The role of UN Peacekeepers

From Bangladesh in Peace Keeping

Submitted by: Md. Latifur Rahman
BSS (Hon’s) 1st year, 1st semester
Roll: 41

Submitted to: Dr. Saber Ahmed Chowdhury

Chairman
Department Of Peace and Conflict Studies
University Of Dhaka
ABSTRACT:
UN peacekeeping is a unique global partnership. It brings together the General Assembly, the
Security Council, the Secretariat, troop and police contributors and the host governments in a
combined effort to maintain international peace and security. Its strength lies in the legitimacy of
the UN Charter and in the wide range of contributing countries that participate and provide
precious resources. UN peacekeepers provide security and the political and peace building
support to help countries make the difficult, early transition from conflict to peace. Bangladesh
has served and sacrificed for the UN for over 3 decades. Bangladesh is currently the second-
largest troop-contributing country to UN peacekeeping. Bangladesh and the United Nations have
a strong relationship. Bangladesh is one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping
operations. First UN force to serve with the Organization in 1988, to help monitor the armistice
between Iran and Iraq. A lot of medical teams supporting peacekeepers and people in remote
regions. Such as Delivering critical medical aid to remote communities, Monitor political
processes, Facilitate humanitarian rights, Protect civilians, Provide necessary services Provide
protection etc. In this writing we will discuss the incidents gradually.

Introduction:
Since the early 1990s, there has been a significant increase in the number of peacekeeping
missions under the auspices of the United Nations (henceforth known as UN) as well as
expansion of their scope. While the origins of UN peacekeeping can be traced to back to late
1940s, the exigencies of Cold War politics kept such missions under a tight lid. From 1948 to
1978, the UN deployed thirteen peacekeeping missions, while over the next ten years not a single
mission materialized due to the tension between the superpowers. Following the end of the Cold
War, peacekeeping missions dramatically increased, with the UN authorizing more missions
between 1991 and 1994 than in the previous forty-five years combined. 1 as of 31 March 2017,
the United Nations has deployed 82,712 troops, 11,944 police and 1,821 military observers, a
total of 96,477 personnel, in 16missions. 2 Of the 124 contributing countries, Bangladesh with
6,904 uniformed personnel is one of the top suppliers of UN peacekeepers and has been so over
the past three decades. While participation in UN peacekeeping missions has emerged as an
important aspect of Bangladesh’s foreign policy in a changing world, it is imperative that
Bangladesh approaches the issue in a pragmatic manner and gives it the importance it deserves.
It is a matter of concern that Bangladesh, in spite of being involved with peacekeeping since
1988, has not yet formulated a national policy document on how to face the challenges of present
and future peacekeeping missions in the 21st century. In the absence of a national peacekeeping
policy, the concerned stakeholders often find it difficult to tackle matters related to peacekeeping
in a coordinated manner. Some scholars of International Security may assume that national
peacekeeping policy is unlike other areas of public policymaking, and that such policy is
insulated from societal pressures and parochial interests. Yet much is to be taken into cognizance
or ignored during the process of negotiating new deployments in UN peacekeeping missions, in
particular because they have a major impact upon the articulation of new threat scenarios,
identification of national security and foreign policy objectives as well as the size of defense
budget and force planning requirements. 4 Of course, a skeptic may ask how one can plan
prudently for peacekeeping missions in future that in a large part one do not understand.
Planning needs a context, because it cannot navigate itself. A national peacekeeping strategy
paper may go to some extent in providing guidelines and identify signposts which may give one
an understanding of the context. It is true that the fog which obscures the future is not
dispersible, though to a helpful degree it may be compensated for by far-sighted planning. The
discussion highlights that peacekeeping challenges are myriad and Bangladesh needs to
formulate a clear Bangladesh and United Nations Peacekeeping 157 and far-sighted national
peacekeeping strategy paper which will help guide the different stakeholders involved in
peacekeeping to approach the issue in a planned manner and allow the country to derive the
maximum benefit. For Bangladesh, peacekeeping has become too important a subject.

The Role of Bangladesh ARMY:

Bangladesh is one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping operations. The South Asian
nation first deployed uniformed personnel to serve with the Organization in 1988 when they
were deployed to help monitor the armistice between Iran and Iraq. Over the past three decades,
the contributions of these brave men and women in the countries in which they serve have been
immense.
Bangladesh ‘fully committed’ to UN peacekeeping as vital element of global peace and security
– UN Force Commander. UN peacekeeping is a “very important component” of keeping the
world safe and secure, and Bangladesh remains “fully committed” to contributing men – and
increasingly women – to serve. That’s according to Major General Mohammad Humayun Kabir
of Bangladesh, who is currently the Force Commander of the UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus
(UNFICYP).Highlighting Bangladesh’s commitment to foster women peacekeepers and police,
and increase the numbers who serve by 2020 and beyond, he told UN News from his base in
Cyprus that it was “virtually impossible” to protect civilians who rely on UN peacekeeping
missions around the world, without the participation of women. He said there were 157
Bangladeshi women peacekeepers currently serving, and more than 1,400 had been deployed
throughout the world in total over the years, including an all-female Bangladeshi Formed Police
Unit that served in Haiti between 2015 and 2017.“Personally, I believe that it’s very important
that you have gender parity, particularly the participation of female peacekeepers,” he said.
He added that in today’s modern “multi-dimensional” peacekeeping missions focussing on
civilian protection, “your situational awareness is much better and naturally your performance
will also be better.”
He said that majority-Muslim Bangladesh was committed to having what he called a “female
engagement platoon” in every mission where they contribute troops and police.
Women officers began serving in the Bangladeshi Army back in 2003.
He also praised the “tremendous” support that Bangladeshi blue helmets receive at home, for
their work across ten peacekeeping missions, as it currently stands.
“The Bangladesh Government is always more than willing to make sure that the contingents who
are deployed; they are properly trained, properly equipped so they are fit for purpose – fit for the
mission.” He said that despite suffering the loss of 135 peacekeepers on active duty over the
years, Bangladesh was proud of the fact that it is consistently among the top three troop-
contributing countries, or TCCs.
“Bangladeshi people are aware of what kind of contributions” are being made each day,
“ensuring peace and stability in the global perspective, and I think they are very proud of us.”
(UN News, 2023)Bangladesh's first deployments came in 1988, when it participated in two
operations - UNIIMOG in Iraq and UNTAG in Namibia. The then former President of
Bangladesh Lieutenant General Hussain Muhammad Ershad initiated these deployments in 1988
for the first time with UNIIMOG with 15 military observers. Later, as part of the UNIKOM force
deployed to Kuwait following the Gulf War, the Bangladesh Army sent a mechanized infantry
brigade of approximately 2,193 personnel. In 1994, 1200 Bangladeshi peacekeepers were
besieged by Bosnian Serbs in the Bosnia after replacing a French contingent during UNPROFOR
operations. The Bangladeshi commander asked for NATO air cover which was not provided.
This was in contrast to when the French UN peacekeepers were attacked and NATO responded
by providing cover. Over a hundred peacekeepers died in the region, including Bangladeshi
soldiers. The Bangladeshi soldiers were underequipped. During the Rwandan Civil war,
commander of UN forces in Rwanda General Roméo Dallaire alleged that Bangladeshi
peacekeepers sabotaged their own vehicles in order to avoid going on patrols. Since then, the
Bangladesh Army has been involved in up to thirty different UNPKO's covering as many as
twenty-five countries. This has included activities in Namibia, Cambodia, Somalia, Uganda,
Rwanda, Mozambique, former Yugoslavia, Liberia, Haiti, Tajikistan, Western Sahara, Sierra
Leone, Georgia and Congo. Bangladesh has sent its personnel to at least 45 UNPKO and more
than 83,000 personnel of Bangladesh having served in those missions. In 2005, nine Bangladeshi
peacekeepers were killed in Congo. Bangladesh had 1300 troops deployed in the country. In
2007, allegations of misconduct against Bangladesh peacekeepers based in South Sudan
emerged. Some personnel were sent back to Bangladesh and faced disciplinary actions by the
Bangladesh army. As of October 2014, Bangladesh contributed the highest number of total
personnel to United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, with 8,758 personnel attached to various
UN peacekeeping forces worldwide. In May 2015, one Bangladeshi peacekeeper was killed in a
militant attack in Mali during MINUSMA. In 2015, Bangladesh deployed the first all-female
peacekeeping unit in Haiti, composed of 160 Muslim female troops. The unit was the subject of
the documentary Journey of a Thousand Miles: Peacekeepers. Bangladesh trains peacekeepers in
the purpose-built BIPSOT (Bangladesh Institute of Peace Support Operation Training).
In 2015, Bangladesh deployed boats to patrol the Niger River in Mali. Bangladeshi
peacekeepers were also deployed in United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL). After
the contribution made in the Sierra Leone Civil War, the government of Ahmad Tejan Kabbah
declared Bengali an honorary official language in December 2002. They work under Monusco
Banair at the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).Their aim here is to help people in
distress when they need their aid and help. Challenges are also a part of their mission. They are
supported by instructors, which helps them continue their missions. Women from Bangladesh
also received opportunities to volunteer as a peacekeeper, setting a benchmark for all the other
women in Bangladesh. This was a challenge for them. They were the first two females to be
chosen as military pilots in 2014.They work under Monusco Banair at the Democratic Republic
of the Congo (DRC).Their aim here is to help people in distress when they need their aid and
help. Challenges are also a part of their mission. They are supported by instructors, which helps
them continue their missions.

The Role of Bangladesh NAVY

Bangladesh Navy personnel have been participating in UN peacekeeping mission since 1993. So
far, a total of five thousands 423 personnel of Bangladesh Navy completed UN mission in 30
countries.110 members of Bangladesh Navy receive UN Peacekeeping Medal in Lebanon.
Rear Admiral Andreas Mugge, commander of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
(UNIFIL) Maritime Task Force (MTF) presented the medal to 110 naval officers and sailors.
One-hundred-ten members of the Bangladesh Navy ship BNS Sangram engaged in the UN
peacekeeping mission in Beirut, Lebanon was awarded the Peacekeeping Medal. On this
occasion, the Medal Parade of BANKON-12 Contingent of BNS Sangram was held in Beirut on
Monday, reads a press release issued by the Inter-Service Public Relations Directorate.Rear
Admiral Andreas Mugge, commander of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)
Maritime Task Force (MTF) presented the medal to 110 naval officers and sailors in recognition
of their contribution to peacekeeping operations.
It may be mentioned that the Bangladesh Navy's warship has been participating in the UN
peacekeeping mission in Lebanon since 2010. As a member of the Multinational Maritime Task
Force in the Mediterranean, the only Bangladesh Navy warship in the subcontinent is engaged in
establishing world peace. Currently, the deployed Sangram warship is working efficiently to
prevent the infiltration of illegal weapons and ammunition into Lebanese territory. The ship is
also conducting maritime interdiction operations in Lebanese waters, surveillance of suspicious
ships and aircraft, rescue operations on wrecked ships and providing necessary training to
Lebanese naval personnel.
Since its deployment in Lebanon, the Navy has been carrying out its responsibilities of
establishing world peace with utmost sincerity, dedication and efficiency. This proud
participation of the Navy has indeed enhanced the image and reputation of Bangladesh in the
international arena. (Home, 2022) Bangladesh is a peace loving country. This very fact is
enshrined in the constitution of Bangladesh with the foreign policy dictum – Friendship to all ,
malice to none. The father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in his speech at
the General Assembly back in September 1974 has pronounced this pledge and we are
committed to uphold same at any cost. Bangladesh on its quest to establish world peace has
already made enormous contribution under the auspices of ‘Blue Helmet’. Bangladesh believes
that it is her sacred duty to serve the humanity anywhere any time in the World.
Bangladesh Navy personnel have been participating in UN peacekeeping mission since 1993. So
far a total of five thousands 423 personnel of Bangladesh Navy completed UN mission in 30
countries including Mozambique, Rwanda, Haiti, Iraq-Kuwait, Georgia, Ivory Coast, Central
Africa, South Sudan, Sierra Leone, DR Congo, Chad, Somalia, Mali and East Timor. Presently
348 Naval personnel are deployed in seven countries such as Lebanon, Western Sahara, Mali,
DR Congo, Central Africa, South Sudan, Darfur and UN Headquarters.
Bangladesh Navy personnel have been discharging their duties in UN peacekeeping mission with
sincerity, efficiency, dedication, high professional attitude and devotion. Bangladesh Navy have
already earned name and fame, honour for Bangladesh by successful completion of their past UN
mission. They have enhanced image of Bangladesh in World arena and enriched our economic
growth by sending huge remittance.

Bangladesh Navy first started UN peacekeeping operation by sending 15 Military Observer in

UNUMOZ in Mozambique in 1993. The first independent Bangladesh Navy contingent was
deployed in UNIKOM, Iraq-kuwait in 1997 to patrol the waterways demarcating the Iraq-Kuwait
border. Following that footstep Bangladesh Navy deployed the first independent Force Riverine
Unit in UN mission in Sudan in 2005 which continued till 2012. In 2005 Bangladesh Navy also
deployed a Boat Detachment in Ivory Coast and operated for 11 years in the Lagoons of Abidjan.
Both of these deployments terminated with establishment of peace and successful completion of
UN mission. Bangladesh Navy boats were patrolling the Niger River in Ivory Coast for the
security of commercial water transport. Since long time before deployment of Bangladesh Naval
Boats plying of commercial water vessel on Niger River was stopped for fearing of piracy and
robbery. Following the directives of Hon’ble Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina Bangladesh Navy
first time in her history deployed two ships – BNS Osman and BNS Madhumati in UN Interim
Forces in Lebanon (UNIFIL) on May 2010. Such deployment to a great distance in the
Meditarean Sea almost 12000 kms away from the home port is a true manifestation of
Bangladesh Navy’s operational and sustenance capability. There after Bangladesh Navy replaced
these ships by other two ships – BNS Ali Haider and BNS Nirmul in May-July 2014. BNS Ali
Haider and BNS Nirmul returned home after their successful completion of UN mission.
Presently BNS Bijoy, a corvette type warship is deployed in UNIFIL( United Nations Interim
Forces in Lebanon ), Lebanon with 110 Naval Peacekeepers from 01 January 2018.
BNS Bijoy is tasked with conducting surveillance and patrolling in the Mediterranean Sea (in the
area of Maritime operation), Maritime interdiction operation, air surveillance, contributing
UNIFIL intelligence, Surveillance and reconnaissance and training of Lebanese Navy personnel.
BNS Bijoy is successfully performing patrol duties in UNIFIL area and this laudable role was
also appreciated by UNIFIL Force Commander Major General Michael Beary (Ireland) while
visiting BNS Bijoy on 13 February2018.
He also expressed deep satisfaction over the performance of this ship in the UNIFIL area of
duties. This ship also earns 53 crore taka per year by discharging duties in UNIFIL.
So far four BN peacekeepers made their supreme sacrifice while on duty in UN mission and they
all were awarded with the Dag Hammarsk Jold medal by UN.
Presently four female officers of BN are deployed in different UN peacekeeping mission and
female officers have already completed their UN mission. Commander A N M Ishtiaq Jahan
Farouquee, Deputy Director Naval Plans has already completed his mission in UNIFIL as
Commanding Officer of BNS Nirmul. He said that BN ships got the opportunity to fly her flag in
a multinational environment in UN peacekeeping mission in Lebanon.
Moreover, BN ships had participated in a good number of exercises with other participating
countries which paved the way to acquire knowledge and professionalism, he added. He further
said, imparting training to Lebanese Naval personnel diplomatic relations between two Muslim
friendly countries had reached to a new height than ever before. Commander Ishtiaq also said
that Bangladesh Naval contingent are facing some challenges while on duty in UNIFIL. The
ships staffs have to keep the ships all machinery operational round the clock without any
dedicated naval/commercial dockyard in Lebanon. Another challenge he mentioned that they
have to face the rough Mediterranean Sea during winter season.
Commander Farhana Sharmin has earlier completed her one year’s UN mission duty in Central
African Republic. She worked at Forces Headquarters in Bangui, the capital city of Central
Africa as Staff Officer. She told about her experiences in multinational environment, “ Working
in a multinational environment was a great experience for me.” She worked with the
peacekeepers of 70 countries where she could learn diversified culture and behavior.
Commander Farhana obviously worked in male dominated community but she did not see any
discrimination between man and female peacekeepers. But staying away from kids and family
was the real challenge for her in UN mission.

The role of Bangladesh Air force:

Bangladesh is one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping Missions. The country is often
applauded as the most reliable, supportive, generous troops and police contributing country in
the face of most challenging circumstances. BAF participation in UN Peacekeeping Missions is a
constitutional obligation (Article 25) and state policy. BAF has a glorious history of UN
peacekeeping operations. BAF contribution for UN Peacekeeping was started in 1993 by sending
06 Military Observers to Bosnia-Herzegovina. First BAF contingent was deployed in 1995 to
Kuwait along with 02 x Bell 212 helicopters. So far, BAF personnel have participated in 28
different UN Peacekeeping Missions around the globe.
Presently, BAF contingents are deployed in 03 different mission areas. These include one
Medium Utility Helicopter Unit with Mi Series Helicopters, one Air Transport Unit with C-130B
aircraft and one Air Field Support & Management Unit at MONUSCO, DR Congo, one Air Field
Support & Management Unit at MINUSMA, Mali and one Armed Helicopter Unit with Mi
Series Helicopters at MINUSCA, CAR. Besides, BAF SOUNMOs are deployed in 06 ongoing
UN Peacekeeping Missions. Due to the high level of discipline and professionalism of
Bangladeshi Peacekeepers and very reliable Peacekeeping Capability Readiness System (PCRS),
the country is commended by the international communities. Besides raising the image of the
country, the UN Peacekeeping Missions provides an excellent platform to gain operational
experience and promote capability enhancement for BAF. (BAF IN UN PEACEKEEPING
MISSION, 2023)
The female members of BAF were deployed at MONUSCO, DR Congo in 2008 for the first
time. So far total 110 female Officers completed their duty in different UN missions including 02
Female Pilots at DR Congo.

The role Of Bangladesh Police:

Bangladesh Police has been contributing to peace Keeping & peace building operations all over
the world under the UN DPO umbrella with pride and dignity since Commencement of its
deployment of its personnel to different UN Peace missions. With a memorable contribution of
504 personnel (as of date) to the UN mandate of peacekeepers uphold its Commitment;
Bangladesh meanly occupies the 4th position (30/09/2022) among contributing countries (PCC)
in the world.
It all began in 1989 when it left behind its glorious chapter by participating in the United Nations
Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) in an African state named Namibia – ever since, success
stories have flourished the fame with adventurous total number of 20,811 personnel in 23 UN
Missions to date.
Firm with belief in ensuring peace with utmost proficiency, Bangladesh Police sent specially
equipped self-sufficient police units called Formed Police Units (FPUs) to Ivory Coast in
2005.To date Bangladeshi FPUs and UNPOLs with as usual name and fame are working in04
different missions which are MONUSCO (DR CONGO), UNAMID (Darfur, Sudan), UNMISS,
(South Sudan), ,MINUSMA (Mali), Currently we have 43 Individual Police Officers(IPO)
working in 05 different Missions UN Peacekeeping missions and 459 FPU members working in
3 Formed Police Units, in total 504 Police Officers are working in 04 UN Peacekeeping
missions, 02 Police Officers working in P-Level/UN jobs and UN HQ.
Bangladesh Police has already demonstrated the expertise in different field of policing like
Forensic, Foot Print, Finger Print, Ballistic, Democratic Policing, Community Policing and so on
so forth. Bangladesh Police has not only proved its capacities in the field missions but also has
enhanced its capabilities in DPO in the United Nations’ Headquarters.
Bangladesh Police has been performing duties with utmost sincerity, professionalism and
dedication. They assist in facilitating the process of disarmament and reintegration, maintaining
law and order, protecting displaced and distressed persons, facilitating humanitarian assistance
and protecting human rights. (Bangladesh Police in UN Mission, 2023)
Responding to the challenges in implementing the UN Mandate in the field of gender issues,
women and children affairs, Bangladesh Police sent 1 (one) Women FPUs in DR Congo
(MONUSCO) in 2005.
Bangladesh, being top contributor of female police officers to the United Nations Peacekeeping
Operations, has become the crucial partner in the transition from war to peace. Bangladesh
female peacekeeper has placed them as key driving force to reduce gender-based violence,
conflict and confrontation, providing sense of security especially for women and children,
mentoring female police officer in the local area and thus empowering women in the host
country and promoting social cohesion. Bangladesh female police officer with its name and fame
has established themselves as the role model in the community in the Mission area.
Consequently, the demand for Bangladesh Female Police Officer is increasing day by day in the
UN peace keeping operations.
Deaths are forever unbearable to follow as always grief makes us silence. Our 22 brave-hearts,
sacrificed their supreme in peacekeeping operations while serving in the mission areas under the
UN umbrella to uphold the name and fame of their motherland. That is the level of dedication
which eventually proves the firm commitment of Bangladesh Police in ensuring peace and
security around the world.

Ongoing peacekeeping missions:

Presently from Bangladesh Army, Navy and Air Force are deployed in 11 ongoing UNPKOs in 5
countries where in UN peacekeepers total 6089. Within that more than 4900 personnel from
Bangladesh Army are now deployed in various contingents or as Staff Officers/Military
Observers in 13 peacekeeping missions. Bangladesh Navy has its ships and water crafts deployed
in UNMISS (South Sudan). The Air Force has its helicopters and fixed wing aircraft in
MONUSCO (DR Congo) and MINUSTAH (Haiti). A good number of officers from Bangladesh
Armed Forces are also working in UNDPKO as well.
In Liberia communication network improved by Bangladeshi peacekeepers. The BANENGR-8,
which is tasked to maintain and repair roads in Bong County, is making all out efforts to
reestablish the communication network in the country. They repaired 81 km Gbarnga-Salala
Road, 80 km Gbarnga-Ganta Road and 44 km Gbrnga-Zorzor Road. Also carried out repair work
of an entry road from CARI Complex to UN Water Point and internal roads in Gbarnga city and
constructed a connecting road near CARI, The BANENGR-7, deployed in Nimba County,
constructed and repaired 101 km Ganta-Tappita Road, 26 km Sanniquelli-Loguatu Road and
2.85 km road under Ganta city. Twenty-two culverts were built. They also constructed the
playground of an orphanage and two passenger-sheds and carried out development work and
welfare activities of different organisations.

Casualties:
As a result of its contributions to various UN peacekeeping operations, 130 Bangladesh
peacekeepers have lost their lives. The leader of the Bangladesh contingent to Namibia
(UNTAG), Lieutenant Colonel Md. Faizul Karim, died in Windhoek, Namibia, in 1989. He was
the first Bangladeshi officer who died on a peacekeeping mission abroad.128 Bangladeshi
Peacekeepers were posthumously awarded Dag Hammarskjöld Medals.
The performance of Bangladesh's contingents has been described as being of the highest order
and the appointment of several senior Bangladesh military officers as the Commander of UN
peacekeeping missions and Senior Military Liaison Officers, may be seen as further recognition
of the Bangladesh Army's growing esteem in the peacekeeping community. In 2008, the BBC in
described the Bangladeshi UN Force as "the cream of UN peacekeepers".

Conclusion:
Bangladesh has a long history of participation in UN peacekeeping operations. With the
deployment of only 15 military observers to the United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer
Group (UNIIMOG) operation in 1988, Bangladesh’s road to the UN peacekeeping mission got
underway.
From then, Bangladesh begins its illustrious journey. Bangladesh’s peacekeeping force has
performed admirably and successfully in UN peacekeeping deployments during the following
few years.
The bravery and talent of the Bangladeshi soldiers astounded everyone. The American troops
insisted that the Bangladeshi troops stay with them until their last soldier left Somalia when the
peacekeeping mission withdrew from the country. The Bangladeshis improved their standing in
Somalia by capturing the hearts of the populace. The Bangladesh Army’s greatest asset in the
UN mission is the respect and love of the local populace.
The UN authorities have been captivated by Bangladeshis’ expertise in every task. For personal
responsibility, organizational effectiveness, and military effectiveness, Bangladeshi peacekeepers
have become indispensable to any military commander. The skill and bravery of the Bangladeshi
military leaders particularly captivate and inspire confidence in the European-American generals.

Reference:
1 Pierre Schori, “UN Peacekeeping”, in Andrew F. Cooper, Jorge Heine and Ramesh Thakur
(eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), p.
782.

2 United Nations, Peacekeeping Fact Sheet, available at http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/

resources/statistics/factsheet.shtml (accessed 01 May 2017).
3 Jacob M. Kathman and Molly D. Melin, “Who Keeps the Peace? Understanding State
Contributions to UN Peacekeeping Operations”, International Studies Quarterly, November
2016, DOI: 10.1093/isq/sqw041
4 Alexandra Holomar, “How to Last Alone at the Top: US Strategic Planning for the Unipolar
Era”, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 34, No. 2, 2011, p. 213.
5 Colin S. Gray, Strategy and Defence Planning: Meeting the Challenge of Uncertainty (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 2014), p. 1.

6.
BAF IN UN PEACEKEEPING MISSION. (2023, 1 22). Retrieved from Bangladesh Air Force:
https://baf.mil.bd/website/un-deployments.
7. Bangladesh Police in UN Mission. (2023, 1 20). Retrieved from Bangladesh Police:
https://www.police.gov.bd/en
8. Home. (2022, june 21). Retrieved from The Business Standard:
https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/110-members-bangladesh-navy-receive-un-peacekeeping-
medal-lebanon-444290
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