DTMFTUI

>> Column

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DTMFTUI
Terjadi karena
rasio tinggi
Stability of Structures
dengan luas
benda terlalu
besar.

• In the design of columns, cross-sectional area is

selected such that
- allowable stress is not exceeded
P
   all
A
- deformation falls within specifications
PL
   spec
AE

• After these design calculations, may discover

that the column is unstable under loading and
that it suddenly becomes sharply curved or
buckles.

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DTMFTUI

Stability of Structures

• Consider model with two rods and torsional

spring. After a small perturbation,
K 2   restoring moment
L L
P sin   P   destabilizing moment
2 2

• Column is stable (tends to return to aligned

orientation) if
L
P   K 2 
2
4K
P  Pcr 
L

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DTMFTUI

Stability of Structures

• Assume that a load P is applied. After a

perturbation, the system settles to a new
equilibrium configuration at a finite
deflection angle.
L
P sin   K 2 
2
PL P 
 
4 K Pcr sin 

• Noting that sin <  , the assumed

configuration is only possible if P > Pcr.

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DTMFTUI

Euler’s Formula for Pin-Ended Beams

• Consider an axially loaded beam.
After a small perturbation, the system
reaches an equilibrium configuration
such that
d2y M P
2
   y
dx EI EI

d2y P
2
 y0
dx EI

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DTMFTUI

Euler’s Formula for Pin-Ended Beams

• Consider an axially loaded beam.
After a small perturbation, the system
reaches an equilibrium configuration
such that
d2y M P
2
   y
dx EI EI

d2y P
2
 y0
dx EI

• Solution with assumed configuration

can only be obtained if
 2 EI
P  Pcr  2
L
Jari Jari Girasi
I = r^2 A
P
    cr 
 
 2 E Ar 2

 2E
A 2
L A L r 2
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DTMFTUI

Euler’s Formula for Pin-Ended Beams

• The value of stress corresponding to
the critical load,
 2 EI
P  Pcr  2
L
P P
    cr  cr
A A

 cr 
 
 2 E Ar 2
L2 A
 2E
  critical stress
L r 
2

L
 slenderness ratio
r
• Preceding analysis is limited to
centric loadings.
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DTMFTUI

Extension of Euler’s Formula

• A column with one fixed and one free

end, will behave as the upper-half of a
pin-connected column.
• The critical loading is calculated from
Euler’s formula,
 2 EI
Pcr  2
Le

 2E
 cr 
Le r 2
Le  2 L  equivalent length

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DTMFTUI

Extension of Euler’s Formula

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DTMFTUI

Example
An aluminum column of length L and
rectangular cross-section has a fixed end at B
and supports a centric load at A. Two smooth
and rounded fixed plates restrain end A from
moving in one of the vertical planes of
symmetry but allow it to move in the other
plane.

a) Determine the ratio a/b of the two sides of

the cross-section corresponding to the most
efficient design against buckling.
L = 20 in.
b) Design the most efficient cross-section for
E = 10.1 x 106 psi the column.
P = 5 kips
FS = 2.5

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DTMFTUI

Example
SOLUTION:
The most efficient design occurs when the
resistance to buckling is equal in both planes of
symmetry. This occurs when the slenderness
ratios are equal.

• Buckling in xy Plane:
1 ba 3 2
2 I a a
rz  z  12  rz 
A ab 12 12
Le, z 0.7 L

rz a 12

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DTMFTUI

Example

• Buckling in xz Plane:
1 ab3
Iy b2 b
ry2   12  ry 
A ab 12 12
Le, y 2L

ry b / 12

• Most efficient design:

Le, z Le, y

rz ry
0.7 L 2L

a 12 b / 12
a 0.7 a
  0.35
b 2 b
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DTMFTUI

Example
• Design:
Le 2L 220 in  138.6
  
ry b 12 b 12 b
Pcr   FS P  2.55 kips   12.5 kips
Pcr 12500 lbs
 cr  
A 0.35b b

 cr 
 2E


 2 10.1  106 psi 
Le r 2
138.6 b 2
L = 20 in. 
12500 lbs  2 10.1  106 psi


E = 10.1 x 106 psi
0.35b b 138.6 b 2
P = 5 kips
b  1.620 in.
FS = 2.5 a  0.35b  0.567 in.
a/b = 0.35
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DTMFTUI

Eccentric Loading; The Secant Formula

• Eccentric loading is equivalent to a centric
load and a couple.
• Bending occurs for any nonzero eccentricity.
Question of buckling becomes whether the
resulting deflection is excessive.
• The deflection become infinite when P = Pcr
d2y  Py  Pe
2

dx EI
  P    2 EI
ymax  e sec   1
 Pcr  2
  2 Pcr   Le

• Maximum stress
P   ymax  e c 
 max  1
A  r2


P  ec  1 P Le 
 1  sec 
A  r 2  2 EA r 
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DTMFTUI

Eccentric Loading; The Secant Formula

P  ec  1 P Le 
 max   Y  1  2 sec 
A r  2 EA r 
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DTMFTUI

Problem
The uniform column consists of an 8-ft section
of structural tubing having the cross-section
shown.

a) Using Euler’s formula and a factor of safety

of two, determine the allowable centric load
for the column and the corresponding
normal stress.
b) Assuming that the allowable load, found in
part a, is applied at a point 0.75 in. from the
E  29  106 psi. geometric axis of the column, determine the
horizontal deflection of the top of the
column and the maximum normal stress in
the column.

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DTMFTUI

Problem
SOLUTION:
• Maximum allowable centric load:
- Effective length,
Le  28 ft   16 ft  192 in.

- Critical load,
 
 2 EI  2 29  106 psi 8.0 in 4
Pcr  2 

Le 192 in 2
 62.1 kips
- Allowable load,
P 62.1 kips Pall  31.1 kips
Pall  cr 
FS 2
Pall 31.1 kips
    8.79 ksi
A 3.54 in 2

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DTMFTUI

Problem
• Eccentric load:
- End deflection,
  P  
ym  e sec   1

  2 Pcr  
    
 0.075 in sec   1
 2 2 
ym  0.939 in.

- Maximum normal stress,

P  ec   P 
m  1  2 sec 

A r  2 Pcr 
31.1 kips  0.75 in 2 in    
 2 
1 sec 
3.54 in  1.50 in 2  2 2 

 m  22.0 ksi

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DTMFTUI

Design of Columns Under Centric Load

• Previous analyses assumed

stresses below the proportional
limit and initially straight,
homogeneous columns
• Experimental data demonstrate
- for large Le/r, cr follows
Euler’s formula and depends
upon E but not Y.
- for small Le/r, cr is
determined by the yield
strength Y and not E.

- for intermediate Le/r, cr

depends on both Y and E.

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DTMFTUI

Design of Columns Under Centric Load

• For Le/r > Cc
Structural Steel
 2E  cr
American Inst. of Steel Construction  cr   all 
Le / r 2 FS
FS  1.92

• For Le/r > Cc

  Le / r 2   cr
 cr   Y 1  2 
 all 
 2Cc  FS
3
5 3 L / r 1 L / r 
FS   e   e 
3 8 Cc 8  Cc 

• At Le/r = Cc
2 2 E
 cr  1
2 Y
Cc2 
Y
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DTMFTUI

Design of Columns Under Centric Load

• Alloy 6061-T6
Aluminum Le/r < 66:
Aluminum Association, Inc.  all  20.2  0.126 Le / r  ksi
 139  0.868Le / r  MPa

Le/r > 66:

51000 ksi 351  103 MPa
 all  
Le / r 2
Le / r 2

• Alloy 2014-T6
Le/r < 55:
 all  30.7  0.23 Le / r  ksi
 212  1.585 Le / r  MPa
Le/r > 66:
54000 ksi 372  103 MPa
 all  
Le / r  2
Le / r 2
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DTMFTUI

Problem

Using the aluminum alloy 2014-

T6, determine the smallest
diameter rod which can be used to
support the centric load P = 60 kN
if a) L = 750 mm,
b) L = 300 mm

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DTMFTUI

Problem
SOLUTION:
• With the diameter unknown, the
slenderness ration can not be evaluated.
Must make an assumption on which
slenderness ratio regime to utilize.

• Calculate required diameter for

assumed slenderness ratio regime.

• Evaluate slenderness ratio and verify

initial assumption. Repeat if necessary.

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DTMFTUI

Problem
• For L = 750 mm, assume L/r > 55

• Determine cylinder radius:

P 372  103 MPa
 all  
A L r 2
60  103 N 372  103 MPa
2
 2
c  18.44 mm
c  0.750 m 
 
 c/2 

• Check slenderness ratio assumption:

c  cylinder radius
L L 750mm
r  radius of gyration    81.3  55
r c / 2 18.44 mm 
I c 4 4 c assumption was correct
  2

A c 2
d  2c  36.9 mm

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DTMFTUI

Problem
• For L = 300 mm, assume L/r < 55

• Determine cylinder radius:

P   L 
 all   212  1.585  MPa
A   r 
60  103 N   0.3 m  6
 212  1.585   10 Pa
c 2   c / 2 
c  12.00 mm

• Check slenderness ratio assumption:

L L 300 mm
   50  55
r c / 2 12.00 mm 

assumption was correct

d  2c  24.0 mm

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DTMFTUI
Design of Columns Under an Eccentric Load
• An eccentric load P can be replaced by a
centric load P and a couple M = Pe.
• Normal stresses can be found from
superposing the stresses due to the centric
load and couple,
   centric   bending
P Mc
 max  
A I

• Allowable stress method:

P Mc
   all
A I
• Interaction method:
P A Mc I
 1
 all centric  all bending
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