ﹸ
ﺠ ﻤـ
ـﺫﻜﻰ ِﺒ ـ ِﻪ ﺍﻝ
ـﺩ ﺭ ﻩ ﹸﺘـ
ﺼـﻤ ـﻥ ﻋِﻠﻴــﹰﺎ ﻤــﻥ ﺃَﺨــﻭﻩ ﻭﻗﹶﻭ ﻤِــﻪ
ﻴﺒﻜــﻲ
ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺤﺒﺔ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ،ﻴﻘﻭل ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ ":ﻭﺃﻭﻝﻰ
ﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﺭﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻜﻼﻡ ﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ،ﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺠﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻔﺠﻊ".4
ﻭﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻐﺯل ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩﻩ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻭ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻀــﺤﻰ ِﻤﻨﹾﻬــﺎ ﺍﺤﻤِــﺭﺍﺭ ﺨﹸــﺩﻭ ِﺩ ﻥ)ﺍﻝﻴﻨـــﻭ ﺭ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻭﻀـــﺢ ﻨﹸﻭﺭﻫـــﺎ
ﺇ
ﻤــﺯﺝ ﺍﻝﱡﻠﻤــﻰ ﺒــﺎﻝﻜﹶﻭ ﹶﺜ ِﺭ ﺍﻝﻤــﻭﺭﻭ ِﺩ ﺕ ﺭِﻀــﺎﺒﻬﺎ
ﻥ)ﺍﻝﻴﻨــﻭ ﺭ( ﻭﻗﹶــﺩ ﻭﺭﺩ ﹸ
ﺇ
5
ﺢ ﻫﺠــﻭﺩﻱ
ﻝﹶﻤﺠــﺎ ُل ﺃَﻓﻜــﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺼــﺒ ﻥ)ﺍﻝﻴﻨــﻭ ﺭ( ﻭﻗــﺩ ﺃَﻨــﺎ ﺭ ﺠﺒﻴﻨﹸﻬــﺎ
ﺇ
162
ﻭﻜﺄﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ،ﺃﻥ ﻴﻠﻔﺕ ﺍﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻤﻊ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﻁﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ﻋﻨﺩ
ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺴﻠﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ،ﺇﺫ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻴﺜﺒﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻓـﻲ ﺫﻫـﻥ
ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻤﻊ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻲ ﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﻭﻝﻔﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻗﺩ ﺒﺩﺃ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸـﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺤـﺭﻑ
ﻥ" ﺜﻡ ﺃﺘﺒﻌﻪ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻡ.
ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻜﻴﺩ"ﺇ
ﻭﺘﺠﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ :ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
1
ﻙ ﻓِﻲ ﻗﹶﻠﺒﻲ ﻭﻓـﻲ ﹶﻜﺒِـﺩﻱ
ﻙ ﺭﺤﻤﺎ ِ
ﺭﺤﻤﺎ ِ ﻥ ﺃَﺘ ﹶﻠ ﹶﻔ ـ ﻪ
ـﺭﺍ
ﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺠـ
ﺼـ ِ
ـﺎ ﺒﻐ ﻴ ـ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻝ
ﻴـ
ﻓﻔﻲ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻝﻠﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻝﻔﻅﺔ" ﺭﺤﻤﺎﻙ" ،ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻁﺭ
ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻝﻴﺅﻜﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻠﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﺤﻤﻪ ﻭﺘﻌﻁﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻓﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﻭﻕ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﺠﺭﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﻝﻪ ﻗـﺩ
ﺃﺘﻌﺏ ﻗﻠﺒﻪ.
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻝﻸﺤﺭﻑ ﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻤﺜل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺥ
ﺏ ﺍﻝﺴــﺎ ِﺌ ُل ﺍﻝ ﻤﺴﺘﹶﺼــ ِﺭ ﹸ
ﻋﻨﹾﻬــﺎ ﻴﺤــﺎ ِ
ﺕ ِﻤﻨﱠــﺎ ﻓِــﻲ ﺍﻝﻌِــﺩﺍ
ﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺯﻤــﺎ ﹸ
ـ ِ
َﺃ ﻭﻝﹶﻴﺴـ
2
ﺦ
ﺭﻭﺽ ﺃُﺭﻴــﺽ ﺒِــﺎﻝﻌﺒﻴ ِﺭ ﻤﻀــ ﻤ ﹸ ﺕ ﺍﻷَﻨﺒــﺎ ﺀ ﻋــﻥَ ﺃﺨﺒﺎﺭِﻫــﺎ
َﺃ ﻭﻝﹶﻴﺴــ ِ
ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ ﻜﻼ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴـﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ
ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺏ" ﺒﻠﻰ" ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺏ" ﻨﻌﻡ" ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﻲ ،3ﻭَﺃﻨﱠﻰ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﺎﻝﺸـﺎﻋﺭ
ﻻ ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﻤﻌﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺯﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻨـﺩ
ﺍﻷﻨﺼﺎﺭﻱ ،ﺍﺒﻥ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ :ﻤﻐﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﺒﻴﺏ ﻋﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﺎﺭﻴﺏ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ،1966،ﺹ.26 3
163
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﺩﺍﺀ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺩﺍﺀ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺜـﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﺸـﻜﻭﻯ
ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﻝﻠﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ.
ﻓﻔﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻝﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ،ﻜﺭﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺩﺍﺀ "ﻴـﺎ" ﻤﺘﺒﻭﻋـ ﹰﺔ
ﺒﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻼ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻝﻴﺼﻑ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺤﺯﻨﻪ ﻭﻝﻭﻋﺔ ﻗﻠﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺭﺍﻕ ﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻜﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﻝﻠﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﻴﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺩﺍﺀ "ﻴﺎ" ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﻠﺢ ﻝﻨﺩﺍﺀ
ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻌﻴﺩ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺭﺤﻠﺕ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻓﻐﻴﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺫﺍﺏ ﻝﻘﻠﺒـﻪ،
ﻭﺍﻨﺴﻜﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﻪ،ﺜﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﻜﺭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﻤﺯﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ
ﺍﻝﻨﻔﻲ "ﻻ" ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﺨﺫ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﺏ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻋﻤﻥ ﻴﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼـﻴﺒﺘﻪ ﻫـﺫﻩ
ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﻥ ﺒِﺎﻝـ ـﺩﻤﻭﻉ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﻔـ ـ
ـﺎ ﻤﻐﹾـ ـ ِﺭ ﹶ
ﻴــ ﻴــﺎ ﻤﻭﻗِــ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﱠــﺎ ِﺭ ﻓِــﻲ ﻓﹸــﺅﺍﺩﻱ
2
ﺃَﻻ ﻤﺠﻴــــــﺭ ﺃَﻻ ﺸﹶــــــﻔﻴﻊ ﺃَﻻ ﻤﻌــــــﻴﻥ ﺃَﻻ ﻨﹶﺼــــــﻴﺭ
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁ "ﻝﻭ" ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻔﻴﺩ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﻻﻤﺘﻨـﺎﻉ،
ﺃﻱ ﺍﻤﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺍﺏ ﻻﻤﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻋِﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﻝﻤـﺕ ﺒـﻪ،
ﻓﺠﺎﺀ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻋﺠﺯﻫﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﻬـﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺸـﺎﻋﺭ
ﺒﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻩ ﻝﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺓ ،ﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻤﻊ ﻭﻴﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﻪ ﺘﺭﻗﺏ ﻭﺘﺸﻭﻕ ﻝﻤـﺎ
164
]ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ[
ـﺭ
ـﻭﺭِ ﻝﻸَﻨﺠــ ِﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﻫــ
ﺡ ﻨﹸــ
ـﺎ ﻻ
ﻤــ ـﻑ
ﺴــﺎ ُﻷﻓﹸﻕ ِﻤـﻥَ ﺃ
ـﻲ ِﺒـ
ـﺎ ﺒـ
ﻥ ﻤـ
ﻝﹶـﻭ َﺃ
ﻤــﺎ ﺍﻨﺘﺸــﻘﺕ ِﻤﻨﹾــ ﻪ ﻨﹶﻔﺤــ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻝﺯﻫــ ِﺭ ﺽ ﻤِـﻥ ﹶﻜﻠﹶـﻑ
ﻥ ﻤـﺎ ﺒـﻲ ﺒِـﺎﻝﱠﺭﻭ ِ
ﹶﻝﻭ ﺃ
1
ﻤــﺎ ﺃَﺭﺴــﻠﺕ ﻭﺍﻜﻔــﹰﺎ ﻤِــﻥ ﺍﻝ ﻤﻁﹶــ ِﺭ ـﻡ
ـﻥ َﺃ ﹶﻝـ
ـﺤﺏ ﻤـ
ـﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﺴـ
ـﺎ ﺒـ
ـﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻤـ
ﹶﻝـ
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻩ ل "ﻜﻡ " ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﻴﺩ
ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻝﻐﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼﻑ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻷﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻻﻗﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺒﻪ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﻋﺎﻨﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﺒﺎﺀ
ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺸﺎﺓ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﻉ
ﺏ ﹶﻝﺄُﺨﻤــﺩﺕ ﺒِــﺩﻤﻭ ِ
ﻝﹶــﻭﻻ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻴــ ﺠﻤــ ﺭ ﹰﺓ
ﺢ
ﻜﹶــﻡ ﺯﻓﹾــ ﺭ ٍﺓ ﺒِﺎﻝﺼــﺩ ِﺭ ﺘﹶﻠﻔﹶــ
2
ﻉ
ﻁﺒــ ﻊ ﺸِــﻴ ﻤ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺒــﻭ ِ
ﺢ ﺍﻝ ﱠﺘ ﹶ
ﹶﻓﻀــ ـﻭﻯ
ـﺎ ﺍﻝ ﻬـ
ﻏ ـﺭﻩ ِﻤ ﹶﻨـ
ﻲ ﹶ
ﺨِﻠ ـ
ﹶﻜ ـﻡِ ﻤ ـﻥ ﹶ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺁﻻﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ﻭﻋﺫﺍﺒﺎﺘﻪ ﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ "ﻜﻡ" ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
3
ﻥ
ﻏ ﻴﻀــﺕﹾ ِﺒﺒﻨــﺎ ِ
ﻋﺒــﺭ ٍﺓ ﻗﹶــﺩ ﹸ
ﻭﻜﹶــﻡ ﹶﻓﻜﹶــﻡ ﺯﻓــ ﺭ ٍﺓ ﻗﹶــﺩ ﺭ ﺩ ﺩﺕﹾ ِﺒ ﹶﺘﺴــ ﻬ ٍﺩ
ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻡ
ﻝﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﹰﺎ.
ﺘﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺩﻴﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻹﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭﻩ
ﻭﻋﻭﺍﻁﻔﻪ ،ﻭﻝﻠﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ،ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴﻨﺎﺕ ﺭﺍﺌﻌﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻤﺅﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ
165
ﻴﻘﺼﺩﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻴﺏ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻘﺩﺕ ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﺼـﺒﺤﺕ ﺩﻝﻴـل ﻀـﻌﻑ
ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻭﻋﺠﺯ ﺍﻷﺩﻴﺏ.
ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻔل ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻜﺸﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﻩ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻼﻡ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻋﺭﻓﻪ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻘﺯﻭﻴﻨﻲ ﺒﻘﻭﻝﻪ:
"ﻫﻭ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﻪ ﻭﺠﻭﻩ ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻼﻡ ،ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺭﻋﺎﻴﺔ ﻤﻁﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻼﻡ ﻝﻤـﺎ ﻴﻘﺘﻀـﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺤـﺎل،
ﻭﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺍﻝﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻝﻔﻅﹰﺎ ﻭﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻀﺭﺒﺎﻥ :ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻱ ﻭﻝﻔﻅﻲ".1
* ﺍﻝﻁﺒﺎﻕ
ﻴﻌ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﺎﻕ ﻓﻨﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﺴﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﻏﺔ ،ﻓﻘـﺩ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ ،ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﻨﺒﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻴﻑ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺸﻌﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﻨﺜـﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻓﻜـﺎﻥ
ﻥ ﺠﻠﻴﻠﺔ.
ﻤﺤﻁ ﺇﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺒﺎﺀ ﺒﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻔﺭﺯﻩ ﺍﻝﻀﺩﺍﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎ ٍ
ﻭﺍﻝﻠﻴل ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺭﺩ" 3ﻭﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﻭﻱ ﺜﻡ ﻴﻀـﺭﺏ ﻤـﺜ ﹰ
ﻼ
ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭﻝﻪ ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰš∅ÏΒ ¢‘y⇔ø9$# ßlÌ÷‚è?uρ ( È≅øŠ©9$# ’Îû u‘$yγ¨Ψ9$# ßkÏ9θè?uρ Í‘$yγ¨Ψ9$# ’Îû Ÿ≅øŠ©9$# ßkÏ9θè?) :
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺍﻝﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩﻱ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻁﺎﻫﺭ :ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺜﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ،ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨـﺎﻥ ،1981 ،ﺹ.38 2
ﻭﻗﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﺒﻥ ﺠﻌﻔﺭ :ﻨﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ،ﺹ .163ﻭﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺭﻭﺍﻨﻲ :ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺩﺓ ،ﺝ ،2ﺹ .5ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻜﺎﻜﻲ ،ﺴـﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻝـﺩﻴﻥ :ﻤﻔﺘـﺎﺡ
ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ،ﺩﺕ ،ﺹ.179
ﺍﻝﻌﺴﻜﺭﻱ ،ﺍﺒﻭ ﻫﻼل :ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﻴﻥ ،ﺹ.307 3
166
ﻭﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ:
.1ﻁﺒﺎﻕ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺏ :ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﻔﻅﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻘﺎﺒﻼﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﹰﺎ ﻭﺴﻠﺒﺎﹰ ،ﻨﺤﻭ ﻗﻭﻝـﻪ ﺘﻌـﺎﻝﻰ:
).1(4’s5ö/r&uρ y7ysôÊr& uθèδ …çµ‾Ρr&uρﻭﻗﻭﻝﻪ ﺴﺒﺤﺎﻨﻪšù=ßϑø9$# äíÍ”∴s?uρ â!$t±n@ tΒ šù=ßϑø9$# ’ÎA÷σè?) :
.2ﻁﺒﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﺏ :ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻘﺎﺒﻼﻥ ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﹰﺎ ﻭﺴﻠﺒﹰﺎ ﻓﻤﺜﺒﺕ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﻨﻔﻲ ﺍﹸﺨﺭﻯ،
ﻨﺤﻭ ﻗﻭﻝﻪ ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰ .3(Èβöθt±÷z$#uρ }¨$¨Ψ9$# (#âθt±÷‚s? Ÿξsù) :ﻭﻗﻭﻝﻪ ﺴـﺒﺤﺎﻨﻪ“ÈθtGó¡o„ ö≅yδ ö≅è%) :
4
.(tβθßϑn=ôètƒ Ÿω tÏ%©!$#uρ tβθçΗs>ôètƒ tÏ%©!$#
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩﻩ ﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺜـﺎﺀ
ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺹ ﻝﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺎﻝﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﺴﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﻀﺩ ﻝﻴﺒـﻴﻥ ﺠﻤـﺎل
ﻻ ﻭﺒﻬﺎﺀ ،ﻓﺎﻝﻀﺩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻝﻭﺍ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺤﺴﻨﻪ
ﺍﻷﺼل" ،ﺇﺫ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻴﻜﺴﻭﻫﺎ ﺠﻤﺎ ﹰ
ﻓﻔﻲ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻝﺯﻭﺠﺘﻪ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻜﻴﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺩﻫﺭ ﻻ ﻴﺅﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻪ ،ﻓﺄﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻭﺭ ﻻ ﺒﺩ
ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﻘﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻴﺎﻡ ﺤﺯﻥ ،ﻓﺩﻭﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺎل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎل ،ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸﻲﺀ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻭﻗـﺩ ﻁـﺎﺒﻕ
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻝﻔﻅﺘﻲ "ﻤﺴﺭﺘﻪ" ﻭ " ﻤﺴﺎﺘﻪ" ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
ﻓﻴﻭﺩ ،ﺒﺴﻴﻭﻨﻲ :ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻊ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻷﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻊ،ﻁ ،2ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ، 5
1
ﻤﺴـــ ﺭ ﹸﺘ ﻪ ﻤﻘﺭﻭﻨﹶـــﺔﹲ ِﺒﻤﺴـــﺎ ِﺘ ِﻪ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﻫ ﺭ ﻗﹶـﺩ ﻴﺒـﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴـ َل ﻭِﺇﻨﱠﻤـﺎ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻭﻝﺩﻩ "ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ" ﻴﻔﺨﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﻡ ﻻ ﻴﺨﺎﻓﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺕ ﺒل ﻴﺴﺭﻋﻭﻥ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ،
ﻻ" ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻭﻗﻌﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺀ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺜﻘﻴﻼﹰ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻝﻔﻅﺘﻲ " ﺨﻔﺎﻓﹰﺎ" ﻭ" ﺜﻘﺎ ﹰ
]ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ[
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻜﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﻌل " ﺃﺸﻜﻭ" ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜـﺎﻥ
ﺍﻝﻁﺒﺎﻕ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻁﺒﺎﻕ ﺴﻠﺏ ﺇﺫ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﻌل ﻤﺭﺓ ﻤﺜﺒﺘﹰﺎ ﻭﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻨﻔﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﻔﻅﻪ ﻝﻠﻭﺩ ﻭﻀﻴﺎﻉ ﺤﺒﻪ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﻴﻁﺎﺒﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻌـﻭل " ﻤﺤﻔـﻭﻅ" ﻭ "
ﻀﻴﻊ" ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
ﻤ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
3
ﻙ ﻤﻀــ ﻴ ﻊ
ﻱ ﻤﻨﹾﺒــﻭﺫﹲ ﻝﹶــ ﺩﻴ
ﻭﻋﻬــ ِﺩ ﻋﻴﺘﹸــ ﻪ
ﻱ ﺭ
ﻙ ﻤﺤﻔــﻭﻅﹲ ﻝﹶــ ﺩ
ﹶﻓﻌﻬــ ﺩ ِ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
4
ﺡ ﺍﻝﻭﺼل ِﻓِﻲ ﺍﻝﻬﺠـ ِﺭ ﻤﻁﹾﻠﹶـ ﻊ
ﻤﺎ ِﻝﺼﺒﺎ ِ ﻥ ﻜﹶﻤﺎﻝﹸﻬــﺎ
ﻥ ﺒــﺎ
ﹶﻓﻴــﺎ ﻁﹶﻠﻌــ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺴــ ِ
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ﻭﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺸﻭﻗﻪ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺒﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﻔﻲ ﻝﻠﻔﻌل ﻴﺴﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭﻝﻪ:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
1
ﻓﺤﺒــﻙ ﻻ ﻴﺴــﻠﻲ ﺒﺒﻌــﺩ ﻭﻻ ﻗــﺭﺏ ﻝﺌﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺭ ﻴﺴﻠﻲ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻬـﻭﻯ
ﻝﻘﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ﺒﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻼﺸﻌﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺠﺴﺩ ﻤـﻥ
ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﻁﺭﺏ ،ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻤﻭﺝ ﺒﺎﻝﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﺭﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻱ ﺘﺠﺎﺫﺏ،
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺸﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻤﺘﻘﻠﺏ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭ،
ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺜﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻀﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺸﻜل ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻲﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺎﺴـﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻌـﺫﺍل ،ﻓﻨﺠـﺩ
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺘﺨﺫ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺘﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻜﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻘـﻭﺓ،
ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺘﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺯﻨﺔ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ.2
*ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ
ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﻼﻡ ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻪ ،ﻭﻻ ﻴﺨـﺭﺝ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ﺠـﻨﺱ ﻤـﻥ
ﺃﺠﻨﺎﺴﻪ .3ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻝﻠﻜﻼﻡ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻤﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺯﻭﻴﻨﻲ ﻓﻬﻭ" ﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ،ﺜﻡ
ل ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ" .4ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﻥ
ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻝﻜ ﱟ
ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ ﻗﻭﻝﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ:
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ[
5
ﺏ ﻭﺍﻝ ﹶﻔﻀـــ ِل
ﻓِـــﻲ ﺍﻝﻌِﻠـــ ِﻡ ﻭﺍﻵﺩﺍ ِ ﻴــﺎ ﻭﺍﺤِــ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﺼــ ِﺭ ﺒِــﻼ ِﻤﺭﻴــﺔ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺤﺎﻝﺘﻪ ﻭﺸﻜﻭﺍﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﻋﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺠﻌﻠﺕ ﻗﻠﺒﻪ ﻤﻠﻴﺌﹰﺎ
ﺒﺎﻷﺴﻰ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
ﺠﻤﻌﺔ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻜﺎﻤل ﺃﻴﻭﺏ :ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ،ﻁ ،2ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ-ﻤﺼﺭ ،1963،ﺹ.83 2
169
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺡ ﺤﺎﻝﻲ ﻭﺃَﺴﺭﺍﺭﻱ
ﺸﺭِ
ﻁ ﻭﺕﹾ ِﻤﻥ ﹶ
ﻭﻤﺎ ﹶﻗﺩ ﹶ ﺇِﻝﻰ ﺍﷲ َﺃﺸﹾﻜﻭ ﻤﺎ ِﺒﻘﹶﻠﺒـﻲ َﻤِـﻥ ﺍﻷﺴـﻰ
1
ﻭﻜﹶﺜــﺭ ﹸﺓ ﺃَﻋــﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻗِﻠــ ﹸﺔ ﺃَﻨﺼــﺎ ِﺭ ﺏ ﻭﺠﻤــ ﻊ ﺤﻭﺍﺴِــ ٍﺩ
ﻕ ﺃَﺤﺒــﺎ ٍ
ﹶﺘﻔﹶــ ﺭ ﹸ
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴل ﻭﻫﻭ" :ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﻋﻰ ﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻋﻠـﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺴـﺒﺔ ﻝـﻪ
ﻓﻔﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﻭﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺴﺒﺏ ﺤﺒﻪ ﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻤل ﻭﻤﻘﺼﺩ ﻴﺘﻤﻨﻰ ﻜل ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺢ
ﻥ ﻨﹶﺎﻀِــ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻤــﺯِ
ﻑ ﻤِــ
ﻭِﺇﻝﱠــﺎ ﹶﻓﻭﻜــﺎ ٍ ﻙ َﺃﺩﻤــ ﻊ
ﺴــﺒﻴ ﹶﻜﺘﹸﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻐﹶــﺭﺍ ﺀ ﺠﺎ ﺩﺘﹾــ ِ
ﺢ
ـﺎ ِﻨ
ﻙ ﺠــ
ـﺎ ﺃَﻤـ ـلٌ ﺇِﻻ ِﻝﻘﹶﺼـ ـ ِﺩ ِ
ﻓﹶﻤــ ﺠﻤﻌــﺕﹾ
ﺱ ﹶﺘ
ﻙ ﺃَﻫــﻭﺍ ﺀ ﺍﻝﻨﱡﻔــﻭ ِ
ِﺒ ﻤﻐﹾﻨــﺎ ِ
4
ﺢ
ﻙ ﺼــﺎِﻝ
ﺴﻠﹾﺴــﺎلٌ ﻭﻋﻴﺸﹸــ ِ
ﻙ
ﻭﻤــﺎ ُﺅ ِ ﻙ ﻤﻨﹾﺘﹶﻘــﻰ
ﻙ ِﻤﻌﻁــﺎﺭ ﻭ ﹸﺘﺭﺒــ ِ
ﻫــﻭﺍ ُﺅ ِ
ﻓﻘﺩ ﻋﻠل ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﻜﺎﺀﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﻴﻜﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻤل ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻭﺩﺓ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻫﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻁـﺭ،
ﻭﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻨﻘﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﺫﺏ ﺴﻠﺴﺎل ،ﻭﻋﻴﺵ ﺭﻏﻴﺩ ﻜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺘﺠﻌل ﺃﻱ ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻴﺭﻏﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﺵ
ﺒﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻓﻜﻴﻑ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺃﻤﻀﻰ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ؟.
170
ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅﻴﺔ
ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺎﺱ
ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻝﻔﻅﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل،ﻤﻊ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻤـﺩﻝﻭل؛ﻓﺈﻥ
ﺍﺘﻔﻕ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ،ﻭﻋﺩﺩ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻜﻨﺎﺕ؛ ﻜﺎﻥ
ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﺘﺎﻤﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ ،ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﻨﺎﻗﺼﹰﺎ.1
ﻭﺍﺸﺘﺭﻁ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺎﺱ ﺼﺎﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺴﻠﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻜﻠﻑ ﻤﻨﻪ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴـﺅﺩﻱ
ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺘﻡ ﻭﺠﻪ ،ﻭﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻤﺤﺎﺴﻨﻪ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ 2،ﻭﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺎﺱ ﻴﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ " ﺇﻴﻬﺎﻡ
ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺭﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﻤﻌﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭ ﺭﺃﻯ ﻝﻠﻜﻠﻤﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ ،ﻓﻴﺩﻓﻊ
ﺫﻝﻙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﻋﺠﺎﺏ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﻫﺘﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ" .3
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻨﻅﺭﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻌﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻨﺠﺩﻩ ﺒﺴﻴﻁﹰﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻜﻠﻑ،
ﺇﺫ ﺇﻥ ﻁﻐﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺎﺱ ﻴﺠﻌل ﺍﻝﻨﺹ ﻤﺘﻜﻠﻔﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻜﻠﻑ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻘﻴﺩ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺨل ﺒﻔﺼﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻼﻡ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺢ
ﻭﻨِﻌــ ﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻜــﺎﻓِﻲ ﻓِــﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠــﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜــﺎ ِﻓ ﺸﺨﹾﺼـ ﻪ
ﺽ ﹶ
ﺕ ﺍﻷَﺭ
ﹶﻝ ِﻨﻌ ﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﹶﺘﻰ ﻗﹶـﺩ ﻭﺍ ﺭ ِ
4
ﺢ
ﺴ ـﺎ ِﻤ
ﺙ
ﻱ ﻝِﻠ ﺒ ـ ﱢ
ـﻜﻭﺍ
ﺸــﻲ ﹶ
ﺕ ِﻓـ
ﻭ ﻫ ـلْ َﺃﻨﹾ ـ ﹶ ﻙ ﺍﻝﻴـﻭ ﻡ ﺴـﺎ ِﻤ ﻊ
ﺕ ِﺇﻥ ﻨﹶﺎﺩﻴﺘﹸـ
ﹶﻓ ﻬلْ ﺃﻨﹾـ ﹶ
ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺎﺱ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﻴﻥ ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﺒـﻴﻥ "ﺍﻝﻤﻜـﺎﻓﻲ" ﻭ"
ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻓﺢ" ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﺒﻴﻥ " ﺴﺎﻤﻊ" ﻭ" ﺴﺎﻤﺢ" ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻨﻅﺭﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ )ﺴـﺎﻤﻊ،
ﻭﺴﺎﻤﺢ( ﻭﺠﺩﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻑ ﻴﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺭﻓﻲ)ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺎﺀ( ،ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩﺓ ،ﻫـﻲ
ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻘﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻔﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﺎﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻓﻬﻤﺎ ﺼﺎﻤﺘﺎﻥ ،ﺭﺌﻭﻴﺎﻥ،ﻓﻤﻭﻴـﺎﻥ ،ﺤﻠﻘﻴـﺎﻥ،
171
ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻜﻴﺎﻥ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺀ ﺤﺭﻑ ﻤﻬﻤﻭﺱ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﻑ ﻤﺠﻬﻭﺭ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻫﻤﺎ ﻨﻅﻴﺭﺍﻥ،ﻓﺎﻝﺤﺎﺀ
ﺍﻝﻨﻅﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻤﻭﺱ ﻝﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻬﻭﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻘﻴﺽ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ.1
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
2
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺼــﺒ ِﺭ ﻓِــﻲ ﻭﺜﹶﺒﺎﺘِــ ِﻪ
ﻭﻗﹶــﺩ ﻫــ ﺩ ﺭﻜﹾــ ﻲ ﻤـﻥ ﻴـﺭﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻜﹸﻤـﺎ ﹶﺓ ﺜﹶﺒﺎﺘﹸـ ﻪ
ﻭِﺇ ﱢﻨ
ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺎﺱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻝﻔﻅﺔ "ﺜﺒﺎ ﹸﺘ ﻪ" ﻭﻝﻔﻅﺔ "ﻭﺜﺒﺎ ِﺘ ِﻪ" ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺭﻜﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ ﻓـﻲ ﻋـﺩﺩ
ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﻴﻥ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻴﻘﺎﻉ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﻴﻥ،
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﺃﻁﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺫﺒﺫﺒﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ"ﻭﺜﺒﺎﺘﻪ" ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤـﺔ ﺼـﻭﺘﺎ
ﻭﻫﻭ)ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻭ( ،ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﺃﻗل ﺯﻤﻨﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻁﻘﻪ ﻭﻫﻭ"ﺜﺒﺎﺘﻪ" ،ﻓﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻴﻘﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺜﺭ
ﺍﻝﺴﻤﻌﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺕ ﻝﻸﺫﻥ ،ﻭﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫـﺫﺍ ﺘﺒـﺎﻴﻥ ﺩﻻﻝـﺔ
ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺠﺎﻨﺴﻴﻥ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻭﻕ ،ﻭﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻪ ،ﻭﻴﻀﻴﻑ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍ.3
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﺄﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﺩﻨﺎ ﺠﻨﺎﺴﹰﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻝﻔﻅﺘﻲ " ﻴﻤﻴﺩ" ﻭ "ﻴﻤﻴل" ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ
ﻤﺘﻔﻘﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺤﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﺍﺜﻨﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ) :ﺍﻝﺩﺍل ﻭﺍﻝﻼﻡ( ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺤﺎﻭﻝﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺼـﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﻫـﺫﻴﻥ
ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺘﻴﻥ ،ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻗﺭﺍﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ،ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻓﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺎﺱ.
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺍﻝﻨﻭﺭﻱ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺠﻭﺍﺩ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﺨﻠﻴل ﺤﻤﺩ :ﻓﺼﻭل ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ،ﻁ ،1ﻤﻁﺒﻌـﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺼـﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴـﺔ ،ﻨـﺎﺒﻠﺱ،1991 ، 1
ﺹ.339 ،334
ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺹ.16 2
ﻨﺠﺎ ،ﺃﺸﺭﻑ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ :ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﻓﺎﺀ ،ﺍﻻﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ-ﻤﺼﺭ ،2003 ،ﺹ.295 3
172
ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺠﻨﺎﺴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻠﻤﺘﻲ " ﺸﻤﺎل" ﻭ " ﺸﻤﻭل" ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻷﻝﻑ
ﻭﻤﺭﺓ ﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻭ ،ﻭﺃﺩﻯ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﻤﺎل ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻴﺴﺭﻯ،
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ" ،ﻝﺯﻭﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻠـﺯﻡ" ،ﻭﻫـﻭ " ﺃﻥ
ﻴﺠﻲﺀ ﻗﺒل ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺼﻠﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻝﻴﺱ ﺒﻼﺯﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﺠﻊ" .1ﺃﻭ " ﺃﻥ ﻴﻠﺘـﺯﻡ
ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ﻗﺒل ﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺤﺭﻓﹰﺎ ﻓﺼﺎﻋﺩﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭ ﻗﻭﺘـﻪ ﻭﺒﺤﺴـﺏ ﻁﺎﻗﺘـﻪ،
ﻱ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ".2
ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻗﺒل ﺭﻭ
ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻌﻲ ﻴﻀﻔﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻨﻭﻋﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻲ ،ﻭﻴﻌﻤﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘـﺄﺜﻴﺭ
ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻤﻊ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﻠل ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ
ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺄﺨﺭﻭﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﻓﺭﺍﻁ.3
]ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ[
ﻑ
ﺱ ﺩﺍ ِﻨﻴـــ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻝﻘِﻁـــﺎ ِ
ﻥ ﺍ ُﻷﻨﹾـــ ِ
ﻏﹸﺼـــﻭ ﺕ ﻓِﻴــ ِﻪ
ﻭﻴــﻭﻡ ﻝِﻠﺴــﺭﻭ ِﺭ ﻫﺼِــﺭ ﹸ
ﻑ
ﻥ ﺍﻨﻌِﻁــﺎ ِ
ﺤﺴــ ِ
ﻥ ﻓِــﻲ
ﻙ ﺍﻝ ﹸﻐﺼــ
ﺃَﺭﺍ ﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﹶـــﻭﺍ ِﻡ ﺇِﺫﺍ ﹶﺘ ﹶﺜﻨﱠـــﻰ
ِﺒﻤﻤﺸـــﻭ ِ
4
ﻲ ﺍﻝﻅﹸﻠـــ ِﻡ ﻤﻌﺴـــﻭ ُل ﺍﻝﻨﱢﻁـــﺎﻑ
ـ ِﻬ
ﺸﹶــ ﻕ ﺍﻝ ﱠﺘﺠﻨــﻲ
ﻑ ﺍﻝــ ﺩ ﱢل ﻤﻌﺸــﻭ ﹸ
ﻝﹶﻁﻴــ ﹸ
ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺯﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺤﺭﻑ ﻝﻠﺭﻭﻱ ﻭﻫـﻲ) :ﺍﻝﻁـﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻝـﻑ،
ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺎﺀ( ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺤﺭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺸﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻤﻊ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ،ﺨﺎﺼﺔ
ﻻ ﻹﻁﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺼـﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﺒﻴـﻪ ﻝﻬـﺫﻩ
ﻭﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺘﻭﺴﻁﻬﺎ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺩ )ﺍﻷﻝﻑ( ،ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﻤﺠﺎ ﹰ
ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ.
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺍﻷﺼﺒﻊ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻅﻴﻡ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩ :ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺜﺭ ﻭﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﻋﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻘـﺭﺁﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴـﻕ: 2
173
ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻗﻭﻝﻪ:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅﻴﺔ "ﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﺭ" ،ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺼﺩﻴﺭ ،2ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻜـل
ﻜﻼﻡ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺼﻔﻪ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻝﻔﻅ ﻴﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻝﻔﻅﹰﺎ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭل ،3ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻫﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻘـﺎﺩ ﺒﻬـﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔـﻥ
ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻌﻲ ﻝﻘﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻜﺎﻨﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺭﻓﻴﻌﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﻏﺔ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﻌﺜـﻪ ﺍﻝﻜـﻼﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼـﻭﺩ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻹﻋﺠﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻤﻊ ﻻ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻭﻡ ﻤﻨﻪ ،ﺇﺫ ﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻀﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺼـﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴـﻴﻘﻲ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺹ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠﺯﺃ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ.4
ﻭﻤﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻗﻭﻝﻪ:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
5
ﻓﹶــﺘﹶﻔﻬﻡ ﻤــﺎ ﻴﺸــﻜﻭ ﻝﹶﻬــﺎ ﻭﻴﻘــﻭ ُل ﻥ ﺍﻝﻬـﻭﻯ
ﻭﻴﺸﻜﻭ ﻝﹶﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﹶﻗﺩُ ﺃﻜِﻥ ﱡﻤِـ
ﺇﺫ ﺘﻜﺭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻌل "ﻴﺸﻜﻭ" ﻓﻲ ﻋﺠﺯ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺒﺩﺃ ﺒﻪ ﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ.
174
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
1
ﺱ ﻴﺤــﻭ ُل
ﺏ ﻝﹶــﻴ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﺤــ
ﹶﻓﻌﻬــﺩﻱ ﻭﺤــ ﹸ ﻅﺕﹾ ﺤﺴﻨﺎ ﺀ ﻋﻬﺩﻱ ﻭ ﹶﻝﻡ ﹶﺘﺤـل
ﺤ ِﻔ ﹶ
ﹶﻓ ﻬلْ
ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﺭﺭ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﻋﻬﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻁﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ.
ﺨﺎﻤﺴﹰﺎ :ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ
2
ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﺼﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻕ ﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﻤﻊ ﻨﺹ ﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﺒﻜﻴﻔﻴـﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ .ﻭﻫـﺫﻩ
ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ؛ " ﻓﺎﻝﻨﺹ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻲ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻻﺘﻜﺎﺀ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻀﻲ ،ﻝﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻝﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﺹ ﻓﻨﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻝﻴﺴﺘﻤﺩ ﺸﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻝﺩ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩ؛ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ )ﺃﻴﺩﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ( ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ".3
ﻭﻻ ﺒ ﺩ ﻝﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻌـﺎﻨﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺘﻨـﺎﻓﺭ ﻤـﻊ ﺍﻝـﻨﺹ
ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺹ ،ﻭﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﻁﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﺼل ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻤـﺎل؛ ﻓﺎﻝﺘﻨـﺎﺹ ﻴﺤﻘـﻕ
ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻨﺹ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩ.4
ﻭﻝﻠﺘﻨﺎﺹ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻲ ،ﻭﻨﺭﻯ ﻓـﻲ
ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺒﻌﻀﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ ،ﺇﺫ ﻴﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻨـﺎﺹ ﺍﻝـﺩﻴﻨﻲ
ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺒﻲ ،ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻨﻭﺍﻉ.
* ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻲ
ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ" ﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻴﻑ
ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻨﺹ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻲ" ،5ﻭﻻ ﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ
ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻤﻲ؛ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺍﻝﻴﻬﻭﺩﻴﺔ.
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ :ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ )ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ(،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻭﻴﺭ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨـﺎﻥ، 2
،1985ﺹ.121
ﺤﻤﺯﺓ ،ﺤﺴﻴﻥ :ﻤﺭﻭﺍﻏﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺹ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻜل ﺸﻲﺀ ،ﺤﻴﻔﺎ ،2001 ،ﺹ .32 3
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺭﺒﺎﺒﻌﺔ ،ﻤﻭﺴﻰ :ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ،ﻁ ،1ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺤﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻝﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ، 4
،2000ﺹ.95
ﺍﻝﺯﻋﺒﻲ ،ﺍﺤﻤﺩ :ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ ﻨﻅﺭﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺎﹰ،ﻁ ،2ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻋﻤﻭﻥ ﻝﻠﻨﺸﺭ ،ﻋﻤﺎﻥ -ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ ،2000،ﺹ.37 5
175
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ:
]ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ[
ﺇﺫ ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻭﺭﺓ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﺍﻝﺴـﻼﻡÍ“ƒÍ•yèø9$# ßNr&tøΒ$# ÏMs9$s%) ،
.3(•‘Ø9$# $uΖn=÷δr&uρ $uΖ¡¡tΒ â“ƒÍ“yèø9$# $pκš‰r'‾≈tƒ (#θä9$s% ϵø‹n=tã (#θè=yzyŠ $£ϑn=sù) .2(‘,ysø9$# }ÈysóÁym z≈t↔ø9$#
ﻭﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻌﺫﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺃﺼﺎﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺠﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻕ
ﻭﻋﺭﻑ ﺴﺒﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﺫﺍﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻀﺭﺭ ،ﻓﻼ ﻴﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻝﻠﻭﻤﻪ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺏ.
]ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ[
ﻑ
ﺱ ﺩﺍ ِﻨﻴـــ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻝﻘِﻁـــﺎ ِ
ﻥ ﺍ ُﻷﻨﹾـــ ِ
ﻏﹸﺼـــﻭ ﺕ ﻓِﻴــ ِﻪ
ﻭﻴــﻭ ٍﻡ ﻝِﻠﺴــﺭﻭ ِﺭ ﻫﺼــﺭ ﹸ
5
ﻑ
ﻥ ﺍﻨﻌِﻁـــﺎ ِ
ﻥ ﺤﺴـــ
ﻙ ﺍﻝﻐﹸﺼـــ
ﺃَﺭﺍ ﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﹶـــﻭﺍ ِﻡ ﺇِﺫﺍ ﺘﹶﺜﻨﱠـــﻰ
ِﺒﻤﻤﺸـــﻭ ِ
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻷﺴـﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺌﻜـﺔ ﻭﺇﻁﻼﻗﻬـﺎ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘـﻪ
ﻭﻫﻡ":ﺭﻀﻭﺍﻥ ﻭ"ﻤﺎﻝﻙ" ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭﻝﻪ:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ـﺎ
ﻥ ﻤﺎِﻝﻜﹶــ
ـﺎ
ﻥ ﻭِﺇﻥ ﻜﹶــ
ـﻭﺍ
ـﻭ ﻩ ِﺒﺭﻀــ
ﺩﻋــ ﻑ ﻓﹶﺎ ِﺘﻜﹶـﺎ
ﻁ ِ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺎ ِ
ﺕ ﺒِـ ِﻪ ﻝﹶـﺩ
ﺯﻫﻴ ﹸ
6
ـﺎ
ﻥ ﻤﺎِﻝ ﹶﻜـ
ـﻭﺍ
ـﺎ ﺭ ﺭﻀـ
ﺏ َﺃﻥ ﺼـ
ﺠـ ٍ
ﻋ
ﻭ ِﻤ ـﻥ ﻋ ِﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻯ
ﻕ ﻓِﻲ ﺸﺭ
ﺕ ﹶﻝ ﻪ ﺒِﺎﻝ ﺭ ﱢ
ﺭﻀﻴ ﹸ
176
ﻓﻤﺎﻝﻙ ﻫﻭ ﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺭ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘـﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻝﻜـﺭﻴﻡ$uΖøŠn=tã ÇÙø)u‹Ï9 à7Î=≈yϑ≈tƒ (#÷ρyŠ$tΡuρ) :
‘ .1(šχθèWÅ3≈¨Β /ä3‾ΡÎ) tΑ$s% ( y7•/uﻭﺭﻀﻭﺍﻥ ﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻴـﺙ ،ﻗـﺎل
ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻡ "ﻗﺩ ﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﷲ ﺴﺒﺤﺎﻨﻪ ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﺯﻨﺔ ﺭﻀﻭﺍﻥ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﺸـﺘﻕ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻝﺭﻀﺎ ،ﻭﺴﻤﻰ ﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺭ ﻤﺎﻝﻜﺎ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﺸﺘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺩﺓ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺼـﺭﻓﺕ
2
ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﺜل ﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺔ ،ﻴﺤﺒﻪ ﻭﻴﺘﻤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺤﺭﻭﻓﻪ.
ﺭﺅﻴﺘﻪ ،ﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺜل ﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺭ ﺸﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻗﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﻪ.
ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻲ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻻ ﻴﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺨﺫ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻹﺴـﻼﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺇﺫ
ﻴﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻭﺼﻑ )ﺍﻝﻴﻨـﻭﺭ( ﺍﻝﻔﺘـﺎﺓ
ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺘﻪ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺱ ﻓِﻴــ ِﻪ ﻋﻬــﻭﺩﻱ
ِﺇﺫﹾ ﺠــ ﺩ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻘِﺴــﻴ ﻼ ِﺒﻴــﻭ ِﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴِــ ِﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﻬﻭ ِﺩ
ﺃَﻫــ ﹰ
ﺕ ﺍﻝﻌــﻭ ِﺩ
ﺘﹶــﺎ ٍل ﻴﻨﹾﺴــﻲ ﺭﺠــ ﻊ ﺼــﻭ ِ ﻑ ﺍﻹِﻨﺠﻴــ ِل ﻤِــﻥ ﺭﻫﺒﺎﻨِــ ِﻪ
ﺤ ﹸ
ﻭ ﹶﻝﻤﺼــ
ـﺩﻴ ِﺩ
ﻅ ﺴــ
ـﺎ ِ
ـﻬ ِﻡ ﺍﻝﻠﱢﺤــ
ـﻲ ِﺒﺴــ
ﺘﹶﺭﻤــ ﻋﻨﹾــ ﺩﻫﻡ ﺭﻭ ِﻤﻴــﺔ
ﻤ ﹶﻠﻜﹶــﺕﹾ ﻗِﻴــﺎﺩﻱ ِ
3
ﻥ ﻭﻻ ِﺒﺠﺤـــﻭ ِﺩ
ﻋﻨﹾـــﺩﻱ ِﺒﻜِﺘﻤـــﺎ ٍ
ِ ﺢ ﹶﻓﻠﹶـﻡ ﹶﺘﺤِـﺩ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﻴ ِ
ﹶﻗﺩ ﻭﺤـﺩﺕﹾ ﺩِﻴـ
ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻤﺜل) :ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻬﻭﺩ( ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻴﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻨﺠـﺩ
ﺫﻜﺭ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺜل):ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻴﺱ( ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻫﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻝﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻴﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻴﻘـﺩﻡ
ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻝﻠﺸﻌﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺤﻲ ،ﻭ)ﺍﻝﺭﺍﻫﺏ( ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺒﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺼ ﻭ ﻤﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﺎﺭﻯ ﻴﺘﺨﻠﻰ ﻋﻥ
ﺃﺸﻐﺎل ﺍﻝﺩﻨﻴﺎ ﻭﻤﻼ ﺫﹼﻫﺎ ،ﺯﺍﻫ ﺩﺍ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺘﺯﻻ ﺃﻫﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻴﺱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﻫﺏ ﻻ
ﻴﺘﺯﻭﺝ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻴﺱ ﻓﻴﺘﺯﻭﺝ ،ﻭﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺨﺹ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﺘﻼﻭﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻴل ﺒﺼﻭﺕ ﺠﻤﻴل ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻕ
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ)ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺎﺱ( ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺼﻭﺘﻪ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺍﺠﻤل ﻤﻥ ﻋﺯﻑ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺩ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﺴـﻡ )ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﻴﺢ(
ﺍﺒﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﺯﻴﺔ ،ﺸﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ :ﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻷﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻻﻓﺭﺍﺡ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1983 ،ﺹ.76 2
177
ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺢ ﻋﻴﺴﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺴﻼﻡ ،ﻭ)ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻴل( ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘـﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺴـﻤﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﻘـﺩﺱ ﻋﻨـﺩ
ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﻴﻥ.
ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻲ
ﻭﻴﻌﻨﻲ" ﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﻨﺼﻭﺹ ﺃﺩﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺸﻌﺭﹰﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻨﺜﺭﹰﺍ ،ﻤﻊ ﻨـﺹ ﺍﻝﻘﺼـﻴﺩﺓ
ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﺴﺠﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻭﻅﻔﺔ ﻭﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﻗﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻁﺭﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸـﺎﻋﺭ،
ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺼل ﻗﺎﺌﻠﻪ ﺒﻐﻴﺭﻩ ﻴﻅل ﺒﺩﺍﺌﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻤﻨﻐﻠﻘﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻴﺠﻬل ﻤﻨﺎﺤﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ
ﻭﻁﺭﻗﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ.
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﻬﻡ ﺍﻁﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻭﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ
ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﻬﻡ ﻭﻀﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭﻩ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺘﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭﻫﻡ ،ﻭﻴﺒـﺩﻭ
ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻻﻤﻭﻱ "ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺭﺒﻴﻌﺔ" ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤـﺭﺓ ﻓﺒﺎﻹﻀـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝـﻰ
ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺭﺍﺭ ﺭﺍﺌﻴﺔ "ﻋﻤﺭ" ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺒﺤﺙ "ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓـﻲ ﺸـﻌﺭ
ﺍﻝﻐﺯل" ﺼﻔﺤﺔ) (85ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩﻩ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﻌﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺭﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻤﺜل:
]ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ[
2
ﺏ
ـﺎ ِ
ـﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺘــ
ﺕ ﺫﹶﺭﻋــﹰﺎ ِﺒﻬﺠﺭِﻫــ
ﻀِــﻘﹾ ﹸ ﻤﻥ ﺸﹶـﻔﻴﻌﻲ ﻴـﻭ ﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﺴـﻭ ِل ﻓﹶـِﺈﻨﹼﻲ
178
]ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ[
1
ﺏ
ـﺎ ِ
ـﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺘــ
ﺕ ﺫﹶﺭﻋــﹰﺎ ِﺒﻬﺠﺭِﻫــ
ﻀِــﻘﹾ ﹸ ـﺎ ﹶﻓ ـِﺈﻨﹼﻲ
ـﻰ ﺍﻝﺜﱡﺭﻴـ
ـﻭﻝِﻲ ﺇِﻝـ
ﻤ ـﻥ ﺭﺴـ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺭﺜﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺨﺎﻩ ﻭﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻓﻘﺩﻩ ﻝﻪ ﻭﺤﻤﺎﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﻨﺼﺭﺘﻪ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺏ ﻭﺼــﺎﺭِﻤﻲ
ﺃَﺫﺍ ﻩ ﻭﺴــﻬﻤﻲ ﻓِــﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﹸﻁــﻭ ِ ﺕ َﺃﺘﱠﻘـﻲ
ﻥ ﻤﻥ ﹸﻜﻨﹾـ ﹸ
ﺕ ِﻤﺠﻨﻲ ﺩﻭ
ﻭ ﹸﻜﻨﹾ ﹶ
2
ﻝﹶﻘﹶــﺩ ﻋــﺎ ﺩ ِﻤﻨﹾــ ﻪ ﺁﻫــلٌ ﻤِﺜــ ُل ﻁﹶﺎﺴــ ِﻡ ﺕ ُﺃﻨﹾﺴـ ﻪ
ﺏ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﹸﻜﻨﹾـ ﹶ
ﹶﻓﻴﺎ ﻭﺤﺸ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﻠ ِ
ﻓﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻷﻭل ﺘﻀﻤﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺭﺒﻴﻌﺔ " ﺃﻤﻥ ﺁل ﻨﻌﻡ":
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
3
ﻥ ﻭﻤﻌﺼِــ ﺭ
ﺹ :ﻜﺎﻋﺒــﺎ ِ
ﺙ ﺸﹸــﺨﻭ ٍ
ﺜﹶــﻼ ﹸ ﺕ َﺃﺘﱠﻘـﻲ
ﻥ ﻤـﺎ ﹸﻜﻨﹾـ ﹸ
ﺠﻨﱢﻲ ﺩﻭ
ﻥ ِﻤ
ﻭﻜﺎ
ﻭﻝﻌل ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺸﺎﻋﺭﻨﺎ ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻗﺩ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭﻩ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ
ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻌﻪ ﺍﻁﻼﻋﻪ ﻭﺜﻘﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﻭﻝﻪ:
ﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺇﺴﻼﻤﻴﻴﻥ،ﻭﺃﻨﺩﻝﺴﻴﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺩ ﱡ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
4
ﻥ
ـﺭ ﻭﺍﻝ ﻌ ﹶﻠ ـ ِ
ﺴــﻲ ﺍﻝ
ـﺎ ﺘﹸﺒﺩﻴ ـ ِﻪ ِﻓـ
ﺨﹶﻠﻴ ـﻕﹲ ﺒِﻤـ ﻑ ﻓِﻲ ﻏﹶﻴ ِﺭ َﺃﻫﻠِـ ِﻪ
ﻀ ِﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭ ﹶ
ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻴ
ﻓﻘﺩ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﻭﺼﺩﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﺯﻫﻴﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺴﻠﻤﻰ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻗﺎل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
5
ﻋ ﹶﻠﻴــ ِﻪ ﻭ ﻴﻨﹾــ ﺩ ِﻡ
ﺤﻤــ ﺩ ﻩ ﹶﺫﻤــﹰﺎ
ﻴﻜﹸــﻥ ﻑ ﻓِﻲ ﻏﹶﻴ ِﺭ َﺃﻫﻠِـ ِﻪ
ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺼ ﹶﻨ ِﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭ ﹶ
ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺭﺒﻴﻌﺔ:ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺹ .106ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻋﺏ :ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﻨﻬﺩ ﺜﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﻊ،ﺍﻝ ﻤﻌﺼِﺭ :ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﺃﺩﺭﻜﺕ ﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﺎﺏ. 3
179
ﻭﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﻡ "ﺍﻝﻭﺃﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﺸﻘﻲ" 1ﻓـﻲ ﺇﻁـﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼـﻑ
ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺯل ،ﻴﻘﻭل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
2
ـﻭ ٍﺭ ﻭ ﹶﺘﺒﺴِـ ـ ﻡ ﻋـ ـﻥ ﺩ ﺭ
ـﻭ ِﺒ ِﺒﻠﱠــ
ﻭﺘﹶﻌﻁــ ﺱ
ﺠ ِ
ﺏ ﻭﺘﹶﺭﻨــﻭ ِﺒﻨﹶــﺭ ِ
ﺘﹸﺸــﻴ ﺭ ِﺒ ﻌﻨﹼــﺎ ٍ
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
3
ﺏ ﺒِــﺎﻝ ﺒ ﺭ ِﺩ
ﻋﻀــﺕﹾ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺍﻝ ﻌﻨﱠــﺎ ِ
ﻭﺭ ﺩﹰﺍ ً ﻭ ﺱ ﻭﺴـ ﹶﻘﺕﹾ
ﺠ ٍ
ﻭﺃَﻤﻁ ﺭﺕﹾ ﻝﹸﺅﻝﹸﺅﹰﺍ ِﻤﻥ ﻨﹶـﺭ ِ
ﻭﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﺒﻲ ﻨﻭﺍﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ،ﺇﺫ ﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺼـﻴﺩﺓ
ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ،ﻭﺘﻐﺯل ﺒﻔﺘﺎﺓ ﻤﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ":ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺠـﺎﺯ
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺱ ﻓِﻴـــ ِﻪ ﻋﻬـــﻭﺩﻱ
ِﺇﺫﹾ ﺠـــ ﺩ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻘِﺴـــﻴ ﻼ ِﺒﻴــﻭ ِﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴِــ ِﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﻬﻭﺩ
ﺃَﻫــ ﹰ
4
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻐِﻴــ ِﺩ
ﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﱠﻨــ ﺯ ِﻩ ﻓِــﻲ ﺍﻝﺤِﺴــﺎ ِ
ﺒــﺎ ﻥ ﻤﻔ ﱢﺘﺤـﺎ
ﻥ ﺍﻝـﺩﻨﺎ ِ
ﺽ ﺍﻝﺨِﺘـﺎ ﻡ ﻋـ ِ
ﹶﻓ
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻝﻘﻭﻤﻪ ﻭﻓﺨﺭ ﺒﺎﻨﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺌﻌﺔ ﻭﻤﺂﺜﺭﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻅﻴﻤـﺔ،
ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺠﻠﻬﻡ ﻭﻴﻌﻅﻡ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﻡ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
5
ﻙ ﺃﻭِ ﻝﺭِﻓﻌـــﺔ ﻤِﻘـــﺩﺍﺭ ِ
ﹶﻓِﺈﻤـــﺎ ِﻝﻬﻠـــ ٍ ﻥ ﺃُﻨــﺎﺱ ﻻ ﻓِﻴﻨــﺎ ﹶﺘﻭﺴــﻁ
ﻓــ ﹶﻨﺤ
ﺍﻝﻭﺃﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﺸﻘﻲ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻫﺎﻥ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ -ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ،1993،ﺹ.47 3
180
ﺃﻱ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻌﻴﺵ ﺒﻜﺭﺍﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺕ ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﺒﺭﺯ ﺘﺄﺜﺭﻩ ﺒﺄﺒﻲ ﻓﺭﺍﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
1
ﻥ ﺃ ِﻭ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﺒــ ﺭ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻌــﺎﻝﹶﻤﻴ
ﹶﻝﻨﹶــﺎ ﺍﻝﺼــﺩ ﺭ ﺩﻭ ﻋﻨﹾــﺩﻨﺎ
ﻁ ِ
ﻥ ﺃُﻨــﺎﺱ ﻻ ﹶﺘ ﻭﺴــ ﹶ
ﻭﻨﹶﺤــ
ﻭﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﺭﻩ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺯﻴﺩﻭﻥ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻌـﺎﻨﻲ
ﻤﻥ ﻨﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺯﻴﺩﻭﻥ ،ﻴﻘﻭل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ:
]ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ[
ﻑ
ـﺎ ِ
ﺱ ﺩﺍ ِﻨﻴـ ـ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻝﻘِﻁــ
ﻥ ﺍ ُﻷﻨﹾـ ـ ِ
ـﻭ
ﻏﹸﺼــ ﺕ ﻓِﻴــ ِﻪ
ﻭﻴــﻭ ٍﻡ ﻝِﻠﺴــﺭﻭ ِﺭ ﻫﺼــﺭ ﹸ
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
2
ﺠ ﹶﻨﻴﻨﹶــﺎ ِﻤﻨﹾــ ﻪ ﻤــﺎ ﺸِــﻴﻨﹶﺎ
ِﻗﻁﹶﺎﻓﹸﻬــﺎ ،ﹶﻓ ﻥ ﺍﻝ ﻭﺼــ ِل ﺩﺍ ِﻨﻴــ ﹰﺔ
ﻭﺇﺫﹾ ﻫﺼــﺭﻨﹶﺎ ﹸﻓﻨﹸــﻭ
ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻀﻤﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ ،ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻀﻤﻥ ﺸـﻌﺭﻩ
ﺃﺴﻤﺎ ﺀ ﺘﺭﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻔﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﺸﺎﻕ
ﺃﻤﺜﺎل:ﻗﻴﺱ ﺒﻥ ﺫﺭﻴﺢ ﻭﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﻝﺒﻨﻰ ،ﻭﻗﻴﺱ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻭﺡ ﻭﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﻝﻴﻠﻰ ،ﺇﺫ ﻭﻅﻑ ﻗﺼﺼﻬﻡ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ
ﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻻﻗﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺫﺍﺏ ﻓﺎﻕ ﻋﺫﺍﺒﻬﻤﺎ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻏﺭﺒﺘﻪ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻩ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ،ﺒل ﺇ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺃﺒﻭ ﻓﺭﺍﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺩﺍﻨﻲ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻤﺭﺍﺌﻲ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ،ﻋﻤﺎﻥ -ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ ،1983 ،ﺹ .142 1
181
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻴﺭ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺠـﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﻭﻴﻀـﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓـﻲ
ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ[
ﻙ ﺍﻝﺤﻠـــل
ﺏ ﺒﺘﻠـــ
ﻝﻌـــل ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴـــ ﻁ ﺍﻝﻠِـــﻭﻯ
ﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﺴـــﻘ ِ
ﺃﻻ ﺤـــ
1
ﺘﺠـــﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺠﻔـــﻭﻥ ﺒـــﻭﺍﺒﻠﻲ ﻭﻁﻠـــل ﺩﻴـــﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﺴـــﻠﻤﻰ ﻭﺃﺘﺭﺍﺒﻬـــﺎ
ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ "ﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻯ"،ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺫﻜـﺭﻩ
ﻓﻲ ﻤﻁﻠﻊ ﻤﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻤﺭﺉ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺱ ،ﺭﺍﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
2
ﺒﺴــﻘﻁ ﺍﻝﻠــﻭﻯ ﺒــﻴﻥ ﺍﻝــﺩﺨﻭل ﻓﺤﻭﻤــل ﻗﻔﺎ ﻨﺒﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻜـﺭﻯ ﺤﺒﻴـﺏ ﻭﻤﻨـﺯل
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
3
ﺏ ﺍﻝﻀـﻨﺎ ﹶﻜﺴـﺎ
ﻕ ﺜﹶـﻭ
ﹶﻨﻀﺎ ﺍﻝﺼﺒ ﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺎ ﹸ ﹶﺘ ﹶﻘﻀﻰ ﺯﻤـﺎﻥ ﻓِـﻲ ﹶﻝﻌـ ّل ﻭﻋﺴـﻰ
ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭ ﺭﺅﻴﺘﻬﺎ.
182
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
1
ﻕ
ﻋﻁﹾﻔﹸــ ﻪ ﻭﺍﻹﺸــﻔﺎ ﹸ
ﻑ ﻴــﺄْﺘﻲ
ِﻝﻠﹾﻌﻁــ ِ ﻙ ﻭ ﻭﻀـ ِﻌ ِﻪ
ﻍ ِﻤﻨﹾـ
ﻋﺠﺒﹰﺎ ﻝِﻭﺍ ِﻭ ﺍﻝﺼـﺩ ِ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﺎل ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﻭﻝـﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﻭﺼـﻑ
ﻀ ﻤ
ﻭ
ﺇﺨﻼﺼﻪ ﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺇﺨﻼﺼﻬﺎ ﻝﻪ:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
2
ﻥ ﻴــﺩﻴﻥ
ﺃَﻗــﻭ ُل ﻋﺴــﻰ ﻜﹶﻤــﺎ ﻴــﺩﺍ ﻥ ِﺒﺈِﺨﻼﺼِــﻲ ِﺇﻝﹶﻴــ ِﻪ ﻭَﺃﻨﹾﺜﹶﻨــﻲ
ﺃَﺩﻴــ
ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻀﻤﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﻭﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﺩﻴﻪ ﺘﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﻌﺭﻓﻪ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﻴـﺔ
ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ ،ﻭﻝﻭﻻ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻁﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﺘﺒﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺁﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ ،ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻜـﺎﻥ
ﻴﻀﻤﻥ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺸﻌﺭ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺩﻝﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻁﻼﻋﻪ ﻭﺤﻔﻅﻪ .
183
ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ
ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ
"ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ،ﻓﻠﻠﺸﻌﺭ ﺃﻝﻭﺍﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺸﻭﻩ،
ﻭﺸﺄﻥ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ "ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ" ﺘﺤﺘﻀﻥ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺸﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ،ﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﺅﻝﻑ ﺍﻷﻝﺤﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ
ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﻐﻨﺎﺀ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﻁﻼﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺠﻭﻉ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻨﻤﺎ ﻫـﻭ ﻋﻨﺼـﺭ
ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ،ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺎﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻡ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺘﺘﻌﻁل ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻨﺤﻭﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺘﻀﻌﻑ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺼﺭﻓﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻭ
ﺘﻐﻤﺽ ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﺩﻻﻝﻴﺔ".2
ﻭﺴﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺒﺎﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤـﺎ ﻴﺴـﻤﻰ
ﺒﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ "ﺍﻝﺤﺸﻭ" ،ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ )ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ( ،ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ "ﺍﻹﻁﺎﺭ".
ﻝﻠﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻪ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺼﻭﺼـﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺒـﺩﻉ؛ ﻻ ﺘﺤﻜﻤـﻪ ﻗﺎﻋـﺩﺓ
ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺘﺤﻜﻤﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﻫﺒﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺅﻯ ،ﻭﺭﺸﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺤـﺱ
ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺇﻴﻘﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﻨﺼﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﺒﻌﺜﻪ" ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﺘﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺴﻼﺴـﺘﻬﺎ،
ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺠﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻷﻀﺩﺍﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻤﺎﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻴﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅﻴﺔ.3"...
ﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﻑ ﻜﻭﺤﺩﺓ ﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻔﻅﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻝﻰ
ﺍﻝﺸﻁﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻜﻜل ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﻙ ﻤﻭﺴـﻴﻘﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ
ﻭﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ.
ﺃﻨﻴﺱ ،ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ :ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ،ﻁ ،5ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺠﻠﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ،1987 ،ﺹ.17 1
ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺍﺒﻠﺴﻲ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺩﻱ :ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻻﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻭﻗﻴﺎﺕ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻨﺴﻴﺔ ،1981 ،ﺹ19 2
ﺨﻠﻴل،ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ :ﻤﺩﺨل ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ،ﻁ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﻨﺸﺭ ،ﻋﻤﺎﻥ-ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ.325 ،2003 ، 3
184
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻴﻜﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﻁﺭ ﻝﻭﻨـﹰﺎ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﺭﻴﺢ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﻭﺘﻘﺒل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻓﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ،ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ
ﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ :ﺃﺤﺩﻫﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺴﺠﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﻴﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻴﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺩﺉ.1
ﻼ ﺤﺭﻭﻑ )ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻴﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻀﺎﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻅﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩ( ﺃﻨﺴﺏ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ
ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ
ﺍﻝﻌﻨﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺨﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺠﺎﺀ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻐـﺯل ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺜـﺎﺀ
ﻭﻨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺘﻔﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌـﺭﺏ
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﺏ
ﻕ ﺍﻝــﺫﻱ ﻴﺠِــ
ﺤﻘﱠﻨــﺎ ﺍﻝﺤــ ﱠ
ﻭﻻ ﻴــﺭﻯ ﻁﺒـ ﹰﺔ
ﻙ ﻗﹶﺎ ِ
ﻑ ﺍﻷﻤﻠﹶـﺎ
ﻤﻥ ﺫﺍ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﻴﺼِـ ﹸ
ﺏ
ﹶﻓﻌﺯﻤــ ﻪ ﺼــﺎ ِﺩﻕﹲ ﺘﹸﻬــﺩﻯ ﺒِــ ِﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﱡــ ﻬ ﻙ ﺍﻹﺴـﻼ ِﻡ ﻤﺎِﻝﻜﹸـﻪ
ﻤﻥ ﻴﻭﺴـﻑﹲ ﻤﻠِـ
3
ﺏ
ﻋﺠـ
ﺡ ﺸﹶـﺄْﻨﹸﻬﺎ
ﺃَﻫﻼﹰ ﺒِﻬـﺎ ﻤِـﻥ ﻓﹸﺘـﻭ ٍ ـﺎ
ـﺎ ﺀ ﻤﻁﻠﻌﻬـ
ﻀــﺨﺭ ﹸﺓ ﺍﻝ ﻭ
ﺼـﻭﺘِﻠ ﹸﻜ ـ ﻡ ﺍﻝ
ﻝﻌل ﺍﻝﺘﺂﻝﻑ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻗﺩ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺸﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﻭﻑ
ﻴﺠﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺤﺭﻑ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻠﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ﻴﻬﻴﺊ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﻴل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻴﻤﺎﺜﻠﻪ ﻨﻐﻤـﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ
ﺭﺴﻤﺎﹰ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﻊ ﻓـﻲ ﻗﺼـﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺠﻬـﺎﺩ
ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺘﻪ ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺨﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭﻝـﻪ)ﻴﺼـﻑ ،ﻗﺎﻁﺒـﺔ ،ﺤﻘﻨـﺎ،
ﺍﻝﺤﻕ،ﺍﻝﺼﺨﺭﺓ ،ﺍﻝﻭﻀﺎﺀ (....ﻭﻨﺭﺍﻩ ﻴﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻝـﺯﺍﻱ )ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺤـﺭﻭﻑ
ﺼﻔﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ( 4ﻭﻗﺩ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭﻝﻪ)ﻴﺼﻑ ،ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ،ﺍﻻﺴﻼﻡ ،ﻋﺯﻤﻪ،ﺼﺎﺩﻕ ،(،ﻭﻗﺩ
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺍﺒﻥ ﺍﻻﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺭﻱ ،ﻀﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ :ﺍﻝﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ،ﺩﻁ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨـﺎﻥ، 2
185
ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﺘﺂﻝﻔﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻓﺭﺓ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺼﺎﺩ ﺤﺭﻑ ﻤﻔﺨﻡ ﻴﻘﺎﺒﻠﻪ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻗـﻕ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺴـﻴﻥ
ﻤﻬﻤﻭﺴﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺯﺍﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺨﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺨﺭﺝ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ.1
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻨﻅﺭﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻴﻘﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺩﺌﺔ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺭﺜـﺎﺀ ،ﻓﻬـﺫﺍ
ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﻴﺴﻭﺩﻩ ﺍﻷﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻤﻭﻉ ،ﻭﻻ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺼﻭﺕ ﻋـﺎل ﻝﻴﺴـﻤﻊ ﺍﻵﺨـﺭﻭﻥ ،ﻓﺎﻷﺤﺎﺴـﻴﺱ
ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺘﻌﺘﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻭﺏ ،ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﻭل ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺃﺨﻴﻪ:
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ[
ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺤﺭﻭﻓﹰﺎ ﻤﻬﻤﻭﺴﺔ 3ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺤﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ
)ﺍﻷﺴﻑ،ﻋﺩﺘﻲ،ﺨﻠﻔﺎﹰ ،ﺴﻠﻑ،ﺃﻨﺴﻲ ،ﺭﺍﺤﺘﻲ،ﺴﺎﻋﺩﹰﺍ ،(...ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﻅﻬﺭ ﺘﻨﺎﻏﻡ ﻭﺇﻴﻘﺎﻉ ﻫﺎﺩﺉ ﻭﻤﺴـﻤﻭﻉ
ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﻌﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺇﻴﻘﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﻤـﺅﺜﺭﹰﺍ
ﺒﺎﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺱ ،ﻭﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﻴﻭﻝﺩ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻴﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﺴﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﻝﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻨﻐﻤـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴـﻴﻘﻴﺔ
ﻝﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ.4
ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻹﻴﻘﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺩﺉ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ:
]ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ[
ﺱ
ﻋ ِ
ﻅ ﺒِــﺎﻝﻬﻭﻯ ﻨﹶــﺎ ِ
ﺕ ﹶﻝﺤــ ٍ
ﻤِــﻥ ﹶﺘﺤــ ِ ـ ﺩ ِﻩ َﺃﻴ ﹶﻨﻌــــﺕﹾ
ـﻲ ﺨﹶـــ
ﻭ ﻭﺭ ﺩ ٍﺓ ﻓِـــ
ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻤﻭﺴﺔ:ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻬﺘﺯ ﺍﻝﻭﺘﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺘﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻨﻁﻕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ )ﻓﺤﺜﻪ ﺸﺨﺹ 3
ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،1993،ﺹ.293
186
1
ﺱ
ﻙ ﻤِــﻥ ﻓﹶــﺎ ِﺭ ِ
ﻴــﺎ ﻓﹶﺎ ِﺭﺴــﹰﺎ َﺃﻓﹾــﺩﻴ ﻰ ِﺒﺄَﻭﻫﺎﻤِــ ِﻪ
ﻋﻬــﺎ ﻤﻀــ ﹶﻨ
ﻤــﺎ ﺭﺍ
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺏ
ﻭﺍﻝ ﹶﻔﺠــ ﺭ ﻴﺒﺼــ ﺭ ﻤِــﻥ ﺨِــﻼ ِل ﺴــﺤﺎ ِ ﺕ ﺼــﻔﹾ ﻭ ﻨﹶﻌﻴ ِﻤﻬــﺎ
ﻭﺤﺩﻴﻘﹶــ ٍﺔ ﺒــﺎﻜﺭ ﹸ
2
ﺏ
ﻏﻨﹶــﺎ ِﺀ ﺭﺒــﺎ ِ
ﻕ ﻤِــﻥِ
ﻭﺍﻝﻨﱠﻬــ ﺭ ﻴﺼــ ﱢﻔ ﹸ ﺡ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﱠﺴـﻴ ﻡ ﻗﹶـ ِﺩ ﺍﻨﺒـﺭﻯ
ﻭﺍﻝﻁﱠﻴ ﺭ ﹶﺘﺼ ﺩ
ﻭﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻠﻤﺢ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﻴﻠﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﻴﻠﺕ ﻓـﻲ
ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻓﻼ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺨﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺎﺭﻙ،
ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻠﻘﺎﻨﺎ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﻫﺎﺩﺌﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ )ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻥ( ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﺤـﺭﻭﻑ
ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻤﻭﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﻨﻁﻕ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺠﻬﺩ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ)ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺀ( ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﻔﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﻁﺒﻕ ﺍﻝﺸﻔﺘﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻁﻕ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴـﺔ ﻤﻜﺴـﻭﺭﺓ ،ﻓﻴﺨـﺭﺝ
ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻷﻝﻑ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻝﻠﺒﺎﺀ ،ﺜﻡ ﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺀ.
ﻭﻻ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺭﺩﺓ ،ﻓـﺎﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺘﺘﺼـل ﻭﺘـﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﻝﺘﻜـﻭﻥ
ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺒﺄﻝﻔﺎﻅﻬﻡ ﻋﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﺌﻘﺔ ،ﻓﻼ ﻨﻜﺎﺩ ﻨﺭﻯ ﺒﻴﺘـﹰﺎ ﺇﻻ
ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻊ " ،ﻓﻔﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻊ ﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻷﻝﻔﺎﻅ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻝﻴﺱ ﺇﻻ ﺘﻔﻨﻨﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻕ
ﺘﺭﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﻼﻡ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻝﻪ ﻨﻐﻡ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﺭﻋﻲ ﺍﻵﺫﺍﻥ ﺒﺄﻝﻔﺎﻅﻪ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺴـﺘﺭﻋﻲ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﺭﻀﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻝﻔـﺎﻅ ﻝﻠﻤﻌـﺎﻨﻲ،
ل؛ ﻻﺤﺘﻭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺤﺭﻑ ﻤﻔﺨﻤﺔ ،ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺠـﺔ
ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﺤﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺩﺓ ،ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻴﻘﺎﻉ ﻋﺎ ٍ
ﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ،ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﻓﻲ ﺸـﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼـﻑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺇﻴﻘـﺎﻉ ﻫـﺎﺩﺉ،
ﻻﺤﺘﻭﺍﺌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺤﺭﻑ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺼﻭﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ.
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ﻭﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﻨﺎ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻴﻭﺴـﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝـﺙ،
ﺒﻨﻭﻋﻴﻬﺎ )ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ( ،ﻓﺎﻝﺒﺩﻴﻊ ﻭﺜﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻷﻝﻔـﺎﻅ ،ﻭﻤﻬﻤـﺎ ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺕ ﺃﺼـﻨﺎﻓﻪ
ﻭﺘﻌﺩﺩﺕ ﻁﺭﻗﻪ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﹰﺎ ﺃﻤﺭ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ،ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺠـﺭﺱ ﻭﻭﻗـﻊ ﺍﻷﻝﻔـﺎﻅ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﻉ ،ﻭﻤﺠﻲﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎﻩ ،ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﺼـﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘـﻲ
ﺘﺘﻜﺭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺸﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ،ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻜﺭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ،ﺘﺠﻌل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﺃﺸـﺒﻪ ﺒﻔﺎﺼـﻠﺔ ﻤﻭﺴـﻴﻘﻴﺔ
ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﻐﻡ.1
ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﺎﻕ ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﻜل ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﻝﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺍﻹﻴﻘﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴـﻴﻘﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻨـﺎﺱ
ﺒﺄﻨﻭﺍﻋﻪ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺇﻻ ﻨﻐﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻝﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﺘﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎﻫﺎ ﺤﺴـﺏ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺠـﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻜـﺭﺍﺭ
ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﺇﻴﻘﺎﻋﹰﺎ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻴ ﹰﺎ ﻴﺠﺫﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻤﻊ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ،ﻭﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠـﻰ
ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻤﻊ ﻭﺘﺤﻘـﻕ ﻝﻠﺒﻴـﺕ
ﺠﺭﺴﹰﺎ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻴﹰﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺘﻔﻘﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ)ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴـﻴﻘﻴﺔ( ﻓـﻲ
ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻊ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺠﺭﺱ ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻲ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ
ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻤﻊ ﻭﻴﺠﺫﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ" ،ﻓﺎﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻰ ﻝﻡ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺃﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﺭﻨﺎﻨﺔ ﺘﺭﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ،ﺒل ﺃﺼـﺒﺤﺕ
ﺘﻭﻗﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﻔﺫ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﻝﺘﻬﺯ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺩﻭﺀ ﻭﺭﻓﻕ".2
ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺫﻜﺭﺕ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﻥ ﻴﺠﻤﻊ
ﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻊ ﻭﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﻭﺽ ،ﺃﻻ ﻭﻫﻭ " ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺭﻴﻊ" ،ﻭﻫﻭ ":ﺠﻌل ﺍﻝﻌﺭﻭﺽ ﻤﻘﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺏ،
ﻉ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻨﻪ" .3
ﺼ ﺭ
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺤﺴﻥ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻝﺠﺄ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺭﻴﻊ ﻹﺜﺭﺍﺀ ﻤﻌﺠﻤﻬﻡ ﺍﻹﻴﻘﺎﻋﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺘﺠـﺎﻨﺱ ﺍﻝﺼـﻭﺘﻲ
ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺸﺄ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻤﺼﺭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ،ﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺠﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺴﻤﻌﻲ،
ﺇﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل ،ﻋﺯ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ :ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﻸﺩﺏ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ-ﻤﺼﺭ .1963 ،ﺹ.40 2
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ﺒﺸﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻠﻘﻲ ،ﻭﻴﺅﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻭﻴﺘﺄﺼل ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻴﻔﺎﺀ ﺃﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻴﻘـﺎﻉ ﻨﻔﺴـﻪ ﺒـﺎﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ
ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺒﻴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻔﻴﺔ.1
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
3
ﺕ ﻨِــﺩﺍﺌِﻲ
ﺠﺒــ ﹶ
ﻙ ﻝﹶــﻭ َﺃ
ﻤــﺎﺫﺍ ﻴﻀــ ﺭ ﻜﹶــﻡ ﺫﹶﺍ ﺘﹸﻁﻴــ ُل ﺘﹶــ ﻭﻝﱡﻬﻲ ﻭﻋﻨــﺎﺌِﻲ
ﻓﺎﻝﻜﻠﻤﺘﺎﻥ )ﻋﻨﺎﺌﻲ،ﻭﻨﺩﺍﺌﻲ( ﻴﻘﻌﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﺭ ،ﻭﺁﺨﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ،ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻭﺯﻥ )ﺏ ـــ ــــ( ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻔﻌﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺘﻔﺎﻋل )ﺏ ﺏ ــــ ـــ ( ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ
ﻀﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻭﻋﺭﻭﻀﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﺘﺤﻤﻼﻥ ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﻱ ﻭﻫﻭ)ﺍﻝﻴﺎﺀ( ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺩﻭﺩﺓ.
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
4
ـﻔﻭﺤﺎ
ﺨ ـ ﺩ ﻤﺴـ
ﻕ ﺍﻝ ﹶ
ـﻭ ﹶ
ﻥ ﹶﻓـ
ـﻴ ِ
ـﺩ ﻤ ﻊ ﺍﻝ ﻌـ
ﻭ ﻤـ ﻥ ﻤﺠﺭﻭﺤـﺎ
ﻑ ﺍﻝﺒـﻴ ِ
ﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﹸﺅﺍ ﺩ ِﺒﺴﻴ ِ
ﺃَﻀﺤ
ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺭﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﻴﻘﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜﻠﻤﺘﻲ )ﻤﺠﺭﻭﺤﺎ ،ﻭﻤﺴـﻔﻭﺤﺎ( ،ﻓﺎﻝﻜﻠﻤﺘـﺎﻥ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻭﺯﻥ
)ــ ـــ ـــ( ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﻤل ﺁﺨﺭ ﺘﻔﻌﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻔﻌﻠﻥ )ـــ( ﻭﺁﺨـﺭ ﺘﻔﻌﻴﻠـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻀـﺭﺏ
ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺭﻭﺽ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﺎﻋل)ـــ ـــ(.ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﻝﻬﻤﺎ ﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﻱ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺩ ﺍﻻﻝﻑ.
ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ،ﺃﺤﻤﺩ :ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻡ،ﻁ ،2ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1997 ،ﺹ.163-162 2
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ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ )ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ(
* ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ
ﻫﻭ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﻌﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﺄﻝﻑ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﻫـﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﺤـﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴـﻴﻘﻴﺔ
ﻝﻠﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ.1ﻭﻻ ﺭﻴﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻝﺒﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻭﺃﻭﺯﺍﻨﻪ ﺃﺜﺭﹰﺍ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻓـﻲ
ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ.2
ﻭﻗﺩ ﻋﺭﻑ ﻗﺩﺍﻤﺔ ﺒﻥ ﺠﻌﻔﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ" ﻜﻼﻡ ﻤﻭﺯﻭﻥ ﻤﻘﻔﻰ ﺩﺍل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻨـﻰ"3؛ ﻓـﺎﻝﻭﺯﻥ
ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻘﻔﻴﺔ ﺴﻤﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻋﻅﻡ ﺃﺭﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ،4ﻭﻫﻭ
ﺼﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻴﺔ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﹰ ،ﻭﻻ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﻨﻪ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺤﺸﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻭﺭ ﻭﻋﻭﺍﻁﻑ؛
ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﹸﺘ
ﻓﻼ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻝﻤﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﺼﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﻭﻨﺒﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺭﻭﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ.5
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻔﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﺠﺩﻩ ﻤﻘﻠﺩﹰﺍ ﻝﻠﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ ﺴـﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ
ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﻭﻥ ،ﺇﺫ ﻝﺠﺄﻭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭﻫﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﺤﻭﺭ)ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴـل ،ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤـل ،ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺴـﻴﻁ،(،
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻨﺴﺞ ﻏﺎﻝﺒﻴﺔ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺜﺔ ،ﻤﻊ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﻔﻴـﻑ ﻝﺒﻘﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺭ" ،ﺇﺫ ﺘﺸﻜل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻪ %70ﻤﻥ ﺒﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ".6
ﻓﻔﻲ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ:ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴـل ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤـل
ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ،ﻓﺄﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﻤـﺕ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ﻗﺩ ﻨﻅﻡ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺜﻠﺙ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ
ﻓﺎﺨﻭﺭﻱ ،ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ :ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺤﻠﺏ ،ﺤﻠﺏ-ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ،1987 ،ﺹ.165 1
ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ،ﻨﺎﻴﻑ :ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﻭﺽ ﻭﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﻝﻠﻨﺸﺭ ،ﻋﻤـﺎﻥ-ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ،1991 ،ﺹ .7ﻭﻴﻨﻅـﺭ: 2
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ﻴﺅﺜﺭﻭﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ،ﻭﻴﺘﺨﺫﻭﻨﻪ ﻤﻴﺯﺍﻨﹰﺎ ﻷﺸﻌﺎﺭﻫﻡ ،ﻭﻻ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺔ ﺠﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺸـﺄﻥ،
ﻭﻫﻭ ﻝﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻤﻘﺎﻁﻌﻪ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻭﺠﻼل ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﺨﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻬﺎﺠﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻅﺭﺓ.1
ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺒﺤﺭ ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ؛ "ﻭﻫﻭ ﻓﻲ
ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺭ ﺃﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﺔ ،ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﺭﺍﻩ ﻴﺼﻠﺢ ﻝﻠﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺴﻴﺏ ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻝـﻙ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻻﻏﺭﺍﺽ.2
ﻭﺠﺎﺀ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ؛ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﻘﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ،ﻭﺇﻥ
ﻜﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺴﻊ ﻤﺜﻠﻪ ﻻﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ،ﻭﻻ ﻴﻠﻴﻥ ﻝﻠﺘﺼﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺒﺤـﺭﻴﻥ،
ﻭﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﻴﻔﻭﻗﻪ ﺭﻗ ﹰﺔ ﻭﺠﺯﺍﻝﺔﹰ ،ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﻗﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻝﱢـﺩﻴﻥ ،ﻭﺴـﻤﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺴـﻴﻁ
ﺒﺴﻴﻁﺎﹰ ،ﻝﺴﻬﻭﻝﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻭﻕ ﻭﺒﺴﺎﻁﺘﻪ.3
ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺯﻝﻪ ﻭﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﻝﻠﺤﺏ ﻭﻝﻠﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ،ﻭﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﺒﺩﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺁﻻﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ،ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻤـﺎ
ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ،ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﺤﺭ ﻴﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺒﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺘﻔﻌﻴﻼﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﺴـﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ
ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﻭﻋﻭﺍﻁﻔﻪ ،ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ؛ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺸﺠﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﻭﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﺒﻨـﺎﺀ
ﻗﻭﻤﻪ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﻤﺠﺭﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﺴﻴﺩ ﻝﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ
ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻭﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﻝﺤﺯﻨﻪ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ
ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﺤﻭﺭ ﺘﺴﺘﻭﻋﺏ ﺤﺒﻪ ،ﻭﻋﻨﻔﻭﺍﻨﻪ ،ﻭﺸﺠﺎﻋﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺤﺯﻨﻪ ،ﻭﺤﺒﻪ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺤﺩﻴﺜـﻪ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻤـﺭ،
ﻓﺎﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ،ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻁﻊ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺴﻊ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺘﻔﻌﻴﻼﺘﻬﺎ ﻜ ﻤﹰﺎ ﻭﻜﻴﻔﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴـﺭ ﻋـﻥ
ﺍﻝﻐﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻵﻤﺎل ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﻴﺱ ﻋﻥ ﻫﻤﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺃﺸﺠﺎﻨﻬﺎ.
ﻭﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻝﺒﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﺜـل :ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻘـﺎﺭﺏ،
ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺠﺯ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻤل ،ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ.
191
ﻭﻴﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻪ ﻝﻸﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻤﺔ ،ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺸـﻌﺭﻩ ،ﺃﻤـﺎ
ﺍﻷﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀﺓ ،ﻓﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﻤﺜل ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ،ﻭﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴـﻑ،
ﻭﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل.
* ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ
ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ،ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻭل ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻴﻠﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒﻠﻪ ،ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝـﺫﻱ
ﻭﻫﻲ ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﺇﻻ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﺘﺘﻜﺭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺍﺨﺭ ﺍﻷﺸﻁﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺘﻜﺭﺭﻫﺎ
ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺠﺯﺀﹰﺍ ﻤﻬﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺍﺼل ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﺴـﺎﻤﻊ
ﺘﺭﺩﺩﻫﺎ ،ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻵﺫﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻤﻌـﻴﻥ
ﻤﻥ ﻤﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺨﺎﺹ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﺯﻥ.2
ﻭﺘﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﻱ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠـﺯﺃ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ،ﻴﺘﻜـﺭﺭ
ﺒﺤﺭﻜﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻭﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﺘﻨﺘﺴﺏ ،ﻓﻴﻘﺎل ﻫﻤﺯﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﺒﻌﹰﺎ
ﻝﺤﺭﻑ ﺭﻭﻴﻬﺎ.3
ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﻜل ﺒﺤﺭ ﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺘﻼﺌﻡ ﻏﺭﻀﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺎﻷﻤﺭ ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ
ﺍﻝﺭﻭﻱ ،ﻓﻼ ﻴﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻑ ،ﻤﺜﻼﹰ ،ﺭﻭﻴﺎﹰ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻏﺯﻝﻴﺔ ،ﻷﻨﻪ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻼﺀ ﻴﺘﺼـﻑ
ﺒﺎﻝﺸﺩﺓ ﻭﻴﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺘﺎل ...ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ.
ﻭﻨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻴﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻤﻭﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﻡ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ،ﻓﺄﻏﻠﺏ
ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺨﻭﺭﻱ ،ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ :ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﺹ .137ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻲ ،ﻓﻴﺼل :ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﻭﺽ ﻭﺍﻝﻘـﻭﺍﻓﻲ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒـﺔ 1
192
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺡ
ﺒﻜــﺎﺌِﻲ ِﻝﺘﹶﺭﺠﻴــ ِﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﻤــﺎ ِﻡ ﺍﻝﺼــﻭﺍ ِﺩ ِ ﻙ ﻭﻝﹶـﻡ ﻴﻜﹸـﻥ
ﹶﻜ َﺄﻥ ﹶﻝﻡ ﻴ ﻤﺕﹾ ﻤﻴﺕﹲ ﺴِـﻭﺍ
2
ﺢ
ﻥ ﺭﻨﱠــ ﹶﺔ ﻨﹶــﺎ ِﺌ ِ
ﺕ ﺍﻷَﻝﺤــﺎ
ﹶﻜﻤــﺎ ﺼــﺎ ﺭ ِ ﻋﻠﹾﻘﹶﻤـﺎ
ﻋﻨﹾـﺩﻱ
ﺱ ِ
ﺤ ﻤﻴـﺎ ﺍﻝﻜـ َﺄ ِ
ﻭﺼﺎ ﺭ
ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺘﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻬﻤﻭﺴﺔ ﻭﻫـﻲ)ﺍﻝﺴـﻴﻥ،
ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺎﺀ( ،ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻠﺤﻅﺔ ،ﻓﻔـﻲ
ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﺘﻐﺯل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻔﺘﺎﺓ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻅﺒﻲ ،ﻓﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﻱ )ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻥ( ،ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻤـﻥ
ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻬﻤﺱ ،ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ،ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺀ
ﻭﻫﻭ ﺤﺭﻑ ﻤﻬﻤﻭﺱ ﺃﻴﻀﺎﹰ ،ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻨﻅﺭﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻬﻤﺱ ﺘﺭﺩ ﺒـﻴﻥ
ﺜﻨﺎﻴﺎ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻤﻭﺴﺔ؛ ﻝﻴﻌﺒﺭ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺃﺤﺎﺴﻴﺱ ﻤﻜﺒﻭﺘﺔ.
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﺽ
ﺕ ﺍ َﻷﺭ
ﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺠــﺎ ﻭﺍﺤﻤــ ﺭ ِ
ﺇِﺫﺍ ﻫﺎﺠــ ِ ﻋِﻠﻤــﺕﹾ ﹶﻨﺼــﺭ ﺒِــ َﺄﻨﹼﻲ ﻜﹶﻔﻴﻠﹸﻬــﺎ
ﹶﻝﻘﹶــﺩ
ﺽ
ﻋ ـﺭ
ـﺎ ِ
ـﺎ َل ﻝﹶﻬـ
ـﺎ َﺃﻥ ﻴ ﹶﻨـ
ـﻲ ﺤِﻤﺎﻫـ
ﻭﺃَﺤﻤـ ﺃُﺩﺍﻓِــ ﻊ ﻋــﻨﹾﻬﻡ ﺒِﺎﻝﺼــﻭﺍ ِﺭ ِﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﹶﻨــﺎ
3
ﻙ ﺃَﺴــﺘﺎ ﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﻐــﺎ ِﺓ ِﺇﺫﹶﺍ ﺍﻨﹾﻘﹶﻀــﻭﺍ
ﻭ ﹸﺘﻬﺘﹶــ ﻋ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺠـﺎ ِﺀ ﻴﺤﻤـﺎ ﻭﻁﻴﺴـﻬﺎ
ِﺒﻨﹶﺎ ﺴـﺎ
ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﻱ )ﺍﻝﻀـﺎﺩ( ﺍﻝﻤﻀـﻤﻭﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻫـﻭ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻔﺨﻤﺔ ﻤﺠﻬﻭﺭﺓ ،ﻓﺎﻝﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝـﺭﻭﻱ
193
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ،ﻭﻓﺨﺭ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻤﻲ ﻝﻘﻭﻤـﻪ ﺍﻝﻤـﺩﺍﻓﻊ
ﺍﻝﺸﺩﻴﺩ ،ﺇﺫ ﺇ
ﻋﻨﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺘﻭﺤﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﻭﺓ ،ﻭﺃﺼﻭﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺇﻴﻘﺎﻉ ﺸﺩﻴﺩ.
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺼﻭﺍﺘﹰﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺭﻭﻴﹰﺎ ﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺭﺽ ﺸـﻌﺭﻱ،
ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺀ؛ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺯل ،ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﻓﺨﺭﻩ ﺒﻨﻔﺴـﻪ،
ﻭﻴﺭﺠﻊ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ،ﻭﺘﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻤﻠﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺸـﻌﻭﺭﻴﺔ
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
]ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ[
ﺼـــﻐﻴ ﺭﹰﺍ ﻝِﻠﻜﹶﺒﻴـــ ِﺭ ﺒِـــ ِﻪ ﺍﻋﺘِﺒـــﺎ ﺭ ﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺴـ ﹶﻜ ﹶﻨﺕﹾ ﺜﹶﺭﺍﻫـﺎ
ﺕ ﺇِﻝﻰ ﺍﺒـ ِ
ﹶﻨﻅﹶﺭ ﹸ
2
ـﺎﺭ
ـﻪ ﺍﻨﺘﺼــ
ـﺏ ﺒــ
ـﺎﺌِل ﻻ ﻴﺨﻴــ
ﻭﺴــ ـﻲ
ﻋﻨﹾـ ﻪ ﻭ ﹶﻓﻀـﹸﻠ ﻪ ﺭ ﺒـ
ﻱ
ـﺎ
ﺕ ﺭِﻀـ
ﹶﻓ ﹸﻘﻠﹾـ ﹸ
ﻭﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺴﻴﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺴـﻴﻘﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴـﺔ ،ﺃﻭﺯﺍﻨـﻪ
ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻓﻴﻪ ،ﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﻌﺩﻴﻼﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺨﺭﻭﺝ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺄﻝﻭﻑ.
194
ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻓﻥ ﺘﺯﻴﻨﻪ ﻨﻘﻭﺵ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ،ﺘﺤﺭﻙ ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺘﺸﻲ ﺴﻁﻭﺭﻩ ،ﻭﺘﺒﺙ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ
ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻨﺎﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﺍﻝﻀﻴﻘﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻭﺍﻝﻡ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﻔﺴﻴﺤﺔ ،ﺒﺎﻋﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭﺼـﺎﻝﻬﺎ
ﺍﻝﻨﺒﺽ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺄﻝﻕ ،ﻓﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﻼ ﺼﻭﺭ ،ﺠﺴﺩ ﺒﻼ ﺭﻭﺡ؛ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﺎﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻨﻭﻋـﺎﻥ :ﻨـﻭﻉ
ﻤﺨﻀﺏ ﺒﺄﻝﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ،ﻗﺎﺒل ﻝﻠﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﻭﻨﻭﻉ ﻓﺘﺭﺕ ﺼﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﺒﺎﺕ ﺭﻫﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺕ ،1ﻝﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ
ﻋﻨﺼﺭﹰﺍ ﺫﺍ ﺸﺄﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺤﻅ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺭﺃﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ" ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ،ﻭﻀﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﻴﺞ ،ﻭﺠـﻨﺱ ﻤـﻥ
ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ".2
ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭﻝﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺨﻴﺎل ﻝﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻓﻬﻲ" ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﻔﺙ ﺍﻝﺴـﺤﺭ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺒﺩﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ،ﻭﺘﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﺭﺯﻭﻨﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻀﺭﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻘﻭل ،ﻭﺃﻓﺎﻨﻴﻥ
ﺍﻝﻜﻼﻡ" ،3ﻭﻫﻲ ﺠﻭﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻁﺎﺀ.
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻨﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻤﺎﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒـﺄﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻋﻠـﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﻴـﺎﻥ:
ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﺯ ،ﻭﺭﺃﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﺜﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴـﻤﺎﻉ
ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻠﻭﺏ ،4ﻭﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺨﻔﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻤﺒﺎﻝﻐﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ .5ﻓﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴـﺔ " ﺘﻨﺒـﻊ ﻤـﻥ
ﺨﹶﻼﻑ ،ﻤﻴﺴﺭ ﺴﺎﻝﻡ :ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﻭﻝﻴﺩ ﺴﻴﻑ،ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ،ﺍﺸﺭﺍﻑ :ﺩ ﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﺴـﻡ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴـل، 1
.2007ﺹ.138
ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺤﻅ ،ﻋﻤﺭﻭ ﺒﻥ ﺒﺤﺭ :ﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻼﻡ ﻫﺎﺭﻭﻥ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1968،ﺝ ،3ﺹ.132 2
ﺒﺎﺸﺎ ،ﻋﻤﺭﻭ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ :ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻡ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ-ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،1989،ﺹ.592 3
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺍﻝﻌﺴﻜﺭﻱ :ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﻴﻥ ،ﺹ .269ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ :ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺩﺓ ،ﺝ ،1ﺹ.266 4
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﺍﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺍﻻﺼﺒﻊ :ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺒﻴﺭ ،ﺹ .99ﺍﻝﺼﻌﻴﺩﻱ ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎل :ﺒﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻴﻀﺎﺡ ﻝﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻓـﻲ ﻋﻠـﻭﻡ 5
ﺹ.328
195
ﻭﺘﻌ ﺩ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﺍ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ ،ﻝﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻁﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻤـﻥ
ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ
ﺼﻴﻎ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﺭﻤﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭﻩ ﻝﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻪ ،ﻓﻀ ﹰ
ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻀﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺠﻨﺢ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻝﺘﺠﺴﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻴﻪ ،ﻭﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭ ﻋﻭﺍﻁﻔﻪ ،ﻭﺘﻘﺭﻴﺏ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ ،ﻭﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ
ﺸﺎﺨﺼﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺴﺨﺭﻫﺎ.1
ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺒﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻭﺩ ،ﻭﻭﻫﺒﻪ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ،
ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﺸﺎﺀ ،ﻭﻴﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﻤﻬﺎ ﻜﻴﻔﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺴﻴﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ ﻻ ﺘﻁﺭﺡ
ﺃﻤﺎﻤﻨﺎ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭﺍ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺍ ،ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻬﺒﻨﺎ ﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻗﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻴﺎﻗﻬﺎ
ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﻝﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ.3
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻲ ﺒﺠﻼﺀ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﻭﻜﺜﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﻰ
ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺸﻜﻴﻼﺕ ﺼﻭﺭﻩ ،ﺇﺫ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺭﻭﺙ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻡ ،ﻭﺜﻘﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻠﻐﻭﻴـﺔ ،4ﻭﻤﻅـﺎﻫﺭ
ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﻤﺘﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻭﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺒﻴﺌﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺏ ﻭﻤﺸﺎﻫﺩﻫﺎ.
ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺼﻭﺭﻩ ﻤﺴـﺘﻤﺩﺓ
ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺭﻭﺙ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻡ ،ﺘﺘﺼﺩﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﺒﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ
ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻘﻰ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺼﻭﺭﻩ.
ﻓﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺯﺍل ،ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻴﻡ،ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻔﺔ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺠﺅﺫﺭ)ﻭﻝﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﻘﺭﺓ
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﻋﺼﻔﻭﺭ،ﺠﺎﺒﺭ :ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺙ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻼﻏﻲ ،ﻁ ، 1ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ، 1974ﺹ. 265 1
ﺃﺒﻭ ﺩﻴﺏ ،ﻜﻤﺎل :ﺠﺩﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺠﻠﻲ ،ﻁ ،3ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﻝﻠﻤﻼﻴﻴﻥ 1982 ،ﺹ. 29 2
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﻨﺼﺭ ،ﻋﺎﻁﻑ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ :ﺍﻝﺨﻴﺎل ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﻭﻅﺎﺌﻔﻪ ،ﻁ ، 1ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻜﺘﺎﺏ ،1984 ،ﺹ. 228 3
196
]ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﺠﺯ[
ﺏ
ـﺅﺫ ِﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﹶﺜﻴــــــ ـ ِ
َﺃﻭ ﺠـــــــ ﻜﹶـــــﺎﻝﺭﻴ ِﻡ ﻓـــــﻲ ﻨِﻔـــــﺎﺭ
1
ﺏ
ﻤِـــــﻥ ﻁِﻴﻨﹶـــــ ِﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﹸﻠـــــﻭ ِ ـﺭﺍ ﻩ
ﻥ ﻤـــ ـﻥ ﺒــــ
ﺴـــ ـﺒﺤﺎ
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
2
ﺝ
ﻁ ﻓِــﻲ ﻋــﺎ ِ
ﻙ ﺨﹸــ ﱠ
ﹶﻜ َﺄﻨﱠــ ﻪ ﻻ ﻡ ِﻤﺴــ ٍ ﺏ ﺒــﺎ ٍﺩ ِﺒ ﻭﺠ ﹶﻨﺘِــ ِﻪ
ﻋﻘﹾــ ﺭ ٍ
ﺍﻨﹾﻅﹸــﺭ ﺇﻝــﻰ
ﻭﺸﺒﻪ ﺩﻤﻭﻋﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﻴﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻔﺔ ،ﻤﺒﺭﺯﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜـﺔ ﻓـﻲ
ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﻌل )ﻴﺴﺘﺒﻘﻥ( ﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺯﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺒﻜﺎﺌﻪ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
3
ﻥ ﺨﹸﻴــﻭ ُل
ﻜﹶﻤــﺎ ﺍﺴــ ﹶﺘ ﺒ ﹶﻘﺕﹾ ﻴــﻭ ﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﻫــﺎ ِ ﻥ ﺒِــ ﻭﺠﻨﹶﺘﻲ
ﻥ ﻴﺴــ ﹶﺘﺒِﻘ
ﻭَﺃﺩﻤــ ﻊ ﻋــﻴ ٍ
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
4
ﺏ ﻭﻫــ ﻭ ﻫﺼــﻭ ﺭ
ﺙ ﺍﻝﻐﹶــﺎ ِ
ﻥ ﹶﻝﻴــ ﹶ
ﻴﺴــِﻠﺒ ـﺂ ِﺫ ﺭﹰﺍ
ﺠــﺭﻴ ِﻡ
ﺼـﻑ ﺒِﺎﻝ
ﺕ ﺃﻋـ ِﺭ ﹸ
ـﺎ ﹸﻜﻨﹾـ ﹸ
ﻤـ
ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺭﻕ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﻴل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﻌل ﺍﻤﺘﻁﻰ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝﻪ
ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﻥ ﻴﺘﺭﻗﺏ ﻭﻴﺴﻬﺭ ﻭﻴﻌﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻝﻡ ﺍﻓﺭﺍﻕ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
5
ـﻲ ﻴﻨﹾ ِﻔـ ﺭ
ﻕ ﻗﹶﻠﺒـ
ﺨﻔﹾـ ِ
ـﺭﻯ ِﻤـﻥ ﹶ
ﻥ ﺍﻝ ﹶﻜـ
ـﺈ
َ ِﻓـ ﻲ ﻁـﻴ ﹸﻔﻬﻡ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﻴﻤـﺎﻨ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻤﺘﻁﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺭ ﹶ
197
ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺼﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﻪ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ،ﻓﺎﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭ
ﻝﻬﺎ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﻤﺭ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺘﻴﻪ )ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻼل( ،ﻭﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﺒﻨﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺇﺸﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﻭﺠﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ[
ﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﹶــــ ﺩ
ﻤﺘﹶــــﻭﺭ ِﺩ ﺍﻝﺠِﻠﺒــــﺎ ِ ﺘﹶــﺎﷲ ﻤــﺎ ﺃَﻫــﻭﻯ ﺴِــﻭﻯ ﹶﻗﻤــ ٍﺭ
1
ﺡ ﺒِﻁــــﺎِﻝ ِﻊ ﺴــــﻌِ ﺩ
ﻭﺍﻝﺒــــﺩ ﺭ ﻻ ﺢ
ﻀـ ٍ
ـﻨﺎ ﻭ
ﺴـﻋ ـﻥ
ـﺩﻭ
ﺱ ﺘﹶﺒـ
ـﻤ ِ
ﺸـﻜﹶﺎﻝ ﹼ
ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺼﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﺃﻁﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ،ﻓﺭﺃﻴﻨﺎﻩ ﻴﺸـﺒﻬﻬﺎ
ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺼﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻀﺭ ،ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺼﻐﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻌﻭﻤﺔ ،2ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻭﺭﺩ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻨﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ.
ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﻤﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴﺩﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻘﺩ
ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﺤﺭ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻭﺩ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
ﻼ ِﻝﻤﺴـــ ﹶﺘ ِﻨ ِﺩ
ﻏﹶﻴﺜﹶـــﹰﺎ ِﻝﻤﺴـــﺘﹶﻤﻁ ٍﺭ ﻅِـــ ﱠ ﻲ ﻴﻭﻝﻴـــ ِﻪ ﻭﻴﻤ ﹶﻨﺤـــ ﻪ
ﺍﻝﻴﻭﺴـــ ِﻔ
3
ﻙ ﺒِﺎﻝ ﺯﺒــ ِﺩ
ﺇِﺫﺍ ﺍﺭ ﹶﺘﻤــﺕﹾ َﺃﺒﺤــ ﺭ ﺍﻷَﻤــﻼ ِ ﺃَﻨﹶــﺎ ﺍﻝــﺫﻱ ﺘﹶﺭﺘﹶﻤــﻲ ﺒِﺎﻝــ ﺩ ﺭ َﺃﺒﺤــ ﺭ ﻩ
ﻴﺼﻑ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻴﺯﻜﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﺒﺤﺭ ﺒﺠﻭﺩﻩ ﻭﻜﺭﻤﻪ ،ﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﻝﻴﺱ ﺃﻱ ﺒﺤﺭ ،ﻓﺄﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻭﻙ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ
ﺯﺒﺩ ﻭﻏﺜﺎﺀ ،ﺃﻤﺎ ﺒﺤﺭﻩ ﻓﻬﻭ ﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻠﺼﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺀ ،ﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻅﺭ ﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻝ ٍﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﻯ ﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ
ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ.
ﻭﻗﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺎﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ،ﺇﺫ ﺸﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ
ﺩﻤﻭﻋﻪ ﺒﻤﻭﺝ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﻭﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻨﻬﻤﺎﺭ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ[
4
ﺝ ﺍﻝــ ﻴ ﻡ ﻤﻁﱠــ ِﺭﺩ
ﻨﹸــﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺒِــ ﺩﻤٍ ﻊ ﹶﻜﻤــﻭ ِ ﺠﻴـ ٍﺔ
ﺢ ﺩﺍ ِ
ﻝﹶﻭ ﹸﻜﻨﹾـﺕِ ﺸﹶـﺎ ِﻫ ﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻓِـﻲ ﺠـﻨﹾ ِ
ﻴﻨﻅﺭ :ﻤﺒﺤﺙ " ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل" ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ،ﺹ .57 2
198
ﻭﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﻅﻬﺭ ﻫـﺫﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺼـﺭﺍﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﺸـﻌﺭ
ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﻭﺘﻤﺕ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴـﺎﺒﻘﺔ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻨﻬﻤـﺎ
ﻓﻔﻲ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺸﺨﺹ ﻫﺫﻩ
ﺍﻝﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ،ﻭﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﺭﺴﻡ ﺼﻭﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺤﻀﺎﺭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜـﺔ
ﻼ ﺒﺄﻓﻌﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ،ﻨﺤﻭ " ﻴﻨﻅﻡ" " ،ﻴﻤﻠﻥ" " ،ﻤﺒﺘﺴﻡ".
ﻤﺘﻤﺜ ﹰ
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺏ
ﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺠــﺎ ِ
ﺤﺴــ ِ
ﻉ ﺍﻝ
ﻥ ﻁﹶــﻭ
ﻓﹶــ ﻴ ِﻤﻠﹾ ﻥ ﻵﻝﺌ ـ ﹰﺎ
ـﻭ ِ
ـﻲ ﺍﻝﻐﹸﺼـ
ﻅ ﻡ ِﻓـ
ﻁ ـ ﱡل ﻴ ـﻨﹾ ِ
ﻭﺍﻝ ﹶ
1
ﺏ
ﻥ ﻭﺼــ ٍل ﺒﻌــ ﺩ ﻁﹸــﻭ ِل ﻋِﺘــﺎ ِ
ﹶﻜﺯﻤــﺎ ِ ﺤﻙ
ـﺎ ِ
ﻀـﺴ ـ ﺭ ِﺓ
ﺴ ـ ﻡ ﺍ َﻷ ِ
ﺽ ﻤﺒ ﹶﺘ ِ
ﻭﺍﻝ ـﺭﻭ
]ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل[
ﺏ
ﻥ ﻜﹶﻌــﺎ ِ
ﺁﺜــﺎ ﺭ ﹸﻜﺤــ ٍل ﻓــﻲ ﺠﻔــﻭ ِ ﻕ ﺍﻷﺩﻴــ ِﻡ ﹶﻜ َﺄﻨﱠــ ﻪ
َﻭﺍﻝﻠﱠﻴــ ُل ﻤﻤﺘﹶــ ِﺯ ﹸ
2
ﺏ
ﺽ ﺒِﺎﻷَﺫﻫـــﺎ ِ
ﻭ ﹸﺘ ﺭﺼـــ ﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﱠﻔﻀـــﻴ ﺠ ٍﺩ
ﻋﺴــ
ﺱ ﹸﺘﻠﹾ ِﺒﺴــ ﻪ ﻤﺠﺎﺴِــ ﺩ
ﻭﺍﻝﺸﱠــﻤ
ﻓﺎﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻓﺎﻝﻔﻌل "ﻤﻤﺘـﺯﻕ" ،ﺒﺎﻹﻀـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝـﻰ
ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻴﻭﺤﻲ ﻝﻠﺴﺎﻤﻊ ﺒﺼﻭﺕ ﺘﻤﺯﻴﻕ ﺼﺤﻴﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻠﺩ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل "ﺘﻠﺒﺱ" ،ﻭ"ﺘﺭﺼﻊ" ،ﺘﻭﺤﻲ
ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻥ ،ﻓﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻤل ﺍﻵﺨﺭ.
ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﻘﻭل ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ" ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﻜﺤل" ،ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻵﺜـﺎﺭ
ﺍﻝﻠﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻜﺭ ،ﻓﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺤل ،ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﻜﺤل ﺍﻷﺴﻭﺩ،
ﻓﺨﻴﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻠﻴل ﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴﻭﺩﺍﺀ ﺤﺎﻝﻜﺔ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻤﻴل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﺎﺩﻱ ،ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻔﻅﺔ "ﻋﺴﺠﺩ" ﻭﺘﻌﻨـﻲ
ﺍﻝﺫﻫﺏ ﻭﻝﻔﻅﺔ " ﺍﻷﺫﻫﺎﺏ" ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺤﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻝﻭﻥ ﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﺍﻝﺫﻫﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎﺡ.
199
ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ،ﻴﻘﻭل:
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
1
ﺞ ﺍﻝ ﻤ ﹶﻘﺼــ ِﺩ
ﻭﺘﹸﻤﻁِــ ﺭ ﻫﺎﻤــﹰﺎ ﺒِﺎﻝﻭﺸــﻴ ِ ﺴــﺄُﻭ ِﺭﺜﹸﻬﺎ ﻏﹶﺒــﺭﺍ ﺀ ﺒِــﺎﻝﺠﻤ ِﺭ ﺘﹶﻠﺘﹶﻅــﻲ
ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﻌل" ﺘﻠﺘﻅﻲ" ﻭﻫﻭ ﻓﻌل ﻴﺩل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺭﻜـﺔ ﺍﻝﻨـﺎﺭ،
ﻭﻜﺄﻥ ﺼﻭﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺭ ﻴﺴﻤﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ،ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻔﻌل "ﺘﻤﻁﺭ" ﻓﻬﻭ ﻴﻭﺤﻲ ﻝﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺒﻜﺜـﺭﺓ
ﺍﻝﻘﺘﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﺜﺭ ﺃﺸﻼﺅﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺘﻭﺤﻲ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ "ﻏﺒﺭﺍﺀ" ﺒﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﺄﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻬﻭ ﻤﻐﺒـﺭ
]ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل[
ﻓﺎﻷﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅ ،ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎل) ،ﺍﻨﺒﺭﺕ ،ﺘﺨﺎل،
ﺘﺨﻁ ،ﻨﺭﻴﺢ ،ﻨﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ( ،ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﺜل) :ﺴﺎﺠﺩ ﻭﻗﺎﺌﻡ( ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺩل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜـﺔ
ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻌل ،ﻭﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ "ﺍﻝﺭﺩﻯ ﻤﺘﻼﻜﻡ" ﺘﻭﺤﻲ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﺘل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ.
ﻓﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻭﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ.
ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ
ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ،ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ
ﺒﻼﺩﻩ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺤﺭﺓ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻤﻠﻜﺕ ﻗﻠﺒﻪ ،ﻭﺃﺴﺭﺕ ﻋﻘﻠﻪ.
200
ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ
ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻥ ﺸﻌﺭﻱ ﺃﺼﻴل ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻓﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﺍﻝﻠﹼﻐﻭﻱ ،ﻴﺴـﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻝﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺭ
ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﻜﺎﻥ ﻻ ﺒ ﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻗـﻭﻑ
ﺕ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ :
ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﺒﺭﺯ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺼﻠ ﹸ
ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻥ ﺸﻌﺭﻱ ﺘﻨﻁﻭﻱ ﺘﺤﺘﻪ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺸﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﺭﺩﺍﺌﻪ ،ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻫـﺫﺍ .1
ﺍﻝﻔﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ،ﻭﻴﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻗﺴـﺎﻡ ﻫـﻲ:
ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻠﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻱ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﺩﺍﻨﻲ.
ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﺒﺩﻉ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﻭﺍﺸﺘﻤﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ .3
ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩﻩ.
ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺍﺤﺘل ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﺤﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻴـﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺸـﺎﻋﺭ ،ﺤﻴـﺙ .4
ﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻝﻭﺩﺍﻉ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺘﻪ ﻤﺎﺩﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺎﹰ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺤﺏ ،ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺒﻪ،
ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﻭﺼﺎﻓﻪ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﺌﺘﻪ ،ﻭﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﺒﻘﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﻓﻼ ﻨﻜـﺎﺩ
ﻨﺠﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻓﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻝﺩﻯ ﻤﺤﺒﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻏﻴـﺭﻩ ﻤـﻥ
ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ.
ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ،ﺃﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ .5
ﺸﻴﻭﻉ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺁﺨﺭﻴﻥ ،ﻓﺎﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻝﻡ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺤﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ
ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﺤﺎﻁﺕ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺠﻥ ،ﻭﻤﻌـﺎﺭﻙ ﻭﺤـﺭﻭﺏ،
201
ﻑ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻨﺴﻰ ﻝﻠﺸﺎﻋﺭ
ﻓﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺸﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺠﻭﺍﺀ ﻫﺎﺩﺌﺔ ،ﻭﺫﻫﻥ ﺼﺎ ٍ
ﺍﻝﻘﻭل ﻓﻴﻪ.
ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻙ ﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻗﻭﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨـﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺎﺭﻙ ،ﻭﻗﻴـﺎﺩﺓ .6
ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﺵ ،ﻭﻭﺼﻑ ﺃﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﻭﻤﻪ ،ﻭﺸﺠﺎﻋﺘﻬﻡ ،ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻭﺨﻴﻭل.ﺃﻤـﺎ ﻓـﻲ
ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻭﺼﻑ ﺤﺯﻨﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻓﻘﺩﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫـل ،ﻭﺃﺒﻨـﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺯﻭﺠـﺔ ،ﻭﺃﺨـﻭﺓ،
ﻭﺃﺼﺩﻗﺎﺀ.
ﺃﻝﻘﺕ ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﻅﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻜﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨـﺎﺀ ﻗﺼـﺎﺌﺩﻩ ،ﻭﻝﻐﺘـﻪ ﺍﻝﺸـﻌﺭﻴﺔ، .7
ﻭﺃﺴﺎﻝﻴﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻭﻓﻨﻭﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻌﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺼﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩﻩ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺸـﺭﻭﻁ
ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﺩ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺨﻠﺹ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺁﺨـﺭ،
ﻭﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻬﺎﺀ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺠﺎﺀﺕ ﺨﻭﺍﺘﻴﻡ ﻗﺼﺎﺌﺩﻩ ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻔﻘﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ.
ﺍﻫﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﻠﻐﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺼـﻑ ﺍﻷﻏـﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺸـﻌﺭﻴﺔ .8
ﻤﺭﺍﻋﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻤﺜل :ﻭﺼـﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺎﺭﻙ ،ﻭﻤﺒـﺩﺃ
ﺍﻝﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻼﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ.
ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ﺒﻨﻭﻋﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻘﻲ ،ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﺒﻌـﺽ .9
ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﻔﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻭﻋﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻭﻱ ﻓـﻲ ﺘﺠﻤﻴـل ﻗﺼـﺎﺌﺩﻩ،
ﻼ.
ﻭﺇﺨﺭﺍﺠﻬﺎ ﺇﺨﺭﺍﺠﹰﺎ ﺠﻤﻴ ﹰ
.10ﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ،ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻲ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻲ ،ﺤﻴـﺙ
ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺱ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺁﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ ،ﻭﻀﻤﻥ ﺃﺸﻌﺎﺭﻩ ﺒﻌﻀﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻴﻪ ﻭﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅﻪ.
ﺃﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻲ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﺼﺭﻩ ﻭﺒﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﺜـل:
ﺯﻫﻴﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺴﻠﻤﻰ ،ﻭﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺭﺒﻴﻌﺔ ،ﻭﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﺍﻝﻌﺫﺭﻱ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﻨﺒﻲ ،ﻭﺃﺒـﻲ ﻓـﺭﺍﺱ
202
.11ﺍﻋﺘﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻭﻓﻘﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ
ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭﻩ ﻫﻲ :ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺒﺴـﻴﻁ
.12ﺍﺴﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺼﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻴﻁ ﺒﻪ ،ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺭﻭﺙ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻡ ،ﺃﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ
ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺙ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺤﺩ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ.
ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﺃﺭﺠﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﷲ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺨﺎﻝﺼﹰﺎ ﻝﻭﺠﻬﻪ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ ،ﻭﺃﺴﺄﻝﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺩﺍﺩ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ .
203
ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺭﺩ
ﻤﺴﺭﺩ ﺍﻵﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻨﻴﺔ
ﻤﺴﺭﺩ ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻴﺙ
ﻤﺴﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻓﻲ
204
ﻤﺴﺭﺩ ﺍﻵﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻨﻴﺔ
ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻵﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻵﻴﺔ
ﺁل –“Ïèè?uρ â!$t±n@ £ϑÏΒ šù=ßϑø9$# äíÍ”∴s?uρ â!$t±n@ tΒ šù=ßϑø9$# ’ÎA÷σè?
167 26
ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻥ â!$t±n@ tΒ ‘ΑÉ‹è?uρ â!$t±n@ tΒ
ﺁل ßlÌ÷‚è?uρ ( È≅øŠ©9$# ’Îû u‘$yγ¨Ψ9$# ßkÏ9θè?uρ Í‘$yγ¨Ψ9$# ’Îû Ÿ≅øŠ©9$# ßkÏ9θè?
166 27
ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻥ Çc‘y⇔ø9$# zÏΒ |MÍh‹yϑø9$# ßlÌ÷‚è?uρ ÏMÍh‹yϑø9$# š∅ÏΒ ¢‘y⇔ø9$#
176 88 ﻴﻭﺴﻑ •‘Ø9$# $uΖn=÷δr&uρ $uΖ¡¡tΒ â“ƒÍ“yèø9$# $pκš‰r'‾≈tƒ (#θä9$s% ϵø‹n=tã (#θè=yzyŠ $£ϑn=sù
205
ﻤﺴﺭﺩ ﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﻨﺒﻭﻴﺔ
ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ
25 ﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﹼﻌﺭ ﻝﺤﻜﻤﺔ "
ﻥ ﻝﺴﺤﺭﺍ ،ﻭﺇ
ﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎ ِ
"ﺇ
127 ﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﺏ ﻝﻴﺤﺯﻥ ،ﻭﺇﻨﹼﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺭﺍﻗﻙ ﻴﺎ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻝﻤﺤﺯﻭﻨﻭﻥ"
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻥ ﻝﺘﺩﻤﻊ ،ﻭﺇ
"ﺇ
206
ﻤﺴﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻓﻲ
ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ
ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻤﺯﺓ
26 ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﺒﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ل ﺍﻝﻅﱢﻤﺎ ﺀ
ﺴُﻷِ
ﻋﱠﻨ ﹶﺔ ﻤﺼﻌِﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ َﺃﻜﹾﺘﺎﻓِﻬﺎ ﺍ َ
ﻷِﻥﺍَ
ﻴﺒﺎﺭﻴ
97 ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﺒﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺒﻠﺩﻱ ﺜﻴﺎﺏ ﻗﺩ ﺭﻭﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﺎﺀ ﻜﺄﻥ ﺸﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻌﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ
102 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻋﺭﺝ ﺭﻜﺎﺒﻙ ﺍﻥ ﻤﺭﺭﻥ ﺒﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﻁﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺝ ﺒﻪ ﻭﻝﺫ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸُﺄ
121 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻭﺍﻝﻴﻭ ﻡ ﻴﺨﹾ ﹶﺘ ﻡ ﺒِﺎﻝﺠِﻼ ِﺩ ﻭ ﻴﺒ ﺩُﺃ ل
ل ﺫﹶﻭﺍ ِﺒ ُ
ﺠ ﻤ ﻪ ﻨﹸﺼﻭ ُ
ل َﺃﻨﹾ
ﻭﺍﻝﱠﻠﻴ ُ
147 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭ ﹶﻓُﺄ
ﺙ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻰ ﺭﻜ
ﺽ ﻭﻅِﻠﻬﺎ ﻴﺘﻔﻴﺄ ﺤﻴ ﹸ
ﺘﺭﻜﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﹼﺭﻴﺎ
152 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺠﺩِ ﺒﻭﻓﺎ ِﺀ
ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﻓﺎ ﺀ ﹶﻝﻡ ﹶﺘ
ﻙ ﻅﹶﺎﻝِﻤﹰﺎ
ﹶﻜﻡ ﻤﻘﹾﹶﻠ ٍﺔ َﺃﺴﻬﺭ ﹸﺘﻬﺎ ِﺒ
189 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺕ ﻨِﺩﺍﺌِﻲ
ﺠﺒ ﹶ
ﻙ ﻝﹶﻭ َﺃ
ﻀ ﺭ
ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻴ ل ﹶﺘ ﻭﻝﱡﻬﻲ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺌِﻲ
ﹶﻜﻡ ﺫﹶﺍ ﺘﹸﻁﻴ ُ
ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺀ
33 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﺒﺸﺎﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺒﺭﺩ ﻲ ﺤﻤﺭ ﺜﻌﺎﻝﺒﻪ
ﻁﺨﱢ
ﻭﺠﻴﺵ ﻜﺠﻨﺢ ﺍﻝﻠﻴل ﻴﺭﺠﻑ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺼﻰ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺸﻭل ﻭﺍﻝ ﹶ
34 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺍﺒﻲ ﺭﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺏ
ﺨﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺠِﻠﺒﺎ ِ
ﻤِﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝ ﹶ ﻉ ﺫﹶﻭﺍ ِﺭﻑﹲ
ﻗﺎﻝﺕ ﺴﻌﻴﺩﺓﹸ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻤﻭ
38 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺘﺭﻱ ﺏ
ﻁﺤﹸﻠ
ﻥ ﺍﻝ ﱡ
ﺴﺤ ﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻭ ِﺩ ﻝﹸﻐﺎﻤﻬ
ﻕ ﺃَﻴﺎ ِﻨﻕﹲ
ﺕ ﺍﻝﻌِﺭﺍ ِ
ﺴﻤ ﹶ
ﻭ ﺭ ﻤﺕﹾ ِﺒﻨﹶﺎ
39 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﺒﺸﺎﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺒﺭﺩ ﻭﺃﺴﻴﺎﻓﹸﻨﺎ ﻝﹶﻴلٌ ﺘﹶﻬﺎﻭﻯ ﻜﹶﻭﺍ ِﻜ ﺒ ﻪ ﻕ ﺭﺅﻭﺴِﻨﺎ
ﻥ ﻤﺜﺎ ﺭ ﺍﻝ ﹶﻨّﻘ ِﻊ ﻓﹶﻭ ﹶ
ﹶﻜﺄ
50 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ
ﻙ ﻗﹶﺭﻴ
ﻥ ِﻤﻨﹾ ِ
ﻅ ﺍﻝﻌﻴ ِ
ﺤﱠﺕ
ﹶﻓﻴﺎ ﹶﻝﻴ ﹶ ﺨﻁﹾ ﺭ ٍﺓ
ل ﹶ
ﺱ ﻓِﻲ ﹸﻜ ﱢ
ﻅ ﺍﻝﱠﻨﻔﹾ ِ
ﺤﹸﻙ
ﹶﻓ ِﺫﻜﹾ ﺭ ِ
51 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ
ﺏ ﺴﻜﻴ
ﻭﺩﻤﻊِ ﺒﺘِﺫﻜﺎ ِﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴ ِ ﻋ ﺯ ﻁﹶﻴﻑﹲ ﻓﺎﻝﺴﻬﺎ ﺩ ﻴﻌﻭﻗﹸﻨﻲ
ﹶﻓِﺈﻥ
52 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ!
ﺙ ِﺒﻅِﻔ ٍﺭ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ ﻭﻨﺎ ِ
ﻭﻋﺎ ﹶ ﺤﺒﻜﹸﻡ
ﻱ
َﺃ ِﻤﻥ ﺒﻌِ ﺩ ﻤﺎ ﺃَﻓﻨﻰ ﻓﹸﺅﺍﺩ
52 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ
ﺱ ﻁﹶﺎﻝِﻌﹰﺎ ِﺒﻐﹶﻴ ِﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻰ ﻫلْ ﻝﻠﺼﺩﻭ ِﺩ ﻏﹶﺭﻭ
ﻓﹶﻴﺎ َﺃﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﺩ ﺭ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻝﹶﻴ
66 ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ِﻤﻥ ﻝﹸﺅﻝﹸﺅ ﺭﻁﻴﺏ ﻏ ﻪ ﻗﹶﺩﻴﺭ
ﹶﻗﺩ ﺼﺎ ﹶ
67 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ
ﺴ ِﻬ ﺭﺕﹾ ﻴﻭ ﻤﹰﺎ ِﻝﺫِﻜ ِﺭ ﺘﹶﺼﺎ ِ
ﻭﻤﺤﺠﻭ ﺒ ٍﺔ ﺒِﺎﻝﻘﹶﺼ ِﺭ ﹶﻝﻡ ﹶﺘﺩِ ﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻯ ﻭﻻ
70 ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺯﺍﺩﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﺼﺩﻭ ﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﻏﹶﻀﺏ ﺕ ﹶﻝ ﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺫﹶﺍ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻯ
ﹸﻜﻠﱠﻤﺎ ﻫﻨﹾ ﹸ
71 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ل ﻋِﺘﺎﺒﻲ
ﺕ ﻋﺫﺍﺒﻲ ﺒِﻁﻭ ِ
ﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺍ ﹶﺓ ِﺒﻬﺠﺭِﻨﺎ ﻭَﺃﻨﹾﻌﻤ ِ
ﺕ ﻭﺃﺸﻤ ﱢ
ﺼﺩﺩ ِ
79 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺃَﻭ ﻭﺍﺸﻴﹰﺎ ﻗﹶﺎل ﻓِﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﹶﻨﺎ ﹶﻜﺫِﺒﺎ ﻅﺭﺕ
ل ﻋﻴﻨﹰﺎ ﺃَﺼﺎﺒﺘﻨﺎ ﻓﹶﻼ ﹶﻨ ﹶ
ﻝﻌ ﱠ
89 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ
ﺱ ﺸِﺒ ﻪ ﻝﹸﻌﺎ ِ
ل ﻨﹸﻭ ﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﱠﻤ ِ
ﺠﺴﺩﹰﺍ ﺃَﻭ ﺴﺎ َ
ل ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻯ ﻤ ﹶﺘ
ﺤﱠﺴﹰﺎ ﺒِﻬﺎ
ﻜﹶﺄ
87 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ
ﻥ ﺍﻷَﻋﺘﺎ ِ
ﻋِﺼ ﻤﺕﹾ ﻤﺴﺎ ِﻤﻌﻨﺎ
ل ﻋﻭﺍﺘِﺏ
ﺡ ﻗﹶﺒ َ
ﺒﺎﻜﹶﺭﺘﹸﻬﺎ ﺒِﺎﻝﺭﺍ ِ
90 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺸﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﻭل ﻭﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻝﺒﺎﺏ ﺘﺠﻠﻭ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺃﻝﻔﺎﻅﻪ ﻭﻝﺤﺎﻅﻪ
94 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ
ل ﺴﺤﺎ ِ
ﺼ ﺭ ِﻤﻥ ﺨِﻼ ِ
ﻭﺍﻝﻔﹶﺠ ﺭ ﻴﺒ ﺕ ﺼﻔ ﻭ ﻨﹶﻌﻴﻤِﻬﺎ
ﺤﺩِﻴﻘ ٍﺔ ﺒﺎﻜﹶﺭ ﹸ
ﻭ
95 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ
ﻥ ﻭﺍﻹِﻋﺠﺎ ِ
ﻉ ﺍﻝﺤﺴ ِ
ﻥ ﻁﹶﻭ
ﹶﻓ ﻴ ِﻤﻠﹾ ﺊ
ﻥ ﻝﹶﺂِﻝ ً
ﻅ ﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻐﹸﺼﻭ ِ
ل ﻴﻨﹾ ِ
ﻁﱡﻭﺍﻝ ﱠ
96 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ
ل ﻋِﺘﺎ ِ
ل ﺒﻌ ﺩ ﻁﹸﻭ ِ
ﻥ ﻭﺼٍ
ﹶﻜﺯﻤﺎ ِ ﺤﻙ
ﺴ ﻡ ﺍﻷَﺴ ﺭ ِﺓ ﻀﺎ ِ
ﺽ ﻤﺒ ﹶﺘ ِ
ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻭ
108 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ
ل ﺍﻷَﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻗﹾﺘِﻴﺎ ِﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎ ِﻨ ِ
ﺏ ﻭﻨﻴ ُ
ﻀ ِ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﻭﺍ ِ
ﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﻲ ﺒِﺎﻝﺭﻗﺎ ِ
ﻁِﻼ
109 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻑ ﻀﺎﺭﺏ
ﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎ ﺩ ﹶﺓ ﺃَﻫﻠﹶﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﹶﻠﻘﻰ ﺤﺴﺎ ﻡ ﺍﻝﱠﻨﺼِ ﺭ ﻓﻲ ﹶﻜ ﱢ
ﺕ َﺃﻥ ﺘﹸﻌﻁ
ﺸﺌْ ﹶ
ﺇِﺫﺍ ِ
111 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﺒﻭ ﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺏ
ﺠ ﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﱠﻠ ِﻌ ِ
ﻥ ﺍﻝ
ﺤ ﺩ ﺒﻴ
ﺤ ﺩ ِﻩ ﺍﻝ
ﻓِﻲ ﺏ
ﻥ ﺍﻝ ﹸﻜﹸﺘ ِ
ﻕ ﺇِﻨﺒﺎ ﺀ ِﻤ
ﻑ ﺃَﺼ ﺩ ﹸ
ﺍﻝﺴﻴ ﹸ
207
ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ
110 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ
ﺸ ﻬ
ﹶﻓﻌﺯ ﻤ ﻪ ﺼﺎ ِﺩﻕﹲ ﺘﹸﻬﺩﻯ ِﺒ ِﻪ ﺍﻝ ﱡ ﻙ ﺍﻹﺴﻼ ِﻡ ﻤﺎِﻝ ﹸﻜ ﻪ
ﻤﻥ ﻴﻭﺴﻑﹲ ﻤِﻠ
111 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ
ﺤ ﹶﻘ
ﺘﹸﻤﻠﻲ ﻋﺠﺎ ِﺌ ﺒ ﻪ ﺍﻷَﻴﺎ ﻡ ﻭﺍﻝ ِ ﺏ
ﷲ ﻤﺭ ﹶﺘ ﹶﻘ
ﺡ ﻭﺼﻨ ﻊ ﺍ ِ
ﺒﻜﹾ ﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﹸﺘﻭ ِ
134 ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ
ﺴﺄَﻝﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﹸﺠﺎ
ﻭﺇﻨﺄ ﺇِﻥ ﺏ
ﺕ ﻓﹶﻼ ﺇﻴﺎ
ﺃﺤﻘﺎﹰ ﺇﻥ ﺭﺤﻠ ِ
151 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ
ﻥ ﻜﹶﻌﺎ ِ
ل ﻓِﻲ ﺠﻔﻭ ِ
ل ﻤﻤ ﹶﺘ ِﺯﻕﹸ ﺍﻷَﺩﻴ ِﻡ ﹶﻜَﺄﱠﻨ ﻪ ﺁﺜﺎ ﺭ ﹸﻜﺤٍ
ﻭﺍﻝﱠﻠﻴ ُ
162 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ َﺃﻨﹶﺎ ﺍﻝﻬﻤﺎ ﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﹸﺨﺸﻰ ﻋﺯﺍ ِﺌ ﻤ ﻪ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺏ ﺃَﻥ ﻜﹶﺘﺏ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺎ ﺩ ﺃﻭ ﹶﻜ ﹶﺘﺒﺎ
169 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻝﺌﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺭ ﻴﺴﻠﻲ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻯ ﻓﺤﺒﻙ ﻻ ﻴﺴﻠﻲ ﺒﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﻻ ﻗﺭﺏ
176 ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻕ( ﻻ ﹶﺘﺯِﺩﻨﻲ ﻝِﻤﺎ ﺒِﻲ
ﺤﱡﺹ ﺍﻝ
ﺤ
ﺤﺼ
ﻋﻠﹶﻴ ﹸﻜﻡِ ﻤﻥِ ﻤﺤﻨﹶﺘﻲ ﻭﺸﹶﻘﺎﺌِﻲ )
ﻤﺎ
178 ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ
ﻋﹰﺎ ِﺒﻬﺠﺭِﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎ ِ
ﺕ ﺫﹶﺭ
ﻀﻘﹾ ﹸ
ِ ل ﹶﻓِﺈﻨﹼﻲ
ﻤﻥ ﺸﹶﻔﻴﻌﻲ ﻴﻭ ﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭ ِ
179 ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺍﺒﻲ ﺭﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺏ
ﻋﹰﺎ ِﺒﻬﺠﺭِﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎ ِ
ﺕ ﺫﹶﺭ
ﻀﻘﹾ ﹸ
ِ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺴﻭﻝِﻲ ﺇِﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺜﱡﺭﻴﺎ ﹶﻓِﺈﻨﹼﻲ
185 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ
ﺠ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴ ِ
ﺤﱠﺤﻘﱠﻨﺎ ﺍﻝ
ﻭﻻ ﻴﺭﻯ ﻁ ﺒ ﹰﺔ
ﻙ ﻗﹶﺎ ِ
ﻑ ﺍﻷﻤﻠﹶﺎ
ﺼ ﹸ
ﻤﻥ ﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴ ِ
ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ َﺃﻭ ﺠﺅﺫ ِﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﹶﺜﻴﺏ ﻜﹶﺎﻝﺭﻴ ِﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻨِﻔﺎﺭ
197 ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺍﻝﺭﺠﺯ
ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺀ
22 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﺍﻝﺸﻨﻔﺭﻯ ﺕ
ﻁﻠﱠﻠ ِ
ﺒﺭﻴﺤﺎﻨﺔٍ ،ﺭﻴﺤﺕ ﻋﺸﺎﺀ ﻭ ﹸ ﺤﺠﺭ ﻓﻭﻗﻨﺎ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ
ﹶﻓﺒِﺘﻨﺎ ﹶﻜَﺄ
72 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻭﺇﺴﺩﺍﺀ ﻨﻌﻤﻰ ﺃُﻋﻘﺒﺕ ﺒﺈﺴﺎﺀﺓ ﻼ
ﻥ ﻤِﻨ ﻪ ﺍﻝﻭﻋ ﺩ ﺇﻻ ﺘﻌﻠ ﹰ
ﻓﹶﻤﺎ ﻜﹶﺎ
86 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺕ ﻨﹶﺩﺍﻤﺔ
ﻭﺩﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺤﺎﺸﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﻤﻭ ﹸ ﻋﺠﻠﻬﺎ ﺴﻼﻓﹰﺎ ﻤﺩﺍﻤﺔ
ﻙ
ﺸِﺒﻌﻴ ِ
157 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺕ
ﻙ ِﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﹾﺼﺎﺭِﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﱠﻠﺤﻅﺎ ﹸ
ﻭﺇﻝﻴ ﺕ
ﻙ ﹶﺘ ﹶﺫ ﱡﻜﺭ ﻭﻋِﻅﺎ ﹸ
ﻴﺎ ﻗﹶﺒ ﺭ ﻓِﻴ
162 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺕ
ﺤﺴﺭﺍ ﹸ
ﻭﺘﹶﻌﺎ ﻫ ﺩﺘﹾ ﻪ ِﻝ ﹶﻔﻘﹾ ِﺩ ِﻩ ﺍﻝ ﻋِﻠﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺸﹶﺠﺎ ﻩ ﻓِﺭﺍ ﹸﻗ ﻪ
ﻴﺒﻜﻲ
ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻡ
56 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻁﺭﻓِﻪ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺠﻲ
ﺞ ﻓﻲ ﹶ
ﻋٍ
ﻯ ﻭﺃَﺴﻰ ﻓﺎﻨﹾﻅﹸﺭ ﺇِﻝﻰ ﺩ
ﺕ ﺘﹸﻨ ِﻜ ﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻲ ِﻤﻥ ﺠﻭ
ِﺇﻥ ﻜﹸﻨ ﹶ
78 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺕ ِﻤﻨﹾ ﻪ ﺒِﺎﻝﻨﱠﺎﺠﻲ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﱠﺠﺎ ﺀ ﻭﻝﹶﺴ ﹸ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻴ ِﻡ ﺃَﻋ ﹶﻘﻠﹶﻨﻲ ﺃَﻴ
ﺹ ﻭﺠِﻔ
ﻑ ﺍﻝﺨﹶﻼ
ﻜﹶﻴ ﹶ
88 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺝ
ﻨﹸﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﺼﺭ ﹶﻓﹰﺎ ِﺒﻐﹶﻴ ِﺭ ﻤﺯﺍ ِ ﻲ ﻓﹶﻬﺎﺘِﻬﺎ
ﺤ ﺒ
ﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﱠﺴﻴ ﻡ ﺃَﺼﺎ ِ
ﻫ
197 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺝ
ﻁ ﻓِﻲ ﻋﺎ ِ
ﺨﱠﻙ ﹸ
ﺏ ﺒﺎ ٍﺩ ِﺒ ﻭﺠ ﹶﻨ ِﺘ ِﻪ ﹶﻜَﺄ ﱠﻨ ﻪ ﻻ ﻡ ِﻤﺴٍ
ﻋﻘﹾ ﺭ ٍ
ﻅﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ
ﺍﻨﹾ ﹸ
ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺀ
33 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻴﺭﻱ ﺢ
ﻋﹶﻠﻲ ،ﻭﹶﻝﻡ ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺒِﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﱠﺭﻕﹸ ،ﺼﺎﺒ
ﻥ ﹶﻗﺩ ﻏﹶﺩﺍ
ﺕ ﺭِﻴﻤﺎ
ﻭﺼﻬﺒﺎ ﺀ ِﻤﻥ ﺤﺎﻨﻭ ِ
49 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺨ ﺩ ﻤﺴﻔﻭﺤﺎ
ﻕ ﺍﻝ ﹶ
ﻥ ﻓﹶﻭ ﹶ
ﻥ ﻤﺠﺭﻭﺤﺎ ﻭﻤﺩ ﻤ ﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻴ ِ
ﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﻴ ِ
ﺃَﻀﺤﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﹸﺅﺍ ﺩ ﺒِﺴﻴ ِ
52 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻠﺏ ﺃﻀﺤﻰ ﺒﺴﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺠﺭﻭﺤﹰﺎ ﻕ
ﻓﺎﻝﺠﺴﻡ ﺃﻤﺴﻰ ﻤﺫﺍﺒﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻝﻅﻰ ﺤ ِﺭ ٍ
57 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺡ
ل ﺭِﻤﺎ ِ
ﻭﺴﻤ ﺭ ﻗﹸﺩﻭ ٍﺩ َﺃﻡ ﻨﹸﺼﻭ ُ ﺡ
ﻥ ﺴِﻼ ِ
ﻅ ﺃَﻡ ﺠﻔﻭ
ﻥ ﻝِﺤﺎ ٍ
ﺠﻔﻭ
ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺸﺢ
ﺤﺘﱠﻰ ﺭ ﹶ
ﻤﺎ ﺀ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎ ﻕ ِﺒ ﻭﺠِ ﻬ ِﻪ
ﺘﹶﺭﻗ ﺭ ﹶ
61 ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺍﻝﺭﺠﺯ
61 ﺍﻝﺭﺠﺯ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻤﻥ ﻝﺫﺓ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﺭ ﻭﺴﺎﻗﻴﻪ ﺼﺎﺡ ﻕ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺫﻗﻪ ﻴﻬﻡ
ﻲ ﺭﻴ ٍ
ﻤﺴﻜ
71 ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ َﺃﻥ ﻴﻅ ِﻬ ﺭ ﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺩ ﻭﻴﻁﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﺠِﻤﺎﺡ ﻗﹶﺩ ﺼﺎ ﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﹶﺩ ﺭ ِﻤﻥ ﺸﺎ ِﻨ ِﻪ
208
ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ
ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﻭﺠﻬﻪ ﻴﺘﻠﻭ ﺍﻝﻀﺤﻰ ﻜﺄﺴﻪ ﻴﺠﻠﻭ ﺍﻝﺩﺠﻰ
89 ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺍﻝﺭﻤل
ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﹶﻜﻔﱢﻪ ﻤﻠ ﹶﺘﻤِﺤﺎ ﺨﻤِ ﺭ ﻓﻲ
ﺱ ﺍﻝ ﹶ
ﻕ ﻜﺄ
ﺭﺍ ﹶ
91 ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺍﻝﺭﻤل
ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﻨﻭﺭﻩ ﺇﺫ ﻝﻤﺤﺎ ﻜﻡ ﻅﻼﻡ ﻗﺩ ﻤﺤﺎ
91 ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺍﻝﺭﻤل
100 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺴﺒﻴﻜﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺍﺀ ﺠﺎﺩﺘﻙ ﺃﺩﻤﻊ ﻭﺇﻻ ﻓﻭ ﻜﺎﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﻥ ﻨﺎﻀﺢ
101 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻭﺴﺎﻤﻨﻲ ﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﻭﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﺘﺒﺭﻴﺢ ﻁﺎل ﺍﻏﺘﺭﺍﺒﻲ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻫل ﻭﻋﻥ ﻭﻁﻥ
112 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺡ
ﻥ ِﺇﻓِﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻭ ﻡ ﻴﻨﻘﺎ ﺩ ﺨﹶﺎﻀِﻌﹰﺎ ﻜﹶﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻘﺎ ﺩ ِﻤﻥ ﺒﻌ ِﺩ ﺍﻹِﺒﺎ ِﺀ ﻁﹶﻤﻭ
ﻭِﺇ
119 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺴ ﺭ ﻝﹶﻴلٌ ﻭﺴﺎ ﺀ ﺼﺒﺎﺡ
ﻭ ﹶﻜﻡ ﻏ ﺭ ٍﺓ
ﻥ ﹶ
ﺕ ﺤِﻤﺎ ﻫ ﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤِﻴ ِ
ﻁ ﺭﻗﹾ ﹸ
ﹶ
140 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻕ ﻭﺭﻭﺽ ﻝﻨﺎﻓﺢ
ﻼ ﻏﻤﺎﻡ ﻝﻤﺴﺘﺴ ٍ
ﻝِﻐﻴ ِﺭ ﺠﻔﻭﻨﻲ ﹸﻗلْ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﻨﺕ ﻗﺎﺌ ﹰ
153 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺡ
ﻙ ﻤﺒ ﺭ
ﻭَﺃﻗﹾﹶﻠ ﹶﻘ ﻪ ﺸﹶﻭﻕﹲ ِﺇﻝﹶﻴ ﺼﺒ ﺭ ﻩ
ل ﺒِﺎﻝﻬﺠ ِﺭ
ﺤ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋِﻴ َ
ﺃَﻻ ﻭﺍﺭ
138 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺘﺴﺢ ﺠﻔﻭﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻘﺭ ﺠﻭﺍﻨﺤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺩﺙ ﺜﺎ ٍﻭ ﺒﺭﻴﺔ ﻨﺎﺯﺡ
171 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺢ
ﺼ ﻪ ﻭ ِﻨﻌ ﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻓِﻲ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎ ِﻓ
ﺸﺨﹾ
ﺽ ﹶ
ﺕ ﺍﻷَﺭ
ﹶﻝ ِﻨﻌ ﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﹶﺘﻰ ﹶﻗﺩ ﻭﺍ ﺭ ِ
ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺀ
163 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺥ
ل ﺍﻝ ﻤﺴﺘﹶﺼ ِﺭ ﹸ
ﺏ ﺍﻝﺴﺎ ِﺌ ُ
ﻋﻨﹾﻬﺎ ﻴﺤﺎ ِ
ﺕ ِﻤﻨﱠﺎ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻝﻌِﺩﺍ
ﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺯﻤﺎ ﹸ
َﺃ ﻭﻝﹶﻴﺴ ِ
ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺍل
21 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﺨﺒﺭﻨﺎ ﺍﻝ ﹸﻐﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻷَﺴ ﻭ ﺩ
ﻙ ﹶ
ﻭﺒِﺫﺍ ﻥ ﺭِﺤﹶﻠﺘﹶﻨﺎ ﻏﹶﺩﹰﺍ
ﻋ ﻡ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺍﺏ ﺒ َﺄ
ﺯ
21 ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺴﻌﻭ ِﺩ
ﻁﻴ ﺭ ﺍﻝ
ﺴ ِﻪ ﹶ
ل ِﺒ ﺭﻤِ
ﺤﱠﻭ ﺼﺨﹾﺭ
ﻥ
ﺤﺴﺎ
ﻓﻼ ﻴﺒ ﻌﺩ ﺃﺒﻭ
27 ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻁﻴﺌﺔ ﻲ ﻫ ﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﻌﻴ ﺩ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﹼﻘ
ﻭﻝ ِﻜ ل
ﺕ ﺃَﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺴﻌﺎ ﺩ ﹶﺓ ﺠﻤ ﻊ ﻤﺎ ٍ
ﻭﹶﻝﺴ ﹸ
38 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﺒﻭ ﻨﻭﺍﺱ ﻙ ﻝﹶﻴﻠﯽ ﻭﻻ ﺘﹶﻁﺭﺏ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﻨ ِﺩ ﻭﺍﺸﹾﺭﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻤﺭﺍ ﺀ ﻜﺎﻝﻭﺭ ِﺩ
ﻻ ﹶﺘﺒِ
55 ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻓﻴﺎ ﺒﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺠﻰ ﺤﺴﻨﺎ ﻭﺨﺩﺍ ﻭﻴﺎ ﻏﺼﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻰ ﻝﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﻗﺩﺍ
55 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻲ ِﻝﻤﻬ ﹶﺘ ِﺩ
ﺤل ﻭ
ﺃَﻨﺎ ﺭ ِﻝﻤﺴﺘﺠ ٍ ﻙ ﺃَﺠﻠﻰ ِﻤﻥ ﺴﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﺩ ِﺭ ﹸﻜﻠﹼﻤﺎ
ﻭﻭﺠ ﻬ ِ
49 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ِﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺌِﻠﻲ ﻭﻋِﻤﺎﺩﻱ
ﻕ ﺒﻴ ﹶﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻭﻻ ِ
ﺕ ﻻ ﻓﹶﺭ ﹶ
ﹶﻓﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻬﺠ ﺭ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻝﻤﻭ ﹸ
50 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻼ ﻭﻻ ﻭﻗﺩﺍ
ﺙ ﻻ ﻴﺒﻘﻲ ﻏﹶﻠﻴ ﹰ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﹶﻴ ِ
ِﻤ ﺤ ﺭ ﺃَﻀﻠﹸﻌﻲ
ﹶﺘ ﹶﺫ ﱠﻜﺭﺘﹸﻬﺎ َﺃﻨﹾﺩﻯ ﻋﻠﻰ
60 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺴﻡ ﻴﺯﺭﻯ ِﺒﻌﻘ ِﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﹸﺅﻝﹸﺅ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻀﻭﺩ
ﻙ ﻤﺒ
ﻲ ﺍﺒ ﹶﺘﺴﻤﺕ ﻴﺭﻭ ﹸﻗ
ﻭﺇِﺫﺍ ِﻫ
65 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻉ ﹶﺘﺄْﻭﻴ ِﺩ
ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﹶﺠﺎ ﺀ ِﺒﺄَﺒ ﺩ ِ ﺨ ﹶﺫ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻰ
ﻥ ﹶﻗﺩَ ﺃ ﹶ
ﻭ ﹶﺘَﺄ ﻭ ﺩﺕﹾ ﻓﹶﺎﻝﺒﺎ
66 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺨﺩﺍ
ﻑ ﺍﻝ ﹶﻘﺩﺍ ﺃ ِﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﺭ ﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﹶﻭﺭﻴ ِﺩ ِﻩ ﻴﺸ ِﺒ ﻪ ﺍﻝ ﹶ
ﻁ ﹶ
ﻥ ﻴﺤﻜِﻲ ﻤﻌﺎ ِ
ل ﺍﻝﺒﺎ
ﻫ ِ
70 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻙ ﻓِﻲ ﻗﹶﻠﺒﻲ ﻭﻓﻲ ﹶﻜﺒِﺩﻱ
ﻙ ﺭﺤﻤﺎ
ﻥ َﺃﺘﹾﹶﻠ ﹶﻔ ﻪ ﺭﺤﻤﺎ
ﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﺠﺭﺍ
ﺼ
ﻴﺎ ﺒﻐ ﻴ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻝ
73 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺱ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ ﻋﻬﻭﺩﻱ
ﺠ ﺩ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻘِﺴﻴ
ﺴ ِﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻬﻭ ِﺩ ﺇﺫ
ﻼ ِﺒﻴﻭ ِﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭ ِ
ﺃَﻫ ﹰ
74 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻀﺢ ﻨﹸﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻀﺤﻰ ِﻤﻨﹾﻬﺎ ﺍﺤﻤِﺭﺍﺭ ﺨﹸﺩﻭﺩ
ﻥ)ﺍﻝﻴﻨﻭ ﺭ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﺘﻭ
ﺇ
74 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻅ ﺴﺩﻴ ِﺩ
ﺘﺭﻤﻲ ِﺒﺴﻬ ٍﻡ ﻝﻠﱢﺤﺎ ِ ﻋﻨﹾﺩﻫﻡ ﺭﻭﻤﻴﺔﹲ
ﻤﹶﻠﻜﹶﺕ ﻗِﻴﺎﺩﻱ ِ
209
ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ
75 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺤﺏ ﺇﺴﻌﺎﻓﹰﺎ ﻭﺇﺴﻌﺎﺩﺍ
ﻭﺠﺎ ﺩ ِ ﻕ ﺇِﻋﻼﻤﹰﺎ ِﺒﻬﺠ ِﺭ ﻫ ﻡ
ﻷﻓﹾ ﹸ
ﺠ ﻬ ﻡ ﺍ ُ
ﹶﺘ
75 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻭﺃَﺒﻘﻰ ﺒِﺠﻔﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﺭﺘﻲ ﻭﺴﻬﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﻲ ﻝﹶﺫﻴ ﹶﺫ ﺭﻗﺎﺩﻱ
ﻨﹶﻔﻰ ﺍﻝﻬﺠ ﺭ
79 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺴ ٍﺩ ﻓﹶﻼ ﺘﹶﺴﻤﻌﻭﺍ ﺒﺎﷲ ِﻝﻐﹶﻴ ِﺭ ﺴﺩﺍ ِﺩ
ﺵ ﻭﺤﺎ ِ
ل ﻭﺍ ٍ
ﻥ ﺫﺍ ِﻤﻥ ﻗﹶﻭ ِ
ﻓﹶﺈﻥ ﻜﺎ
79 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻙ ﺃَﻜ ﺒ ﺭ ﺸﺎ ِﻫ ِﺩ
ﻥ ﹶﻝﺩﻴ
ﺴ ﹶﻘ ﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻔﻭ ِ
ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﺘﹸﺭﻴ ﺩ ِﺒﺠﻔﻭﺘﻲ ﻭﺘﹶﺒﺎﻋﺩﻱ
80 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻀ ﻪ ﺍﻝﻌﻬﺩﺍ
ل ﺃﻨﹾ ﹸﻘ
ﺨﱡﺏ ﺍﻝ ِ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻯ ﻭﻻ َﺃﻥ ﻴﻐﻴ
ﻋِﺕ
ﺴﻠﹶﻭ ﹸ
ﻓﻠﹶﺎ ﺘﹶﺤﺴﺒﻲ ﻗﹶﺩ
99 ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻏِﻨﺎ ﺀ ﺤﻤﺎ ﻤ ٍﺔ ﺘﹶﺸﺩﻭ ِﺒﻨﹶﺠ ِﺩ ﻭ ِﻤﻤﺎ َﻫﺎﺝ ﺃَﺸﻭﺍﻗِﻲ ﻭﻭﺠﺩﻱ
99 ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺢ ﺭﺍﻋﺘ ﻪ ِﺒ ﻤ ﺩ
ﺇِﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺭﻴ ﺤ ﹶﻜﺕﹾ ﺤﺼﺒﺎ ُﺅﻩ ﺤﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻐﹶﻭﺍﻨﻲ
99 ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺠﻨﹾ ِﺩ
ﻕ ﹶﻜَﺄﱠﻨ ﻪ ﺃَﻋﻼ ﻡ
ﻴﺭﻭ ﹸ ﻥ ﻨﹶﻭ ٍﺭ
ﺢ ﺤﻭﹶﻝ ﻪ ﻨﹸﻌﻤﺎ
ﹶﺘ ﹶﻔﱠﺘ
100 ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻷﻴﺎﻡ ﺴﻠﻔﻥ ﻭﺤﺴﻥ ﻋﻬﺩ ﻭﺫﻱ ﺸﺠﻥ ﻴﻁﺎﺭﺤﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﺠﻭ
104 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ُ
ﺘﺘﺒﺩﱠﺩ ْ
ﺴﻴﻭﻓﻜﻡ ﻓﻌﺴﻰ ﺒﺒﺄْﺱﹺ ﻗﺩ ﺘَﺠ ﻤ ﻊ ﺸﻤﻠﻬﺎ
ﺇﻥﺍﻝﻨﱠﺼﺎﺭﻯ ْ
ّ
105 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ل ﻤِﻨﻬﺎ ﻝِﻠﻌِﺩﺍ ﹶﺘ ﹶﺘ ﺭ ﺩ ﺩ
ﻭﺍﻝ ﺭﺴُ ﻋﻨﹾﺩﻫﺎ
ﺤ ِﻤﻴ ﹶﺔ ِ
ﺱﻻ
ﹶﻓﺈِﺫﺍ ﺒِﻔﺎ ٍ
106 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺠ ﺭ ﺩ
ﻑ ﺍﻝﺠِﻬﺎ ِﺩ ﻴ
ﻭ ِﺒ ﹶﻜ ﱢﻔﻜﹸﻡ ﺴﻴ ﹸ ﺸﺄْ ﹸﻨﻜﹸﻡ
َﺃﺒﻨﻲ ﻤﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺤِﻤﺎ ﻴ ﹸﺔ ﹶ
108 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺜﻴ ِﺭ ﻤِﻬﺎﺩ ِﻩ
ﺘﹶﺠﺎﻓﻰ ﺠِﻨﺎﺒﻲ ﻉ ﺭﺸﺎ ِﺩ ِﻩ
ل ﺍﷲ َﻁﻭ
ﺃَﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺒﻴ ِ
120 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺸﻴ ِﺩ
ﻙ ﺃَﻭ ِﻝ ِﻌ ٍﺯ ﻤ ﹶ
ﺠﺔﹲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﷲ ﺘﹸﻭ ِﺭﺜﹸﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻰ ﹶﻓﺈِﻤﺎ ﻝِﻬﺎِﻝ ٍ
ﺃَﻻ ﺨﹶﺭ
121 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺼ ِﺩ
ﺞ ﺍﻝ ﻤ ﹶﻘ
ﻁ ﺭ ﻫﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﺒِﺎﻝﻭﺸﻴ ِ
ﻏﺒﺭﺍ ﺀ ﺒِﺎﻝﺠﻤ ِﺭ ﺘﹶﻠﺘﹶﻅﻲ ﻭﺘﹸﻤ ِ
ﺴﺄُﻭ ِﺭﺜﹸﻬﺎ ﹶ
121 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻝﻡ ﺃﻗﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻨﺎ ﺘﻘﺭﻉ ﺍﻝﻘﻨﺎ ﻀﻭﺍﻤﺭ ﺃﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺩﺩ
139 ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻱ ل ﻨﹶﺎ ِﺩ
ﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﺸﻴ ِﺭ ﻓِﻲ ﹸﻜ ﱢ
ﺱ ﺒِﺼﻭ ِ
ﻲ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎﻗﻲ
ﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﱠﻌ
ﻭﺸﹶﺒﻴﻪ ﺼﻭ ﹸ
158 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺤ ﺩ
ﹶﻓﺈِﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻯ ﺒﺭﻫﺎ ﹸﻨ ﻪ ﻝﹶﺎ ﻴﺠ ﺕ ﺇِﺨﻔﺎ ﺀ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎ ﺒ ِﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻭﻯ
ﹶﻜﻡ ﺭﻤ ﹸ
159 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺠﺩ ﺒِﺎﻝﺭﻀﺎ،ﺒِﺎﷲ ،ﻴﺎ ﹶﻗ ﻤ ﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻌ ِﺩ
ﻼ ﻭ
ﻀﹰﹶﻓ ِﺭﻓﹾ ﹶﻘﹰﺎ ِﺒﻘﹶﻠﺒﻲ ﻴﺎ ﺨﹶﻭﻨ ﺩ ﹶﺘ ﹶﻔ
168 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻥ ﺍﻷَﻗﻭﺍ ِﻡ ﻤﻌ ﹶﺘﻤﺩﻱ
ﻋﻠﹶﻴﻬﺎ ِﻤ
ﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻙ ﻭﻻ ﺃَﺸﻜﻭ ﺇِﻝﻰ َﺃﺤﺩ
ﺃَﺸﻜﻭ ِﺇﻝﹶﻴ ِ
180 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻭﺃﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﺸﻘﻲ ﺏ ﺒِﺎﻝ ﺒ ﺭ ِﺩ
ﻀﺕﹾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝ ﻌﻨﱠﺎ ِ
ﻋ
ﺴ ﹶﻘﺕﹾ ﻭﺭ ﺩﹰﺍ ﻭ
ﺱ ﻭ
ﺠ ٍ
ﻭﺃَﻤﻁ ﺭﺕﹾ ﻝﹸﺅﻝﹸﺅﹰﺍ ِﻤﻥ ﻨﹶﺭ ِ
198 ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺨ ﺩ
ﺏ ﻭﺍﻝ ﹶ
ﻤ ﹶﺘﻭﺭ ِﺩ ﺍﻝﺠِﻠﺒﺎ ِ ﺘﹶﺎﷲ ﻤﺎ ﺃَﻫﻭﻯ ﺴِﻭﻯ ﹶﻗ ﻤ ٍﺭ
198 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻼ ِﻝﻤﺴ ﹶﺘ ِﻨ ِﺩ
ﻅﱠﺤ ﻪ ﻏﹶﻴ ﹶﺜﹰﺎ ِﻝﻤﺴﺘﹶﻤﻁ ٍﺭ ِ
ﻲ ﻴﻭﻝﻴ ِﻪ ﻭﻴﻤ ﹶﻨ
ﺴ ِﻔ
ﺍﻝﻴﻭ
198 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻁ ِﺭﺩ
ﺝ ﺍﻝ ﻴ ﻡ ﻤ ﱠ
ﺠ ﻴ ٍﺔ ﻨﹸﻭﺍﺤﻲ ِﺒ ﺩﻤٍ ﻊ ﹶﻜﻤﻭ ِ
ﺢ ﺩﺍ ِ
ﺠﻨﹾ ِ
ﺕ ﺸﹶﺎ ِﻫ ﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻓِﻲ
ﻝﹶﻭ ﹸﻜﻨﹾ ِ
ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺀ
23 ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﻁﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺩ ﺸﺭ
ﻷﹶلﺍَ
ﺽ ﻤﺼﻘﻭ َ
ﺒﺭﺩﹰﺍ ﺃﺒﻴ ﺱ ﻤِﻥ ﻤﻨﹾ ِﺒﺘِﻬﺎ
ﺒﺩﻝﺘﹾ ﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﹼﻤ
12 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻌﺩﻱ ﻁﺭﺍ
ﺢ ﻤﻔ ِ
ﺹ ﻴﻤﺴﻲ ﻭﻴﺼ ِﺒ
ﺃَﺨﻭ ﻗﹶﻨ ٍ ﺕ ﻴﺫﻜﻴ ِﻪ ِﺒﻐﹶﻴ ِﺭ ﺤﺩﻴ ﺩ ٍﺓ
ﻓﹶﺒﺎ ﹶ
27 ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﺒﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ل ِﻤﻥ ﹶﻨﺼﻴﺭ
ﺠ ﺩﺕﹾ ِﻝ ﹸﺫ ٍ
ﻭﻤﺎ ﻭ ﺴﺂﻫﺎ
ﻅ ﹸﺔ ﻤﺎ
ﹶﻝﻘﺩ ﹶﻝ ِﻘﻴﺕﹾ ﹸﻗﺭﻴ ﹶ
28 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﻭﺤﺎﺕ َﺃﺭﺽ ﺘﹶﺘﺎ ﺒ ﻊ ﺜﹶﻠﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﺭﻭﺭ ﻥ ﹶﺘ ﹶﻨ ﱠﻜ ﺭﺕﹾ
ﻭﺃَﺭﻯ ﺒِﻤﺭ ِﻭ ﺍﻝﺸﹼﺎﻫِﺠﺎ ِ
35 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﺃﺒﻭ ﻨﻭﺍﺱ ﺕ ﺍﻝ ﻌﻔﹾﺭ
ﺼﺎ ﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﹶﻬﺎ ﺭ ﻭﻗﺎﹶﻝ ِ ﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﹶﻼ ﹶﺓ ِﺇﺫﹶﺍ
ﺏ ِﺒ
ﻭﹶﻝ ﹶﻘﺩ ﺘﹶﺠﻭ
42 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺨﻔﺎﺠﺔ ﻅلٌ ﻭﺃﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﺸﺠﺎ ﺭ
ﻤﺎﺀ ﻭ ِ ل َﺃﻨﹾ ﺩﹸﻝﺱٍ ﷲ ﺩ ﺭ ﹸﻜ ﻡ
ﻴﺎ َﺃﻫَ
43 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﺒﻥ ﺯﻤﺭﻙ ﺠﻬﺔ ﻝﻤﺯﺍﺭﹺ
ﺠﻬﺯﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻭُ ٍ ﺃﺭﻜﺒﺘ ﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕِ ﻜﺄﻨﹼﻤﺎ
210
ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ
43 ﻤﻭﺸﺢ ﺴﺎﻓﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺒﺩﺭ ﻀﺎﺤﻙ ﻋﻥ ﺠﻤﺎﻥ
48 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻭﺃﺴﻠﺕ ﺩﻤﻌﻲ ﻜﺎﻝﺤﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﺘﺼﺩﺕ ﺇﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻜﺎﺌﺏ ﺯﻓﺭﺘﻲ
54 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻻ ﻭﺃَﺒﻬ ﺭ
ﻭﻝﻜﻨﱠﻬﺎ ﺃَﺒﻬﻰ ﺠﻤﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻨﹾ ﺩ ﻁﹸﻠﻭﻋِﻬﺎ
ﺱ ِ
ﻙ ﺍﻝﺸﱠﻤ
ﻓﹶﺘﺎﺓﹲ ﺘﹸﺭﻴ
55 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻭﻝﻜﻨﱠﻬﺎ ﺃَﻨﺄﻯ ﻭﺃَﺒﻬﻰ ﻭَﺃﺒ ﻬ ﺭ ﺱ ﺤﺴﻨﹰﺎ ﻭﻤﻨﺼِﺒﹰﺎ
ﻲ ِﺇﻝﹼﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﱠﻤ
ﻭﻫلْ ِﻫ
56 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﱠﻀ ِﺭ
ﻥ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺭ ِ
ﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﺎ ِ
ﺕ ﺨﻭ ِ
ﺏ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﺼ ِﺭ ﻭﻤﻨ ِﺒ ﹶ
ﻀ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻝ ﹶﻐﻨﱠﺎ ﺀ ِﻤﻥ ﺠﺎ ِﻨ ِ
ﺴ ِل ﺍﻝﺭﻭ
58 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺤ ﻭﺭ ﹶﻗﺩ ﻫﺎﻡ ،ﹶﻝﻤﺎ ﺒﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴ ِﻨ ِﻪ ﺍﻝ ﺒﺸﹶﺭ
ل ﺯﺍ ﹶﻨﻪ
ﻤﻥ ﻋﺎ ِﺫﺭِ ﻤﻥ ﻏﹶﺯﺍ ٍ
58 ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ ﻤﻐ ﺭ ٍﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﱠﻨﻅﹶﺭ
ﻁ ﹶﻗﻠﹾ ٍ
ﻭﺴ ﹶ ﻭﺭﻤﺕﹾ ِﻤﻥ ﺠﻔﻨﻬﺎ ِﺒﺄَﺴ ﻬ ٍﻡ
59 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻥ ﻤﺴﻠﻭﻝ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﹼﻐ ِﺭ
ﻤﻌﻘﺭﺒ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻏﻴ ِ ﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎ
ﻥ ﺘﹶﺩﻤﻰ ِﻤ
ﺨﺩﻴ ِ
ﻤ ﻭﺭﺩ ﹸﺓ ﺍﻝ ﹶ
59 ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺱ ﺍﻝﻀﺤﻰ ﻭﺠﻨ ﹶﺘ ﻪ ﻭﺒﺩﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺩ ﺭ ﺒِﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﹶﺭﻱ
ﺼﺎﻓﹶﺤﺕﹾ ﺸﹶﻤ
60 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺤ ﻤﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻜﺄﺱ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺠﻭﻫﺭ
ل
ﹶﺘ ِﻌ ﱡ ﺏ ﺜﻨﺎﻴﺎ ﻜﺎﻷَﻗﺎﺤﻲ ﺘﹶﺨﺎﻝﹸﻬﺎ
ﻋﺫﹾ
ﻭ
60 ﺍﻝﺭﺠﺯ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻥ ِﻤﻥ ﻤﺒﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﻨ ﹶﺘﻅِﻤﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻫﻰ ﻋﻘﻭ ﺩ ﺍﻝ ﺩ ﺭ ِﺭ
ﺤﺴِ
ﷲ ﺩ ﺭ ﺍﻝ
60 ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻕ ﺍﻝ ﺯﻫﺭ
ل ﻓﹶﻭ ﹶ
ﻁِﻑ ﺍﻝ ﱠ
ِﺇﻨﱢﻲ ﻅﹶﻤﺂﻥ ﻭﻻ ﻤﻭ ِﺭ ﺩ ﻝِﻲ ِﺇﻝﱠﺎ ﺍﺭﺘِﺸﺎ ﹶ
61 ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺭﺸﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺭﺩ ﺒﻪ ﻜﺩﻤﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻁل ﻓﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﺯﻫﺭ
63 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺡ ِﻤﻥ ﻤﻁﺎِﻝﻌِﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺼﺩ ﺭ
ﺱ ﺼﺒﺎ ٍ
ﻭﺸﹶﻤ ﺱ ِﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﺍ ِﺘﻌِﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺸﺎ
ﻏﹶﺯﺍﹶﻝ ﹸﺔ ﺃُﻨ ٍ
64 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺩ ﺭ
ﺴ ﻡ
ﻭﺘﹶﻌﻁﻭ ﺒ ِﺒﻠﱠﻭ ٍﺭ ﻭ ﹶﺘﺒِ ﺱ
ﺠ ٍ
ﺏ ﻭﺘﹶﺭﻨﻭ ِﺒﻨﹶﺭ ِ
ﺘﻴ ﺭ ِﺒ ﻌﻨﱠﺎ ٍ
63 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻭﺭﻴ ﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﻼ ﺠِﻴﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﻨﹶﻔﺤﺘﹸﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺯﻫ ﺭ ﺏ ﹶﺘَﺄﻭﺩﹰﺍ
ﺱ ﻭﺠﻬﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﹶﻀﻴ
ﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﱠﻤ
ِﻫ
67 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺼ ﺭ
ﻑ ﻓﹶﻬ ﻭ ﻤﻘ
ل ﻓِﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻭﺼ ﹸ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻁﺎ َ ﻉ ﺍﷲ ﺤﺴﻨﹶﻬﺎ
ﹶﻝﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﺼِﻔﺎﺕﹲ ﺃَﺒ ﺩ
69 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ل ﺘﹶﻅ ﻬ ﺭ
ﺕ ﻓِﻴﻬﺎ ﺼﺒﺎ ﺒ ﹰﺔ ﹶﻝﺄُﺨﻔﻲ ﻫﻭﺍﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻻ ِﺌ ُ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﹶﻗﺩِ ﻫﻤ ﹸ
ﻭﺇ
81 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻁ ﺭ
ﺨﱡﻁ ﻓﻴﻪ ﹶﺘ ﹶ
ﻴﺭﻯ ﻝﻭﺸﻴﺞ ﺍﻝﺨ ﱢ ﻕ
ﻉ ﺒِﻤﺄ ِﺯ ٍ
ﺱ ﺍﻝﺸﱡﻌﺎ ِ
ﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﱠﻔ ِ
ﻭﺨﺎﻁﺭ ﹸ
81 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺍﺒﻲ ﺭﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺠ ﺭ
ﻏ ٍﺩ َﺭﺍ ِﺌﺢ ﹶﻓﻤﻬ ِ
ﺕ ﻏﺎ ٍﺩ ﹶﻓﻤﺒ ِﻜ ﺭ ﻏﹶﺩﺍ ﹶﺓ ﹶ
ل ﻨﹸﻌ ٍﻡ ﺃَﻨ ﹶ
َﺃ ِﻤﻥ ﺁ ِ
82 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻀ ﺭ
ﻥ ﺃﺨ
ﻥ ﻓﻴﻨﺎ
ﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻐﹸﺼ
ﻭﻋﺎﻨﹶﻘ ﹸ ﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﱠﻠﻰ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻭﺍِﻝ ِ
ﺕ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴ
ﹶﻓ ﹶﻘﺒﻠ ﹸ
76 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺼ ﺭ
ﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻨ ِ
ل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﹶﺒﻠ
ﻗﹶﺩ ﹸﺫ ﱠ ﻻ ﺘﹶﻌﺠﺒﻭﺍ ﻤِﻥ ِﺫﻝﱠﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﹶﻝ ٍﺔ
77 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻴﺴﻠﺒﻥ ﻝﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺏ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻫﺼﻭﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻜﻨﺕ ﺃﻋﺭﻑ ﺒﺎﻝﺼﺭﻴﻡ ﺠﺂﺫﺭﺍ
128 ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺴﺭﺡ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻲ ِﻝﻠﹶﻭﺠ ِﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻔِﻜ ِﺭ
ﺕ ﻗﻠﺒ
ﹶﺘ ﺭﻜﹾ ﹶ ﺕ ﻝﹶﻘﺩ
ﺏ ﻤﺫﹾ ﻨﺄﻴ ﹶ
ﻴﺎ ﻗِﻁ ﻌ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﻠ ِ
80 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻌ ﻬ ﺩ ﻋﻬﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﺍﻝﻭﻓﺎ ﺀ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺫﹸﺨ ﺭ ﺕ ﻴﺎ ُﺃﻤﻴ ﻤ ﹸﺔ ﺒِﺎﻝﺫﻱ
ﹶﻓ ﻬﻠﹼﺎ ﺍﻗ ﹶﺘﺩﻴ ِ
130 ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺱ ﺍﻋﺘِﺒﺎﺭﺍ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﱡﻔﻭ ِ
ﺴﺄﻝﹶﻭﻨﺎ ﻋﻤﺎ ﹶﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﺨﺘِﺒﺎﺭﺍ ﹶﻓﺄَﺠﺎﺒﺕ ِﻤ
132 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﺠﺭﻴﺭ ﻝﻭﻻ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﻝﻬﺎﺠﻨﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻝﺯﺭﺕ ﻗﺒﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺏ ﻴﺯﺍﺭ
142 ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺠ ِﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﻫﺭ
ﺡ ﻨﹸﻭﺭِ ﻝﻸَﻨ
ﻑ ﻤﺎ ﻻ
ﺴ ٍ
ﻕ ِﻤﻥَ ﺃ
ﻷﻓﹾ ِ
ﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻲ ﺒِﺎ ُ
ﻝﹶﻭ َﺃ
ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﻕ ﺍﻝ ﹶﻘ ﺩﺭ
ﺼ ﹶﻔﺭِ ﻝﻤﺎ ﺠﺭﻯ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ ﺴﺎ ِﺒ ﹸ
ﺱ ِﻤﻥ
ﺒﻌ ﺩﹰﺍ ِﻝﻴﻭ ِﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﹶﻤﻴ ِ
156 ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ
168 ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷَﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﻜِﺒﺎﺭﹰﺍ
ﻥ ﻗﹶﻭﻡ ﺇِﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻴﺎ ﺨِﻔﺎ ﹶﻓﹰﺎ ﻭﺜِﻘﺎ ﹰ
ﹶﻨﺤ
ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺍﺒﻲ ﺼ ﺭ
ﻥ ﻭﻤﻌ ِ
ﺹ :ﻜﺎﻋﺒﺎ ِ
ﺙ ﺸﹸﺨﻭ ٍ
ﺜﹶﻼ ﹸ ﺕ َﺃﺘﱠﻘﻲ
ﻥ ﻤﺎ ﹸﻜﻨﹾ ﹸ
ﺠﻨﱢﻲ ﺩﻭ
ﻥ ِﻤ
ﻭﻜﺎ
179 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل
ﺭﺒﻴﻌﺔ
211
ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ
170 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﺡ ﺤﺎﻝﻲ ﻭﺃَﺴﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺸﺭِ
ﻁ ﻭﺕﹾ ِﻤﻥ ﹶ
ﺇِﻝﻰ ﺍﷲ َﺃﺸﹾﻜﻭ ﻤﺎ ِﺒﻘﹶﻠﺒﻲ َ ِﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻰ ﻭﻤﺎ ﹶﻗﺩ ﹶ
170 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺴﺭ
ﻋﺴﻰ ﻴ ﹶﺘ ﻴ
ﺼ ﺩ ﺍﻷَﺴﻨﻰ
ﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻘ
ِﻫ ل
ل ﺍﻷَﻗﺼﻰ ِﻝ ﻤﻥ ﻫ ﻭ ﺁ ِﻤ ُ
ﻷ ﻤ ُ
ﻲﺍَ
ِﻫ
180 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺩ ﺭ
ﺴ ﻡ
ﺱ ﻭﺘﹶﻌﻁﻭ ِﺒ ِﺒﻠﱠﻭ ٍﺭ ﻭ ﹶﺘﺒِ
ﺠ ِ
ﺏ ﻭﺘﹶﺭﻨﻭ ِﺒﻨﹶﺭ ِ
ﺘﹸﺸﻴ ﺭ ِﺒ ﻌﻨﹼﺎ ٍ
180 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻙ ﺃﻭِ ﻝﺭِﻓﻌﺔ ﻤِﻘﺩﺍﺭ
ﹶﻓِﺈﻤﺎ ِﻝﻬﻠ ٍ ﻥ ﺃُﻨﺎﺱ ﻻ ﻓِﻴﻨﺎ ﹶﺘﻭﺴﻁ
ﻓ ﹶﻨﺤ
ﺍﺒﻭ ﻓﺭﺍﺱ ﻥ ﺃ ِﻭ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﺒ ﺭ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﹶﻤﻴ
ﻋﻨﹾﺩﻨﺎ ﹶﻝﻨﹶﺎ ﺍﻝﺼﺩ ﺭ ﺩﻭ
ﻁ ِ
ﺴﹶﻥ ﺃُﻨﺎﺱ ﻻ ﹶﺘ ﻭ
ﻭﻨﹶﺤ
191 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل
ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺩﺍﻨﻲ
191 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻯ ﻭﹸﻨ ﹶﻘ ﺭ ﺭ
ﻥ ﻻ ﺘﹸﻠﻔﻰ ﻝﹶﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺩﻫ ﺭ ﺴﻠ ﻭﺓﹲ ﻨﹸﺠ ﺩ ﺩ ِﻤﻥ ﺸﹶﺄ ِ
ﻏﹶﺭﻴﺒﺎ ِ
194 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻕ ﻭﺍﻝ ِﻔﻜﹾ ﺭ
ﺸﻭ ﹸ
ﻲ ِﻤﻥ ﹶﺘ ﹶﺫ ﱡﻜ ِﺭﻫِﻡ ﻤﻘﹼﻠﺏ ﹶﻗﺩ ﺩﻫﺎ ﻩ ﺍﻝ ﱠ
ﺏ ﻗﹶﻠﺒﻲ ﻭﻗﹶﻠﺒ
ﺃَﺤﺒﺎ
194 ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺴ ﹶﻜ ﹶﻨﺕﹾ ﺜﹶﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﺼﻐﻴ ﺭﹰﺍ ﻝِﻠﻜﹶﺒﻴ ِﺭ ِﺒ ِﻪ ﺍﻋﺘِﺒﺎ ﺭ
ﻥ ﻤﻥ
ﺕ ﺇِﻝﻰ ﺍﺒِ
ﹶﻨﻅﹶﺭ ﹸ
197 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ ﻭﻫ ﻭ ﻫﺼﻭ ﺭ
ﺙ ﺍﻝﻐﹶﺎ ِ
ﻥ ﹶﻝﻴ ﹶ
ﻑ ﺒِﺎﻝﺼﺭﻴ ِﻡ ﺠﺂ ِﺫ ﺭﹰﺍ ﻴﺴِﻠﺒ
ﺕ ﺃﻋ ِﺭ ﹸ
ﻤﺎ ﹸﻜﻨﹾ ﹸ
197 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻕ ﻗﹶﻠﺒﻲ ﻴﻨﹾ ِﻔ ﺭ
ﺨﻔﹾ ِ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﹶﺭﻯ ِﻤﻥ ﹶ
ﻲ ﻁﻴ ﹸﻔﻬﻡ َﻓِﺈ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﻴﻤﺎﻨ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻤﺘﻁﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺭ ﹶ
ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻥ
57 ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﺕ ﻝﺤﻅ ﺒﺎﻝﻬﻭﻯ ﻨﺎﻋﺱ ﻭﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺩﻩ ﺃﻴﻨﻌﺕ
86 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺱ
ﺨﹸﺫﻫﺎ ِﺒ ﺭﹰﺍ ﻭﻭﻗﻬﺎ ﺤﻤﺭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻝﻭﺭﺱ ﺒِﻜﺭﺍ ﻤ ﻌﺘﱠﻘﺔ ﺘﹶﺤﻜﻲ ﺴﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﱠﻤ ِ
105 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻴﺠﻭﺱ ﻋﺩﻭُﺍ ﻝﺩﱢﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﺩﻝﺴﺎ
َ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺫ ﻤﻥ ﻜﺘﺏَ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﻨﻰ ﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ
88 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻜﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺤﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺝ ......ﺒﻴﺽ ﺍﻝﺜﻨﺎﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺭﺍﺸﻑ ﻝﻌﺱ
ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺜﹶﺎ ﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻴﻭ ِﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﹶﻤﻴﺱ ﻥ ﻝﻠﻬ ﻡ ﺨﻤﻴﺱ
ﺇ
129 ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺍﻝﺭﻤل
ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﻴﺘﹶﻼﻗﻰ ﺒِﺎﻝﻨﹸﻔﻭﺱ ﺕ ﺇِﺫ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭ ﹶ
ﻏﹶﻴ ﺭ َﺃ
130 ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺍﻝﺭﻤل
182 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ ﺍﻝﻀﻨﺎ ﹶﻜﺴﺎ
ﻕ ﺜﹶﻭ
ل ﻭﻋﺴﻰ ﹶﻨﻀﺎ ﺍﻝﺼﺒ ﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺎ ﹸ
ﹶﺘ ﹶﻘﻀﻰ ﺯﻤﺎﻥ ﻓِﻲ ﹶﻝ ﻌ ّ
193 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ل ﻨﹸﻌﺎﺴِﻪ
ﻥ ﻴﻌ ﹸﺜ ﺭ ﻓِﻲ ﹸﻓﻀﻭ ِ
ﻋﻨﹾ ﺩ ﻜﹸﻨﺎﺴﻪ ﻜﹶﺴﻼ
ﻲ ِ
ﻅﺒِ
ﺤﻅﹾ ﹸﺘ ﻪ ﻜﹶﺎﻝ ﱠ
ﻝﹶﺎ
ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﺩ
ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﻼ ﻡ ﻝﺒﻌﻀﻲ
َﺃﻗﹾﺭِﺃ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﻀ ﺏ ﺍﻝ ﻤ ﻴ ﻤ ﻡ ﺃﺭﻀﻲ
ﺃﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﻜ
41 ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ
ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨل
193 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺽ
ﻷﺭ
ﺕﺍَ
ﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺠﺎ ﻭﺍﺤ ﻤ ﺭ ِ
ﺠ ِ
ﻋِﻠ ﻤﺕﹾ ﹶﻨﺼﺭِ ﺒَﺄﻨﹼﻲ ﻜﹶﻔﻴﻠﹸﻬﺎ ﺇِﺫﺍ ﻫﺎ
ﹶﻝ ﹶﻘﺩ
ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﺀ
98 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻥ ﺭﻴ ﹶﺔ ﺃَﻭ ﺤﻤﺭﺍ ﺀ ﻏِﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ
ﻑ ﺍﻝﱢﻠﻘﺎ ﺀ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﻌ ﺩ ﹶﻗﺩ ﺤﺎﻁﹶﻪ ﹶﻜﻡ ﺒﻴ
ﻜﹶﻴ ﹶ
ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻥ
20 ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﺴﻭﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻴﺸﻜﺭﻱ ل ﹶﻝ ﻤﻊ
ﺡ ﺍﻝﻐﹶﻭ ِﺭ ﺇِﺫﺍ ﺍﻵ ُ
ﻨﹶﺎ ِﺯ ﻥ ﺴﻠﻤﻰ ﻤﻬﻤﻬﹰﺎ
ﻁﻌﻨﺎ ﺩﻭ
ﹶﻜﻡ ﹶﻗ ﹶ
26 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻜﻌﺏ ﺒﻥ ﻤﺎﻝﻙ ﺴﺭ ﻭﻤﻘﻨ ﻊ
ﺵ ِﻤﻨﹾﻬ ﻡ ﺤﺎ ِ
ﺃﺤﺎﺒﻴ ﹶ ﻁ ﻪ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺤِ ﺭ ﻭﺴ ﹶ
ﺝ ِﻤ
ﺠﺌْﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻭ ٍ
ﹶﻓ ِ
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺯﻫﺭ ﻭﺴﻘﺎﻨﻲ ﺃَﺭﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃَﺭﺒ ِﻊ ﻕ ﺇﻝﻴ ِﻪ ﻭﺍﺸﺘﻜﺎ
ﺠﺫﺏ ﺍﻝ ﺯ ﹶ
44 ﺍﻝﺭﻤل
ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ
212
ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ
49 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻥ ﻓﻴﻬ ﻡ ﹶﻓَﺄﺴﺭﻋﻭﺍ
ل ﺘﹶﺒﺎﻁﹶﺌﻭﺍ ﻓﹶﻨﺎﺩﻯ ﻤﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺒﻴ ِ
ﺠﺕﹾ ﺭِﺠﺎلٌ ﻓﻲ ﺭِﺠﺎ ٍ
ﻭﻤﺎ
50 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻁ ﻭﺘﹾ ﻪ ﻀﻠﻭﻋﻲ
ﺸ ﺭ ﻤﺎ ﹶ
ﺕ ﺸﺎ ِﻫﺩﻨﺎ ﻏﹶﺩﺍ ﹶﺓ ﻓِﺭﺍﻗِﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻤ ﻊ ﻴﻨ ﹸ
ﻫلْ ﹸﻜﻨﹾ ﹶ
75 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ل ﺃَﻁﹶﻠ ﻌﺘﹾ ﻪ ﻀﻠﻭﻋﻲ
ﻥ َﺃﻨﹾ ﺒ ﹶﺘﺘﹾ ﻪ ﺩﻤﻭﻋﻲ ﻭﺒﺩ ﺭ ﻜﹶﻤﺎ ٍ
ﺕ ِﺒﻐﹸﺼ ٍ
ﺒﻠﻴ ﹸ
113 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺍ ِﻡ ﻨﹶﺠﻴﻌﺎ
ل ِﻤﻥ ﻜﺄ ِ
َﺃَﺒﺩ َ ﻋﹰﺎ
ﺤﺭﻴ ِﺭ ﺩﺭﻭ
ﺱ ﺍﻝ
ﺽ ِﻤﻥ ﻝِﺒ ِ
ﹶﺘ ﻌ ﻭ
113 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻕ ﻁﹸﻠﻭﻋﺎ
ﻁﻠﹶﻌﺕﹾ ﻓﹶﺎﻝﻔﹶﺠ ﺭ ﺭﺍ ﹶ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﹶ ﺼ ِﺭﻴﺔﹲ
ﻭ ِﻤﻨﱠﺎ ﻭﺠﻭﻩ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻏﻰ ﻨﺎ ِ
137 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺠ ﻊ
ﻲ ﻨﹶﺭ ِ
ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﻜ ِﻡ ﺍﻹﻝﻬ ﺠ ِﻊ ﻤﻭ ِﻗﻊ
ﺏ ﺍﻝ ﻤ ﹶﻔ
ﻝِﻤﻭﺠ ﺩ ِﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﻠ ِ
ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﻥ ﺒِﺎﻝﺩﻤﻭﻉ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﻔ
ﻴﺎ ﻤﻭ ِﻗ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﱠﺎ ِﺭ ﻓِﻲ ﻓﹸﺅﺍﺩﻱ ﻴﺎ ﻤﻐﹾ ِﺭ ﹶ
164 ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ
165 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻉ
ﺏ ﹶﻝﺄُﺨﻤﺩﺕ ِﺒﺩﻤﻭ ِ
ﻝﹶﻭﻻ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻴ ﺠﻤ ﺭ ﹰﺓ
ﺢ
ﹶﻜﻡ ﺯﻓﹾ ﺭ ٍﺓ ﺒِﺎﻝﺼﺩ ِﺭ ﺘﹶﻠ ﹶﻔ
168 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻀﻴ ﻊ
ﻙ ﻤ
ﻱ ﻤﻨﹾﺒﻭﺫﹲ ﹶﻝ ﺩﻴ
ﻋﻴ ﹸﺘ ﻪ ﻭﻋﻬ ِﺩ
ﻱ ﺭ
ﻙ ﻤﺤﻔﻭﻅﹲ ﹶﻝ ﺩ
ﹶﻓﻌﻬ ﺩ ِ
168 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺡ ﺍﻝﻭﺼل ِﻓِﻲ ﺍﻝﻬﺠ ِﺭ ﻤﻁﹾﹶﻠ ﻊ
ﻥ ﻜﹶﻤﺎﻝﹸﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ِﻝﺼﺒﺎ ِ
ﻥ ﺒﺎ
ﹶﻓﻴﺎ ﻁﹶﻠﻌ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺴ ِ
ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﻴﻥ
109 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻍ
ل ﺒﻼ ﹸ
ﻥ ﺒِﺎﻝﻤﻨﻰ ﻭ ﻫلْ ﻝِﻲ ﺇِﻝﻰ ﻗﹶﺒ ِﺭ ﺍﻝ ﺭﺴﻭ ِ
ﺕ ﺸِﻌﺭﻱ ﻫلْ ﺃَﻓﻭ ﺯ
ﺃَﻻ ﻝﻴ ﹶ
ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺀ
ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﻑ
ل ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻭ ِ
َﺃ ِﺭ ﺒﺕﹾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻬﻭ ِ ﺱ ﺒِﺎﻝﱠﻠﺘﻲ
ﺯﺤﻔﻭﺍ ﻝِﻔﺄْ ٍ
106 ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل
ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺴﱠﻨ ِﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻑ
ﻷِﻭﻗ ﻊ ﺍ َ ﻋ ﻭﺩﺕ ﺃَﺠﺴﺎ ﻤ ﻬﻡ
ﹶﻗﺩ
114 ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل
125 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻑ
ﻥ ﺃَﻴﺎﺩﻴ ِﻪ ﺍﻝﻜﹶﺭﻴ ﻤ ِﺔ ﺘﹸﺼ ﺭ ﹸ
ﻑ ﻭﺃَﻴ
ﺴ ﹸ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﺒ ﺭ ِﻤﻨﱠﺎ ﻭﻴﻭ
ﻲ ﺃَﻴ ِ
ﺨﻠﻴﻠ
126 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻑ
ﻲ ﺒِﻘﺎﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻤ ِﻊ ﺘﹶﻬﻤﻰ ﻭﺘﹶﺫ ِﺭ ﹸ
ﻭﻋﻴﻨ ﺏ ﹶﺘ ﹶﻔﻁﱡﺭﹰﺍ
ِﻝﻘﹶﻠﺒﻲ ﺃﻭﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺫﻭ
126 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻑ
ﺸ ﺭ ﹸ
ﻑ ﺍﻝ ﻤ ﹶ
ﺒﻠﺤ ٍﺩ ﺜﻭﻯ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﱠﺭﻴ ﹸ ل ﺭﻴﺤﺎﻥ ﻭﺭﻭﺡ ﻭﺭﺤﻤﺔﹲ
ﻓﹶﻼ ﺯﺍ َ
ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﺠ ﺩ ﻭﺍﻷَﺴﻑﹾ
ﻏﹶﻠ
ﻑ ﹶ
ﺴ ﹶ
ﻥ ﻴﻭ
ﻲﺒ
ﻋِﻠ
ﻴﺎ
135 ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ
173 ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻑ
ﺱ ﺩﺍ ِﻨ ﻴ ﹶﺔ ﺍﻝﻘِﻁﺎ ِ
ﻷﻨﹾ ِ
ﻥﺍُ
ﺕ ﻓِﻴ ِﻪ ﻏﹸﺼﻭ
ﻭﻴﻭﻡ ﻝِﻠﺴﺭﻭﺭِ ﻫﺼِﺭ ﹸ
ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻑ
32 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﺫﻭ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﺔ ﻕ
ﺠلٌ ﻭﺨﻨﺩ ﹸ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻅﱠﻠﻤﺎ ِﺀ
ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ِﻤ
ﻥ ﺃَﺭﺠﺎﺌِﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎ
ﻭﺘﹶﻴﻬﺎ ﺀ ﺘﹸﻭﺩﻱ ﺒﻴ
43 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﺍﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻴﺏ ﺴﺤﺏﹴ ﻤﺎﺅﻫﻥﱠ ﻫﺭﻴﻕُ
ل ُ
ﺒﻤﻨﻬ ِ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁﺔ ﹸﻜلﱠ ﻤﻨﻬلﹴ
َ ﻤﻥ
ﺴﻘﻰ ﺍﷲ ْ
59 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻕ
ﻑ ﻴﺄْﺒﻰ ﻋﻁﻔﹸﻪ ﺍﻹﺸﻔﺎ ﹶ
ﻙ ﻭﻭﻀ ِﻌ ِﻪ ﻝﻠﻌﻁ ِ
ﻍ ِﻤﻨﹾ
ﻋﺠﺒﹰﺎ ﻝِﻭﺍ ِﻭ ﺍﻝﺼﺩ ِ
62 ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻕ
ﺨ ﺩ ﻩ ﺍﻝ ﻤ ﹶﺘَﺄﱢﻝ ﹸ
ﺤﺘﱠﻰ ﻫﺩﺍﻨﺎ ﹶ
ﺸﻌِ ﺭ ِﻩ
ﺠﻲ ِ
ﻀﻠﹶﻠﻨﺎ ﻓِﻲ ﺩﻴﺎ ِ
ﹶﻗﺩ
79 ﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻷﺭﻗﺎ
ل ﺍﻝﺸﱠﺠ ﻭ ﻭﺍ َ
ﻋﺎﺫِﻝﻲ ﺩﻋﻨﻲ َﺃ ﻤﺕﹾ َﺃﺴﻔﹰﺎ ﻭﺃُﻁﻴ ُ
96 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺼﻭﺏ ﻭﺫﺍﻙ ﺩﺃﺒﺎ ﻴﺤﺭﻕ ﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﺴﻬﺩﺓ ﻭﻗﻠﺏ ﻴﺨﻔﻕ
97 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺯﺍﻫﺭﺓ ﻭﻁﻌﻥ ﻴﻔﻬﻕ ﺠﺭﺍﺭ ﺃﺫﻴﺎل ﺍﻝﻘﻨﺎ ﻤﺘﺒﺨﺘﺭﹰﺍ
213
ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ
106 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻕ
ﻋﻁﹾ ﹸﻔ ﻪ ﻭﺍﻹﺸﻔﺎ ﹸ
ﻑ ﻴﺄْﺘﻲ
ِﻝﻠﹾﻌﻁ ِ ﻙ ﻭ ﻭﻀِ ﻌ ِﻪ
ﻍ ِﻤﻨﹾ
ﻋﺠﺒﹰﺎ ﻝِﻭﺍ ِﻭ ﺍﻝﺼﺩ ِ
ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻑ
63 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻙ
ﻏﺼﻥ ﻤﺜ ِﻤﺭِ ﺒﺩﻻﻝ ِ
ﻙ ﺨﹶﻤﻴﹶﻠﺔﹲ ﻤﻤﻁﻭﺭﺓﹲ ﻭﺍﻝ ﹶﻘ ﺩ ﹸ
ﺨ ﺩ ِﻤﻨﹾ ِ
ﻓﺎﻝ ﹶ
176 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻥ ﻤﺎِﻝﻜﹶﺎ
ﻥ ﻭِﺇﻥ ﻜﹶﺎ
ﻑ ﻓﹶﺎ ِﺘﻜﹶﺎ ﺩﻋﻭ ﻩ ِﺒﺭﻀﻭﺍ
ﻁ ِ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎ ِ
ﺕ ِﺒ ِﻪ ﻝﹶﺩ
ﺯﻫﻴ ﹸ
ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻼﻡ
14 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﺍﻤﺭﺅ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺱ ل
ﺏ ﺘﺘﻔ ِ
ﺴﺭﺤﺎﻥٍ ،ﻭ ﹶﺘﻘﹾ ِﺭﻴ
ﻭِﺇﺭﺨﹶﺎ ﺀ ﻅﺒﻲٍ ،ﻭﺴﺎﻗﹶﺎ ﻨﹶﻌﺎ ﻤ ٍﺔ
ﻝ ﻪ ﺃﻴﻁﹶﻼ ﹶ
19 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﺍﻤﺭﺅ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺱ ل
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﺨﻭلِ ،ﹶﻓﺤﻭ ﻤ ِ
ﻁ ﺍﻝﱢﻠﻭﻯ ﺒﻴ
ﺴﻘﹾ ِ
ِﺒ ل
ﺏ ﻭ ﻤﻨﹾ ِﺯ ِ
ﻙ ِﻤﻥ ﺫِﻜﺭﻯ ﺤﺒﻴ ٍ
ِﻗﻔﹶﺎ ﹶﻨﺒِ
22 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﺍﻤﺭﺅ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺱ ﻉ ﺍﻝﻬﻤﻭ ِﻡ ِﻝﻴﺒ ﹶﺘﻠﹶﻰ
ﻲ ﺒِﺄﻨﻭﺍ ِ
ﻋﻠ ﺝ ﺍﻝﺒﺤ ِﺭ ﺃَﺭﺨﻰ ﺴﺩﻭﹶﻝ ﻪ
ل ﹶﻜﻤﻭ ِ
ﻭﻝﻴ ٍ
32 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﻻﺨﻁل ل
ﻕ ﻭ ِﺭﻤﺎ ِ
ﻥ ﺸﻘﺎﻴ ٍ
ﺒﺎﻝ ﹶﻘﻬِ ﺭ ﺒﻴ ﻀﺔﹲ ﺨﹶﻀﺭﺍ ﺀ َﺃﺯ ﻫ ﺭ ﹶﻨﻭ ﺭﻫﺎ
ﻤﺎ ﺭﻭ
32 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﺍﻻﺨﻁل ل
ﺇِﺫﺍ ﹶﻝﻤﺤﻭﻫﺎ ﺠﺫ ﻭﺓﹲ ﹶﺘﺘﹶﺂﻜ ُ ﺼﺒﻭﺍ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺇِﻨﺎﺀ ،ﹶﻜَﺄﻨﱠﻬﺎ
ﹶﻓ
ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻤﻥ ل
ﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺒﹶﻠ ِﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﱠﺨ ِ
ﺽ ﺍﻝﻐﹶﺭ ِ
ﺘﹶﻨﺎ ﺀﺕﹾ ِﺒﺄَﺭ ِ ﻁ ﺍﻝﺭﺼﺎﻓ ِﺔ ﹶﻨﺨﹾﻠﺔﹲ
ﹶﺘ ﺒﺩﺕ ﻝﹶﻨﺎ ﻭﺴ ﹶ
42 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل
ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨل
44 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﺍﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺭﺒﻪ ﺭﺍﺤﹰﺎ ﺒﺭﺍﺤ ِﺔ ﺭﻴﻤ ِﻪ ﻭﻏﹶﺯﺍﻝ ِﻪ ﺏ
ﺝ ﻭﻤﺫﻫ ِ
ﺏ ﻤﺫ ِﻫ ﺒ ِﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﺍ ِ
ﺒلْ ﺭ
51 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ل
ﺵ ﹶﻝ ﻪ ﻨﹶﺒ ُ
َﻓﻠِﻠ ِﻪ ﺭﺍ ٍﻡ ﻻ ﻴﻁﻴ ﹸ ل ﻗﹶﻠ ﺒ ﻪ
ﺏ ﻓﺎﻏﺘﺎ َ
ﺤ
ﻗﹶﺘﻴلٌ ﺭﻤﺎ ﻩ ﺍﻝ
68 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ل
ﻭﻝ ِﻜﻥ ﹶﻝ ﻪ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﺼ ﺭ ﺍﻝ ﻤ ﺭ ﹼﻓ ﻊ ﻤﻨ ِﺯ ُ ﺱ ﺴﻜﻨﺎ ﻩ ﺒِﺎﻝﻔﹶﻼ
ﻲ ﻝﹶﻴ
ﺕ ِﺒﻅﹶﺒ ٍ
ﹶﻜﻠِﻔ ﹸ
ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ل
ﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﹶﻀ ِ
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌِﻠ ِﻡ ﻭﺍﻵﺩﺍ ِ ﺤ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﺼ ِﺭ ﺒِﻼ ﻤِﺭ ﻴ ٍﺔ
ﻴﺎ ﻭﺍ ِ
68 ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ
70 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ل
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎ ِﺘ ِ
ﺸﹶﻠّﺕ ﻴﻤﻴ
لﻻ ﹸ
ﻑ ﺼﺩﻭﺩ ِﻩ ﻭﺃَﻗﻭ ُ
ﻻ ِﺒﺴﻴ ِ
ﺕ ﻤﻘﺘﻭ ﹰ
َﺃﺼﺒﺤ ﹸ
214
ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ
174 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ل
ل ﻅﹶﻠﻴ ُ
ﻅلٌ ﻝِﻠﻭِﺼﺎ ِ
ﺹ ِ
ﺡ ﺭﻭﺽِ ﻝﻠﺘﱠﻼﻗﻲ ﻤ ﹶﻨ ﻌ ﻡ ﻭ ﹶﻗﱠﻠ
ﺼ ﻭ
ﻭ
174 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ل
ﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻯ ﹶﻓﺘﹶﻔﻬﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻜﻭ ﻝﹶﻬﺎ ﻭﻴﻘﻭ ُ
ﻭﻴﺸﻜﻭ ﻝﹶﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﹶﻗﺩ ﺃُﻜِﻥ ﱡ ِﻤ
175 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ل
ﺱ ﻴﺤﻭ ُ
ﺏ ﻝﹶﻴ
ﺤ
ﻕ ﺍﻝ
ﺤﹸﻅﺕﹾ ﺤﺴﻨﺎ ﺀ ﻋﻬﺩﻱ ﻭﹶﻝﻡ ﹶﺘﺤل ﹶﻓﻌﻬﺩﻱ ﻭ
ﺤ ِﻔ ﹶ
ﹶﻓ ﻬلْ
182 ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻙ ﺍﻝﺤﻠل
ﺏ ﺒﺘﻠ
ﻝﻌل ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴ ﻁ ﺍﻝﻠِﻭﻯ
ﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﺴﻘ ِ
ﺃﻻ ﺤ
197 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ل
ﻥ ﺨﹸﻴﻭ ُ
ﻥ ِﺒ ﻭﺠﻨﹶﺘﻲ ﻜﹶﻤﺎ ﺍﺴ ﹶﺘ ﺒ ﹶﻘﺕﹾ ﻴﻭ ﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﻫﺎ ِ
ﻥ ﻴﺴ ﹶﺘﺒِﻘ
ﻭَﺃﺩ ﻤ ﻊ ﻋﻴ ٍ
ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻡ
ﺯﻫﻴﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺍﺒﻲ ﻁﻲﺀ ﻴ ﻌ ﻤﺭ ﹶﻓ ﻴﻬ ﺭ ِﻡ
ﺼﺏ ﹸﺘ ِﻤﺘﹾ ﻪ ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﹸﺘﺨﹾ ِ
ﻋﺸﹾﻭﺍ ﺀ ﻤﻥ ﹸﺘ ِ
ﻁ
ﺨﺒ ﹶ
ﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻴﺎ ﹶ
ﺭَﺃﻴ ﹸ
15 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل
ﺴﻠﻤﻰ
16 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺘﺭﻱ ﻥ ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﻜﺎ ﺩ َﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻜﻠﱠﻤﺎ
ﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺴ ِ
ِﻤ ل ﻀﺎﺤِﻜﹰﺎ
ﻕ ﻴﺨﺘﺎ ُ
ﻙ ﺍﻝﺭﺒﻴ ﻊ ﺍﻝﻁﹼﻠ ﹸ
ﺃَﺘﺎ
56 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻕ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺌِﻤﺎ
ﻥ ﻓﺎﺴ ﹶﺘ ﺭ ّﹶ
ﺴﺤﺎ ﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎ ِ ﺏ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﹸﻬﻰ
ﺕ ﻴﻠ ﻌ
ﻭ ﻤ ﻭ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻝ ﻭﺠﻨﺎ ِ
ﺯﻫﻴﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺍﺒﻲ ﻁﺊْ ﻴ ﻌ ﻤﺭ ﹶﻓ ﻴﻬ ﺭ ِﻡ
ﹸﺘ ِﻤﺘﹾ ﻪ ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﹸﺘﺨﹾ ِ ﺼﺏ
ﻁ ﻋﺸﻭﺍ ﺀ ﻤﻥ ﹸﺘ ِ
ﺨﺒ ﹶ
ﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻴﺎ ﹶ
ﺭﺃﻴ ﹸ
19 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل
ﺴﻠﻤﻰ
ﺒﺸﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺍﺒﻲ ل ﺍﻷﻴﻬ ِﻡ
ل ِﻓﻌِ
ﻙ ِﻤﺜﹾ َ
ﻁﺭﻓﹰﺎ ﻓﺅﺍﺩ
ﹶ ﻁ ﺍﻝﺼﺒﺎ ﺒ ِﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻭﻯ
ﺕ ﻤﻥ ﹶﻓﺭِ
ﻅﹶﻠﻠﹾ ﹶ
ﹶﻓ ﹶ
20 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل
ﺨﺎﺯﻡ
21 ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻋﻨﺘﺭﺓ ﺒﻥ ﺸﺩﺍﺩ ﺤ ِﻡ
ﻲ ﺒِﻌﺒﺭ ٍﺓ ﻭ ﹶﺘﺤﻤ
ﻭﺸﹶﻜﺎ ﺇﻝ ﻓﺎﺯﻭ ﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻗﹾ ِﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﻨﺎ ِﺒﻠﹶﺒﺎﻨِﻪ
128 ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ ﹶﻝﻤﺎ ﹶﻝﻡ ﻴﻠﹸﺢ ﺒِﺎﻝﺤﻤﻰ
ﺃَﻀﺭ ﻡ ﻋﺒ ﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺠﻤ ﺭ ﺍﻷَﺴﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﹶﻠ ِ
110 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﻭﺼﻴﺭﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺭﺠﻰ ﺸﻔﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﻝﻜل ﻫﻭل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﻭﺍل ﻤﻘﺘﺤﻡ
118 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺙ ﺍﻝﺭﺩﻯ ﻤﺘﹶﻼ ِﻜ ﻡ
ﺠﺔﹲ ﻭﻨﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺤﻴ ﹸ
ل ﻋﺠﺎ
ﺙ ﺍﻝﻅﱢﻼ ُ
ﺢ ﺒِﻬﺎ ﺤﻴ ﹸ
ﻨﹸﺭﻴ
114 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻭﻝﻠﻐﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻨﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﺠﻰ ﻤﻼﺤﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺁﻓﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﺯﺍﺌﻡ
115 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻨﺒﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﺏ ﺴﻁﺭ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻨﺔ ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﻭﻜل ﻓﺘﻰ ﻝﻠﺤﺭﺏ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺠﺒﻴﻨﻪ
115 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻓﻼ ﻤﻔﺯﻉ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺭﺍﻋﺕ ﺍﻻﻫﻭﺍل ﺁﺭﺍﺀ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ
116 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻤﺸﻬﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻀﻭ ﻭﻝﻬﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﺌﻡ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻔﻨﺎ ﻤﺸﻬﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺴﻴﻭﻓﻨﺎ
118 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺱ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍ ِﻫ ﻡ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﻭ ِ
ل ﻋﻥ ﹸﻝﺒﺎﺘِﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﹶﻁﺎﻴِﺭﹰﺍ ﻜﹶﻤﺎ ﹸﻨﺜِﺭﺕﹾ ﻓﹶﻭ ﹶ
ﻴﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻨﹸﺒ ُ
118 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻨﺒﻲ ﺱ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍ ِﻫ ﻡ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﻭ ِ
ﺏ ﹶﻨﺜﺭ ﹰﺓ ﻜﹶﻤﺎ ﹸﻨﺜِﺭﺕﹾ ﻓﹶﻭ ﹶ
ﻷﺤﻴ ِﺩ ِ
ﻕﺍُ
ﹶﻨ ﹶﺜﺭ ﹶﺘ ﻬﻡ ﻓﻭ ﹶ
118 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺢ ﻨﺎﻋِﻡ
ﺞ ﺃَﻭ ﺘﹶﺭﱡﻨ ِ
ل ﹸﻝ ٍ
ل ﺍﻝﺠﺭ ِﺩ ﻓِﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﻋِﺩﹰﺍ ﻭ ِﻤﻥ ﻤﺎ ِﺌ ِ
ل ﺼﻬﻴ َ
ﺘﹶﺨﺎ ُ
129 ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺤﺘﱠﻰ ﻨﹸﺠﻭ ﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎ
ﻓﹶﺎﺴﺘﻭﺤﺸﺕﹾ ﻥ ﺸِﻬﺎﺒﹰﺎ ﻓِﻲ ﺴﻤﺎ ِﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻰ
ﻜﹶﺎ
140 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻕ ﹶﺘ ﻭﺴﻤﺎ
ﻋﻬِﺩﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺘﹶﺭﻭ ﹸ
ﻭ ﹸﻜﻨﱠﺎ ﺠ ﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎ
ﻏ ﺭ ﺒﺕﹾ ﺃﻨﹾ
ﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﹶ
ﻋﺃﻤﺎ
179 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺏ ﻭﺼﺎﺭِﻤﻲ
ﺕ َﺃﺘﱠﻘﻲ ﺃَﺫﺍ ﻩ ﻭﺴﻬﻤﻲ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻝﺨﹸﻁﻭ ِ
ﻥ ﻤﻥ ﹸﻜﻨﹾ ﹸ
ﺕ ِﻤﺠﻨﻲ ﺩﻭ
ﻭ ﹸﻜﻨﹾ ﹶ
179 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻋﹶﻠﻴِ ﻪ ﻭ ﻴﻨﹾ ﺩ ِﻡ
ﺤﻤ ﺩ ﻩ ﹶﺫ ﻤﹰﺎ
ﻑ ﻓِﻲ ﻏﹶﻴ ِﺭ َﺃﻫِﻠ ِﻪ ﻴ ﹸﻜﻥ
ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻴﺼ ﹶﻨ ِﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭ ﹶ
117 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﺢ ﻤِﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﱠﻜﺎ ِﺌ ﻡ
ل ِﺒﺄَﻴﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺭﻴ ِ
ﻕ ﺇِﺫﺍ ﺍﻨ ﺒ ﺭﺕﹾ ﺘﹶﺨﺎ ُ
ل ﺍﻝﻌِﺘﺎ ﹶ
ﻥ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﺨﹶﻴ َ
ﻓﺈ
ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻥ
ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﻭﻝﻴﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻭﺒﺸﻌﺭﻱ ﻏﻨﱢﻴﺎﻨﻲ ﻜﹼﻠﻼﻨﻲ ﺘﻭﺠﺎﻨﻲ
31
ﺍﻝﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ
215
ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ
37 ﺍﻝﺭﺠﺯ ﺍﺒﻭ ﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻥ
ﻥ ﺫﺍ ﺭﻭﺡ ﻭﺫﺍ ﺠﺜﻤﺎ ِ
ﻝﻭ ﻜﺎ ﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺒﻴ ﻊ ﺃ ﹶﺜ ﺭ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﺎﻥ
ﺇ
ﻤﺠﺯﻭﺀ ﻥ
ل ﻭﺭ ِﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻨﹶﺘﻴ ِ
ﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﺎ ِﺭﻀﻴﻥ ﺤﻭ َ
ﻻ ﻭﺁ
58 ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺍﻝﺭﻤل
67 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺯﻴﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﺴﻜﹰﺎ ﻭﻗﺩﺭ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻭﺭﻯ ﻁﻴﻨﺎ ﺭﺒﻴﺏ ﻤﻠﻙ ﻜﺄﻥ ﺍﷲ ﺃﻨﺸﺄﻩ
107 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺭﻨﺩﻱ ﻭﻁﻔﻠﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺭﺃﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﺇﺫ ﺒﺭﺯﺕ ﻜﺄﻨﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻴﺎ ﻗﻭﺕ ﻭﻤﺭﺠﺎﻥ
119 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺭﻨﺩﻱ ﻥ
ﻕ ﻋِﻘﺒﺎ
ل ﺍﻝﺴﺒ ِ
ﹶﻜَﺄﻨﱠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎ ِ ل ﻀﺎﻤﺭ ﹰﺓ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﺨﹶﻴ ِ
ﻥ ﻋِﺘﺎ ﹶ
ﻴﺎ ﺭﺍﻜِﺒﻴ
132 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻻ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺃﻯ ﺍﻝﻁﻔل ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﺭﻕ ُﺃ ﻤ ﻪ ﺒﻌﻴ ﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻯ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﻩ ﺘﺒﺘﺩﺭﺍﻥ
165 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻥ
ﻀﺕﹾ ِﺒﺒﻨﺎ ِ
ﻏﻴ
ﻋﺒﺭ ٍﺓ ﹶﻗﺩ ﹸ
ﺴ ﻬ ٍﺩ ﻭ ﹶﻜﻡ
ﹶﻓﻜﹶﻡ ﺯﻓ ﺭ ٍﺓ ﹶﻗﺩ ﺭ ﺩ ﺩﺕﹾ ِﺒ ﹶﺘ
179 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻥ
ﻑ ﻓِﻲ ﻏﹶﻴ ِﺭ َﺃﻫِﻠ ِﻪ ﺨﹶﻠﻴﻕﹲ ﺒِﻤﺎ ﺘﹸﺒﺩﻴ ِﻪ ﻓِﻲ ﺍﻝﺴﺭ ﻭﺍﻝ ﻌﹶﻠ ِ
ﻀ ِﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭ ﹶ
ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻴ
183 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻥ ﻴﺩﻴﻥ
ل ﻋﺴﻰ ﻜﹶﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﺍ
ﻥ ِﺒﺈِﺨﻼﺼِﻲ ِﺇﻝﹶﻴ ِﻪ ﻭَﺃﻨﹾﺜﹶﻨﻲ ﺃَﻗﻭ ُ
ﺃَﺩﻴ
181 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺯﻴﺩﻭﻥ ﻗﻁﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻓﺠﻨﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻤﺎ ﺸﻴﻨﺎ ﻭﺇﺫ ﻫﺼﺭﻨﺎ ﻓﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼل ﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ
ﻗﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺀ
36 ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﻡ ﺘﹸﻔﻀﻲ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﺴﺭﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﺠﻭ ﻡ
ﻙ ﻜﺄ
ﻭ ﹸﻗﺒ ﹸﺔ ﻤﻠﹾ ٍ
37 ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺘﺭﻱ ﺙ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻴﺒﺎﻜﻴﻬﺎ
ﻕ ﺍﻝﻐﹶﻴ ِ
ﻭﺭﻴ ﹸ ﺤﻜﹸﻬﺎ
ﺱ ﺃَﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﻴﻀﺎ ِ
ﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﹼﻤ ِ
ﺠ
ﻓﹶﺤﺎ ِ
57 ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻴل ﺼ ﺩ ِﻩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ
ﺏ ﻭ
ﺤ
ﺏ ﺍﻝ ﻤ ِ
ﻑ ﹶﻝﻡ ﻴﺩِ ﺭ ﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻯ ﻭﻝﻭﻉِ ﺒﺘﹶﻌﺫﻴ ِ
ﻁﺭِ
ﻭﺃﺤ ﻭ ﺭ ﺴﺎﺠﻲ ﺍﻝ ﱠ
216
ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ
ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ
ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺍﻷﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺭﻱ ،ﻀﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ :ﺍﻝﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺘﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ،ﺩﻁ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ،
ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1998 ،
ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺭﺒﻪ :،ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻴﺔ ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ،ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ،ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ.1987،
ﺍﻷﺨﻁل،ﻏﻴﺎﺙ ﺒﻥ ﻴﻐﻭﺙ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺸﺭﺡ ﻋﺒـﺩ ﺍﻝـﺭﺤﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺼـﻁﺎﻭﻱ ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓـﺔ،
ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ2002،ﻡ.
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺍﻹﺼﺒﻊ ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻅﻴﻡ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩ :ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺜﺭ ﻭﺒﻴـﺎﻥ
ﺇﻋﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺤﻨﻔﻲ ﺸﺭﻑ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻝﺠﻨﺔ ﺇﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺙ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﺼـﺭ،
.1963
ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﺍﺒﻥ ﺤﺯﻡ :ﻁﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻝﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﻻﻑ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻓﺎﺭﻭﻕ ﺴﻌﺩ،ﺩﻁ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻴـﺎﺓ،
ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1975 ،
ﺍﻷﻨﺼﺎﺭﻱ ،ﺍﺒﻥ ﻫﺸﺎﻡ :ﻤﻐﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﺒﻴﺏ ﻋﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻋﺎﺭﻴـﺏ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒـﺔ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻴـﺎﺓ ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ،
ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1966،
أ>،=8إ;3اه ،78و345ون :ا &'()$اCD ، !"#$دة و ،@Aط ،3دار اGH ،3IJKر.1998 ،CE
ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺘﺭﻱ،ﺍﻝﻭﻝﻴﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﺌﻲ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺸﺭﺡ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻨﺠﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻲ،
ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1994،
217
ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺍﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل :ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ )ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﺎﺌﺯ(،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺒـﻥ ﻜﺜﻴـﺭ ،ﺩﻤﺸـﻕ،
ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ.1993،
ﺒﺸﺎﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺒﺭﺩ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺸﺭﺡ :ﻤﻬﺩﻱ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘـﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ،
ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ. 1993،
ﺒﺸﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺨﺎﺯﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺩﻱ :،ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺸﺭﺡ :ﻤﺠﻴﺩ ﻁﺭﺍﺩ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒـﻲ ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ،
ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1994،
ﺍﻝﺒﻭﺼﻴﺭﻱ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.2007 ،
ﺃﺒﻭ ﺘﻤﺎﻡ ،ﺤﺒﻴﺏ ﺒﻥ ﺃﻭﺱ ﺍﻝﻁﺎﺌﻲ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒـﺩﻩ ﻋـﺯﺍﻡ ،ﻁ ،5ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺎﺭﻑ،
ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺒﻴﻴﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺴﻼﻡ ﻫﺎﺭﻭﻥ ،ﻁ ،3ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨـﺎﻨﺠﻲ ،ﺍﻝﻘـﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﺼـﺭ،
.1968
ﺠﺭﻴﺭ،ﺠﺭﻴﺭ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻔﻲ :ﺍﻝـﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺸـﺭﺡ :ﻤﺤﻤـﺩ ﺒـﻥ ﺤﺒﻴـﺏ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺎﺭﻑ،
ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ،ﻤﺼﺭ.1969،
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺠﻌﻔﺭ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺝ ﻗﺩﺍﻤﺔ :ﻨﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ:ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻌﻡ ﺨﻔـﺎﺠﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘـﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ،
ﺃﺒﻭ ﺠﻨﺩل ﻋﺒﻴﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻴﺭﻱ :،ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻓﺎﻴﺒﺭ ﺭﺍﻴﻨﻬـﺭﺕ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﻁﺒﻌـﺔ ﻓـﺭﺍﺱ
218
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺤﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﻭﻱ ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﺒﻜﺭ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ،ﺨﺯﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻭﻏﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺏ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴـﻕ :ﻜﻭﻜـﺏ
ﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﺒﻥ ﺜﺎﺒﺕ ﺍﻷﻨﺼﺎﺭﻱ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺴﻴﺩ ﺤﻨﻔﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـﺎﺭﻑ ،ﺍﻝﻘـﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﺼـﺭ،
.1983
ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ1951 ،ﻡ.
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺤﻨﺒل ،ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﺤﻤﺩ :ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻨﺩ ،ﺸﺭﺡ :ﺍﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺸﺎﻜﺭ ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﺼـﺭ،
.1995
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻴﺏ ,ﻝﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ :ﺍﻹﺤﺎﻁﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺃﺨﺒـﺎﺭ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁـﺔ,ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒـﺔ ﺍﻝﺨـﺎﻨﺠﻲ ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ،
ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1974،
ﺫﻱ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﺔ،ﻏﻴﻼﻥ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻭﻱ :ﺍﻝـﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﻁ ،1ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺘـﺏ ﺍﻹﺴـﻼﻤﻲ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋـﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸـﺭ،
ﺩﻤﺸﻕ،ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ.1964 ،،
ﺯﻫﻴﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺴﻠﻤﻰ :،ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻓﺨﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﻗﺒﺎﻭﺓ ،ﻁ ،3ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴـﺩﺓ ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ،
ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1980 ،
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺯﻴﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﻝﻴﺩ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ :ﺍﻝـﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ،ﺸـﺭﺡ :ﻜـﺭﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺴـﺘﺎﻨﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼـﺎﺩﺭ،
ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ.1975،
219
ﺴﻭﻴﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﻜﺎﻫل ﺍﻝﻴﺸﻜﺭﻱ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺸﺎﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺸﻭﺭ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻝﻠﻨﺸﺭ ،ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ،
ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ.1972 ،
ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭﻁﻲ ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻤﻥ :ﺍﻝﻤﺯﻫﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ،ﻀﺒﻁ :ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻝﻰ،ﺩﻁ،
ﺍﻝﺸﻨﺘﺭﻴﻨﻲ ،ﺍﺒﻥ ﺒﺴﺎﻡ :ﺍﻝﺫﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﺴﻥ ﺃﻫل ﺍﻝﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ,ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1979 ،
ﺍﻝﺸﻨﻔﺭﻯ ،ﻋﻤﺭﻭ ﺒﻥ ﻤﺎﻝﻙ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺸﺭﺡ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺇﻤﻴل ﻴﻌﻘـﻭﺏ ،ﻁ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘـﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒـﻲ،
ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ،1996 ،
ﻁﺭﻓﺔ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺩ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻓﻭﺯﻱ ﻋﻔﻭﻱ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﻌﺏ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ1993 ،
أ; GاC_RKس ا^] \Sا :XY8Z[Kا#?:$ان،دط `_[ID ،ا3Kا abاCS] ،`8SYRKن ،ا^ردن2004 ،
ا3IfRKي،أ; Gهdل:
ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﻴﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺠﺎﻭﻱ ﻭ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﻀل ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺇﺤﻴـﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻜﺘـﺏ
ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ.1952،
ﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ ،ﺸﺭﺡ :ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1994،
ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻱ :ﺴﻘﻁ ﺍﻝﺯﻨﺩ،ﺸﺭﺡ :ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺸﺎﻤﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.2004،
ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻱ ،ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﺒﻥ ﺤﻤﺯﺓ :ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺯ ﻷﺴﺭﺍﺭ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺍﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻻﻋﺠﺎﺯ ،ﻁ ،1ﺍﻝﻤـﺩﺍﺭ
ﻲ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﻡ:ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺨﻠﻴل ﻤﺭﻭﻡ ﺒﻙ ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴـﺩﺓ ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨـﺎﻥ،
ﻋﻠ
.1959
ﻋﻤﺭ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺒﻲ ﺭﺒﻴﻌﺔ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻓﻭﺯﻱ ﻋﻁﻭﻱ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﻌﺏ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ.1980 ،
220
ﻋﻨﺘﺭﺓ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺸﺩﺍﺩ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺨﻠﻴل ﺸﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻬـﻼل ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨـﺎﻥ،
.2008
ﺍﺒﻥ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ،ﺍﻝﺼﺎﺤﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻘﻪ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﻥ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1964،
ﺃﺒﻭ ﻓﺭﺍﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺩﺍﻨﻲ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺴـﺎﻤﺭﺍﺌﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜـﺭ ،ﻋﻤـﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ،
.1983
ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺭﻭﺍﻨﻲ،ﺍﺒﻥ ﺭﺸﻴﻕ :ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻭﺁﺩﺍﺒﻪ ﻭﻨﻘﺩﻩ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ:ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﻴﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﻋﺒـﺩ
ﺤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻷﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺡ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1983،
ﺍﺒﻥ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ،ﺍﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل ﺒﻥ ﻋﻤﺭ :ﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻅﻴﻡ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﻁﻴﺒﺔ،ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﺽ ،ﺍﻝﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ .2002
221
ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺭﻱ ،ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ:
ﻨﻔﺢ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺼﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﺍﻝﺭﻁﻴﺏ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺇﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭ ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ،
ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1968 ،
ﺃﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻀﻲ ﻋﻴﺎﺽ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﻘﺎ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺍﻝﻘـﺎﻫﺭﺓ،
ﻤﺼﺭ.1939 ،
ﺍﺒﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﻀل ﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻨﺼﺎﺭﻱ :ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﻝﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ،ﻁ 3ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼـﺎﺩﺭ ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ،
ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ .1965،ﺍﻤﺭﺅ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺱ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1958 ،
ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻌﺩﻱ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ :ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺍﻝﺼﻤﺩ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸـﺭ ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ،
ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1998 ،
ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺒﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﺒﻴﺎﻨﻲ ،ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺤﻘﹼﻘﻪ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻨﻰ ﺒﻪ ﺤﻤﺩﻭ ﻁﻤﺎﺱ ،ﻁ ،2ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ.2005 ،
ﺃﺒﻭ ﻨﻭﺍﺱ ،ﺍﻝﺤﺴﻥ ﺒﻥ ﻫﺎﻨﺊ ،ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﺯﺍﻝﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ،
ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻴﺭﻱ ،ﺸﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﺤﻤـﺩ :ﻨﻬﺎﻴـﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺏ ﻓـﻲ ﻓﻨـﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘـﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺼـﺭﻴﺔ،
ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ،ﻤﺼﺭ1997 ،
ﺍﻝﻭﺃﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺩﻤﺸﻘﻲ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ :ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻥ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺴﺎﻤﻲ ﺍﻝـﺩﻫﺎﻥ ،ﺩﻁ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺼـﺎﺩﺭ ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ،
ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1993 ،
ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1998،
ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ
222
ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻓﺘﻭﺡ :ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ ،ﻁ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ.1991 ،
ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ،ﻨﺠﻭﻯ ﻤﻌﺘﺼﻡ :ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻱ ،ﻁ،1ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﺼﺭ.2005 ،
ﺃﺭﺴﻼﻥ ،ﺸﻜﻴﺏ :ﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1983 ،
ﺇﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل ،ﻋﺯ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ :ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻝﻸﺩﺏ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﺼﺭ.1963،
ﺒﺎﺸﺎ ،ﻋﻤﺭﻭ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ :ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻡ ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1989،
ﺒﺩﻭﻱ،ﺃﺤﻤﺩ :ﺃﺴﺱ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺩ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﻤﺼﺭ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﺼﺭ1994 ،
ﺒﺭﺍﺴﺘﺩ ،ﺠﻴﻤﺱ ﻫﻨﺭﻱ ،ﺍﻝﻌﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻋﺯ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋـﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸـﺭ ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ،
ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1983،
ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻱ ،ﺴﻌﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ :ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ،ﺩﻁ،ﻤﻌﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺤـﻭﺙ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻝﺒﺼﻴﺭ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﻬﺩﻱ :ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ،ﻁ ،3ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻌﻤﺎﻥ،ﺍﻝﻨﺠﻑ ﺍﻷﺸﺭﻑ،ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ.1970 ،
ﺍﻝﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩﻱ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻁﺎﻫﺭ :ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﺜﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ،
.1981
223
ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻨـﺩﻝﺱ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،
ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1983 ،
ﺒﻼﺸﻴﺭ ،ﺭﻴﺠﻴﺱ :ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﻴﻼﻨﻲ ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜـﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼـﺭ،
ﺒﻴﺭﻴﺱ ،ﻫﻨﺭﻱ :ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﺍﺌﻑ ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ،ﺍﻝﻘـﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﺼـﺭ،،
.1988
ﺒﻴﻬﻡ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺠﻤﻴل :ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ ﻝﻠﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﻴﻥ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1962،
ﺍﻝﺘﻭﻨﺠﻲ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ :ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺼل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1993 ،
ﺍﻝﺠﺒﻴﻠﻲ ،ﺴﺠﻴﻊ :ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﻤﻜﺘﺒـﺔ ﺍﻝﻬـﻼل ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨـﺎﻥ،
.2005
ﺠﺭﺍﺭ ،ﺼﻼﺡ :ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﻨﺸﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ،ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ،
.2007
ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺤﻲ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﺴﻼﻡ :ﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1980 ،
ﺠﻤﻌﺔ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻜﺎﻤل ﺃﻴﻭﺏ :ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ،ﻁ ،2ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ،ﻤﺼﺭ.1963،
ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﻴﺩﻱ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺒﻥ ﻓﺘﻭﺡ :ﺠﺫﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺘﺒﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻨـﺩﻝﺱ،ﺩﻁ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘـﺎﺏ
ﺤﺎﻭﻱ ،ﺇﻴﻠﻴﺎ:
224
ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺭﻱ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1960 ،
ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻠﺒﻨﺎﻨﻲ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1978 ،
ﺍﻝﺤﻭﻓﻲ ،ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ :ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﻤﺼﺭ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ ،ﻤﺼﺭ،
.1972
ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﺸﺏ ،ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻲ :ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ،
ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1966 ،
ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻴﺏ ،ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﺤﻤﺩ :ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ ،ﻁ ،1ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﺒﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻘـﺎﻫﺭﺓ،
ﻤﺼﺭ.2004 ،
ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺃﻤﻴﺔ ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻠﺒﻨﺎﻨﻲ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ01980 ،
ﺨﻠﻴﻑ ،ﻤﻲ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ :ﺒﻁﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﻗﺒﺎﺀ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ ،ﺍﻝﻘـﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﺼـﺭ،
1998
ﺨﻠﻴﻑ ،ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ،ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻏﺭﻴﺏ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﺼﺭ ،ﺩ ﺕ.
225
ﺨﻠﻴل،ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ :ﻤﺩﺨل ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﻨﺸﺭ ،ﻋﻤـﺎﻥ،ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ،
.2003
ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﻨﺩﻱ ﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ،ﺩﻁ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺴﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1976 ،
ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﻁ ،3ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ1992 ،ﻡ.
ﺍﻝﺩﻫﺎﻥ ،ﺴﺎﻤﻲ )ﻭﻝﺠﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺩﺒﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ( :ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻑ،ﻁ ،3ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﺼﺭ،
.1981
ﺃﺒﻭ ﺩﻴﺏ ،ﻜﻤﺎل :ﺠﺩﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺠﻠﻲ ،ﻁ ،3ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﻝﻠﻤﻼﻴﻴﻥ. 1982،
ﺍﻝﺭﺍﻓﻌﻲ ،ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ﺼﺎﺩﻕ :ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺁﺩﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘـﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒـﻲ ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨـﺎﻥ،
.1974
ﺭﺒﺎﺒﻌﺔ ،ﻤﻭﺴﻰ :ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ،ﻁ ،1ﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺤﻤـﺎﺩﺓ ﻝﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺎﺕ
ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.2000،
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ،ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ.2004،
ﺍﻝﺯﻋﺒﻲ ،ﺍﺤﻤﺩ :ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ ﻨﻅﺭﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﹰﺎ ،ﻁ ،2ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻋﻤﻭﻥ ﻝﻠﻨﺸﺭ ،ﻋﻤﺎﻥ،ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ.2000،
ﺯﻫﺩﻱ ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺅﻭﻑ ﻭﺁﺨـﺭﻭﻥ :ﺃﺩﺏ ﺼـﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺴـﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝـﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﻴـﺔ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺤﻨـﻴﻥ،
ﻋﻤﺎﻥ،ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ.2007 ،
226
ﺍﻝﺴﻌﻴﺩ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺠﻴﺩ :ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺒﻁﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺤﺩﻴﻥ ،ﻁ ،2ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺴـﻭﻋﺎﺕ،
ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1985،
ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ،ﻨﺎﻴﻑ :ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﻭﺽ ﻭﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ،ﻁ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﻝﻠﻨﺸﺭ ،ﻋﻤـﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ،
.1991
ﺍﺒﻥ ﺴﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺴﻡ ﻫﺒﺔ ﺍﷲ ﺒﻥ ﺠﻌﻔﺭ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﺍﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺸﺤﺎﺕ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜـﺭ
ﺍﻝﺼﻌﻴﺩﻱ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎل :ﺒﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻴﻀﺎﺡ ﻝﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﻏـﺔ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒـﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ،
.2006
.1981
ﻁﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻏﺎﺯﻱ:
ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻴﻡ ،ﺭﺍﺌﺩ :ﻓﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻠﻭﻜﻲ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺯﻱ ،ﻋﻤـﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺭﺩﻥ،
2003
227
ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺼﺎﺩﻕ :ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻠﻐـﺔ ﻭﻏﻨـﻰ ﺩﻻﻻﺘﻬـﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻬـﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺩﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴـﺔ
ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭﻴﺔ،ﺩﻁ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺇﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ.1993،
ﻋﺘﻴﻕ ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺯﻴﺯ :ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ،ﺩﻁ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1976 ،
ﺍﻝﻌﺯﻴﺯﻱ ،ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻬل ﻓﻲ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻻﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻁ "،1ﺤﺒﺵ" ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺱ.1956 ،
ﻋﺼﻔﻭﺭ ،ﺠﺎﺒﺭ :ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﺙ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻼﻏﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻌـﺭﺏ ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻨـﻭﻴﺭ،
ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1983 ،
ﺍﻝﻌﻁﺎﺭ،ﺭﻤﻀﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﻨﻲ :ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻲ ﻭﻨﺼﻭﺼﻪ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒـﺔ ﺍﻵﺩﺍﺏ،
ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ،ﻤﺼﺭ.2004 ،
ﻋﻠﻲ ،ﺴﻠﻤﻰ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ :ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﻁ،1ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻘـﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﺼـﺭ،
.2006
ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻲ ،ﻓﻴﺼل :ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﻭﺽ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻓﻲ ،ﺩﻁ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻠﻨﺸﺭ ،ﻋﻤﺎﻥ،ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ.1994 ،
ﻋﻨﺎﻥ ,ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﷲ :ﺩﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ,ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻭﺘـﺎﺭﻴـﺦ ﺍﻝﻌ,ﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺼـﺭﻴﻥ
"ﺍﻝﻌﺼ ,ﺍﻝ,ﺍﺒﻊ",ﻁ ،4ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻨﺠﻲ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫ3ﺓ ،ﻤﺼﺭ.1987 ،
ﻋﻭﻑ ،ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ :ﻤﻭﺴﻭﻋﺔ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﻝﻠﻤﻼﻴﻴﻥ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.2005 ،
ﻋﻴﺩ ،ﻴﻭﺴﻑ :ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﻭﺼﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻨﻜﺒﺎﺕ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.2002،
ﺍﻝﻐﺭﻨﺎﻁﻲ ،ﺃﺒﻭ ﺴﻌﻴﺩ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺒﻥ ﻤﻭﺴﻰ :ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺭﺏ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺸﻭﻗﻲ ﻀﻴﻑ ،ﻁ ،4ﺩﺍﺭ
ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﺼﺭ.1993 ،
ﻏﻭﻤﺱ،ﻏﺭﺴﻴﻪ :ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﻭﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻪ،ﻁ ،2ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ :ﺩ .ﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤـﺅﻨﺱ،
ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﺼﺭ.1956 ،
228
ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺨﻭﺭﻱ ،ﺤﻨﺎ :ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻴل ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1968،
ﻓﺎﺨﻭﺭﻱ ،ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ :ﻤﻭﺴﻴﻘﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺤﻠﺏ ،ﺤﻠﺏ،ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ.1987 ،
ﻓﺭﻭﺥ ،ﻋﻤﺭ :ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﻝﻠﻤﻼﻴﻴﻥ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1969 ،
ﻓﻀل ،ﺼﻼﺡ :ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﺒﻲ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻨﺠﻠﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ،ﻤﺼـﺭ،
،1978
ﻓﻴﻭﺩ ،ﺒﺴﻴﻭﻨﻲ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺎﺡ :ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ )ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺒﻼﻏﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ( ،ﻁ،1ﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ
ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻻﺤﺴﺎﺀ،ﺍﻝﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ.1998 ،
ﻗﺎﺩﻭﺱ ،ﻋﺯﺕ ﺯﻜﻲ :ﻓﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓـﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴـﺔ ،ﺍﻹﺴـﻜﻨﺩﺭﻴﺔ،
ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ.2000 ،
ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻀﻲ ،ﺍﻝﻨﻌﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎل :ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﻭﺡ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ ،ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻨﺸـﺭ،
.1965
ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﺍﺀ ،ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ :ﺍﺤﻤﺩ ﺸﺎﻜﺭ ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﺼﺭ .1966،
ﺍﻝﻘﻁ ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﺭ :ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﻭﻱ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ1979 ،
ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺴﻲ ،ﻨﻭﺭﻱ ﺤﻤﻭﺩﻱ :ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ،ﺩﻁ،ﻋﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸﺭ ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ،
ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.2004،
229
ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ،ﻨﺎﻓﻊ :ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﻁ ،1ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤـﺔ ،ﺒﻐـﺩﺍﺩ،ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ،
.1990
ﻤﻔﺘﺎﺡ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ :ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺨﻁﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻱ )ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺹ(،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻭﻴﺭ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸـﺭ،
ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1985 ،
ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺌﻜﺔ ،ﻨﺎﺯﻙ :ﻗﻀﺎﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭ ،ﻁ ،9ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﻝﻠﻤﻼﻴﻴﻥ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ.1996 ،
ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺠﺩ ،ﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ :ﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ،ﺩﻁ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1975 ،
ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ،ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺭﺏ.1981 ،
ﺍﺒﻭ ﻨﺎﺠﻲ ،ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺤﺴﻴﻥ :ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻲ،ﻁ 1ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ1981 ،
ﻨﺎﺼﻴﻑ ،ﺇﻤﻴل :ﺃﺭﻭﻉ ﻤﺎ ﻗﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ،ﺩﻁ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻴل ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ،ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ1998 ،
ﺍﻝﻨﺒﺎﻝﻲ ،ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﻁﻴﻑ ﻤﻁﻴﻊ :ﻝﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﺴﺔ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺠﺭﻴـﺭ ،ﻋﻤـﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ،
.2007
ﻨﺼﺭ ،ﻋﺎﻁﻑ ﺠﻭﺩﺓ :ﺍﻝﺨﻴﺎل ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﻭﻭﻅﺎﺌﻔﻪ ،ﻁ ،1ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻜﺘـﺎﺏ،
.1984
ﺍﻝﻨﻭﺭﻱ ،ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺠﻭﺍﺩ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﺨﻠﻴل ﺤﻤﺩ :ﻓﺼﻭل ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻻﺼﻭﺍﺕ ،ﻁ ،1ﻤﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ،
ﻨﺎﺒﻠﺱ.1991 ،
230
ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻴﻬﻲ ،ﺩ.ﻤﺤﻤﺩ :ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻗﺩ ﺍﻻﺩﺒـﻲ،ﻁ ،2ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺸـﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴـﻊ ،ﺒﻴـﺭﻭﺕ،
ﻝﺒﻨﺎﻥ.1969،
ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺸﻤﻲ،ﺃﺤﻤﺩ :ﺠﻭﺍﻫﺭ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻝﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌـﺭﺏ،ﺩﻁ ،ﻤﻁﺒﻌـﺔ ﺍﻝﺴـﻌﺎﺩﺓ ،ﻤﺼـﺭ،
.1965
ﻭﺍﻝﻲ ،ﻓﺘﺤﻲ ﻓﺎﻀل :ﺍﻝﻔﺘﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺃﺜﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ،ﺩﻁ ،ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻝﻠﻨﺸـﺭ،ﺤﺎﺌل،
ﺍﻝﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ.1990 ،
ﻭﻴﻠﻙ،ﻴﻨﻴﻪ ﻭﺭﺍﻴﻥ ﺃﻭﺴﺘﻥ :ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ،ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ :ﻤﺤﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﺼـﺒﺤﻲ،ﻁ ،2ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴـﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴـﺔ
ﺍﻝﺭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ
ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ،ﻋﻤﺭ :ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻻﺨﻁـل ،ﺍﺸﺭﺍﻑ :ﺩ ﺨﻠﻴل ﻋﻭﺩﺓ ،ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻏﻴﺭ
ﺠﺭﺍﺭ ،ﺃﻴﻤﻥ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ :ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ،ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ،ﺍﺸـﺭﺍﻑ
ﺤﺴﻥ ،ﻋﺎﻤﺭ ﻋﺒـﺩ ﺍﷲ :ﺩﻭﻝـﺔ ﺒﻨـﻲ ﻤـﺭﻴﻥ :ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻬﺎ،ﻭﺴﻴﺎﺴـﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﺠـﺎﻩ ﻤﻤﻠﻜـﺔ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁـﺔ
ﺨﻠﱠﺎﻑ ،ﻤﻴﺴﺭ ﺴﺎﻝﻡ :ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺭ ﻭﻝﻴﺩ ﺴﻴﻑ،ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﻤﻨﺸـﻭﺭﺓ
ﹶ
ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻴﻠﻲ ،ﻤﻬﺎ ﺭﻭﺤﻲ :ﺍﻝﺤﻨﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ" ﻋﺼﺭ ﺴـﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﺭﻨﺎﻁـﺔ" ،ﺭﺴـﺎﻝﺔ
ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ،ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻑ :ﺩ ﻭﺍﺌل ﺃﺒﻭ ﺼﺎﻝﺢ ،ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻨﺎﺒﻠﺱ.2007،
231
ﺃﺒﻭ ﺼﺎﻝﺢ ،ﻭﺍﺌل :ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺴﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺭﻁﺒـﺔ ،ﺭﺴـﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴـﺘﻴﺭ ﻏﻴـﺭ
ﻗﺎﺴﻡ ،ﻓﺩﻭﻯ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻴﻡ :ﺍﻝﺭﺜﺎﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ ﻋﺼﺭ ﻤﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﻁﻭﺍﺌﻑ ،ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ،ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﺩ.
ﺃﺒﻭ ﻝﺒﺩﺓ ،ﺭﺍﻨﻴﺎ ،ﺸﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺘﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺱ)ﻋﺼﺭ ﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺭ(،ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ،ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﺩ.
ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ ،ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺭﺍﺸﺩ ،ﺍﻝﻔﺨﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻋﺭ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ،ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ ،ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻑ :ﺍﻝـﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ
ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﻴﺎﺕ:
ﺃﺒﻭ ﺼﺎﻝﺢ ،ﻭﺍﺌل :ﺃﺒﻭ ﺍﻝﻭﻝﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺠﻲ ﺸﺎﻋﺭﹰﺍ ،ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺒﻴﺕ ﻝﺤﻡ ،ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻠﺩ .1996 ،15
ﻗﻁ ،ﻨﺴﻴﻤﺔ :ﺤﻀﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺃﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺼﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻐﺯل ﻋﻨﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﷲ ﺒﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻨﺩﻝﺴﻲ ،ﻤﺠﻠـﺔ
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AN Najah National Universty
Faculty of Graduate Studies
By
Hiba Ibrahim Mansur El-Labadi
Supervised by
Prof. Wael Abu Saleh
Arab Poetry whereas the poets broached in it every scope that came near to
their sense and perception or imaged them.
depicting the tangible into a vivid picture where he can show his creativity
resulting from his emotion and his effect with what is around him.
King, Yousef the third, whereas in the first chapter, I spoke about the
description of the theoretical side from its definition and stages. Also, I
came to the progress of description art in the stages that preceeded the
Andulisi age.
and elegy.
But in the third chapter I fixed on speaking about the artistic features
in the poetry of description.
b
* Chapter one: Description and its progress through ages.
* Chapter three: Artistic study for the description at the poet, Yousef the
third.