CAGE MARICULTURE

IN CHINA
Cui Yong
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute,
Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences
1
 MAIN CONTENTS
1. General description of cage mariculture in China 海水网箱养殖发展概况

2. Traditional cages and offshore cages 传统网箱与离岸网箱

3. Supporting facilities of cage aquaculture 海水网箱养殖配套设施

4. Main species farmed in China 中国海水网箱养殖品种

5. Development strategy of sea cage aquaculture 海水网箱养殖发展策略

6. Equipment and facilities for deep sea or open ocean aquaculture

大型深远海养殖新设施

2
 Ⅰ GENERAL DESCRIPTION
模 模
拟 拟
流 波
深水网箱养殖场 场 浪

1. Introduction

♠ Sea based marine fish aquaculture in China started in early 1970s

and developed rapidly since the late 1980s. At the beginning, small
wooden net cages with size of 9 to 25 m2 were commonly used for
farming. Since the year of 2000, offshore or deep sea cage culture
has gradually developed.

中国海水鱼类的海上设施养殖起始于20世纪70年代，并自80年
代后期开始发展迅速。初期主要为小型网箱养殖，2000年以后
深水网箱养殖逐步发展。
 2. Classification

♠ At present, there are more than 2million net cages in all,

among which about 10,000 cages are deep sea cages with
total water volume up to 10.6 million cubic meters. Fish
production from cage maricultue in 2018: 750,000 ton.

目前中国海水网箱总数超过200万只，其中深水网箱约10000多只
（养殖水体1068万立方米）
 Fish production from traditional cage in China (2003～2018) 普通网箱养殖产量

594,000t
500,000

400,000
215,000t
吨（t）

300,000

200,000

100,000

0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Fish production from offshore cage in China (2003～2018) 深水网箱养殖产量

154,000t
120,000

100,000

80,000
吨（t）

60,000

13,000t
40,000

20,000

0
2003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018
 Ⅰ GENERAL DESCRIPTION
模 模
拟 拟
流 波
深水网箱养殖场 场 浪

3. Distribution
Cages are mostly
Cages (000’) congregated in the
700 东海 East China Sea
About 20% of the
600
cage is located in
the South China
500
Sea and 10% in
the Yellow Sea
400

About 10%
300 南海 of the total
200 黄海
100
渤海
0 Sea areas
South East Yellow Bohai Sea
China Sea China Sea Sea

Distribution of sea cages in China

 Ⅱ TRADITIONAL CAGES
模 模
拟 拟
流 波
深水网箱养殖场 场 浪

1.近海传统小型网箱的结构、材料及规格
Structures, Sizes and Materials of small cages

Bamboos Hardwood beams

Typical structures and sizes
Structure: 3 types (photos)
Size: 3×3 to 5×5 m in square with
net depth of 3~5m.

With hundreds or thousands of

cages connected together

Steel pipes
 Ⅱ TRADITIONAL CAGES
模 模
拟 拟
流 波
深水网箱养殖场 场 浪

2. Problems of traditional cages

 These cages cannot withstand the strong wind and big waves in
heavy sea, more and more cages have to be crowded in the near
shore, shallow and sheltered areas, which brings in many problems.
For instance, the stocking density is beyond the carrying capacity
of environment and the lack of effective method to prevent net bag
from fouling makes the exchange of water difficult.

近海内湾网箱存在问题:
抗风浪能力差、陆源污染、水体交换差、病害频发、
鱼类品质下降、生态环境 破坏等。
 The accumulation of waste metabolite and the waste feeds polluted
the farming environment and problems of self-pollution are serious.
Moreover, most of the near shore waters are polluted by waste from
on-land industries. All resulted in fish disease to break out and fish
quality and economic efficiency to decrease, which have restricted
the development of cage mariculture in China.

抗风浪能力差

只能
拥挤在浅海内湾

台风造成的损失 赤潮、病害损失 严重

带来 经济、生态、社会问题
  Losses from pollution and fish diseases

2006年8月，
“桑美”台风
登陆福鼎，7万
In August 2006, typhoon “Sangmei” 多口渔排网箱
caused major damage to Fuding's cage. 被摧毁，损失6
亿多元。
More than 70,000 fish cages were
destroyed, costing more than 600
million yuan RMB.
 2011年6月，
“米雷”台风
给荣成网箱和
筏式养殖造成
重大损失

In June 2011, typhoon

“Milei” caused major
damage to Rongcheng‘s
cage and raft farming.
The steel pipe deformed
seriously. 11
To realize sustainable development, a new model of cage
mariculture have to be developed.
That is Offshore Cage Farming

基于近海传统网箱养殖存在的问题，一种新型的海水养殖模
式—— “深海养鱼”中国兴起。
 模 模

深水网箱养殖场
OFFSHORE CAGES 拟
流
场
拟
波
浪

1. Advantages of offshore cage farming

 High tech and automation 高度自动化

 Long life span 使用寿命长
 More resistant to wind and wave thus can be sited in
more exposed waters. 抗风浪能力强 大容量经济效益高
 Large carrying capacity and better economic benefits
 Friendly culture model with the environment 环境友好
 Little risk of loss and lower cost 风险小
 Better fish quality and higher prices ( Although the farming
species are almost the same as those of traditional cages, the
environment improved) 养殖鱼类品质优良售价高
 模 模

深水网箱养殖场
OFFSHORE CAGES 拟
流
场
拟
波
浪

2. Major structures and properties

① HDPE circular floating cage ① HDPE圆形浮式

② Submersible cage Mostly 网箱
used
③ Flexible cage made from ropes ② 升降式网箱
and floats ③ 浮绳式网箱
④ Two-cones-shaped net cage ④ 碟形网箱
⑤ Steel structure cage Newly ⑤ 全金属网箱
developed
⑥ Flatfish farming cage ⑥ 鲆鲽类网箱
深水网箱结构型式(Major types and structures of offshore cages)
① HDPE浮式 ②HDPE升降式
floating cage submersible cage

HDPE圆形网箱

HDPE circular cage

③碟形网箱
Two-cones-shaped
net cage

④浮绳式网箱
Cage made from
ropes and floats
 Typical Offshore Cage Farm in China

Cage Farm in Cage Farm in

the Yellow Sea the East China Sea

Circumference: 40~120m Anti-wind force: 10-12

Water volume: 800~10,000m3 Wave action: 5~7m
(for different net depth) Current: 1m/s
The cage can withstand typhoon of 10-12 grade.
 When the current velocity is high, the
Disadvantage： netting deformation leads to volume loss

流速较大时，网衣漂移
缺点：
——容积损失
 Cage with circumference of 120m
Luhaifen company in Xuejiadao of Qingdao
(HDPE cage more than 120)
周长120m大型深水网箱
（青岛薛家岛鲁海丰公司，现有HDPE网箱120只）
HDPE submersible cage
HDPE升降式网箱 Remote control

远程控制升降式网箱

When the typhoon is coming, 整组升降式网箱

process of submergence can be
remote controlled by mobile
phone message. The cage can
rise and sink by releasing air or
Whole group submersible cage
water.
Cage made from ropes and floats 浮绳式网箱
Volume ：1000～2400m3（single
caget:6×6×6m～10×10×10m）
Depth ：15m
Wave and wind：8 grade
In Zhejiang province (1,200)
Hainan
该网箱主要由绳索、浮子、网衣箱体和锚泊
系统组成。
网箱容积：1000～2400m3（单网箱多为
6×6×6m～10×10×10m）
设置水深：15m 以内
抗风浪能力：8级
以浙江沿海应用较多，约1200个 Zhejiang
 Advantage ： Lower cost

由绳索串联浮子构成浮框，造价相对较低

Disadvantage ：
(a)：Lack performance platform
(b)：Large deformation

(a)：缺少操作平台，日常管理（投饵、
起网、更换网衣、起捕鱼类等）要在工
作船上进行。
(b)：风浪、流速较大时，网箱整体变
形严重
金属网箱 Steel structure cage 优点：
 耐流性好，不易变形
 网衣不易破损
 耐附着性较好
Advantage：
 Resistant to current
 Net not easy to be broken
 Not easily fouled

缺点：
 组装和更换网衣较不方便

Disadvantage:
 Not easy to operate (change and lift
the net)
22
 Cage for flounder fish

Characteristic：
Benthonic habit
HDPE组合式鲆鲽网箱
Bottom platform
针对鲆鲽鱼类栖底
习性，具有稳定的
网底平台结构 鲆鲽类平底网箱

23
Making of cage HDPE浮式平底网箱
Cage farming base at Tianzheng company in Dalian
（more than 1000 cages）
大连天正网箱养殖基地（1000多个网箱的规模）
24
Cage farming base at Mingbo company in
Laizhou of Shandong
山东莱州明波网箱养殖基地 25
 福建宁德
三都澳

Cage farming base in

Ningde of Fujian

26
 新型绿色环
保塑胶材料
(回收利用)

New environment-
friendly plastic
materials（recycled）
are used to make fish
cages instead of
wooden cages 27
Ⅲ Supporting facilities of cage aquaculture

1. Size grading of fish 鱼类大小分级

柔
性
分级格栅 分级操作
格
Grating Grading operation
栅
式
分 The fish in cage can be
级 divide into different group
网 by the grating according
to the fish size.
Flexible and foldable 28
 2. Netting cleaning
网衣清洗机

After the cage was put into

sea , shellfish and algae
would attach the netting.
We need to clean the net
by this equipment.

网衣清洗操作
3. Vacuum fish suction pump 真空吸鱼泵

Fish catching machine with single tank

单罐体活鱼起捕机
30
Fish catching machine with double tank. The parameter of the machine are shown.

 型号：XYB－SHG200

 吸管直径：200mm

 最大流量：55.48m3/h

 单罐容积：561L

 真空泵功率：11kW

连续式真空活鱼起捕机样机  罐体真空度：-0.08MPa
 Pipe dia：200mm  工作周期：42s（工作
 Max flow：55.48m3/h 负压-0.07MPa时）
 Volume：561 litre  起捕活鱼的最大个体重
 Pump power：11kw
量：≤2.0 kg
 Vacum degree：-0.08MPa
 最大起捕能力：10~20
 Period：42s
 Fish max weight ：≤2.0 kg
t/h（依据不同聚鱼密度，
 Max capacity：10~20 t/h 即鱼水比例）
31
4. The tuck net
大抄网起捕

Fugu catch ship

in Dalian
The fish in cage can be
caught by the tuck net. 大连河鲀鱼起捕装船

32
Fugu catch of Mingbo company in Laizhou

33
莱州明波公司红鳍东方鲀起捕销售
5. Underwater monitoring system 网箱水下监控系统

First generation

Handheld single camera

水下监视系统 便携式单探头深水网箱监视器

Second generation

Multiple points of view 可变焦水下监视器

多视角 深水网箱水下监视器 Optical zoom

 ROV水下机
器人

点击播放

链接播放视频 35
网箱养殖环境自动监测系统 Environment monitoring system
（current, temp., DO, salinity, pH）
（流速、温度、溶解氧、盐度、pH值等5个环境因子）
The system included 5 environmental factors

网箱养殖环境监测系统
 网箱投饵系统（Feeding system for cage culture)

船载投饵装备
Feeding system installed on the
working ship

Pneumatic conveying feeding

system controlled on the platform

气力输送集中投饵系统

37
This video is feeding sys installed on the
working ship in Lingao of Hainan.
38
Swallowtail
 The difference of the cage netting
NAF cage antifouling paint using paint and without paint. The
netting using paint is clean, and the
is valid for 10 months shellfish and algae would attach the
netting without paint seriously.

网箱防污 Antifouling
处理技术 technology

Using paint Without paint

Antifouling effect
comparison（7 months） 防污效果对比（7个月）
 Ⅳ、Main species farmed in China

养殖鱼类名称（Species） North farming South farming

大黄鱼 （Pseudoscisena crocea） √
美国红鱼 （Sciaenops ocellatus） √
军曹鱼（Rachycentron canadum） √
鲈鱼（Lateolabrax japonicus）* √ √
石斑鱼 （Epnephelus） √
黑鲪 （Sebastodes fuscescens）* √
六线鱼（Hexagrammos otakii）* √
真鲷 （Pagrosomus major） √ √
黑鲷 （Sparus macprocephahts） √ √
卵形鲳鲹（Trachinotus ovatus） √
河豚（Fugu rubripes ） √
牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus） ** √
大菱鲆（Scophthalmus maximus）** √ √

Currently, there are about 30 kinds of mariculture fish in China. The main
speices farmed in China are divided into north farming and south farming.
大黄鱼 Large yellow croaker 大菱鲆 Turbot 军曹鱼 Cobia

鲈鱼 Sea bass 牙鲆 Flounders 鲷类(真鲷) Seabream

石斑鱼(云纹) Groupers 半滑舌鳎 美国红鱼 Red drum

Half smooth tongue sole

卵形鲳鲹 Swallowtail 河鲀(红鳍东方鲀) Fugu 黄条鰤(鰤鱼) Yellowtail

V、 Development strategy of cage aquaculture

1. Farming scale
Offshore cage culture is a scale-efficient industry. Suitable farming
scale will not only reduce the management fee and labor cost, but
also reduce the installation cost of mooring fittings and supporting
facilities. Generally, 4~10 cages are recommended as a group for
large-scale aquaculture.
适宜的养殖规模
海水网箱养殖是一种规模效益的产业，适宜的养殖规模，不仅
会相对降低管理费和人工费，而且还会降低锚泊属具的成本和
安装费用。依据深水网箱的固泊方式，一般推荐4～10个网箱
为一组，进行规模化养殖；近海小型网箱可几十个或上百个网
箱组成鱼排，每个鱼排以2000m3水体为宜，鱼排之间要留有
一定的间距（一般40m），以避免养殖污染。
42
2. Farming fish species
The selection of farming species is closely related to the benefit,
which mainly depends on market factors and sea area conditions.
Salmon is the dominant species in Norway's cage culture. A fish
forms a large industry and the farming species is specialized. This
is a way for large enterprises to learn from in the future. That is,
the main farming species to form a large industry, fresh and
processed products in the way of both domestic and foreign
markets. In addition to develop the main species, small enterprises
should develop and try out new species to meet the market
demand.
养殖品种的选择
品种的选择与养殖效益密切相关。一是要因地制宜地根据市场需求选择适销对
路的养殖品种；二是形成主导养殖品种产业链，如挪威的“一条鱼（三文鱼）工
程”（年产量超过100万吨）的养殖模式。此外，根据我国及日、韩等国(主要出
口国)消费习惯上的多样性。不断开发和敢于试养新品种，迎合市场需求，获取好
的收益。 43
3.Sea conditions
The selection of offshore cage aquaculture area should not only take into
account its environmental conditions to meet the maximum survival and
growth needs of farmed fish, but also meet the special requirements of
breeding methods.
The tidal flow velocity of the sea area is generally 0.5~1m/s. If the flow
rate is greater than 1m/s, it is easy to generate the deformation of the cage,
and it is difficult to keep the shape of the cage and reduce the volume of
the cage.

适宜的养殖海区
选择不受污染，交通、供给、看护方便的海域。近海小型网箱，选择避
风条件较好的内湾，流速30cm/s以内为佳；深水网箱可选择半开放或开放性
海域，流速0.3～1.0m/s（最好不超过80cm/s)，水深在12m(低潮位)以上，浪
高小于5m，透明度1.5m以上。

44
 Selection of cage specifications
网箱规格选择
HDPE Circular floating cage: The specification of the cage is
usually defined by the perimeter of the cage. The farming
capacity and the number of fish that can be raised under
different height of the cage with 40-120m perimeter are listed
in table for users' reference.
HDPE圆形浮式网箱：该网箱的规格通常是以网箱周长来定义的，目
前国内可制作的网箱周长为40～120m，其中尤以周长40m和50两种
规格为多。若从网箱养殖容量与网箱造价的关系看，网箱周长和网衣
深度愈大，其容量愈大，单位水体的造价也越低，反之亦然。若仅从
网箱养殖操作与管理考虑，小规格网箱便于海上安装、敷设及换网等
操作，网箱越大，操作就越困难。为便于养殖业者选择，将周长
40m～120m的圆形网箱在不同网衣高度下的养殖容量及可养鱼数量列
入表1，供用户选择参考。

45
 HDPE cage specification and farming capacity
Cage Aquatic Young fish
Area Net height Production
perimeter water （10
（m2） （m） （ton）
(m) （m3） thousand）
8 1016 1.4～2.6 9～16
40 127 7 889 1.2～2.3 8～15
6 762 1.0～2.0 6～12
10 1990 2.6～5.0 15～25
50 199 8 1592 2.0～4.0 12～20
6 1194 1.6～3.0 9～18
12 6108 8.2～15.8 48～96
80 509 10 5090 6.9～13.1 40～80
8 4072 5.5～10.5 32～64
15 17190 23.2～44.4 136～270
120 1146 12 13752 18.6～35.5 108～210
10 11460 15.4～30 90～180
46
VI Equipment and facilities for deep sea or open ocean aquaculture

In recent years, with the strong support of relevant policies

for developing deep sea or open ocean culture in China, new
marine fish aquaculture models, equipment and facilities,
such as the large steel structure pens, aquaculture vessels,
large steel structure cages, deep sea farms or platforms, etc.,
have been developed, which greatly promotes the technology
progress of sea based marine fish aquaculture in China.

近年来，在国家拓展深远海养殖相关政策支持下，国内先后
研发了大型围栏（围网）、养殖工船、大型钢结构网箱、深
海渔场等养殖设施，推动中国海上设施养殖技术不断进步。

47
① 挪威在中国建造的“半潜式深海养殖平台”（深海渔场） 抗风浪能力：12级
Norwegian Semi-submerged deep sea aquaculture platform 使用寿命：25年
(deep sea farm) made in China Resistance to wind and
总高 (height)：68m（underwater 45m） waves: level 12
直径 (diameter)：110m Service life: 25 years
容量 (water volume)：250,000 m3
总重 (total weight)：7700 t
养鱼 (farming capacity)：150万尾 (1.5 million individual)
（about 7000-10000 t）

Cost $40 million 48

 2016.07.11
2017.5.18

2017.5.18

The cage had been assembled completely in 2017. And then The cage was 49
conveyed to Norway by ship.
 It was officially delivered
It left Qingdao on for use after completing
June 14, 2017 and
offshore installation and
arrived in Norwegian
sea in September. commissioning on
October 6.
 2018年5月在日照下海
的国产化全潜式深海渔
场“深蓝1号”，养殖
水体5万立方米，用于
黄海冷水团鲑鳟鱼养殖

In may 2018, a newly developed

submersible aquaculture farm named
‘Shenlan No.1’ used for salmon and
trout farming in the cold water mass
area in the Yellow Sea . The cage water
volume is 50,000m3.
② 大型钢结构深水网箱（广西北海）
一组4个网箱呈“田字”型
网箱规格：4×(15m×15m×8m)=7200 m3
Large steel structure cage
(used in Beihai, Guangxi Prov.)
1 group 4 cages in distribution of “田”
Cage size: 4×(15m×15m×8m)=7200 m3

Performance in a Typhoon of 13 force

③ 大型管桩围栏/围网（山东莱州）
围栏为内外两层环形结构，外环直径127m，圈围水体
约16万立方米，设有2大、6小共8个多功能平台，供
操作、管理和休闲垂钓等使用。
Large steel structure pen
(built in Laizhou, Shandong Prov.)
The pen consists of 2 rings with the diameter of the
outer ring up to 127m and the total volume of the pen
is about 160,000 m3.
Eight platforms built on top of the pen can be used for
farming operation, management and recreation fishing

莱州湾离岸大型浮绳式围网
规格：100m×50m×12m
水体：60000m3

大型生态围网
④ 正在开发其他深远海养殖设施
养殖工船、浮箱组合式网箱、冷水团养殖网箱、大型钢结构网箱等
Other equipment and facilities were developed for deep sea or open ocean
culture, including the aquaculture vessels, combined floating tanks, net cages
for cold mass culture, various large steel structure cages, etc.

日照 浙江
Rizhao Zhejiang

养殖工船 浮箱组合式网箱
Aquaculture vessel Combined floating tanks

Zhuhai Changdao,
Chang jing No.1
Shandong

Desai No.1 大型钢结构网箱

Large steel structure cage Bottom-supported cage
Large steel structure cage
Thank you

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