KW Úduv Ii BWZNVM: KW Úduv Ii BWZNVM, KW Úduv Ii Cörb, KW Úduv Ii Cökvi F', KW Úduvi G Gvwi

Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨vc # 01 # Kw¤úDUvi
01-02 b¤î Kgb co‡Z cv‡i wb‡Pi wm‡jevm †_‡K

Kw¤úDUv‡ii BwZnvm, Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖRb¥, Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖKvi‡f`, Kw¤úDUvi †g‡gvwi
01 b¤î Kgb co‡Z cv‡i wb‡Pi wm‡jevm †_‡K
Kw¤úউটার পেররফরালস : কী-প ার্ড, মাউস, ওরসআর
01 b¤î Kgb co‡Z cv‡i wb‡Pi wm‡jevm †_‡K
Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMVb (wmwcBD, GGjBD, nvW© wW¯‹), Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
Kw¤úDUv‡ii b¤î eë¯’v
Kw¤úDUvi †cÖMÖvwgs, fvBivm I †WUv‡em wm‡÷g
Kw¤úDUv‡ii BwZnvm
Kw¤úDUv‡ii BwZnvm †_‡K 35Zg-44Zg wewmGm wcÖwjwgbvwi ch©šÍ ‡Kvb cÖkœ Av‡m bvB| ZvB
GB Ask Lye Mfxi †_‡K covi †Kvb ìKvi bvB|
Kw¤úDUvi Avwe®‹v‡ii Avw` hyM

A¨vevKvm
▪ c„w_exi cÖ_g MYbvhš¿— A¨vevKvm|
▪ Rvcv‡b A¨vevKvm‡K ejv n‡Zv— m‡ivevb, ivwkqvq— †¯‹wmqv Ges Px‡b— myqvb cvb (Suan-pan)|
▪ wMÖK, †ivgvb Ges wgkixqiv A¨vevKvm eënvi Ki‡jI Zvu‡ì wnmve c×wZ‡Z wQj bv— k~b¨‡K m~Pbv Kivi
†Kvb c×wZ| me©cÖ_g k~b¨‡K GKwU wPý cÖ`vb K‡i wnmve c×wZ‡Z AšÍf©y³ Kiv nq— fviZe‡l©|
▪ ‡ivgvb‡ì A¨vevKvm wQj— ‡eªvÄ wbwg©Z wjwcdjK|
‡bwcqv‡ii Aw¯’ (Napier’s Bones)
▪ ¯‹wUk MwYZwe` Rb ‡bwcqvi GjMwi`g c×wZ (‡bwcqv‡ii nvo) Avwe®‹vi K‡ib— 1614 mv‡j|
▪ ‡bwcqv‡ii Aw¯’i gva¨‡g ¸Y, fvM, eM©, eM©g~j, Nbg~j wbiƒc‡Yi KvR A‡bK mnR n‡q hvq|
¯øvBW iæj (Slide rule)
▪ ‡bwcqv‡ii GjMwi`g c×wZ eënvi K‡i MYbvi KvR‡K mnRZi Kivi j‡ÿ¨ Rvg©vwbi DBwjqvg AU‡iW
e„ËvKvi ¯øvBW iæj Avwe®‹vi K‡ib— 1630 mv‡j| DBwjqvg wkKvW© bvgK Rvg©vb bvMwiK GKvwaK A¼
wewkó msL¨vi ¸Y Kivi Rb¨ PvKv ev wMqvi PvwjZ GKwU hš¿ ‰Zwi K‡ib|
c¨v¯‹v‡jb (Pascaline)
▪ divwm hyeK ‡eøBR c¨v‡¯‹j (Blaise Pascal) MYbvhš¿ c¨v¯‹v‡jb ‰Zwi K‡ib— 1642 mv‡j|
▪ cieZ©x‡Z c¨v‡¯‹‡ji m¤§v‡b bvgKiYK…Z GKwU AvaywbK ‡cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv— c¨v¯‹v‡jb|
K¨vjKz‡jUi (Calculator)
▪ MUd«vBW fb wjewbR (1671) we‡k¦i cÖ_g K¨vjKz‡jUi (MYbvhš¿) Avwe®‹vi K‡ib— c¨v‡¯‹‡ji h‡š¿i
wfwË‡Z wmwjÛvi AvK…wZi wMqvi eënvi K‡i| wZwbB cÖ_g cybtcyb ‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g ¸Y Kivi c×wZ D™¢veb
K‡ib|
▪ 1786 mv‡j ÔStepped ReckonerÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ GB hš¿wUi aviYv c«wZ¯’vcb K‡ib— ‡Rvnvb ‡n‡kd|
▪ cÖ_g hvwš¿K K¨vjKz‡jUi Avwe®‹vi K‡ib— MUd«vBU fb wjewbR Ges we‡kî cÖ_g evwYwR¨K n¯ÍPvwjZ
K¨vjKz‡jUi Avwe®‹vi K‡ib— Ugvm `¨ Kjgvi|
cvÂKvW© (Punched Card)
▪ cvÂKv‡W©i eënvi ïiæ nq— 1801 mv‡j e¯¿wk‡í bKkv wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨| cvÂKv‡W©i eënvi ïiæ K‡ib—
d«v‡Ýi ‡Rv‡md ‡gix ‡RKvW©| cÖ_g GB Kv‡W© ‡WUv msi¶Y c×wZ Avwe®‹vi Kiv nq|
▪ nvig¨vb nwjwi_ KZ©…K GB KvW© cÖ_g Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q e‡j G‡K e‡j— nwjwi_ KvW©|
▪ BDwbU ‡iKW© h‡š¿ Z_¨ BbcyU, cÖwµqvKiY Ges msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ eëüZ Kv‡W©i bvg— cvÂKvW©|
hy³iv‡ó«i Wi ‡d›U
K‡¤úvwRUvi Avwe®‹vi
K‡ib— 1885 mv‡j|
DBwjqvg ev‡ivm A¨vwWs GÛ
wjw÷s ‡gwkb Avwe®‹vi
K‡ib— 1888 mv‡j|
cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvgvi
cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvgvi— †jwW A¨vWv AMv÷v j¨vf‡jm| KviY, Bs‡iR Kwe jW© evqi‡bi Kb¨v, ‡jwW A¨vWv
Pvj©m e¨v‡e‡Ri cwiKwíZ A¨vbvjvBwUK¨vj BwÄ‡bi b·v cÖYq‡bi e¨vcv‡i me©m¤§Zfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡ib | Zvui
m¤§v‡bi Rb¨ 1980 mv‡j gvwK©b hy³iv‡ó«i cÖwZi¶v gš¿Yvjq GKwU AvaywbK Kw¤úDUvi ‡cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡q‡Ri
bvg cÖ`vb K‡i GWv (Ada)|
B‡j‡±ªv †gKvwbK¨vj hyM

Av‡gwiKvi 1880 mv‡ji ïgvwi (Census) ‡kl Ki‡Z cÖvq 1890 mv‡ji ïgvwii KvR ïiæ Kivi mgq ch©šÍ
Mwo‡qwQj| Av‡gwiKvi ïgvwi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ ‡mÝvm ey¨‡iv (Bureau of Census) Gi cwimsL¨vbwe` W.
nvig¨vb n‡jwi_ (Dr. Herman Hollerith) 1887 mv‡j ‡gwk‡bi mvnv‡h¨ cvV‡hvM¨ AwfaviYv (Concept)
Gi wfwË‡Z Ô‡mÝvm ‡gwkbÕ bv‡g GKwU h‡š¿i bKkv cÖYqb K‡ib| n‡jwi‡_i h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ 3 eQ‡iiI Kg
mg‡qi g‡a¨ 1890 mv‡ji ïgvwii KvR m¤úbœ Kiv m¤¢e n‡qwQj| W. n‡jwi_ 1896 mv‡j Zvui D™¢vweZ hš¿
evwYwR¨Kfv‡e ‰Zwi I weµ‡qi Rb¨ ‡Kv¤úvwb MVb K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z Zvui ‡Kv¤úvwb AviI K‡qKwU ‡Kv¤úvwbi
m‡½ GKxf~Z n‡q B›Uvib¨vkbvj weR‡bm ‡gwkb ev IBM (International Business Machines) bv‡g
‡Kv¤úvwb MVb K‡i|
B‡j±ªwbK ev AvaywbK hyM

ABC ▪ D™¢veb K‡ib— Aa¨vcK W. Rb wfb‡m›U GUvbvmd|
Computer ▪ bvgKiY Kiv nq— W. Rb wfb‡m›U GUvbvmd I Zvui Gi mn‡hvMx (Clifford Berry)
(Atanasoff Gi bvgvbymv‡i Atanasoff-Berry-Computer ev ms‡¶‡c ABC Computer|
Berry ▪ ABC Kw¤úDUv‡iB cÖ_g gRy` (Storage) Ges MvwYwZK/hyw³g~jK Kv‡Ri Rb¨ f¨vKzqvg
Computer)
wUDe (Vacuum Tube) eënvi Kiv nq|
▪ we‡klZ¡— GwUB cÖ_g evBbvwi MwYZwfwËK Kw¤úDUvi|
Mark-01 ▪ D‡`¨vM †bb (1937 mv‡j)— Aa¨vcK nvIqvW© AvB‡Kb (Howard G. Aicken)| wZwb
IBM ‡Kv¤úvwbi cÖ‡KŠkjx‡ì m‡½ wb‡q hš¿wU ‰Zwi Ki‡Z m¶g nb— 1944 mv‡j|
▪ Mark-01 wQj— we‡k¦i cÖ_g ¯^qswµq Kw¤úDUvi (Zwor wbf©i Kw¤úDUvi)|
▪ MVb cÖK…wZi w`K ‡_‡K gvK©-1 wQj— B‡j‡±«v‡gKvwbK¨vj Kw¤úDUvi|
GwbqvK ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer|
(ENIAC) ▪ ‰Zwi K‡ib— Aa¨vcK W. Rb gvDmwj Ges Zvui GK QvÎ ‡cÖmcvi GKvU© (1946 mv‡j)|
▪ we‡klZ¡— c„w_exi cÖ_g c~Y©v½ ev mdj B‡j±«wbK Kw¤úDUvi|
GWf¨vK ▪ 1940 mv‡ji gvSvgvwS mg‡q L¨vZbvgv MwYZwe` Rb fb wbDg¨vb (John Von
(EDVAC) Neumann) GK wbe‡Ü D‡jøL K‡ib ‡h, Kw¤úDUvi h‡š¿i Rb¨ evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ
(Electronic eënvi Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i Ges h‡š¿i Af¨šÍ‡iB DcvË I wbe©vn ms‡KZ gRy‡ì eë¯’v Kiv
Discrete
‡h‡Z cv‡i| G aviYvi bvg— msiwÿZ †cÖvMÖvg|
Variable
Automatic ▪ fb wbDg¨vb‡K ejv nq— AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK| KviY, Rb fb wbDg¨v‡bi
Computer) cÖ¯Íve¸‡jv AvRI AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡i eënvi Kiv nq|
GWm¨vK ▪ ‰Zwi K‡ib— 1949 mv‡j wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK gwim DBjwKm Gi ‡bZ…Z¡vaxb GK`j
(EDSAC) weÁvbx wbDg¨v‡bi aviYv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q|
(Electronic ▪ G‡Z WvUv msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ †h ai‡bi †g‡gvwi eënvi Kiv n‡Zv— Mercury Delay
Delay Storage
Automatic Lines|
▪
Calculator) we‡klZ¡— cÖ_g msiwÿZ †cÖvMÖvgwewkó B‡j±ªwbK Kw¤úDUvi|
BDwbf¨vK ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Universal Automatic Computer|
(UNIVAC) ▪ ‰Zwi K‡ib— Rb gvDmwj I ‡cÖmcvi GKvU© (1951 mv‡j)|
▪ we‡klZ¡— evwYwR¨K wfwË‡Z Drcvw`Z cÖ_g wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi|
TX-O ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Transistor Experimental Computer|
▪ we‡klZ¡— GwU UªvbwR÷i wfwËK cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi|
PDP-8 ▪ UªvbwR÷iwfwËK cÖ_g wgwb Kw¤úDUvi hv DEC ev Digital Equipment
Corporation cÖ_g (1965 mv‡j) ˆZwi K‡ib|
Ab¨vb¨ ▪ cÖ_g cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi K‡i— gvB‡µv BÝUªy‡g‡›Ukb GÛ †Uwj‡gwUª wm‡÷gm|
▪ A¨vcj †Kv¤úvwb cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi evRv‡i Qv‡o— 1976 mv‡j|
▪ IBM gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi evRv‡i Qv‡o— 1981 mv‡j| IBM Gi Aci bvg— weM eøy|
▪ we‡k¦i cÖ_g A¨vcj Kw¤úDUvi A¨vcj-1 Gi bKkvKvi— w÷f IRwbqvK|
▪ gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡ii RbK— GBP GWIqvW© ievU©| wZwb 1975 mv‡j gvB‡µv‡cª‡mmi
wfwËK cÖ_g personal computer— Altair-8800|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ_g hv wKQz [GK bR‡i]
Kw¤úDUv‡ii bvg we‡klZ¡ (cÖ_g..............) Avwe®‹viK
Mark-1 (1944) cÖ_g B‡j±ªwbK Kw¤úDUvi W. nvIqvW© AvB‡Kb I AvBweGg
ABC (1937-38) cÖ_g evBbvwi MYbvwfwËK B‡j±ªwbK Kw¤úDUvi Rb GUvbvmd I wK¬‡dvW© †ewi
ENIAC-1 (1946) cÖ_g c~Y©v½ B‡j±ªwbK Kw¤úDUvi Rb gvDmwj I †cÖmcvi GKvU© GwbqvK
Z3 (1941) ‡cÖvMÖvg wbqwš¿Z 1g B‡j±ª‡gKvwbK¨vj Kw¤úDUvi KbivW rmy‡R
EDSAC (1949) msiwÿZ †cÖvMÖvgwewkó B‡j±ªwbK Kw¤úDUvi Aa¨vcK gwim DBjwKm
UNIVAC-1(1951) evwYwR¨K wfwË‡Z Drcvw`Z 1g wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi Rb gvDmwj I †cÖmcvi GKvU© GwbqK
CDC-6600 evwYwR¨Kfv‡e mdj cÖ_g mycvi Kw¤úDUvi
TX-0 UªvbwR÷i wfwËK cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi
PDP-8 (1965) UªvbwR÷iwfwËK cÖ_g wgwb Kw¤úDUvi wWwRUvj BKzBc‡g›U K‡c©v‡ikb
B2500, B3500 (1968) Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U (IC) wfwËK cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi ev‡ivm ‡Kv¤úvwb
IBM system 360 IC wPc w`‡q ˆZwi cÖ_g wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi
Altair-8800 gvB‡µv cÖ‡mmi wfwËK cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi GBP GWIqvW© ievU©
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖRb¥ wefvM

Kw¤úDUv‡ii hvÎv ïiæ MYbvhš¿ w`‡q| mg‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b av‡c av‡c weKvk jvf K‡i Kw¤úDUvi eZ©gvb ch©v‡q
DcbxZ n‡q‡Q| weKv‡ki G‡KKwU avc‡K G‡KKwU cÖRb¥ (Generation) wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b ‡h
me gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi eënvi Kiv nq G me Kw¤úDUvi n‡”Q PZy_© cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi| Analog I Digital
Kw¤úDUv‡ii mgš^‡q MwVZ nvBweªW Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖRb¥— 5wU|
cÖ_g cÖRb¥ ▪ cÖ‡mmi— f¨vKyqvg wUDe| BbcyU-AvDUcyU— cvÂKvW©| D`vniY— ABC, Mark-
(1946-59) ▪ ‡g‡gvwi— g¨vM‡bwUK Wªvg| 1, Mark-II, Mark-III,
▪ ‡cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv— ‡gwk‡bi fvlv| ENIAC, UNIVAC,
EDSAC, IBM-650.
▪ Ab¨vb¨— Pvjbvi mgq D”P kã nIqv Ges cÖPÐ DËvc m…wó nIqv|
wØZxq cÖRb¥ ▪ cÖ‡mmi— U«vbwR÷i| BbcyU-AvDUcyU— cvÂKvW©| D`vniY— nvwbI‡qj−200,
(1959-65) ▪ ‡g‡gvwi— g¨vM‡bwUK ‡Kvi| AvBweGg−1400, 1600,
▪ ‡cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv— FORTRAN, Cobol| 1401, 1620, wmwWwm−
▪ Ab¨vb¨ 1604, AviwmG− 301 I
✓ hš¿cvwZ ‡QvU n‡q Avmv| ✓ Kg DËß nIqv| 501, GbwmAvi−300
✓ Kv‡Ri MwZ e…w×| ✓ Av¯’v I wbf©ikxjZv AR©b| BZ¨vw`|
Z…Zxq cÖRb¥ ▪ cÖ‡mmi— IC ev Integrated Circuit| D`vniY— PDP-1, PDP-
(1965-71) ▪ BbcyU-AvDUcyU— gvDm, Video Display Unit (VDU), 2, PDP-8, IBM-360,
jvBb wcÖ›Uvi| ‡g‡gvwi— ‡mwg KÛv±i| IBM-370, GE-600
BZ¨vw`|
▪ †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv— nvB †j‡fj fvlv (wm, c¨v‡¯‹j)|
PZz_© cÖRb¥ ▪ cÖ‡mmi— Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)| D`vniY—IBM 3033,
(1971- gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi I gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡ii Avwef©ve, weKvk I wek¦gq IBM 4300, HP 3000,
eZ©gvb) cÖmvi| gvwëcÖ‡mmi wm‡÷‡gi Avwef©ve| IBM S/36, IBM 4341,
▪ BbcyU-AvDUcyU— eûgyLx BbcyU-AvDUcyU h‡š¿i eënvi| Sharp PC-1211, TRS
▪ ‡g‡gvwi— †mwg KÛv±i| ‡cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv— wm++, Rvfv| 800, Apple II,
▪ AwZ ¶y`«vK…wZi enb‡hvM¨ hš¿ wbg©v‡Yi eë¯’v| Pentinum 1-4 BZ¨vw`|
▪ wbf©i‡hvM¨, m¤ú«mviY‡hvM¨, gvwëwgwWqv, gvwëcÖ‡mwms mgwš^Z ‡mev cÖ`vbKvix gvwëwgwWqv m¶g
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi weKvk|
▪ Ae‡R± Iwi‡q‡›UW ‡cÖvMÖvwgs c¨v‡KR I Kv÷gvBR mdUIq¨v‡ii Avbqb|
cÂg cÖRb¥ ▪ cÖ‡mmi— gvB‡µvwPc| eû gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii eënvi| BbcyU-AvDUcyU— f‡qm wiKMwbkb|
▪ ‡g‡gvwi— g¨vM‡bwUK evej| †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv— ¯^vfvweK fvlv|
▪ fwel¨r cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi| K…wÎg eyw×gËvi eënvi n‡e| K…wÎg eyw×gËv n‡jv gvby‡li
wPšÍvfvebv¸‡jv‡K K…wÎg Dcv‡q Kw¤úDUvi ev Kw¤úDUvi wbf©i h‡š¿i g‡a¨ iƒc †Ìqvi eë¯’v|
1956 mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi MIT Gi John McCarthy me©cÖ_g AvwU©wdwkqvj Bb‡Uwj‡RÝ kãwU
D‡jøL K‡ib| K…wÎg eyw×gËvi ev¯Íe cÖ‡qvM n‡jv ‡iveU|
▪ Kw¤úDUvi eZ©bx‡Z Optical fiber Gi eënvi ïiæ n‡e| কৃরিম ু রিমত্তা রিয়ে আয়লাচিা
করা হয় প্রযু রি অংয়ে।
B‡j±ªwbK hš¿vs‡ki D™¢e I eënvi
UªvbwR÷i ▪ `ywU Aa©cwievnx Wv‡qvW‡K cvkvcvwk hy³ K‡i GKwU Aa©cwievnx U«v‡qvW ‰Zwi Kiv n‡j ‡mwU‡K
(Transistor) e‡j— U«vbwR÷vi| Avwe®‹…Z nq— 1947 mv‡j (‡ej j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z)| Z‡e DbœZ/mdj
UªvbwR÷vi Avwe®‹…Z nq— 1948 mv‡j|
▪ D™¢veK— Rb ev‡W©b, DBwjqvg kK‡j I Iqvëvi eªv‡UBb|
▪ B‡jKUªwb‡·i wecøe ïiæ nq— UªvbwR÷i Avwe®‹v‡ii ga¨ w`‡q|
▪ U«vbwR÷i ‰Zwi‡Z Aa©cwievnx (Semi conductor) wnmv‡e eëüZ nq— wmwjKb ev
Rv‡g©wbqvg| Kw¤úDUv‡ii g~j ‡g‡gvwi ‰Zwi‡Z wmwjKb Aa©cwievnx wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|
U«vbwR÷i g~jZ eëüZ nq— Ggwcødvqvi (weea©K) wn‡m‡e|
mgwš^Z eZ©bx ▪ AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii AMÖMwZi g~‡j i‡q‡Q— Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U (IC)|
(Integrated ▪ D™¢veK— R¨vK wKjwe|
Circuit) ▪ ‰Zwi Kiv nq— Transistor, Registor Ges Capacitor mgwš^Z K‡i mvwK©U ˆZwi Kiv nq|
▪ D™¢ve‡bi mvj— 1958 mv‡j|
▪ AvBwm eënv‡ii d‡j Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvKvi ‡QvU nq Ges Gi ¶gZv A‡bK ‡e‡o hvq| hy³iv‡ó«i
K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv A½iv‡Rï AšÍM©Z mvbd«vwÝm‡Kvi `w¶Yvs‡k eû wmwjKb wPc D™¢veK I wbg©vZv
cÖwZôvb i‡q‡Q| GB Rb¨ G AÂj‡K wmwjKb f¨vwj ejv nq|
▪ B2500, B3500— IC wfwËK cÖ_g `ywU Kw¤úDUvi hv ev‡ivm †Kv¤úvwb evRv‡i Av‡b|
▪ IBM System 360— IC wfwËK cÖ_g wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi|
gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi ▪ Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U cÖhyw³i DË‡ivËi DbœwZi m‡½ Kw¤úDUv‡ii ‡K›`«xq cÖwµqvKiY Ask ev
(Microprocessor) cÖ‡mm‡ii mKj Dcv`vb‡K GKwU gvÎ wmwjKb wP‡ci Øviv GKxf~Z Kiv m¤¢e nq| GB wPc‡K
ejv nq— gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi| cÖ_g gvB‡µv‡cÖ‡mmi Avwe®‹…Z nq— 1971 mv‡j| †hwU Bb‡Uj-
4004 bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| Gi Avwe®‹viK wQ‡jb— W. †UW nd (B‡›Uj K‡c©v‡ikb)|
▪ cÖ_g gvB‡µvc«‡mmiwU KLbI Kw¤úDUv‡i eëüZ nqwb, GwUi eënvi wQj ‡W¯‹Uc
K¨vjKy‡jU‡ii gv‡SB mxgve×| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi wfwËK cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi— Altair-8800|
evsjv‡`‡k Kw¤úDUv‡ii BwZnvm

▪ evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vwcZ cÖ_g Kw¤úDUviwU— IBM Corporation ‡Kv¤úvwbi 1620 wmwi‡Ri GKwU ‡gBb‡d«g
Kw¤úDUvi (Mainframe Computer)| GB Kw¤úDUviwU eZ©gv‡b msiwÿZ Av‡Q— XvKvi AvMviMvuI
weÁvb I cÖhyw³ hv`yN‡i|
▪ evsjv‡`‡k †h e¨vsK cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi ¯’vcb K‡i— BDbvB‡UW e¨vsK|
▪ lv‡Ui `k‡Ki ‡kl w`‡K Z`vbxšÍb nvwee e¨vsK ¯’vcb K‡i— IBM 1401 Kw¤úDUvi Ges BDbvB‡UW
e¨vsK— IBM 1901 Kw¤úDUvi| Gme Kw¤úDUvi— Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i ‡gBb‡d«g ai‡bi|
▪ 1969 mv‡j cwimsL¨vb ey¨‡iv‡Z ¯’vwcZ nq— GKwU IBM 360 Kw¤úDUvi|
▪ Av`gRx RyU wg‡jI G mgq ¯’vwcZ n‡qwQj— GKwU ‡gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi|
evsjv‡`‡k Kw¤úDUvi weKv‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbvcywÄi KvjvbyµwgK
1964 cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi ¯’vcb, IBM 1620 (XvKv cigvYy kw³ †K‡›`ª)|
1984 cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wefvM Pvjy (evsjv‡`k cÖ‡KŠkj wek^we`¨vjq)|
1987 Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ_g evsjv †jLv m¤¢e nq| cÖ_g evsjv †jLvi K…wZZ¡ †`Lvb- cÖ‡KŠkjx gBbyj Bmjvg|
1988 weRq d›U eënvi K‡i †gv¯Ívdv ReŸvi Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- weRq Kx-‡evW©|
1991 ÔKw¤úDUvi RMrÕ gvwmK cwÎKv cÖKvwkZ nq|
1996 cÖ_g AbjvBb B›Uvi‡bU Pvjy K‡i cÖ‡`óv wj.|
1997 ACM Asia Regional Programming Contest. NSU site G evsjv‡`k cÖ‡KŠkj
wek^we`¨vjq (BUET) P¨vw¤úqb I XvKv wek^we`¨vjq ivbvi Avc nq|
BASIS (Bangladesh Association of Software and Information Services) cÖwZwôZ
nq| GwU n‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki mdUIq¨vi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ eëmv cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni GKwU ms¯’v hv RvZxqfv‡e
mdUIq¨vi I Z_¨ cÖhyw³i wekêvRv‡i evsjv‡`k‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i|
2003 mve‡gwib K¨ve‡ji mv‡_ hy³ nIqvi hveZxq eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi wm×všÍ|
Aå Kx-‡evW© D™¢veb K‡ib- Wv. †g‡nw` nvmvb Lvb|
2006 evsjv‡`k cÖ_g mve‡gwib K¨ve‡ji (SEA-ME-WE-4) mv‡_ hy³ nq- 2006 wLª÷v‡ã|
2017 evsjv‡`k wØZxq mve‡gwib K¨ve‡ji (SEA-ME-WE-5) mv‡_ hy³ nq- 2017 wLª÷v‡ã|
we‡k^ Kw¤úDUvi weKv‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ NUbvcywÄi KvjvbyµwgK
1822 ÔwWdv‡iÝ BwÄbÕ Avwe®‹…Z nq (Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- Pvj©m e¨v‡eR)|
1833 ÔA¨vbvjvBwUK¨vj BwÄbÕ bvgK GKwU hvwš¿K Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwii cwiKíbv MÖnY Ges bKkv cÖYxZ
nq|
1837 Pvj©m e¨v‡eR Analytical Engine Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
1896 nvig¨vb nwiwj_ KZ©„K Tabulating Machin Co. MwVZ nq|
1904-06 Rb †d¬wgs I wj `¨v d‡i÷ KZ©„K evqyk~b¨ wUDe ev f¨vKzqvg wUD‡ei Avwe®‹vi|
1911 IBM (International Business Machine) cÖwZwôZ nq (ïiæi mgq bvg wQj- CTRC)|
1924 CTRC Gi bZzb bvgKiY nq- IBM|
1937 eywjqvb exRMwYZ wfwËK evBbvwi mvwK©‡Ui D™¢veb|
- W. AvUvbvmvd I Zvui Gi mn‡hvMx (Clifford Berry) KZ©„K ABC Kw¤úDUv‡ii D™¢veb|
1954 cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR Avwe®‹…Z nq [FORTRAN (Formula Translation)]
1958 Transistor, Resistor & Capacitor mgwš^Z K‡i IC (Integrated Circuit) Avwe®‹…Z nq|
1969 we‡k^ me©cÖ_g B›Uvi‡bU Pvjy nq|
▪ we‡k¦i cÖ_g I GKgvÎ Kw¤úDUvi Rv`yNiwU Aew¯’Z— hy³iv‡óªi AvUjv›Uvq|
▪ CTRC Gi c~Y©iƒc— Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation|
▪ cigvYy †evgv we‡ùvi‡Yi cÖK…Z cwi‡ek mgZvKiY Kiv nq— mycvi Kw¤úDUvi w`‡q|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ (Memory)
cÖkœ we‡kølY [35Zg wewmGm †_‡K 44Zg wewmGm]
35 36 37 38 40 41 43 44
Kw¤úDUvi ¯§„wZ - 2 - - - - 1 -
RAM, ROM 2 - - 1 - - - -
Kw¤úDUvi †g‡gvwii aib 1 - 1 - - - - -
‡WUv I †cÖvMÖvg msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ eëüZ gva¨g ev aviK‡K e‡j— ¯§„wZ (Memory)| Kw¤úDUv‡ii †g‡gvwi BDwbU eëüZ
nq— †cÖvMÖvg msiÿY, wnmve I djvd‡ji Rb¨| Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖavb †g‡gvwi _v‡K— gvB‡µv‡cÖv‡mmi Ges wmwcBD Gi
gvSLv‡b| gvB‡µv‡cÖv‡mmi †iwR÷vi GK ai‡bi— †g‡gvwi| Kw¤úDUv‡i mKj †cÖvMÖvg I †WUv msiÿY K‡i— †g‡gvwi|
cÖavb ev cÖv_wgK ¯§„wZ Static RAM nvW©wW¯‹, d¬wc wW¯‹, †PŠ¤^K
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Dynamic RAM Wªvg, d¬vk wW¯‹, wmwW,
RAM
¯§„wZi wWwfwW, ‡cb WªvBf cÖf…wZ|
cÖKvi‡f` ROM MROM, PROM,
EPROM, Flash
mnvqK ¯§„wZ ROM
cÖavb ev cÖv_wgK ¯§„wZ

eûj eëüZ Aa©-cwievnx ev †mwgKÛv±i †g‡gvwi `yB cÖKvi| h_v— RAM Ges ROM|
RAM ROM
c~Y©iƒc— Random Access Memory c~Y©iƒc— Read Only Memory
Volatile Memory (A¯’vqx †g‡gvwi) Non Volatile Storage (¯’vqx †g‡gvwi)
we`y¨r cÖevn eÜ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ RAM Gi Z_¨ gy‡Q we`y¨r cÖevn eÜ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ ROM Gi Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq bv|
hvq|
D`vniY— WvBbvwgK, ÷¨vwUK D`vniY— MROM, PROM, EPROM, Flash ROM
▪ Volatile ev DØvqx †g‡gvwi— we`y¨r cÖevn eÜ n‡q †M‡j †h mKj †g‡gvwi‡Z msiwÿZ †WUv gy‡Q hvq (‡hgb-
DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM)|
▪ Non volatile ev AbyØvqx †g‡gvwi— we`y¨r cÖevn eÜ n‡q †M‡j †h mKj †g‡gvwi‡Z msiwÿZ †WUv gy‡Q hvq bv
(ROM AbyØvqx †g‡gvwi)|
▪ Kw¤úDUv‡ii g~j mvwK©U ‡evW© ev gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ GKvwaK wP‡ci mgš^‡q RAM GjvKv MwVZ|
▪ Microprocessor mivmwi RAM Gi Rvbv Ae¯’vb/wVKvbv (Location/Address) ‡_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn
RAM
K‡i ev Z_¨ cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i| GLv‡b mivmwi (Random) Z_¨ msMÖn Kivi Rb¨ hvIqv hvq (Access)
e‡j G‡K Random Access Memory e‡j| GK Read Write Memory I ejv nq|
▪ RAM Cache— Kw¤úDUv‡ii MwZ evov‡bvi Rb¨ eëüZ nq| wbqgvbyhvqx †gvU RAM Gi GK
PZz_©vs‡ki ‡ewk RAM Cache eënvi Kiv wVK bq|
▪ Kx ai‡bi A¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg wb‡q KvR Kiv n‡e Ges Kx cwigvY KvR Kiv hv‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i RAM Gi
GKKvjxb aviY ¶gZvi Ici| RAM ‡K †gBb †÷v‡iR Ges †Kvi †÷v‡iR e‡j|
▪ RAM Chip ‡hvM K‡i RAM Gi aviY ¶gZv m¤úªmviY Kiv hvq| cÖvq mKj Kw¤úDUv‡iB RAM Gi
¶gZv evov‡bvi Rb¨ ¯øU we`¨gvb _v‡K|
▪ we`y¨r ms‡hvM wew”Qbœ n‡j ev P‡j †M‡j RAM-G msiwÿZ †WUv I †cÖvMÖvg— gy‡Q hvq|
DRAM o c~Y©iƒc— Dynamic Random Access Memory| G‡K e‡j— ‡g‡gvwi wi‡d«wks RAM
o cÖ‡Z¨K †g‡gvwi †Kv‡l †jLv Z_¨ bZzb K‡i wjL‡Z nq|
SRAM o c~Y©iƒc— Static Random Access Memory| †gUvj A·vBW †mwgKÛv±i w`‡q ˆZix|
Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi ej‡Z †evSvq GK¸”Q Kw¤úDUvi ‡cÖvMÖvg, Kvh©c×wZ I eënviwewa hvi mvnv‡h¨
ROM Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbw`©ó cÖKv‡ii KvR m¤úv`b Kiv hvq| Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi wdwRK¨vj bq (¯úk© Kiv hvq bv),
jwRK¨vj| Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi¸‡jv mPj ivLvi Rb¨ ROM G wKQz AZ¨vek¨Kxq I Riæwi wb‡`©k _v‡K| G
wb‡`©k¸‡jv gy‡Q †M‡j Kw¤úDUvi P‡j bv| G ai‡bi wb‡`©kgvjv msiw¶Z _v‡K ROM G| Kv‡RB, eënviKvix
B”QvK…Z ev Awb”QvK…Zfv‡e G me wb‡`©kgvjv gy‡Q †dj‡Z cv‡i bv| G me wb‡`©kgvjv ïay cvV Kiv hvq e‡j G‡K
Read Only Memory ejv nq| †h‡nZz we‡kl eë¯’v Qvov GB ¯§…wZi Z_¨ gy‡Q †djv hvq bv †m‡nZz G ¯§…wZ‡K
¯’vqx ¯§…wZ ejv nq| ROM Gi wb‡`©kgvjv‡K A‡bK mgq Firmware wn‡m‡eI AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
EPROM o c~Y©iƒc— Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory|
o ‡cÖvMÖvg Kiv hvq Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b gy‡Q †djv hvq| we‡kl †ÿ‡Î GKevi †cÖvMÖvg Ki‡j †gvQv hvq
bv| †m‡ÿ‡Î EPROM ‡_‡K †cÖvMÖvg gy‡Q †djvi Rb¨ we‡kl eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| A_©vr
EPROM wP‡c— evi evi †cÖvMÖvg †jLv Ges Zv gy‡Q †djv hvq|
EEPROM o c~Y©iƒc— Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM|
o msiwÿZ †cÖvMÖvg cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i cy‡ivcywi ev AvswkK we`y¨r cªevn Øviv gy‡Q cybtcyb †cÖvMÖvg
Kiv hvq| ‡cbWªvB‡f eëüZ ROM— EEPROM.
MROM o c~Y©iƒc— Mask Read Only Memory.
EAPROM o c~Y©iƒc— Electrically Alterable Programmable Read Only Memory.
PROM o Programmable Read Only Memory wP‡c— †KvbwKQz †iKW© Kiv _v‡K bv|
K¨vk †g‡gvwi
K¨vk †g‡gvwi— cÖ‡mmi I cÖavb †g‡gvwii gaëZ©x we‡kl †g‡gvwi hv Kv‡Ri MwZ e„w× K‡i| K¨vk †g‡gvwi cÖavb †g‡gvwii
Zzjbvq `ªæZMwZ‡Z KvR K‡i| ‡Kvb A¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖv‡g KvR Kivi Rb¨ †h Z_¨¸‡jv evievi eëüZ nq, †mB Z_¨¸‡jv‡K
K¨vk ‡g‡gvwi‡Z Rwg‡q ivLv nq| d‡j H Z_¨¸‡jv A‡š^lY Kivi Rb¨ A¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg‡K evisevi wW‡¯‹ †h‡Z nq bv|
Registers me‡P‡q Kg mg‡q Access Ki‡Z cv‡i| †iwR÷v‡ii Access time 1 b¨v‡bv‡m‡K‡Ûi KvQvKvwQ| K¨vk
†g‡gvwii Access time 2/3 b¨v‡bv‡m‡K‡Ûi KvQvKvwQ| A_©vr Cache memory, RAM, SSD cÖf…wZi g‡a¨
Registers Gi Access time me‡P‡q Kg|
mnvqK †g‡gvwi
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Z_¨ ¯’vqxfv‡e msiÿY Kiv nq mnvqK ¯§„wZ‡Z
d¬wc wW¯‹ ▪ d¬wc wW‡¯‹i cÖPjb ïiæ nq— 1973 mv‡j| d¬wc wW‡¯‹i Aci bvg— wWm‡KU (Diskette)|
(Floppy ▪ Mv‡bi †iK‡W©i g‡Zv †`L‡Z GB ¯§…wZ cøvw÷‡Ki Dci †PŠ¤^K c`v‡_©i cÖ‡jc w`‡q ‰Zwi Kiv nq|
Disk) ▪ nvW©wW‡¯‹i †P‡q AvKv‡i †QvU GB †m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwii eënvi GLb bvB ej‡jB P‡j| aviY ÿgZv 1.44
MB|
nvW©wW¯‹ ▪ D™¢veb K‡i— AvBweGg (1957)| Hard Disk AmsL¨ d¬wc wW‡¯‹i ÿgZvm¤úbœ GKwU eo
(Hard Disk) AvKv‡ii wW¯‹| nvW©wW¯‹ gvcvi GKK— wMMvevBU| eZ©gv‡b eëüZ nvW©wW¯‹— 500 wMMvevBU I 1
†UivevBU|
▪ AcmviY‡hvM¨ bq— nvW©wW¯‹| Z_¨ msi¶‡Yi ¯’vqx (non-volatile) eë¯’v|
▪ nvW©wW‡¯‹i avZe cv‡Zi Dfqc„‡ô Py¤^Kxq c`v‡_©i cÖ‡jc _v‡K| ‡MvjvKvi avZe cvZ¸‡jvi GKwUi
Dc‡i GKwU ¯Í‡i ¯Í‡i emv‡bv _v‡K| cvZ¸‡jvi c„‡ô A‡bK¸‡jv GK‡Kw›`«K e„‡Ë †WUv msi¶Y Kiv
nq| Gme e„Ë‡K ejv nq— Uª¨vK (Track)|
▪ cÖwZwU Uª¨vK Gi mgvb mgvb fv‡Mi cÖwZwU fvMB n‡jv— Sector| nvW© wW¯‹ e„ËvKv‡i wef³ _v‡K—
†m±‡i| cÖwZwU Sector Gi aviY ÿgZv— 512 evBU|
▪ wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb— I†q÷vb© wWwRUvj, wm†MU †UK†bvjwR, †Zvwkev K†cv©†ikb cÖf…wZ|
wmwW ig ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Compact Disc ROM| CD ROM— AcwUK¨vj †÷v‡iR wWfvBm|
(CD ROM)
▪ GKwU wmwW i‡gi aviY ÿgZv— 700 †gMvevBU| GwU enb‡hvM¨ †÷v‡iR wWfvBm|
▪ CD ROM `y&B cÖKvi| h_v— CD-R (Compact Disc Recordable) Ges CD-RW
(Compact Disc Re-Writable)| CD-R GKeviB †iKW© Kiv hvq Ab¨w`‡K CD-RW
GKvwaKevi †jLv I †gvQv hvq|
wWwfwW ig ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Digital Versatile Disc ROM ev Digital Video Disc|
(DVD ROM)
▪ wmwWi †P‡q †ewk aviY ÿgZv m¤úbœ| aviY ÿgZv— 4.7 †_‡K 17 wMMvevBU ch©šÍ|
▪ 17 wMMvevBU ch©šÍ †WUv aviY Ki‡Z mÿg— DVD.
▪ DVD `yB ai‡bi| h_v— DVD Recordable Ges DVD Re-Writable.
▪ DVD GKwU— Read Only Memory hvi `yBc‡_ WvUv ivLv hvq|
Blue Ray ▪ aviYÿgZv— 100 wMMvevBU ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i|
DVD ▪ Blue Ray bvgKi‡Yi KviY— 405 b¨v‡bvwgUvi Zi½‰`‡N©ï eøy i‡Oi †jRvi iwk¥ eënvi Kiv nq|
‡cb WªvBf ▪ RbK— cyqv †KBb †ms (ZvBIqvb)| Kw¤úDUv‡ii gv`vi‡ev‡W©i USB †cv‡U© jvwM‡q mn‡R Z_¨
avi‡Yi mnvqK ¯§„wZ| ‡cb WªvB‡f eëüZ nq— EEPROM|
mwjW †÷W ▪ nvW©wW‡¯‹i weKí— Solid State Device. nvjKv n‡jI AwaK ÿgZv m¤úbœ †÷v‡iR wWfvBm|
wWfvBm ▪ ‡WUv msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ SSD eënvi Kiv nq|
(SSD)
Removable Hard Disc— ¯§„wZ msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ GB ai‡bi †÷v‡iR wWfvB‡mi eënvi †e‡oB P‡j‡Q|
▪ ‡cÖvMÖvg †_‡K Kwc Kiv WvUv msiwÿZ _v‡K— Clipboard G|
▪ Kw¤úDUv‡ii †h wW‡¯‹ wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi _v‡K— Start Up Disk|
▪ WORM (Write Once Read Many) n‡jv— wjLb‡hvM¨ AcwUK¨vj wW¯‹ (GKeviB †iKW© nq Ges aviYK…Z
†WUv cwieZ©b‡hvM¨ bq)|
▪ eûj eëüZ †÷v‡iR wgwWqv— Discs and tapes| eûj eëüZ †÷v‡iR wWfvBm— Magnetic storage device|
mnvqK ¯§„wZ m¤úwK©Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Uvwg©‡bvjwR
wW¯‹ ▪ Kw¤úDUvi nvW© wW‡¯‹i Qwo‡q wQwU‡q _vKv †jLv¸‡jv‡K nvW© wW¯‹ Amw¾Z (Defrag) e‡j|
d«vM‡g‡›Ukb▪ wW¯‹ d«vM†g†›Ukb eëüZ nq— wW‡¯‹i dvBj¸‡jv‡K cybwe©b¨¯Í Ki‡Z|
cvwU©kwbs ▪ dvBj ivLvi mxgv I Kv‡Ri myweavi Rb¨ cvwU©kb Kiv nq| cvwU©kb `yB cÖKvi: cÖvBgvwi Ges G·‡Ub‡WW|
(Partitioning) ▪ cÖvBgvwi cvwU©kb hv‡Z Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g _v‡K| GKUv wW‡¯‹ m‡e©v”P 4 Uv cÖvBgvwi cvwU©kb _v‡K|
▪ G·‡Ub‡WW cvwU©kb n‡jv— A‡bK¸‡jv jwRK¨vj cvwU©kb wb‡Z cv‡i Ggb GKwU cvwU©kb|
dig¨vU ▪ dig¨vU ej‡Z †evSvq †Kvb cvwU©kb ev mg¯Í nvW©wW¯‹‡K gy‡Q †djv|
(Format) ▪ dig¨vU `yB ai‡bi| h_v— K. †jv-‡j‡fj dig¨vU Ges L. nvB-‡j‡fj dig¨vU|
▪ ‡jv †j‡fj dig¨vU— nvW©wW‡¯‹i mKj †cøUv‡ii Uª¨vK Avi †m±i gy‡Q †djv nq| d‡j Z_¨ wd‡i
cvIqvi †Kvb m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv| dig¨vU Kivi ci bZyb K‡i Uª¨vK Avi †m±i evbv‡bv nq|
▪ nvB †j‡fj dig¨vU— †Kvb wbw`©ó cvwU©kb ev mg¯Í nvW©wW‡¯‹i †m±i Avi Uª¨v‡Ki Z_¨ gy‡Q †djv|
G‡Z bZzb K‡i †m±i Avi Uª¨vK evbv‡bv nq bv|
dvBj wm‡÷g ▪ nvW©wW‡¯‹ Z_¨ ivL‡Z n‡j Zv‡K Aek¨B wbw`©ó dvBj wm‡÷‡gi AvIZvq Avb‡Z nq hv‡Z Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷g †mLvb †_‡K Z_¨ co‡Z cvi‡ebv| dvBj ivLvi c×wZ nj dvBj wm‡÷g|
‡g‡gvwii cwigvc
Kw¤úDUvi †g‡gvwi‡Z †WUv msi¶‡Yi cwigvY‡K †g‡gvwii aviY¶gZv e‡j| G‡K c«Kvk Kiv nq evBU, wK‡jvevBU,
†gMvevBU, wMMvevBU BZ¨vw` Øviv|
1 evBU 8 weU (Smallest Unit of Storage) 1 wMMvevBU 230 াইট া 1024 †gMvevBU
1 wbej ev Aa© evBU 4 weU 1 †UivevBU 240 াইট া 1024 wMMvevBU
1 wK‡jvevBU 2 evBU া 1024 evBU
10
1 wcUvevBU 250 াইট া 1024 †UivevBU
1 †gMvevBU 20
2 াইট া 1024 রকয়লা াইট 1 এক্সা াইট 260 াইট া 1024 wcUvevBU
▪ evBbvwi c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki †gŠwjK GKK— evBU|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. রিয়চর পকািটি করিউটায়রর প্রাইমারর পময়মারর? [৩৬তম র রসএস]
(ক) RAM (খ) Hard Disk (গ) Pen drive (ঘ) পকায়িাটিই িে উত্তর : ক
02. রিয়চর পকাি পময়মারীটি Non-volatile? [৩৬তম র রসএস]
(ক) SRAM (খ) DRAM (গ) ROM (ঘ) উেয়রর স গুয়লা উত্তর : গ
03. EDSAC করিউটার-এ র্াটা সংরক্ষয়ের জিয রক ধরয়ির পময়মারর য হার হয়তা? [৩৭তম র রসএস]
(ক) RAM (খ) ROM (গ) Mercury Delay Lines (ঘ) Resistors উত্তর : গ
04. পপ্রাগ্রাম পেয়ক করে করা র্াটা পকাোে োয়ক? [৩৫তম র রসএস]
(ক) RAM (খ) Clipboard (গ) Terminal (ঘ) Hard Disk উত্তর : খ
05. করিউটার পময়মারর পেয়ক সংররক্ষত র্াটা উয়ত্তালয়ির েিরতয়ক রক য়ল? [৩৫তম র রসএস]
(ক) Read-out (খ) Read from (গ) Read (ঘ) উেয়রর স গুয়লাই উত্তর : গ
06. ROM রিরত্তক পপ্রাগ্রায়মর িাম রক? [৩৮তম র রসএস]
(ক) malware (খ) firmware (গ) virus (ঘ) lip-lop উত্তর : খ

07. রিয়চর পকাি পময়মাররটির Access Time স য়চয়ে কম?
(ক) Registers (খ) SSD (গ) RAM (ঘ) Cache Memory উত্তর : ক
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖKvi‡f`
mycvi Kw¤úDUvi
A¨vbvjM Kw¤úDUvi
Kw¤úDUv‡ii ‡gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi
wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi
cÖKvi‡f` wgwb Kw¤úDUvi
nvBweªKw¤úDUvi
W Kw¤úDUvi
Kw¤úDUvi gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi
MVb Ges wµqv bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i Kw¤úDUvi‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- A¨vbvjM Kw¤úDUvi, wWwRUvj
Kw¤úDUvi, nvBweªW Kw¤úDUvi|
A¨vbvjM †h Kw¤úDUvi GKwU ivwk‡K Aci GKwU ivwki mv‡c‡ÿ cwigvc Ki‡Z cv‡i, ZvB A¨vbvjM Kw¤úDUvi|
Kw¤úDUvi GwU DòZv ev Ab¨vb¨ cwigvc hv wbqwgZ cwiewZ©Z nq Zv †iKW© Ki‡Z cv‡i|
(Analog eënvi : gnvKvkhvb, D‡ovRvnvR I †gvUi Mvwoi MwZ‡eM wbY©‡q; KwVb, Zij I evqexq c`v‡_©i Pvc
Computer) wbY©‡q Ges wbw`©ó K‡ÿi ev ¯’v‡bi ZvcgvÎv wbY©‡q|
D`nviY : †gvUi Mvwoi †eM wbY©vqK hš¿, ¯øvBW iæj, Acv‡ikbvj A¨vwcødvqvi cÖf…wZ|
nvBweªW nvBweªW Kw¤úDUvi n‡jv Ggb GKwU Kw¤úDUvi hv A¨vbvjM I wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii m‡e©vËg
Kw¤úDUvi ‰ewkó¨¸‡jvi mgš^‡q MwVZ Kw¤úDUvi| GwU ‰eÁvwbK M‡elYvq eënvi Kiv nq| myZivs ejv hvq,
(Hybrid cÖhyw³ I wfwËMZ w`K ‡_‡K A¨vbvjM I wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvswkK mgš^qB n‡”Q nvBwe«W Kw¤úDUvi|
Computer) D`vniY- AvenvIqv `ß‡i eëüZ nvBweªW Kw¤úDUvi A¨vbvjM c×wZ‡Z evqyPvc, Zvc BZ¨vw` cwigvc
K‡i wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z MYbv K‡i AvenvIqvi c~e©vfvm w`‡q _v‡K|
wWwRUvj ‡h mKj Kw¤úDUvi Discontinuous Signal Gi mvnv‡h¨ cwiPvwjZ ev ˆZwi Zv‡ì‡K wWwRUvj
Kw¤úDUvi Kw¤úDUvi e‡j| G‡Z wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z wnmve Kvh© m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K A_©vr Dnv‡Z we`y¨r cÖevn Pvjy n‡j
(Digital 1 Ges eÜ n‡j 0 nq|
Computer) D`vniY : Mark-1
mycvi AZ¨šÍ kw³kvjx I `ªæZMwZm¤úbœ Kw¤úDUvi‡K mycvi Kw¤úDUvi e‡j| G Kw¤úDUv‡ii MwZ cÖvq cÖwZ
Kw¤úDUvi ‡m‡K‡Û 1 wewjqb K¨v‡i±vi| ‡Kv‡bv ‡`‡ki Av`gïgvwii g‡Zv wekvj Z_¨ eë¯’vcbv Kivi g‡Zv
¯§„wZfvÐvi wewkó Kw¤úDUvi n‡”Q mycvi Kw¤úDUvi|
D`vniY : CRAY 1, supers xll G ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi, fvi‡Zi cig, Rvcv‡bi dzMvKz (eZ©gvb we‡kî
`ªæZZg mycvi Kw¤úDUvi)|
‡gBb‡d«g ‡gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi ¸wj cÖavbZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges eo A¨vwcø‡Kk‡bi Rb¨ eënvi Kiv nq| ‡gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi n‡”Q
Kw¤úDUvi Ggb GKwU eo Kw¤úDUvi hvi m‡½ A‡bK¸‡jv Kw¤úDUvi ev Wv¤^ Uvwg©bvj (Dumb Terminal) hy³ K‡i GK
m‡½ A‡bK gvbyl KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| e¨vsK, exgv Ges ‰eÁvwbK Kg© ZrciZv cwiPvjbvKvix cÖwZôv‡b ‡gBb‡d«g
Kw¤úDUvi eëüZ nq|
D`vniY : evsjv‡`‡k 1964 mv‡j ¯’vwcZ IBM- 1620 Kw¤úDUviwU wQj ‡gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUvi| GQvovI
IBM-1400, IBM-1401, IBM-1600 cÖf…wZ G ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi|
wgwb wgwb Kw¤úDUvi n‡jv AvK…wZ‡Z †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUv‡ii †P‡q †QvU wKš‘ gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi‡ii †P‡q eo|
Kw¤úDUvi †gBb†d«g Kw¤úDUv‡ii †P‡q wgwb‡d«g Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri ÿgZv I Kv‡Ri MwZ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg
wQj| wKš‘ †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡Zv wgwb Kw¤úDUv‡iI A‡bK eënviKvix GKm‡½ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
D`vniY : PDP-1(cÖ_g wgwb Kw¤úDUvi) , PDP-22, IBM-360, IBM-370.
gvB‡µv Micro Computer ‡QvU AvKv‡ii Kw¤úDUvi| এক ব্যক্তি একক্তি কক্তিউিার ব্যব্হার করর থারকন।
Kw¤úDUvi এজন্য এ কক্তিউিাররক Personal Computer ব্া PC ব্লা হয়। gvB‡µv cÖ‡mmi w`‡q ˆZwi nq e‡j
G‡K ejv nq gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi| 1971 mv‡j Intel ‡Kv¤úvwb, Intel-4004 bvgK gvB‡µv cÖ‡mmi
Avwe®‹v‡ii ga¨ w`‡q c„w_ex‡Z cÖ_g gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖPjb K‡i| we‡kî me©vwaK RbwcÖq Kw¤úDUvi
n‡jv gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi| gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi‡K K‡qKwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq-
‡W¯‹Uc (Desktop) j¨vcUc (Laptop) ‡bvUeyK (Notebook)
U¨ve‡jU wcwm ev U¨ve n¨vÛ‡nì ev cvgwcwm ev cvgcU
▪ 1981 mv‡j j¨vcUc Avwe®‹vi K‡i— Gcmg †Kv¤úvwb|
▪ হারের োলুর মরযয রররে কাজ করা যায়, এমন সাইরজর কক্তিউিার— cvgUc ev cvgwcwm|
▪ PDA Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv— Personal Digital Assistance.
▪ we‡kî me‡P‡q `ªæZMwZi mycvi Kw¤úDUvi— Frontier (USA)|
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
01. The term PC means-
K. Private Computer L. Personal Computer M. Prime Computer N. Professional Computer D : L
02. ক্তিক্তজিাল ঘক্তি ব্া কযালকুরলিরর কালরে অনুজ্জ্বল রয রলো থারক ো ক্তকরসর ক্তিক্তিরে তেক্তর? (১৫েম ক্তব্ক্তসএস)
K. Gj.B.wW L. wmwjKb wPc M. AvB.wm N. Gj.wm.wW DËi : N
Kw¤úDUvi †cwi‡divjm : Kx-‡evW©, gvDm, IwmAvi

KZZg wewmGm?
Uwc‡Ki bvg
35 36 37 38 40 41 43 44
Kw¤úDUvi †cwi‡divjm : Kx †evW©, gvDm, IwmAvi
BbcyU wWfvBm 2 1 1 - - - - -
AvDUcyU wWfvBm - 1 - - - - 1 -
BbcyU-AvDUcyU wWfvBm - - - - 1 - - 1
IwmAvi - - - - 1 - - -
Kw¤úDUvi †cwi‡divjm n‡jv— H mKj nvW©Iq¨vi †h¸‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kvh©cwiwa
I Kvh©ÿgZv e„w× K‡i| Kw¤úDUvi †cwi‡divjmmg~n—BbcyU wWfvBm, AvDUcyU wWfvBm Ges Kw¤úDUvi
†÷v‡iR|
BbcyU wWfvBm Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g ‡Kvb KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡j Kw¤úDUv‡i DcvË ev Z_¨ BbcyU (Input)
w`‡Z nq| GB Z_¨ BbcyU w`‡Z ‡h mKj hš¿ eënvi Kiv nq, ‡m mKj hš¿‡K ejv nq BbcyU
wWfvBm (Input Device)|
AvDUcyU Kw¤úDUv‡ii ‡K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwbU ev wmwcBD cÖvß Z_¨ ev BbcyU‡K eënviKvixi
wWfvBm ‡Ìqv wb‡`©k Abyhvqx cÖwµqvKi‡Yi KvR m¤úbœ K‡i| cÖwµqvKiY m¤úbœ n‡j Zvi djvdj
wn‡m‡e AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq| ‡h mKj h‡š¿i gva¨‡g AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq, ‡m mKj hš¿‡K
AvDUcyU wWfvBm (Output Device) e‡j|
BbcyU AvDUcyU Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡ii Rb¨ Ggb wKQy cÖhyw³ Av‡Q hv‡ì‡K BbcyU-AvDUcyU Dfq ai‡bi
wWfvBm wWfvB‡mi g‡Zv KvR Ki‡Z ‡`Lv hvq|
BbcyU gvDm OMR Rqw÷K ¯‹¨vbvi wWwRUvBRvi MICR Barcode Reader
wWfvBm Kx-‡evW© OCR ‡g‡gvwi KvW© ‡mÝi gvB‡µv‡dvb WebCam Magnetic Tape Drive
Smart Card Reader Punch Card Reader jvBU‡cb MÖvwd· U¨ve‡jU
AvDUcyU wWfvBm wcÖ›Uvi w¯úKvi cÖ‡R±i †nW‡dvb cøUvi gwbUi
BbcyU AvDUcyU g‡Wg UvP w¯Œb VDU wmwW/wWwfwW †Uc †iKW©vi wfwWI K¨v‡giv
wWfvBm n¨vÛ‡mU mvDÛ KvW© Fax wWwRUvj wcÖ›Uvi-¯‹¨vbvi ‡bUIqvK© KvW©
K¨v‡giv
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ BbcyU wWfvBm

Kx-‡evW©
▪ Kx-‡evW© (Keyboard) KvR K‡i— Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbqš¿K wn‡m‡e| Kx-‡evW©‡K e‡j— Kb‡mvj|
▪ eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ Kx-‡evW©¸‡jv‡Z †gvU Kx (Key) Gi msL¨v— 102-105 wU|
▪ Kx-‡evW© (Keyboard) web¨vm ev †j AvDU wZb ai‡bi— QWERTY, QWERTZ Ges AZERTY|
▪ we‡k¦i me‡P‡q RbwcÖq Kx-‡evW© †jAvDU— QWERTY | D™¢veK— wµ‡÷vdvi jv_vg †mvjm|
▪ QWERTZ Layout Gi Kx ‡evW©wU eëüZ nq— ga¨ BD‡iv‡c|
▪ AZERTY Layout Gi Kx-‡evW©wU eëüZ nq— BD‡iv‡c| me‡P‡q ‡ewk eëüZ nq— ‡ejwRqvg I d«v‡Ý|
▪ Keyboard Gi Key ¸‡jv— 8 ai‡bi (Kvm©i Kx, UvBwcs Kx, †U·U Kx, dvskb Kx, †¯úkvj Kx, wbD‡gwiK Kx,
K¨v‡i±vi Kx Ges †¯úmevi Kx)|
▪ Kx-‡ev‡W©i cÖ‡Z¨KwU Key Gi Abb¨ †KvW‡K e‡j— ¯‹¨vb †KvW|
❖ MS Word G eëüZ Kx †ev‡W©i kU©KvU (Shortcut)
▪ Ctrl+A = Select All ▪ Ctrl+C = Copy ▪ Ctrl+X = Cut ▪ Ctrl+V = Paste
▪ Ctrl+Z = Undo ▪ Ctrl+S = Save ▪ Ctrl+P = Print ▪ Ctrl+R = Search
▪ Ctrl+Y = Redo ▪ Ctrl+M = New Slide ▪ Ctrl+N =New Page ▪ Ctrl+End Key = End
dvskb Kx ▪ dvskb Kx eënvi Kiv nq— Z_¨ ms‡hvRb, we‡qvRb ev wb‡`©k cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨|
▪ ‡gvU dvskb Kx i‡q‡Q— 12wU| ‡hgb : (F1 ‡_‡K F12 ch©š-Í 12wU Key)|
Avjdv- ▪ Bs‡iwR eY©gvjv I MvwYwZK msL¨v wewkó Key n‡jv— AvjdvwbD‡gwiK Key|
wbD‡gwiK Kx ▪ Avjdv wbD‡gwiK Key n‡jv— Kx-‡ev‡W©i eY© Ges b¤î Key ¸‡jv|
▪ Kx ‡ev‡W©i (Keyboard) G AskwU UvBc ivBUv‡ii gZ eY© (A-Z) Avi AsK (0-9)
wewfbœ w`‡q mvRv‡bv _v‡K| ‡hgb : A, B, C, …..Z, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
ai‡Yi
wbD‡gwiK Kx ▪ Kx-‡evW© (Keyboard) wbD‡gwiK Key (cÖgvwYK Kx) Av‡Q— 17wU (Kx-‡ev‡W©i Wvb
Kx (Key)
As‡k 0 †_‡K 9 Ges †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM BZ¨vw` wbD‡gwiK Key)| h_v : 0– 9,
del, Enter, +, −, , , Num Lock.
gwWdvqvi Kx ▪ Kx-‡ev‡W©i ‡h mKj ‡evZvg ‡P‡c A¶i ev eY© web¨v‡mi KvR Ges Ab¨vb¨ ai‡Yi KvR
Kiv nq, ‡mme ‡evZvg‡K ejv nq— gwWdvBqvi Kx| ‡hgb: Kx- ‡ev‡W© wkdU
(Shift), K‡›U«vj (Ctrl), KgvÛ (Command), Aëvi (Alt), U¨ve (Tab), K¨vcm
jK (Caps Lock), GdGb, DB‡ÛvRmn wewfbœ ai‡bi gwWdvqvi Kx mwbœ‡ewkZ
_v‡K| h_v- Shift, Tab, Ctrl, Caps Lock, Alt BZ¨vw`|
Kvm©i ▪ PviwU Kvm©i gyf‡g›U Kx (→) Gi gva¨‡g Kvm©i‡K Pviw`‡K miv‡bvi KvR Kiv
gyf‡g›U Kx hvq| h_v : (Up), →(Right), (Down), (Left)| G‡ì †bwf‡Mkb Kx-I ejv
n‡q _v‡K|
❖ Function Key Gi eënvi
Kx kU©KvU eënvi
F1 Help SHIFT + F1 Pvc‡j ‡ní Kx (Help key) Pvjy n‡e| CTRL + ALT + F1 Pvc‡j
gvB‡µvmdU wm‡÷g Z_¨ ‡`Lv hv‡e|
F2 Rename GwU eënvi K‡i ‡h‡Kv‡bv dvBj, ‡dvìv‡ii bvg e`jv‡bv (Rename) hvq| Ctrl + Alt
+ F2 → MS word G byZb WKz‡g›U I‡cb nq| Ctrl + F2 → Print Preview.
F3 Search Kw¤úDUv‡i KvR Kivi mgq ‡Kv‡bv Z_¨ Lyu‡R wb‡Z n‡j F3 Pvc‡Z n‡e|
F4 Stop/Open ALT + F4 Pvc‡j DB‡Ûv‡R Pvjy _vKv ‡h‡Kv‡bv ‡cÖvMÖvg eÜ Kiv hv‡e|
F5 Slide Show, cvIqvi c‡q‡›U F5 ‡P‡c ¯øvBW †kv (Slide Show) ‡`Lv hvq| Iqv‡W© F5 Kx Pvc‡j
Find, Replace, Find and Replace window Pvjy n‡e| GQvovI Kw¤úDUvi Refresh Kivi Rb¨ F5
Refresh evUb eëüZ nq|
F6 Address Bar GB Kx Pvc‡j Kvm©i B›Uvi‡bU eªvDRv‡ii Address Bar G P‡j hv‡e|
F7 Spelling Spelling wVK Kivi kU©KvU Kx| GQvovI gvB‡µvmdU Iqv‡W© SHIFT + F7 Kx Pvc‡j
Gi Awfavb ‡_‡K mgv_©K kã Lyu‡R †bIqv hv‡e|
F8 Safe mood DB‡ÛvR Pvjy nIqvi mgq GB Kx Pvc‡j DB‡ÛvR ‡md gy‡W KvR ïiæ Ki‡e|
F9 System option GwU Pvc‡j DB‡ÛvR wgwWqv †cøqv‡ii (fwjDg) evov‡bv hvq|
F10 Menu Bar F10 Pvc‡j AwaKvsk †cÖvMÖv‡gi †gby evi (Meun Bar) ‡`Lvq|
F11 Full Screen ‡h †Kv‡bv B›Uvi‡bU I‡qe eªvDRv‡i F11 Pvc‡j †mwU c`v©Ry‡o (Full Screen) ‡`Lv‡e|
gvB‡µvmdU G‡·‡j Shift + F11 Pvc‡j bZzb Spread Sheet ‡Lvjv hv‡e|
F12 Reboot/Save as Aå evsjv Kx-‡evW© evsjv/Bs‡iwR ‡jLv hv‡e F12 Kx ‡P‡c| Shift + F12 Kx Pvc‡j
IqvW© WKz‡g›U †mf (Save) Kiv hv‡e|
❖ WKz‡g‡›U Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î Kx-‡ev‡W©i eënvi
Enter MS word G bZzb c¨vivMÖvd ˆZwi nq GB Kx Gi mvnv‡h¨|
Esc GB Kx Gi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb wb‡`©k evwZj Ki‡Z nq|
Tab w¯Œ‡b Paragraph, Column, Number, Article G ïiæi ¯’vb cÖ¯‘‡Zi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx eëüZ nq|
Caps Lock GB Kx eënvi K‡i Bs‡iwR Small letter I Capital letter UvBc Kiv nq|
Shift GKB Iqv‡W©i g‡a¨ ev ïiæ‡Z eo I ‡QvU eY© UvBc Ki‡Z GB Kx eënvi Kiv nq| ‡hgb : Dhaka,
Khulna kã `ywU wjL‡Z c«_g `ywU A¶‡i wkdU Kx ‡P‡c a‡i Ges c‡ii A¶i¸‡jv wkdU Kx ‡Q‡o w`‡q
wjL‡Z n‡e| GQvov Shift Key Gi mv‡_ Function Key ‡P‡c a‡i Kw¤úDUvi‡K wewfbœ KgvÛ ‡Ìqv
nq|
Ctrl GB Kx Gi mv‡_ we‡kl Kx GK mv‡_ ‡P‡c KgvÛ ‡Ìqv nq| eënviKvixi myweavi Rb¨ Kx-‡ev‡W©i Wv‡b I
ev‡g GB Kx 2wU _v‡K| ‡hgb- Ctrl + A = Select All, Ctrl + S = Save, Ctrl + P = Print|
Alt wewfbœ ‡c«vM«v‡g wb‡`©k ‡Ìqvi Rb¨ GB Kx wfbœ wfbœ fv‡e eëüZ nq Ges wewfbœ KgvÛ ‰Zwi Kiv hvq|
Pause/Break Kw¤úDUv‡i ‡Kvb ‡jLv hw` `ªæZMwZi Rb¨ co‡Z Amyweav nq Zvn‡j GB Kx ‡P‡c Zv cov hvq|
Print Screen Kw¤úDUv‡ii c`©vi `„k¨Z hv wKQz _v‡K Zv ¯Œxb kU wb‡Z PvB‡j GB Kx eënvi Kiv nq|
Home GB Kx eënvi K‡i Kvm©i‡K cvZvi cÖ_‡g Avbv nq|
End Ctrl+End Key Pvc‡j Kvm©i †hLv‡bB _vKzK bv †Kb Text ev Page Gi cvZvi †k‡l P‡j Av‡m|
Num Lock GB Kx Pvcv _vK‡j Wvb w`‡Ki Kx¸‡jv (wbD‡gwiK Kx) Pvjy nq|
❖ RbwcÖq `yBwU evsjv Kx †evW©
Aå Kx ▪ cÖwZôvZv— Wv. †g‡nw` nvmvb Lvb (26 gvP© 2003 mv‡j)| evsjvq webvg~‡j¨ gy³ mdUIq¨vi|
†evW© ▪ Aå Kx ‡evW© n‡jv— gvB‡µvmdU DB‡ÛvR, g¨vK IGm, Dey›Uz Ges wjbv·-G MÖvwdK¨vj Layout
cwieZ©K Ges BDwb‡KvW G evsjv ‡jLvi webvg~‡jï Ges gy³ mdUIq¨vi|
▪ ‡dv‡bwUK— Bs‡iwR D”PviY K‡i evsjv †jLv hvq|
▪ F12 dvskb Kx †cÖ‡mi gva¨‡g ch©vqµ‡g evsjv Ges Bs‡iwR †j-AvD‡U hvIqv hvq|
weRq ▪ evsjv‡`‡k me‡P‡q ‡ewk eëüZ GB Kx †ev‡W©i ¯^Z¡vwaKvix— ‡gv¯Ívdv ReŸvi| cÖ_g ms¯‹iY— 16
Kx †evW© wW‡m¤î 1988 wLª÷vã| GB Kx †ev‡W© †j AvDU cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨ GK‡Î Pvc †`qv Kx-Îq—
Alt+Ctrl+B|
▪ 1988 wL«÷v‡ã Avb›` Kw¤úDUvm© bv‡g GKwU ‡emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi D‡`¨v‡M ‰Zwi Kiv nq— A¨vcj
g¨vwKb‡Uvk Kw¤úDUv‡i eënvi Dc‡hvMx cÖ_g B›Uvi‡dm ÔweRqÕ|
▪ evsjv d›U I evsjv Kx-‡evW©‡K AvBweGg Kw¤úDUv‡ii Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ÔgvB‡µvmdU DB‡ÛvRÕ Gi m‡½
eënv‡ii Rb¨ B›Uvi‡dm ÔweRqÕ D™¢vweZ nq— 1993 mv‡j|
gvDm
o gvDm Avwe®‹vi K‡ib— ÷¨vb‡dvW© wimvP© BÝwUwUD‡U WMjvm A¨v‡ÄjevU© (1963 mv‡j)| gvDm me©cÖ_g eëüZ
nq— †gwK‡›Uvm Kw¤úDUv‡i (1984 mv‡j)| gvDm— `yB ai‡bi (Mechanical Ges Optical).
o c‡qw›Us wWfvBm ejv nq- gvDm‡K (Kx-‡evW© Qvov gvD‡mi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi wbqš¿Y Kiv nq)|
o Gi gva¨‡g gwbU‡ii ev †cÖvMÖv‡gi †h †Kvb ¯’v‡b wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv m¤¢e|
o gvDm Scroll Kiv mnR— PvKvi gva¨‡g (GKwU ÷¨vÛvW© gvD‡m `ywU ev wZbwU evUb _v‡K)|
o gvDm bvov‡j gwbU‡ii Dci †h Zxi wPý †`Lv hvq ‡mwU‡K ejv nq— Kvm©i|
o gvD‡mi cÖavb KvRmg~n— c‡qw›Us (Pointing), wK¬K (Click) Wª¨vM GÛ Wªc (Drag & Drop), wm‡j± (Select)|
o ‡Kv‡bv Qwe, AvBKb ev DB‡Ûv‡K wm‡j± K‡i gvD‡mi evg evUb †P‡c a‡i †U‡b Avbv‡K ejv nq— WªvM ev WªvwMs|
evgcv‡ki †evZvg gvDm Øviv †Kvb dvBj ev †cÖvMÖvg I‡cb Ki‡Z n‡j H dvBj ev †cÖvMÖv‡gi Dci c‡q›Uvi wb‡q evg
Primary or Left cv‡ki †evZvg w`‡q Wvej wK¬K Ki‡Z nq| Pvjy Kiv ‡Kvb †cÖvMÖvg eÜ Ki‡Z ev Minimize Ki‡Z
Button evgcv‡ki †evZvg w`‡q GK evi wK¬K Ki‡j eÜ ev wgwbgvBR n‡q hv‡e|
Wvbcv‡ki †evZvg Wvbcv‡ki †evZvg w`‡q †Kvb dvBj Ô‡mf Kiv, †c÷ Kiv, †K‡U †djvmn †Kvb dvBj ev ‡cÖvMÖv‡gi
Right Button we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbv hvq| Wvb cv‡ki †evZv‡g me mgq GK evi wK¬K Ki‡Z nq| GB evUb w`‡q `yB evi
wK¬K Kivi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
gv‡Si †evZvg gvSLv‡bi †evZvg ev PvKv evUb ïay ‡Kvb eo †cBR Gi Dc‡i I wb‡P †h‡Z Kv‡R jv‡M|
OCR
▪ OCR— Optical Character Recognition.
▪ Bgvby‡qj †MvìevM© me©cÖ_g GB aviYvcÖm~Z GKwU †gwkb D™¢veb K‡ib— 1914 mv‡j|
▪ KvR ✤ wewfbœ `vM I e‡Y©i cv_©K¨ eyS‡Z cv‡i| ê`y¨wZK ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡g †Kvb eY© cov n‡”Q Zv eyS‡Z cv‡i|
✤ ¯‹¨vb †U·U‡K m¤úv`‡bi Dchy³ †U·‡U cwiewZ©Z K‡i|
✤ gyw`ªZ ‡jLv mivmwi BbcyU ‡Ìqvi Rb¨ eëüZ nq|
✤ wPwVi wcb †KvW, B‡jKwUªK wej, BÝy‡iÝ wcÖwgqvg, †bvwUk BZ¨vw` covi Rb¨ eëüZ nq|
✤ eZ©gv‡b nv‡Zi ‡jLv‡K Kw¤úDUvi ‡U·‡U cwiYZ Ki‡Z eûj cÖPwjZ wWfvBm|
▪ eënvi— cvm‡cvU© WKz‡g›U, Bbf‡qm, e¨vsK †÷U‡g›U, weR‡bm KvW©mn Ab¨vb¨ ÷¨vwUK †WUv wcÖ›U Gi Kv‡R|
OMR (Optical Mark Reader) MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition)
GKwU hš¿ hv †cwÝj ev Kvwji `vM eyS‡Z cv‡i| MCQ Gi gva¨‡g †Kvb eY© cov n‡”Q Zv †evSv hvq| Zdwmwj
cixÿvi fivU Kiv †MvjK co‡Z cv‡i e‡j GwU OMR e¨vsKmg~‡n †PŠ¤^K Kvwj‡Z wjwLZ MICR ‡P‡Ki eënvi
Sheet g~j¨vq‡Y eëüZ nq| †`Lv hvq| mKj Zdwmwj e¨vs‡K eva¨Zvg~jK- MICR †PK|
Ab¨vb¨ BbcyU wWfvBm
o Joystick— †Mgm †Ljvi Rb¨ eëüZ nq (Kw¤úDUvi †Mgm †Ljvi wbqš¿K— External Input Device)|
Rqw÷‡Ki mvnv‡h¨— Kvm©i‡K c`©vi Dci B”Qvg‡Zv †h‡Kv‡bv RvqMvq miv‡bv hvq|
o ¯‹¨vbvi— d‡UvKwc †gwk‡bi g‡Zv †`L‡Z wWfvBm hvi gva¨‡g †h‡Kvb †jLv, Qwe, Wªwqs, Ae‡R± BZ¨vw` ¯‹¨vb K‡i
Kw¤úDUv‡i wWwRUvj B‡gR (wWwRUvj B‡gR‡K B‡”Qg‡Zv GwWU Kiv hvq) wn‡m‡e KbfvU© Kiv nq|
o MÖvwd· U¨ve‡jU— gvD‡mi weKí hš¿| GwU †`L‡Z— †cwÝ‡ji †¯ø‡Ui g‡Zv|
o I‡qeK¨vg— GKwU wfwWI K¨v‡giv| Gi gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bU wfwWI P¨vwUs Kiv hvq|
o ‡mÝi— GK ai‡bi UªvÝwWDmvi| †hgb— jvBU †mÝi, mvDÛ †mÝi, wnU †mÝi, ev‡qv‡gwUªK UvBg K¬K †mÝi|
o OMR— Optical Mark Recognition/Reader| ‡MvjK fivU Kiv LvZv co‡Z/ eû wbe©vPbx cixÿvi
cÖkœvewji †WUv BbcyU w`‡Z/ ‡cwÝj Ges Kvwji `vM eyS‡Z eëüZ nq eënvi Kiv nq— OMR|
o MICR— Magnetic Ink Character Recognition/Reader. MICR g~jZ eëüZ nq— e¨vs‡K (`ªæZ †PK
cÖ‡mwms Kiv nq)| MICR ‡jLv nq— †PŠ¤^K Kvwj ev †d‡iv‡mvwdwiK A·vBWhy³ Kvwji mvnv‡h¨|
o wWwRUvBRvi— MÖvwd·, Wªwqs, g¨vwcs, A¨vwb‡gkb, bKkv BZ¨vw` Kw¤úDUv‡i BbcyU †`qv nq| Rwgi †gŠRv g¨vc
msiÿY I m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k Rwic Awa`ßi wWwRUvBRvi eënvi K‡i‡Q|
o evi‡KvW wiWvi— ‡KvW wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ evi‡KvW wiWvi †_‡K †ei nq jvBU (Light)| evi‡KvW wiWvi me‡P‡q
†ewk eëüZ nq— mycvi gv‡K©‡U| G‡K universal product code ejv nq|
o OMS (Optical Measurement System), MICR n‡jv— Optical ¯‹¨vbvi|
o jvBU‡cb— Kw¤úDUv‡i mshy³ we‡kl ai‡bi Kjg, hvi mvnv‡h¨ wWRvBb Kiv hvq|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ AvDUcyU wWfvBm
gwbUi
▪ gwbU‡ii KvR †jLv I Qwe †`Lv‡bv| gwbUi‡K wfRyq¨vj wWm‡cø BDwbU (Visual Display Unit) ejv n‡q _v‡K|
▪ Kw¤úDUv‡ii Z_¨ cÖ`k©‡bi ÿz`ªZg GKK n‡”Q— wc‡·j| Bs‡iwR Picture Element Gi mswÿß iƒc— wc‡·j|
†WUv cÖ`k©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ eëüZ gva¨‡gi ÿz`ªZg GjvKv (gwbU‡ii c`©v) Gi eY© I D¾¡jZv ¯^vZš¿¨fv‡e wbqš¿Y Kiv‡KB
ejv nq— wc‡·j| gwbU‡ii wc‡·j MwVZ nq— 3wU i‡Oi mgš^‡q (Red, Green & Blue)|
▪ wc‡·‡ji D¾¡jZv wVK ivLvi Rb¨ cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û wc‡·j¸‡jv KZevi wiPvR© nq Zvi msL¨v‡K ejv nq— wi‡d«k †iU
(Refresh rate)| c`©vq Qwe `„p nq- Refresh rate Gi msL¨vi Dci| Refresh rate ‡K cÖKvk Kiv nq— nvU©R
GK‡K| wWm‡cø‡Z cÖ`wk©Z Qwei m~²Zv‡K e‡j— Resolution|
▪ wfwRG (Video Graphics Array-VGA) Kv‡W©i ÿgZvi Dci wbf©i K‡i— gwbU‡i `„k¨gvb Qwei ¸YMZ gvb|
▪ K‡qKwU RbwcÖq wfwWI K‡›Uªvjvi— VGA (Video Graphics Array), SVGA (Super Video Graphics
Array, XGA (Extended Graphics Array)|
▪ wfwWI K‡›Uªvjvi B›Uvi‡d‡mi mvnv‡h¨ gwbU‡i dzwU‡q †Zvjv nq— †jLv, Qwe|
▪ gwbU‡ii Ae¯’vb me‡P‡q fvj— †Pv‡Li D”PZvi mgvb n‡j| Z‡e †Pv‡Li D”PZv †_‡K 10-150 wb‡P n‡Z cv‡i|
▪ gwbUi mvaviYZ wZb cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| h_v—
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Light Emitting Diode (LED)
K¨v‡_vW iwk¥ wUDehy³ gwbUi| mgZj c`©vi (d¬vU c¨v‡bj ejv nq) LCD Gi g‡ZvB KvR Ki‡jI
wfZ‡i dmd‡ii cÖ‡jc _v‡K| gwbUi| Zij wµ÷vj eënvi Kiv nq| e¨vKjvBU wfbœ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K|
iwOb gwbU‡i wZbwU †gŠwjK is (Avmgvwb, meyR, we`y¨r cwievwnZvi gva¨‡g LCD gwbU‡ii gZ cvi` (Hg)
jvj) cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ wZbwU B‡jKwUªK Mvb _v‡K| ¯^”Q wµ÷vj PvwR©Z n‡q eënvi Kiv nq bv e‡j GwU
mv`vKv‡jv gwbU‡i B‡jKwUªK Mvb _v‡K GKwU| Qwe dzwU‡q †Zv‡j| cwi‡ekevÜe|
Raster scan c×wZ‡Z B‡gR wWwRUvj Nwo ev K¨vjKz‡jU‡i Kvj‡P †Pv‡Li Rb¨ fv‡jv I ¯’vqxZ¡Kvj †ewk|
ˆZwi K‡i| Aby¾j †h ‡jLv dz‡U D‡V Zvi wfwË|
wcÖ›Uvi
‡h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖvß djvdj KvM‡R Qvcv‡bv hvq Zv‡K e‡j— wcÖ›Uvi| wcÖ›Uvi GKwU— AdjvBb wWfvBm|
wcÖ›Uv‡ii †iRy‡jkb cwigvcK GKK— wWwcAvB (Dots Per Inch)| Kvh©cÖYvjx Abymv‡i wcÖ›Uvi `yB cÖKvi| h_v— B¤ú¨v±
wcÖ›Uvi Ges bb B¤ú¨v± wcÖ›Uvi| B¤ú¨v± wcÖ›Uvi `yB cÖKvi| h_v— jvBb wcÖ›Uvi Ges wmwiqvj wcÖ›Uvi|
B¤ú¨v± wcÖ›Uvi bb-B¤ú¨v± wcÖ›Uvi
jvBb wcÖ›Uvi wmwiqvj wcÖ›Uvi D`vniY— †jRvi wcÖ›Uvi, _vg©vj wcÖ›Uvi, w¯’iwe`y¨r wcÖ›Uvi,
†PBb Ges Wªvg wcÖ›Uvi †WBwR ûBj Ges WU g¨vwUª· B¼‡RU wcÖ›Uvi|
▪ WU g¨vwUª· wcÖ›Uv‡ii MwZ cwigvcK GKK— Characters Per Second (CPS)|
▪ WU wcP‡K cÖKvk Kiv nq— wgwjwgUvi GK‡K| wcÖ›Uvi †iRy‡jkb cwigvcK GKK/ GKwU wcÖ›Uv‡ii AvDUcy‡Ui ¸bMZ
gvb cwigvc Kiv nq- Dot Per Inch (DPI)|
▪ me‡P‡q `ªæZMwZ m¤úbœ wcÖ›Uvi— †jRvi wcÖ›Uvi| ‡jRvi wcÖ›Uv‡i KvM‡R †jLv dzwU‡q †Zvjv nq— †jRvi iwk¥i
mvnv‡h¨| ‡jRvi wcÖ›Uvi‡K Ab¨ bv‡g ejv nq— ‡cBR wcÖ›Uvi| ‡jRvi wcÖ›Uvi eëüZ nq— †W¯‹Uc cvewjwks Gi
Kv‡R Ges Awdm Av`vj‡Z| †jRvi wcÖ›Uv‡ii D`vniY— HP Laserjet, Canon 3500 BZ¨vw`|
▪ KvM‡Ri Dci Kvwj wb‡ÿc K‡i— Ink Jet wcÖ›Uvi|
Ab¨vb¨ AvDUcyU wWfvBm
o cÖ‡R±i— B‡jK‡Uªv-AcwUK¨vj hš¿ hvi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii ‡Kvb Z_¨, Qwe, wfwWI eo w¯Œ‡b Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
o cøUvi— cøUv‡i wcÖ›U nq wc‡bi mvnv‡h¨| gvbwP‡Îi m~²vwZm~² †iLvi wcÖ›U †bqvi Rb¨ eëüZ nq| Plotter- (wcÖ›Uvi)
w`‡q— gvbwPÎ ev bKkv wcÖ›U Kiv nq| cøUvi `yB cÖKvi| h_v— d¬vU‡eW cøUvi I Wªvg cøUvi|
o w¯úKvi— GB h‡š¿ we`y¨r kw³ kã kw³‡Z cwiYZ nq|
o ‡nW‡dvb— GK‡Rvov UªvÝwWDmvi hv ê`y¨wZK Zi½‡K kãZi‡½ iƒcvšÍi K‡i|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ BbcyU-AvDUcyU wWfvBm
wWwRUvj ▪ wdj¥ _v‡K bv|
K¨v‡giv ▪ G‡Z _v‡K— CCD- Charge Coupled Device bvgK wPc|
VDU ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Visual Display Unit. cÖ`k©b K‡i— Kw¤úDUvi ev Ab¨vb¨ wWfvBm Øviv Drcbœ wPÎ|
UvP w¯Œb ▪ gvD‡mi mvnv‡h¨ wbqwš¿Z Kvm©‡ii gva¨‡g KgvÛ †`qvi cwie‡Z© mivmwi Av½y‡ji ¯ú‡k©i gva¨‡g KgvÛ
†`qvi Rb¨ we‡kl c`v©|
g‡Wg ▪ G‡Z GKwU gWz‡jUi Ges GKwU wWgWz‡jUi _v‡K|
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ

01. wb‡Pi †KvbwU GKB mv‡_ BbcyU I AvDUcyU wn‡m‡e 05. MICR Stands for (35th BCS)
KvR K‡i? (40Zg I 44Zg wewmGm) K. Magnetic Ink Code Reader
K. Mouse L. Microphone L. Magnetic Ink Cases Reader
M. Touch Screen N. Printer DËi : M M. Mechanic Ink Character Reader
02. wb‡Pi †KvbwU output device bq? [43Zg wewmGm] N. Magnetic Ink Character Reader DËi : N
(K) monitor (L) microphone ‡bvU : cÖPwjZ DËi- Magnetic Ink Character
(M) printer (N) speaker DËi : L Reader. mwVK DËi- Magnetic Ink Character
03. wb‡Pi †KvbwU BbcyU wWfvBm? [37Zg wewmGm] Recognition.
K. OMR L. COM 06. gyw`ªZ †jLv mivmwi BbcyU †bqvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi †KvbwU
M. Plotter N. Monitor DËi : K eëüZ nq? (40Zg wewmGm)
04. Mobile Phone Gi †KvbwU Input Device bq? K. OMR L. OCR
(36Zg wewmGm)
M. MICR N. Scanner DËi : L
K. Keypad L. Camera DËi : M
M. Power Supply N. Touch Screen
Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMVb (wmwcBD, GGjBD, nvW© wW¯‹)

KZZg wewmGm?
Uwc‡Ki bvg
35 36 37 38 40 41 43 44
Kw¤úDUv‡ii A½msMVb : wmwcBD, GGjBD, nvW©wW¯‹
mdUIq¨vi - - 1 - - - - 1
‡K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwbU - - 1 - 1 - - -
‡WUv evm, K‡›Uªvj evm I A¨v‡Wªm evm - 1 - 1 - - - -
wW¯‹ d«vM‡g‡›Ukb - - - 1 - - - -
Kw¤úDUvi‡K Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿vsk¸‡jv mwVK Ae¯’v‡b ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq Ges hš¿vsk¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq| cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿vsk¸‡jv h_vh_ Ae¯’v‡b ¯’vcb I hš¿vsk¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cvi¯úvwiK
ms‡hvM ¯’vcb‡KB Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMVb ejv nq| Kw¤úDUvi msMVb— 2 cÖKvi (nvW©Iq¨vi, mdUIq¨vi)|
nvW©Iq¨vi (Hardware)
▪ Kw¤úDUv‡ii hš¿vsk ev hš¿| গারেরতক/যু রি একক
(Hardware)
▪ ‡h As‡ki e¯‘MZ AvqZb i‡q‡Q ev `„k¨gvb

nvW©Iq¨vi
Aw¯ÍZ¡ cvIqv hvq| ইিেু ট ইউরিট স্মৃরত আউটেু ট ইউরিট

▪ Ask— 3wU (BbcyU, wmwcBD I AvDUcyU)|
nvW©Iq¨vi রিেন্ত্রে ইউরিট

রিেন্ত্রে ইউরিট ফলাফল প্রদর্শন
BbcyU ‡K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY AvDUcyU
wmwcBD (‡K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwbU)
তেয/উোত্ত প্র াহ
MvwYwZK hyw³ wbqš¿Y ‡iwR÷vi/¯§„wZ েে
wbqš¿Y ms‡KZ
cÖevn
‡K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwbU

▪ CPU Gi c~Y©iƒc— ‡m›Uªvj cÖ‡mwms BDwbU| CPU- ‡K e‡j— gvB‡µv‡cÖ‡mmi| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi n‡jv—
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †eªBb ev gw¯Í®‹ ev ürwcÐ (ÿz`ª AvqZb wewkó wmwjKb Gi ˆZwi nvRvi UªvbwR÷i mwbœ‡ewkZ GKwU
hš¿vsk)| eënviKvixi wb‡`©k Abyhvqx Kw¤úDUv‡ii †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwb‡U mKj Kv‡Ri cÖwµqvKiY m¤úbœ nq|
▪ gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Avwe®‹vi K‡ib— †UW nd (1971 mv‡j)| cÖ‡mmi ˆZwi nq— AmsL¨ Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U (IC) w`‡q|
▪ Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvR Kivi g~j GjvKv ev Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi fv‡Mi cÖavb Ask— CPU|
▪ ‡h As‡ki gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii mKj Ask wbqwš¿Z nq Zv‡K e‡j— wbqš¿Y BDwbU (Control Unit).
▪ CPU-‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii wi‡mvm© mg~n‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i— Control Unit (wbqš¿Y BDwbU)|
▪ Kw¤úDUv‡ii †K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY Ask MwVZ— Af¨šÍixY ¯§„wZ, MvwYwZK hyw³ Ask I wbqš¿Y As‡ki mgš^‡q|
▪ Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡gi cÖavb KvR— 4wU| h_v: BbcyU (Input), cÖwµqvKiY (Processing), AvDUcyU (Output) I
†÷v‡iR (Storage)|
▪ CPU-‡Z BDwbU _v‡K ev gvB‡µvcÖ‡mm‡ii †fZ‡ii msMVb— 3wU| h_v— wbqš¿Y BDwbU (Control Unit),
MvwYwZK hyw³ BDwbU (Arithmetic Logic Unit), ‡iwR÷vi ¯§„wZ (Register Memory)|
wbqš¿Y BDwbU MvwYwZK hyw³ BDwbU ‡iwR÷vi ¯§„wZ
wbqš¿Y BDwbU RAM †_‡K Z_¨¸‡jv ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) n‡”Q ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨ †WUv
MvwYwZK hyw³ BDwb‡U †cÖiY K‡i| MvwYwZK Kw¤úDUv‡ii gw¯Í®‹ ev K¨vjKz‡jUi ¯îƒc| msiÿY K‡i|
Ges hyw³g~jK KvR¸‡jv m¤úbœ nIqvi ci GB BDwbK mKj MvwYwZK hyw³ mgvavb I G‡K gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi
wbqš¿Y BDwb‡Ui wb‡`©‡k †m¸‡jv Avevi wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi KvR K‡i _v‡K| †hvM, we‡qvM, †iwR÷vi bv‡gI AwfwnZ
RAM G Rgv nq| wbqš¿Y BDwbU cÖ‡qvRb ¸Y, fvM BZ¨vw` n‡”Q MvwYwZK Kv‡Ri D`vniY| Kiv nq|
n‡j RAM G wd‡i Avmv Z_¨ Avevi MvwYwZK hyw³ As‡ki KvR‡K 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv ‡iwR÷v‡i `ªæZ †WUv
MvwYwZK hyw³ BDwb‡U †cÖiY K‡i cieZ©x hvq| h_v— MvwYwZK KvR, hyw³g~jK KvR, Z_¨ cVb I wjLb m¤¢e nq|
ch©v‡qi Kv‡Ri Rb¨| cwiPvjbv|
mdUIq¨vi Software)
Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi ej‡Z †evSvq GK¸”Q Kw¤úDUvi ‡cÖvMÖvg, Kvh©c×wZ I eënviwewa hvi mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbw`©ó
cÖKv‡ii KvR m¤úv`b Kiv hvq| Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi wdwRK¨vj bq (¯úk© Kiv hvq bv), jwRK¨vj| Kw¤úDUvi
mdUIq¨vi‡K cÖavbZ— `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v— wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi Ges A¨vwcø‡Kkb ev eënvwiK mdUIq¨vi|
wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi A¨vwcø‡Kkb ev eënvwiK mdUIq¨vi
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kvh©ÿgZv eënv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©k Kw¤úDUv‡ii †h me †cÖvMÖvg ˆ`bw›`b eënvwiK cÖ‡qvRb
m¤^wjZ †cÖvMÖvgmg~n‡K wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi e‡j| GB †gUv‡Z eëüZ nq, Zv‡ì‡K A¨vwcø‡Kkb ev eënvwiK
mdUIq¨vi Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ BDwb‡Ui g‡a¨ Kv‡Ri mdUIq¨vi ejv nq| eënvwiK mdUIq¨vi `yB ai‡bi|
mgš^q iÿv K‡i| wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi 2 ai‡bi| h_v— h_v—
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g, wWfvBm WªvBfvi, BDwUwjwU †cÖvMÖvg| K. Kv÷gvBRW Ges
L. c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨vi|
Acv‡iwUs KZK¸‡jv ‡cÖvMÖv‡gi mgwó hv nvW©Iq¨vi I Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi
wm‡÷g eënviKvixi g‡a¨ m¤úK© m„wó K‡i
mdUIq¨vi‡K Kvh©ÿg iv‡L| wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi A¨vwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi
wWfvBm ‡Kvb nvW©Iq¨vi wWfvB‡mi mv‡_ DfqgyLx
WªvBfvi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Zv‡K cwiPvjbv Kiv Ges Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Kv÷gvBRW
Zvi mvg_©¨‡K eënvi Kiv Rb¨ eëüZ
wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi| wWfvBm WªvBfvi c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨vi
BDwUwjwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii iÿYv‡eÿY, †WUv I †cÖvMÖv‡gi
‡cÖvMÖvg e¨vKAvc I myiÿv cÖf…wZ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ‰Zwi BDwUwjwU †cÖvMÖvg
mdUIq¨vi n‡jv BDwUwjwU †cÖvMÖvg|
Kv÷gvBRW eënviKvix KZ…©K GK ev GKvwaK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q †h A¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg cÖ¯‘Z K‡i _v‡Kb,
mdUIq¨vi Zv‡K Kv÷gvBRW ev eënviKvix wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg e‡j| D`vniY— ‡Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ we‡klfv‡e
cÖ¯‘ZK…Z mdUIq¨vi|
c¨v‡KR wewfbœ ai‡bi eënvwiK Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mdUIq¨vi wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb KZ©„K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z mdUIq¨vi| c¨v‡KR
mdUIq¨vi mdUIq¨vi‡K ejv nq— evwYwR¨K mdUIq¨vi (Commerical Software)|
❖ wewfbœ ai‡bi c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨vi
‡cÖ‡R‡›Ukb mdUIq¨vi ইয়লক্ট্ররিক র রিন্ন স্লাইর্ পো উেস্থােি করার জিয য হার করা হে। h_v— Microsoft PowerPoint,
Macromedia flash, Corel Presentations, Harvard Graphics, Impress,
Freelance Graphics.
gvwëwgwWqv mdUIq¨vi wWwRUvj gywf ˆZwi K‡i Zv‡Z mvDÛ, A¨vwb‡gkb BZ¨vw` B‡d± †Ìqvi Rb¨ gvwëwgwWqv
mdUIq¨vi eënvi Kiv nq| h_v— KMP, VLC, Jet Audio Player, Adobe Flash,
Windows Media Player cªf…wZ|
dvBj K‡¤úªkb WinZip, WinAce, MCH Express Zip, WinRAR, ALZip, Stuffit, TurboZip
mdUIq¨vi Express, BitZipper cÖf…wZ|
IqvW© cÖ‡mwms ‡jLv‡jwLi Kv‡R eëüZ nq| h_v— MS Word (me‡P‡q RbwcÖq), Word Pad, Note
mdUIq¨vi Pad, Open Office, Lotus Wordpro etc.
‡WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U eo eo †Kv¤úvwb ev wkí cÖwZôv‡b ‡WUv msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ eëüZ nq| h_v— Microsoft
mdUIq¨vi Access, ORACLE, Foxpro, Microsoft SQL Server, Corel Paradox, Lotus
Approach, File Maker Pro cÖf…wZ|
‡W¯‹Uc cvewj‡Kkb mvaviYZ c„ôvi †j-AvDU I wWRvBbmn `„k¨gvb mvgMÖx cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZi Kv‡R eëüZ nq|
mdUIq¨vi h_v— Adobe Reader, Adobe Page Maker, Quark Xpress cÖf…wZ|
‡¯úªWwkU mdUIq¨vi wnmve-wbKv‡ki KvR Kivi mdUIq¨vi| h_v— MS Excel (me‡P‡q RbwcÖq †¯úªWwkU
mdUIq¨vi), NeoOffice, Calc, OpenOffice.org Calc, Corel Quatropro, Super
Calc, Lotus- 1, 2, 3, Visi Calc (cÖ_g †¯úªWwkU †cÖvMÖvg), Multiplan, Symphony,
Sorcim cÖf…wZ|
I‡qe eªvDwRs GB mdUIq¨vi eënvi K‡i I‡qe mvB‡U cÖ‡ek K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ AbymÜvb Kiv nq| h_v— Mozilla
mdUIq¨vi Firefox, Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Safari, Microsoft Edge, Vivaldi, Brave,
ChromeOS Opera, UC Browser cÖf…wZ|
MÖvwd· mdUIq¨vi
mvaviYZ Qwe I cÖ”Q` ˆZwi‡Z MÖvwd· mdUIq¨vi eëüZ nq| h_v— Adobe Photoshop,
Corel DRAW, AutoCAD, TurboCAD cÖf…wZ|
Open-source †h mKj Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi Db¥y³ Drm †_‡K hZevi Lywk WvDb‡jvW Kiv hvq| GwU eënvi
software Kivi Rb¨ ‡Kvb cÖKvi jvB‡m‡Ýi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| ‡hgb- Linux OS, Mozila Firefox,
Google Chrome, Windows Explorer cÖf…wZ|
▪ Adobe Photoshop Gi KvR— wWwRUvj B‡gR‡K B‡”Qg‡Zv BwWU Kiv|
wm‡÷g BDwbU (System Unit)
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡mwms Kv‡Ri mv‡_ mswkøó wewfbœ B‡j±ªwbK mvwK©U, cÖ‡mmi, †g‡gvwi, †÷v‡iR I cvIqvi mvcøvB BDwbU
BZ¨vw` wm‡÷g BDwb‡Ui wfZ‡i hy³ _v‡K| G‡K cÖ‡mwms BDwbU ejv nq|
wm‡÷g wmwcBD Power Supply Unit gv`vi‡evW© wewfbœ ai‡bi KvW©
BDwb‡Ui Ask gv`vi‡evW© Microprocessor RAM I ROM mnvqK ¯§„wZ K¨vwms
gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi
▪ gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi ˆZwi nq— AmsL¨ Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U (IC) w`‡q| cÖ‡mm‡ii MwZ cwigvc Kiv nq— nvR© (Hz)
GK‡K (eZ©gv‡b B‡›Uj †Kvi i7 Ges i5 cÖ‡mmi eëüZ nq)| 1MHz = 106 Hz|
▪ gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi— 3 ai‡bi (wm¯‹ cÖ‡mmi, wi¯‹ cÖ‡mmi I we‡kl eënvi Kv‡h©i cÖ‡mmi)|
▪ gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Avwe®‹…Z nq— 1971 mv‡j|
wm¯‹ (CISC) ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Complex Instruction Set Computer. D`vniY— Intel Pentium,
cÖ‡mmi Motorola-6800, ADM- Athlon, IBM- Blue Lighting, AMD-K6 Etc.
▪ RwUj Bb÷ªvKkb eënvi Kiv nq|
wi¯‹ (RISC) ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Reduced Instruction Set Computer. D`vniY— Motorola power Pc 601,
cÖ‡mmi DEC Alpha 21064, MIPSR 10000, SPARC TMS 390S10.
▪ mij Bb÷ªvKkb eënvi Kiv nq|
we‡kl eënvi ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Special Purpose Processor n‡jv— †Kv-cÖ‡mmi|
Kv‡h©i cÖ‡mmi ▪ we‡kl Kv‡Ri D‡Ï‡k¨ A_ev cÖavb cÖ‡mm‡ii Kvh©ÿgZv e„w×i Rb¨ eëüZ nq|
▪ wewfbœ we‡Ui cÖ‡mmi
cÖ¯’ wewkó gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi cÖ¯’ gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi
wewkó
4 weU 4004, 4040 32 weU 80386, 80376, 80386DX, 80486
8 weU 8008, 8080, 8085, Z80, 6800 64 weU Intel Core i3, Core i5, Core i7, Xenon,
16 weU 8086, 8088, 80186, 80188, 80286, Z8000 Intel ITANIUM
gv`vi‡evW©
▪ Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb wcÖ‡›UW mvwK©U †evW©‡K (PCB) e‡j— gv`vi‡evW©| GwU‡K AviI ejv nq— System Board.
▪ Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡gi mKj Dcv`vb cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e †h me©©e„nr mvwK©U‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K ZvB— gv`vi‡evW©
(G‡K wm‡÷g †evW© e‡j)| gv`vi †ev‡W© wewfbœ ai‡bi Connector Ges Expansion Port _v‡K|
▪ eZ©gvb evRv‡i cvIqv K‡qKwU gv`vi‡evW©— Intel, Asus, GIGABYTE, MSI BZ¨vw`|
▪ gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ USB ‡cvU© _v‡K— 2/4 wU| gv`vi‡ev‡W©i Ask— wmwcBD, †g‡gvwi, cvIqvi mvcøvB, nvW© wW¯‹
WªvBf, wWwfwW WªvBf, wfwWI KvW©, mvDÛ KvW© I Ab¨vb¨ BbcyU-AvDUcyU wWfvBm|
B›Uvi‡dm (Interface)
▪ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ †cwi‡divj wWfvBm¸‡jvi ms‡hv‡Mi cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq— B›Uvi‡dm| †h cÖwµqvq MÖvwd· Kv‡W©i
mv‡_ †cwi‡divj gwbU‡ii ms‡hvM c‡q›U mshy&³ nq ZvB n‡jv B›Uvi‡dm| B›Uvi‡dm wewfbœ iK‡gi n‡q _v‡K| h_v—
Paraller Interface Serial Interface Firewire Interface
SCSI or Small Computer System Interface USB or Universal Serial Bus Interface
Kw¤úDUvi evm (Computer Bus)
Kw¤úDUv‡ii wmwcBD (CPU) A‡bK wKQy wb‡q KvR K‡i| G‡Z Z_¨ ev DcvË, wb‡`©k _v‡K Avevi Z_¨, DcvË ev wb‡`©‡ki
wVKvbv _v‡K| GZ wKQyi PjvP‡ji Rb¨ cwienb eë¯’v _vKv ìKvi| Kw¤úDUv‡ii GB cwienb eë¯’vwU evm (BUS) bv‡g
cwiwPZ| A_©vr Kw¤úDUv‡ii Z_¨ cwien‡bi A_ev wWwRUvj ms‡KZ (0 ev 1) PjvPj Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ cwievnx c_B—
Kw¤úDUvi evm| Kw¤úDUv‡i A‡bK¸‡jv evm Kvh©Ki _v‡K|
▪ ev‡mi MwZ ej‡Z ‡evSvq †WUv PjvP‡ji MwZ‡K| A_©vr evm w`‡q KZ `ªæZ MwZ‡Z †WUv PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i †mwU‡K
eySvq| ev‡mi MwZ cwigvc Kiv nq— ‡gMvnvU©R GK‡K| mvaviYZ ev‡mi MwZ n‡Z cv‡i— 8-400 †gMvnvU©R ch©šÍ|
▪ Kw¤úDUvi evm cÖavbZ— `yB cÖKvi| h_v- wm‡÷g evm Ges G·cvbkb evm|
▪ wm‡÷g evm : †h ev‡mi gva¨‡g CPU Gi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ As‡ki ms‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡K wm‡÷g evm e‡j|
Kw¤úDUvi evm ej‡Z mvaviYZ eySv‡bv nq— wm‡÷g evm‡K|
▪ G·cvbkb evm : †h ev‡mi mvnv‡h¨ CPU, Kw¤úDUv‡ii BbcyU/AvDUcyU I Ab¨vb¨ †cwi‡divj wWfvB‡mi mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM K‡i Zv‡K G·cvbkb evm e‡j|
BUS
wm‡÷g ‡WUv evm ▪ ‡WUv evm wØgyLx| GwU‡K Bi-directional evm ejv nq|
evm ▪ Kw¤úDUv‡ii †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ cwievnx c_‡K e‡j— ‡WUv evm|
(3 cÖKvi) ▪ ‡WUv ev‡mi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ Avbylw½K h‡š¿i gva¨‡g †WUv cvivcvi nq| †hgb
: Kw¤úDUvi BbcyU/AvDUcyU → wmwcBD → †g‡gvwi → wmwcBD ev BbcyU/AvDUcyU
wWfvBm| A_©vr GwU DcvË MÖnY I wbM©gb evm|
▪ ‡WUv ev‡mi cÖk¯ÍZv gvcv nq— evBUm (Bits) G|
▪ ‡WUv ev‡mi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖ‡mmi‡K 4 (Pvi) fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v— 8 weU
gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi, 16 weU gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi, 32 weU gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi, 64 weU gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi|
K‡›Uªvj ▪ Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ Kv‡Ri wbqš¿Y/ †hvMv‡hvM wbqš¿YKvix evm— K‡›Uªvj evm|
evm ▪ K‡›Uªvj evm wØgyLx| GwU‡K Bi-directional evm ejv nq|
▪ gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi †_‡K ms‡KZ ev wb‡`©k enb K‡i mswkøó As‡k †cÖiY K‡i|
▪ GB ev‡mi ga¨ w`‡q Kw¤úDUv‡ii wfZ‡i CPU I Ab¨vb¨ wWfvBmmg~‡ni g‡a¨ K‡›Uªvj
wmMb¨vj Av`vb-cÖ`vb nq|
A¨v‡Wªm ▪ ‡WUvi Ae¯’vb wPwýZ Kiv Rb¨ eëüZ nq— A¨v‡Wªm evm|
evm ▪ GwU‡K Unidirectional evm ejv nq|
▪ A¨v‡Wªm ev‡mi mvnv‡h¨ CPU ‡g‡gvwii we‡kl wVKvbvi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i| A_©vr Gi
mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb †WUv hvIqv-Avmv K‡i bv, eis †g‡gvwi A¨v‡Wªm Avmv-hvIqv K‡i|
G·cvbkb VESA ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Video Electronics Standard Association.
evm ▪ VESA- 32 weU MwZ wewkó| A_©vr 32 weU MwZ‡Z †WUv cwienb K‡i|
▪ VESA evm MÖvwd‡·i Kv‡Ri Rb¨ eûj eëüZ nq|
ISA ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Industry Standard Architecture.
▪ GwU 16 weU MwZ‡Z †WUv cwienb K‡i| GwU axi MwZi evm|
▪ 1981 mv‡j B‡›U‡ji 8088 cÖ‡mm‡i cÖ_g ISA evm eënvi Kiv nq|
PCI ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Peripheral Component Interconnect.
▪ GwU 32 weU MwZ‡Z †WUv cwienb K‡i| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b 64 ev 128 we‡Ui Dc‡hvMx Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
▪ PCI evm Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ `ªæZ †WUv cwienb K‡i|
USB ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Universal Serial Bus.
▪ Mv‡bi B‡jKUªwbK hš¿cvwZ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ ms‡hvM †Ìqvi Rb¨ eëüZ †cvU©|
▪ USB ev‡mi wfwË‡Z eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ wWfvBm †hgb- Kx‡evW©, gvDm, wcÖ›Uvi, g‡Wg,
¯‹¨vbvi, wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv, nvW©wW¯‹, wmwW WªvBf Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ Kiv n‡”Q| Gi
e¨vcK eënvi ïiæ nq— 1998 mvj †_‡K|
AGP ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Accelerated Graphics Port.
▪ eënvi— DbœZgv‡bi MÖvwd·, wfwWI, †Mg BZ¨vw` cÖ`k©‡b|
▪ eZ©gv‡b mKj gv`vi‡ev‡W© AGP ‡cvU© _v‡K|
EISA ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Extended Industry Standard Architechture.
▪ GwU ISA ev‡mi ms¯‹iY Ges ISA ev‡mi †P‡q `ªæZ|
Firewire ▪ me‡P‡q `ªæZ MwZi BUS| cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 400 MB ch©šÍ †WUv UªvÝdvi m¤¢e|
▪ Lye `ªæZ RbwcÖq n‡q DV‡Q— USB, FIREWIRE.
‡jvKvj ▪ evB‡ii wKQz ‡evW©‡K CPU Gi mv‡_ mivmwi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ mshy³ K‡i|
evm ▪ cÖavb ev‡mi †WUv cwien‡bi Pvc Kwg‡q Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvR `ªæZMwZ‡Z Ki‡Z mvnvh¨
K‡i|
Kw¤úDUvi †cvU© (Computer Port)

Kw¤úDUvi †cvU© n‡jv GK ai‡bi c‡q›U ev ms‡hvMgyL| wm‡÷g BDwb‡Ui mv‡_ wewfbœ BbcyU-AvDUcyU hš¿vs‡k ms‡hvM c‡q›U
_v‡K, hv †cvU© bv‡g cwiwPZ| †cvU© wewfbœ iK‡gi n‡q _v‡K| †hgb—
‡cv‡U©i bvg cÖvmw½K Z_¨
Parallel ▪ Ab¨ bvg— wcÖ›Uvi †cvU©| Gi jwRK¨vj bvg— LPT (Line Print Terminal)|
Port ▪ G †cv‡U© †WUv mgvšÍiv‡j Av`vb-cÖ`vb nq| `ªæZMwZ‡Z Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ eëüZ nq|
▪ GB ai‡bi †cv‡U© wZbwU c„_K †iwR÷vi _v‡K| h_v- †WUv †iwR÷vi, ÷¨vUvm †iwR÷vi Ges K‡›Uªvj
†iwR÷vi|
Serial ▪ wmwiqvj KwgDwb‡Kkb wWfvBm ms‡hvM †Ìqvi †cvU©‡K ejv nq— wmwiqvj †cvU©|
Port ▪ G‡Z ‡gvU 9wU wcb _v‡K| D`vniY- g‡Wg Ges gvDm wmwiqvj KwgDwb‡Kkb wWfvBm|
USB Port ▪ wm‡÷g BDwb‡Ui mv‡_ BDGmwe evm I BDGmwe mgw_©Z wWfvBmmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM iÿvi Rb¨
gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ eëüZ †cv©U|
Monitor ▪ g‡bvµg gwbU‡ii Rb¨ 9 wc‡bi †evW© eënvi Kiv nq|
Port ▪ wfwRG (wfwWI MÖvwd· A¨v‡i) gwbU‡ii ms‡hvM‡ÿ‡Î wcb msL¨v— 15|
Keyboard ▪ Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ Kx‡evW©‡K hy³ Kivi Rb¨ wZb ai‡bi Kv‡b±i eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| h_v- AT
Port keyboard connector, PS/2 keyboard connector, USB connector.
MIDI ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Musical Instrumental Digital Interface.
Port ▪ Kw¤úDUv‡i Mv‡bi B‡j±ªwbK hš¿cvwZ ms‡hvM w`‡Z eëüZ nq|
Audio ▪ AwWI Bb I AvDU Kivi Rb¨ h_vµ‡g AwWI Bb ev gvB‡µv‡dvb ‡cvU© I AwWI AvDU ev w¯úKvi
Port †cvU© eëüZ nq|
Video Port ▪ wfwWI Bb I AvDU Kivi Rb¨ wfwWI †cvU© eëüZ nq|
Game ▪ Kw¤úDUv‡i ‡Mg †Ljvi Rb¨ Avjv`v †h wWfvBm eënvi Ki‡Z nq †mwU ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ gv`vi‡ev‡W©i
Port mv‡_ mvaviYZ 15 wc‡bi †Mg †cvU© eëüZ nq|
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ

01. wb‡Pi ‡KvbwU System Software bq? [44Zg 09. wW¯‹ d«vM‡g‡›Ukb eëüZ nq- (৩৮তম বিবিএি)
wewmGm] K. fvBivm aŸs‡mi Rb¨
(K) Linux (L) Android L. wW¯‹ dig¨vU Ki‡Z
(M) Mozilla Firefox (N) Apple iOS D:M M. Lvivc †m±img~n cixÿv Ki‡Z
02. wb‡Pi ‡KvbwU Open Source Software? [44Zg wewmGm] N. wW‡¯‹i dvBj¸‡jv‡K cybwe©b¨¯Í Ki‡Z DËi : N
(K) Google Chrome 10. ROM wfwËK †cÖvMÖv‡gi bvg Kx? [38Zg wewmGm]
(L) Microsoft Windows K. Malware L. firmware
(M) Zoom M. VIRUS N. lip-lop DËi : L
(N) Adobe Photoshop D:K 11. wb‡Pi †Kvb †g‡gvwiwU Non-volatile? (36Zg wewmGm)
e¨vL¨v: Open-source software ej‡Z †evSvq †h K. SRAM L. DRAM
mKj Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi Db¥y³ Drm †_‡K hZevi M. ROM N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : M
Lywk WvDb‡jvW Kiv hvq| GwU eënvi Kivi Rb¨ ‡Kvb 12. Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡g Scanner GKwU †Kvb ai‡bi hš¿?
cÖKvi jvB‡m‡Ýi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| ‡hgb- Linux OS, (৩৫তম বিবিএি)
Mozila Firefox, Google Chrome, Windows K. BbcyU L. AvDUcyU
Explorer cÖf…wZ| M. DfqB N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : K
03. wb‡Pi †Kvb †g‡gvwiwU‡Z Access Time me‡P‡q 13. Kw¤úDUv‡ii g~j †g‡gvwi ˆZwi nq Kx w`‡q? [35Zg wewmGm]
Kg? [43Zg wewmGm] K. A¨vjywgwbqvg L. cøvw÷K
(K) Registers (L) SSD M. wmwjKb N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : M
(M) RAM (N) Cache Memory D:K 14. Kw¤úDUvi ‡g‡gvwi †_‡K ‡WUv D‡Ëvj‡bi c×wZ‡K Kx
04. wb‡Pi †KvbwU BbcyU wWfvBm (৩৭তম বিবিএি) e‡j? (৩৫তম বিবিএি)
K. OMR L. COM K. Read-out L. Read from DËi : N
M. Plotter N. Monitor D:K M. Read N. Dc‡ii me¸‡jvB
05. Mobile Phone Gi BbcyU wWfvBm bq- 15. Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯’vqx ¯§„wZkw³‡K Kx e‡j? (২৯তম বিবিএি)
K. Keypad L. Touch screen K. RAM L. ROM

M. Camera N. Power supply D : N M. nvW©Iq¨vi N. mdUIq¨vi DËi : L
06. cøUvi (Plotter) ‡Kvb ai‡bi wWfvBm? (৩৬তম বিবিএি) 16. Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi ej‡Z †evSv‡bv nq- (১১তম বিবিএি)
K. BbcyU L. †g‡gvwi D:M K. Gi †cÖvMÖvg ev Kg©cwiKíbv †KŠkj
M. AvDUcyU N. Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq L. †h Ask gy`ªvwqZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K
07. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖvBgvix †g‡gvwi?(৩৬তম M. Z_¨ †`qv I Z_¨ †bqvi Ask we‡kl
বিবিএি) N. Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwii bKkv DËi : K
K. RAM L. Hard Disk 17. ‡Kvb ai‡bi bus eëüZ nq bv? (৩৮তম বিবিএি)
M. Pen Drive N. †KvbwUB bq D:K K. Address bus L. Input-reader bus
08. Kw¤úDUvi (CPU) Gi †Kvb Ask MvwYwZK wm×všÍ M. Data bus N. Control bus DËi : L
MÖn‡Yi KvR K‡i? (৩৭তম বিবিএি) 18. CPU Gi Address generate K‡i- (40Zg wewmGm)
K. GGjBD (ALU) K. Physical address L. Logical address
L. K‡›Uªvj BDwbU (Control Unit) M. Both physical & logical address
M. †iwR÷vi BDwbU (Register Unit) N. Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq DËi−L
N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : K
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g (Operating System)

KZZg wewmGm?
Uwc‡Ki bvg
35 36 37 38 40 41 43 44
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g - - 1 1 1 1 - 1
Acv‡iwUs ▪ GKwU mdUIq¨vi hv— Kw¤úDUv‡ii mKj Kvh©cÖYvjx wbqš¿Y K‡i|
wm‡÷g ▪ Kw¤úDUvi Pvjv‡bvi Acwinvh© mdUIq¨vi| Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨šÍixY KvR¸‡jv K‡i|
▪ Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨vi eë¯’vcbvKvix KZ¸‡jv †cÖvMÖv‡gi mgwó|
▪ GwU GK ai‡bi wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Qvov Kw¤úDUvi mPj n‡e bv|
▪ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ˆZwi n‡qwQj— †gBb‡d«g Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ 1951 mv‡j|
▪ GKwU Kw¤úDUvi boot Ki‡Z cv‡i bv hw` Zv‡Z bv _v‡K— Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi cÖKvi‡f`
wfwË cÖKvi‡f`
BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm 2 cÖKvi| h_v : CUI Operating System & GUI Operating System|
eënviKvixi msL¨v 2 cÖKvi| h_v : GKK eënviKvix Ges eû eënviKvix|
cÖ‡mm‡ii msL¨v 2 cÖKvi| h_v : GKK cÖ‡mmi Ges gvwë cÖ‡mmi|
¯^Ë¡ ev gvwjKvbv 2 cÖKvi| h_v : I‡cb †mvm© Ges †K¬vRW †mvm©|
K¨v‡i±vi BDRvi B›Uvi‡dR Graphical User Interface (GUI)
GwU eY©wfwËK/KgvÛwfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g| GwU wPÎwfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
Key Board Gi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ eY© UvBc K‡i Icon Gi gva¨‡g wewfbœ Kv‡Ri wb‡`©k cÖ`vb Kiv nq| ïay gvDm
Ges Key Board Gi wewfbœ Key eënvi K‡i eënvi K‡iI wb‡`©k cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|
wb‡`©k cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
D`vniY— MS-DOS, UNIX, PC-DOS, D`vniY— Windows (95/98/XP/Vista/7/10), Mac OS
LINUX BZ¨vw`| BZ¨vw`| ‡Kv‡bv Kv‡Ri wPÎwfwËK Dc¯’vcb‡K e‡j— AvBKb (Icon)|
I‡cb †mvm© Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g ‡K¬vRW †mvm© Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
†h †cÖvMÖv‡g †KvW mevi Rb¨ Db¥y³ Ges ‡h †KD cÖ‡qvRbgZ Gi †h †cÖvMÖvg mevi Rb¨ Db¥y³ _v‡K bv A_©vr
cwieZ©b, cwiea©b I cwigvR©b K‡i cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i †mwU‡K I‡cb AvBbMZfv‡e G‡ì ¯^Z¡ ev gvwjKvbv wbw`©ó Kiv
†mvm© ‡cÖvMÖvg e‡j| _v‡K ‡mwU‡K †K¬vRW †mvm© ‡cÖvMvg e‡j|
D`vniY— LINUX (Redhat, Ubuntu, NetBSD, Fedora), MacOS, OS/2, BeOS BZ¨vw`
OpenSolaris, Haiku, NetBSD, OpenBSD BZ¨vw`|
wm‡½j BDRvi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g (wm‡½j Uvw¯‹s OS) gvwë BDRvi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g (gvwë Uvw¯‹s OS)
GKB mg‡q GKRb eënviKvix _v‡K| GKB mg‡q GKvwaK eënviKvix _v‡K|
D`vniY— MS DOS, Android, Symbian OS, PC- D`vniY— Windows 2000/NT Server/03/08/10,
DOS, Windows 95/98 BZ¨vw`| Windows XP (me©vwaK RbwcÖq), Unix, Linux.
▪ GKB mg‡q GKvwaK †cÖvMÖvg mPj ivLvi ÿgZv‡K e‡j- Multi-tasking.
wKQz RbwcÖq Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g cøvUdg© ‡W‡fjcvi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g cøvUdg© ‡W‡fjcvi
Android Mobile Google Incorporation MAC Apple Macintosh Apple
iOS Mobile Apple Incorporation MS-DOS IBM Microsoft
Linux Various Linus Torvalds Unix Various Bell labs
Vector Linux Various Vector Linux Xenix Various Microsoft
Windows Vista, IBM Microsoft PC DOS IBM
XP, 7, 8, 10 OS/2 IBM Microsoft
▪ me©v‡cÿv cyivZb Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g— UNIX| Unix Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi
D™¢veK cÖwZôvb— †ej j¨ve| GwUi m~Pbv K‡ib— 70 Gi `k‡K hy³iv‡óªi †ej Acv‡iwU wm‡÷g
j¨ve‡iUwi‡Z wKb Ugmb Ges Dennis Ritchele| mycvi Kw¤úDUvimn mKj PC-‡Z Acv‡iwUs 1971
wcwm‡ZB GwU eënvi Kiv hvq| wm‡÷g Pvjy
▪ Mac OS— 1984 mv‡j A¨vcj †Kv¤úvwb ˆZwi K‡i| Windows 1985
▪ MS DOS Gi c~Y©iƒc— Microsoft Disk Operating System (GwU wjbv· 1981
IBM Dchy³ Kw¤úDv‡i eënv‡ii GKK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g)|
▪ MS DOS Ges OS/2 ‰Zwi K‡i— 1981 mv‡j †hŠ_fv‡e gvB‡µvmdU I AvBweGg|
▪ wjbv· evRv‡i Av‡m— †m‡Þ¤î, 1991 wLª÷v‡ã| GwU wm (C) j¨v½y‡q‡R ˆZwi Kiv nq|
DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
Windows 1.0 ▪ 1985 mv‡j Pvjy nq| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi cÖ‡qvRb wQj— 1 GgweÕi Kg|
Windows 95 ▪ Start Button me©cÖ_g eënvi Kiv nq| 32 we‡Ui cÖ_g GUI ‡eBRW Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
Windows NT ▪ NT Gi c~Y©iƒc— New Technology.
Windows Vista ▪ GwU 32 weU Ges 64 we‡Ui Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
Windows XP ▪ c~Y©iƒc— eXPerience|
▪ me©vwaK RbwcÖq OS| BDRv‡ii dvBj, ‡dvìvi, WKz‡g›U Avjv`v Kiv hvq|
Windows 10 ▪ ‰ewkó¨— me©Rbxb A¨vwcø‡Kkb¸wji mg_©b, ‡g‡U«v-÷vBj A¨vwcø‡Kkb¸wji m¤úªmviY,
cvkvcvwk eënviKvix gvDm Iwi‡q‡›UW B›Uvi‡dm Ges ¯úk© wfwËK B›Uvi‡dm UªvbwRU Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
Windows 11 ▪ Windows Gi me©‡kl ms¯‹iY|
▪ Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ Db¥y³ K‡i †`qv nq— 5 A‡±vei, 2021 wLª÷vã|
wewfbœ we‡Ui cÖ‡mmi I Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g

cÖ¯’ gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g
wewkó
পমা াইয়লর অোয়রটিং রসয়েম
4 weU 4004, 4040
আয়লাচিা করা হয় প্রযু রি অংয়ে।
8 weU 8008, 8080, 8085, Z80, 6800
16 weU 8086, 8088, 80186, 80188, 80286, Z8000 DOS, Windows 1/2/3
32 weU 80386, 80376, 80386DX, 80486 Windows 98, Windows NT, OS/2, Unix
64 weU Intel Core i3, Core i5, Core i7, Xenon, Intel ITANIUM Windows 7, Windows 10, Windows 11
BIOS ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Basic Input Output System. nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨v‡ii mgš^q K‡i|
▪ BIOS n‡j— GKwU Firmware (BIOS Kw¤úDUv‡ii ROM G msiwÿZ _v‡K)|
▪ Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy Ki‡j me©cÖ_g— BIOS mPj nq| Kw¤úDUvi Start Ges Boot Ki‡Z eëüZ nq|
▪ Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kx-‡evW© ‡_‡K ïiæ K‡i gvDm, BDGmwe Ges Ab¨vb¨ Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW/bb Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW wWfvBm
mv‡cvU© Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Driver ¸‡jv G ev‡qv‡mB ‡jvW n‡q _v‡K|
▪ KvR— eyU-AW©v‡i G‡·m Kiv, nvW© wW¯‹ BwbwkqvjvBR Kiv, gwbU‡i AvDUcyU ‡`Lv‡bv cÖf…wZ|
Booting ▪ Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy Kiv ev cybt Pvjy Kivi cÖwµqv‡K e‡j— Boot|
▪ eywUs m¤úbœ nIqvi c‡iB— Kw¤úDUvi‡K eënvi Kiv hvq|
▪ GKwU Kw¤úDUvi boot Ki‡Z cv‡i bv hw` Zv‡Z bv _v‡K— Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
▪ AvaywbK me ev‡qv‡mB eywUs-Gi mgq gv`vi‡evW© Zvi mv‡_ mshy³ me nvW©Iq¨vi‡K †PK K‡i| GB †PK
Kivi cÖwµqv‡K e‡j POST.
Three ▪ Ctrl + Alt + Delete GB KgvÛ‡K ejv nq Three-Finger Salute. Gi gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi‡K
Finger Reboot Kiv hvq|
Salute ▪ KvR— Pjgvb ‡cÖvMÖvg eÜ I bZzb †cÖvMÖvg Pvjy Kiv hvq| Kw¤úDUvi‡K Reboot Kiv hvq| Task
Manager ‡K Kv‡Ri wb‡`©kbv †`qv hvq|
exc †KvW ▪ wm‡÷‡g †Kvb mgm¨v aiv co‡j GwU wewfbœ ai‡bi exc †KvW †Rbv‡iU K‡i hv gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_ mshy³
w¯úKv‡i †e‡R I‡V| Zv ï‡b mn‡RB Avgiv Kw¤úDUv‡ii mgm¨v wbY©q Ki‡Z cvwi| wewfbœ ev‡qv‡m
wm‡÷‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi exc †KvW eënvi Kiv nq|
POST ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Power On Self Test.
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ

01. wb‡Pi ‡KvbwU Open Source Software? [44Zg wewmGm]
(K) Google Chrome (L) Microsoft Windows (M) Zoom (N) Adobe Photoshop DËi : K
02. wb‡Pi †KvbwU multi-tasking operating system bq? [43Zg wewmGm]
(K) Windows (L) Linux (M) Windows NT (N) DOS DËi : N
03. ‡KvbwU gvB‡µvmd‡Ui cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvg? (38Zg wewmGm)
K. Windows XP L. Windows 98 M. MS DOS N. Windows 7 DËi : M
04. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g bq? (37Zg wewmGm)
K. C L. DOS M. CP/M N. XENIX DËi : K
05. 8086 KZ we‡Ui gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi? (36Zg wewmGm)
K. 8 L. 16 M. 32 N. †KvbwUB bq DËi : L
06. GKwU Kw¤úDUvi boot Ki‡Z cv‡i bv hw` Zv‡Z bv _v‡K- (41Zg wewmGm)
(K) Compiler (L) loader (M) operating system (N) bootstrap DËi : M
Kw¤úDUv‡ii b¤î eë¯’v (Computer Number System)

KZZg wewmGm?
Uwc‡Ki bvg
35 36 37 38 40 41 43 44
Kw¤úDUv‡ii b¤î eë¯’v
msL¨v c×wZ - 2 - 1 1 1 - -
evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ - - - 1 - - 1 -
A±vj msL¨v c×wZ - - - - 1 - - 1
eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reiv - 1 - 1 - 1 - -
jwRK †MU - 1 1 1 - 1 1 -
▪ ‡h c×wZ‡Z msL¨v MYbv Kiv nq ev cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡K e‡j— msL¨v c×wZ|
▪ wWwRU ev A¼ : ‡Kvb msL¨v c×wZi wfwË ej‡Z— H msL¨v c×wZ‡Z eëüZ ‡gvU A¼ ev cÖZxKmg~‡ni msL¨v‡K
‡evSvq| ‡hgb : evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ c«Kvk Kivi Rb¨ 0, 1 eënvi Kiv nq| A_©vr msL¨v ‰Zwii ÿz`ªZg cÖZxKB
n‡”Q— wWwRU ev A¼| D`vniY : 62345 msL¨vwU 6, 2, 3, 4 I 5 GB cvuPwU Avjv`v A‡¼i mgš^‡q MwVZ|
▪ msL¨v c×wZi cÖKvi‡f` : Kw¤úDUv‡ii b¤î c×wZ wef³— 4 fv‡M| h_v— `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ, evBbvwi msL¨v
c×wZ, A±vj msL¨v c×wZ I †nKvªv‡Wwmgvj msL¨v c×wZ|
▪ `kwgK msL¨v c×wZ : cÖvZ¨wnK ev¯Íe Rxe‡b wnmve wbKvk Kivi Rb¨ Avgiv ‡h msL¨v c×wZ eënvi Kwi Zv `kwgK
msL¨v c×wZ| `kwgK msL¨vq †Kv‡bv As‡Ki ¯’vbxq gvb cÖKvk Kiv nq— 10 Gi NvZ Øviv| (Avwe®‹viK : Avh©fÆ)
▪ evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZ : GB msL¨v c×wZ‡Z 0 Ges 1 ‡gvU 2wU msL¨v cÖZxK i‡q‡Q| `ywU cÖZxK eëüZ nq e‡j G‡K
2-wfwËK msL¨v ev evBbvwi c×wZ ejv nq| Kw¤úDUv‡i WvUv msiÿ‡Y Rb¨ eëüZ nq— Binary system|
Kw¤úDUvi MvwYwZK Kvh©vejx (Mathematical function) m¤úv`b K‡i— Binary msL¨v c×wZ eënvi K‡i|
Kw¤úDUv‡i †U·U †KvWmg~n iƒcvšÍwiZ nq— evBbvwi c×wZ‡Z| (Avwe®‹viK :
▪ A±vj msL¨v c×wZ : ‡h msL¨v c×wZ‡Z AvUwU A¼ ev wPý eënvi Kiv nq Zv‡K A±vj msL¨v c×wZ e‡j| wWwRUvj
B‡jKUªwb‡·i wnmve wbKv‡ki mgq KL‡bv KL‡bv A±vj msL¨vi mv‡_ mvwd· wnmv‡e Gi wfwË wj‡L cÖKvk Kiv nq, Gi
gva¨‡g eySv hvq msL¨vwU A±vj msL¨v| (Avwe®‹viK : ivRv mßg Pvj©m)
▪ ‡n·v‡Wwmgvj msL¨v c×wZ : GB c×wZ‡Z 0 †_‡K 9 ch©šÍ †gvU 10wU msL¨v cÖZxK Ges †mB mv‡_ A, B, C, D, E,
F GB 6wU eY© cÖZxK i‡q‡Q| (Avwe®‹viK : KzBbm& Ad PvDm)
GK bR‡i wewfbœ msL¨v c×wZi mswÿß cwiwPwZ
msL¨v c×wZi bvg eëüZ wPýmg~n ‡eR ev D`vniY
wfwË
`kwgK 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (‡gvU— 10wU) 10 (123)10
evBbvwi 0, 1 (‡gvU— 2wU) 2 (1011)2
A±vj 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (‡gvU— 8wU) 8 (127)8
‡n·v‡Wwmgvj 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F (‡gvU— 16wU) 16 (3B5)16
wewfbœ msL¨v c×wZ MYbvi GKwU QK wb‡P †`qv nj
`kwgK evBbvwi A±vj ‡n·‡Wwmgvj `kwgK evBbvwi A±vj ‡n·‡Wwmgvj
0 0 0 0 11 1011 13 B
1 1 1 1 12 1100 14 C
2 10 2 2 13 1101 15 D
3 11 3 3 14 1110 16 E
4 100 4 4 15 1111 17 F
5 101 5 5 16 10000 20 10
6 110 6 6 17 10001 21 11
7 111 7 7 18 10010 22 12
8 1000 10 8 19 10011 23 13
9 1001 11 9 20 10100 24 14
10 1010 12 A 21 10101 25 15
weU (Bit) evBbvwi msL¨v c×wZi 0 Ges 1 GB `ywU ‡gŠwjK A¼‡K weU e‡j| Binary Digit kãwUi msw¶ß iƒc
n‡”Q weU (Bit)| 0 Ge 1 cÖ‡Z¨KwUB `ywU Avjv`v weU|
wbej (Nibble) GK evB‡Ui A‡a©K ev 4 weU‡K wbej ejv nq| mvaviYZ †n·v‡Wwmgvj msL¨v Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq|
evBU (Byte) AvUwU we‡Ui MÖæc wb‡q MwVZ kã‡K evBU e‡j| GK evBU = GK K¨v‡i±vi|
kã (Word) GK ev GKvwaK weU ev evBU wb‡q MwVZ kã‡K Kw¤úDUvi kã e‡j| myZivs 8 Bit = 1 Byte or
Character or Word Ges 16 Bits = 2 Character. A_v©r 8, 16, 32... BZ¨vw` n‡Z cv‡i|
i¨vwW· c‡q›U msL¨v c×wZ‡Z fMœvsk msL¨vi gaëZ©x `kwgK we›`y| †hgb : 10.25| GLv‡b gaëZ©x (. ) n‡jv
i¨vwW·|
evBbvwi c×wZi MvYwZK Acv‡ikb
evBbvwi msL¨vi †hvM evBbvwi msL¨vi we‡qvM
Input Output Input Output
x y Carry (nv‡Z) x+y x y x-y Carry (nv‡Z)
0 0 bvB 0 0 0 0 bvB
0 1 bvB 1 1 0 1 bvB
1 0 bvB 1 1 1 0 bvB
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
D`vniY— (1011)2 + (0101)2 = ? D`vniY— (1101)2 − (1010)2 = ?
1101 10101 1101 101
+ 0101 +1001 Ñ 1010 Ñ100
10000 11110 0011 001
e¨vL¨v : 1 I 1 ‡hvM Ki‡j nq 10 nq, hvi 0 e‡m Ges e¨vL¨v : 0 ‡_‡K 0 we‡qvM Ki‡j 0 nq Ges nv‡Z (Carry)
nv‡Z (Carry) _v‡K 1| 1 I 0 ‡hvM Ki‡j nq 1, _v‡K 0| 1 ‡_‡K 0 we‡qvM Ki‡j 1 nq Ges nv‡Z (Carry)
‡m‡ÿ‡Î nv‡Z (Carry) _v‡K bv| 0 I 0 ‡hvM Ki‡j nq _v‡K 0| 1 ‡_‡K 1 we‡qvM Ki‡j 0 nq Ges nv‡Z (Carry)
0, ‡Kvb nv‡Z (Carry) _v‡K bv| Abyiƒcfv‡e, 1+1+1 = _v‡K 0| 0 ‡_‡K 1 we‡qvM Ki‡j 1 nq Ges nv‡Z (Carry)
11 e‡m, Ô1Õ nv‡Z _v‡K Ô1Õ | _v‡K 1|
wPýhy³ msL¨v
Kw¤úDUv‡i †Kvb msL¨vi mv‡_ †Kvb msL¨v †hvM-we‡qvM Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡j cÖ_‡g †Wwmgvj msL¨vwU evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍwiZ
nq| cÖwZwU msL¨vi 1 ev 0 GK GK weU RvqMvq _v‡K| AvU weU wg‡j nq GK evBU| Kw¤úDUv‡i msL¨v AvU we‡U web¨¯Í
nq| abvZ¥K msL¨vwU hw` †QvU nq, Zvn‡j Wvbw`K †_‡K msL¨v e‡m evgw`‡Ki evwK Ni k~b¨ (0) w`‡q c~iY K‡i| Z‡e
evBbvwi c×wZ‡Z msL¨vwU wK abvZ¥K bvwK FYvZ¥K Zv eySv‡bvi Rb¨ me©ev‡gi GK weU eënvi Kiv nq| G weU 0 n‡j
msL¨vwU‡K abvZ¥K I 1 n‡j msL¨vwU‡K FYvZ¥K aiv nq| wPý ivLvi Rb¨ me©ev‡gi G weU‡K wPý weU (Sign bit) Ges
wPýhy³ msL¨v‡K wPwýZ msL¨v ev mvBÛ bv¤^vi (Signed Number) ejv nq| abvZ¥K msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î wPý weU Qvov evwK
AskwU msL¨vi gvb Ávcb K‡i| FYvZ¥K msL¨vi cwiYZ Kivi gvb Ávc‡bi Rb¨ wZbwU MVb c×wZ Av‡Q| h_v−
1. wPý cwigvY (Sign magnitude form) cÖK…Z gvb MVb
2. 1 Gi cwic~iK MVb (1’s complement form)
3. 2 Gi cwic~iK MVb (2’s Complement form)
G wZbwU c×wZi g‡a¨ cÖ_g `yÕwUi eënvi eZ©gv‡b †bB ej‡jB P‡j| Z‡e wWwRUvj wWfvB‡m FYvZ¥K msL¨vi gvb Ávc‡bi
Rb¨ 2 Gi cwic~iK eënvi Kiv nq| D‡jøL¨ 2 Gi cwic~iK †ei Kivi c~‡e© Aek¨B 1 Gi cwic~iK †ei Ki‡Z nq|
▪ evBbvwi msL¨v‡K Dwë‡q wjL‡j A_©vr 1 Gi cwie‡Z© 0 Ges 0 Gi cwie‡Z© 1 wjL‡j hv cvIqv hvq †mwUB 1 Gi
cwic~iK (1’s complement form).10101111 Gi 1’s complement 0101 0000
▪ evBbvwi msL¨vi 1 Gi cwic~i‡Ki mv‡_ 1 ‡hvM Ki‡j 2 Gi cwic~iK cvIqv hvq|
aiv hvK, 26 msL¨vwUi 2 Gi cwic~iK †ei Ki‡Z n‡e| 26 26 Gi evBbvwi msL¨v 8 weU †iwR÷v‡ii Rb¨ G msL¨v =
Gi evBbvwi msL¨v- 00011010 A_©vr 26 Gi 1 Gi cwic~iK = 11100101
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 2 Gi 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
- - - 1 1 0 1 0 cwic~iK - - - - - - - 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
msL¨vi iæcvšÍi
wewfbœ msL¨v c×wZ MYbv ও eywjqvb Dccv`ï GKwU QK wb‡P †`qv nj-
`kwgK evBbvwi A±vj ‡n·v‡Wwmgvj ‡Wwmgvj ‡_‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
0 0 0 0 wb‡¤œv³ avivwU g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e-
1 1 1 1 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
2 10 2 2 ▪ aiv hvK, 45 ‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z Dc‡ii
3 11 3 3 avivwU gyL¯’ Ki‡Z n‡e|
4 100 4 4 ▪ Gi ci KvQvKvwQ msL¨vi wb‡P 1 emv‡Z n‡e|
5 101 5 5 ▪ 45 Gi me‡P‡q Kv‡Qi msL¨v 32 (we‡eP¨ msL¨vwUi
6 110 6 6
‡P‡q Kg KvQvKvwQ msL¨v wb‡Z n‡e) nIqvq Gi wb‡P 1
7 111 7 7
emv‡Z n‡e|
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9 ▪ 64 msL¨vwU 45 Gi †P‡q eo nIqvq MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|
10 1010 12 A ▪ 32 Gi mv‡_ 16 ‡hvM Ki‡j we‡eP¨ msL¨vi †P‡q †ewk
11 1011 13 B nIqvq GwU MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| ZvB Gi wb‡P 0 emve|
12 1100 14 C ▪ 32 Gi mv‡_ 8 ‡hvM Ki‡j we‡eP¨ msL¨vi †P‡q Kg
13 1101 15 D nIqvq GwU MÖnY‡hvM¨ ZvB Gi wb‡P 1 emve|
14 1110 16 E ▪ 40 Gi mv‡_ 4 ‡hvM Ki‡j we‡eP¨ msL¨vi †P‡q Kg
15 1111 17 F nIqvq GwUI MÖnY‡hvM¨ ZvB Gi wb‡P 1 emve|
16 10000 20 10 ▪ 44 Gi mv‡_ 2 ‡hvM Ki‡j 45 Gi †P‡q eo nIqvq
17 10001 21 11 MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| ZvB Gi wb‡P 0 emve| Z‡e 44 Gi
18 10010 22 12
mv‡_ 1 ‡hvM Ki‡j Zv 45 Gi mgvb nIqvq GwU
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
MÖnY‡hvM¨ ZvB Gi wb‡P 1 emve|
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
- - 1 0 1 1 0 1
myZivs 45 Gi evBbvwi gvb n‡e = (101101)2 |
Ab¨fv‡e, gvÎ 5 †m‡K‡Û Lye mn‡R mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb...
45 1 2 5 11 22 45 GLv‡b, `y‡Uv cÖ_gZ, cÖ`Ë msL¨vwU‡K wj‡L †dj‡Z n‡e Ges Zvi A‡a©K K‡i Wvb n‡Z
e¨vcvi g‡b evg w`‡K wjL‡Z n‡e|
1 0 1 1 0 1 ivL‡Z n‡e| wØZxqZ, fMœvsk Avm‡j ïay c~Y© msL¨vwU wb‡Z n‡e| e‡·i D`vniYwU
†`L‡jB eyS‡eb| Gici †Rvo msL¨vi wb‡P 0 Ges we‡Rvo msL¨vi wb‡P
1 wjL‡Z n‡e| myZivs evBbvwi msL¨vwU n‡e = (101101)2|
evBbvwi †_‡K †Wwmgvj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
aiv hvK, (101101)2 evBbvwi msL¨vwU‡K ‡Wwmgv‡j 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e| - - 1 0 1 1 0 1
Dc‡ii avivwUi †h msL¨v¸‡jvi wb‡P 1 i‡q‡Q ïay †m¸‡jv †hvM Kwi| 32, 8, 4, 1 Gi †hvMdj 45, myZivs †Wwmgvj
msL¨vwU n‡e (45)10 | GKB fv‡e (101110)2 Gi evBbvwi b¤^‡ii mgZzj¨ †Wwmgvj b¤î : (46)10|
Ab¨fv‡e, 1×25 + 0×24 +1×23+1×22+1×21+0×20 = 32+8+4+2=46.
A±vj †_‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi
A±v‡ji cÖwZwU wWwRU‡K Zvi mgZzj¨ wZb weU K‡i evBbvwi‡Z wjL‡Z n‡e|
A±v‡ji cÖwZwU wWwRU‡K Zvi mgZzj¨ wZb weU K‡i A±vj evBbvwi
evBbvwi‡Z wjL‡Z n‡e| †hgb− 175 Gi evBbvwi msL¨v ‡eR 8 ‡eR 2
= (001 111 101)2 0 000
1 001
2 010
175 3 011
4 100
5 101
001 111 101 6 110
7 111
cÖ‡kœ evBbvwi †_‡K A±vj msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Z ejv n‡jI Dc‡ii mviYx †`‡L iƒcvšÍi Kiv hv‡e|
Decimal msL¨v 55 Gi mgZ~j¨ Octal msL¨v wbY©q :
8 55
8 6 7 ∴ (55)10 = (67)8
0 6
Octal msL¨v 67 Gi mgZ~j¨ Decimal msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi :
(67)8 = (6 × 81) + (7 × 80) = 48 + 7 = (55)10
cÖ`Ë msL¨vwU (67) Gi Wvb w`K †_‡K evg w`‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| Wvb w`‡Ki msL¨vwUi mv‡_ 8 Gi cvIqvi (0,1,2..)
¸Y K‡i Wvb †_‡K evg w`‡K Avm‡Z n‡e| Gi cÖvß msL¨vmg~n †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e| Dc‡ii D`vniYwU †`L‡jB eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|
(57)8 = (5 × 81) + (7 × 80) = 40 + 7 = (47)10
eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reiv (Boolean Algebra)

▪ eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reiv bv‡g cwiwPZ— RR© ey‡ji exRMwYZ| wZwb MwYZ I hyw³ g‡a¨ m¤úK© mbv³ K‡ib— 1854
mv‡j|
▪ eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reivi cÖwZwU jwRK †M‡U gvb _v‡K— 2wU| h_v— 0 Ges 1| GLv‡b GKwUi gvb mZ¨ n‡j Ab¨wU nq
wg_¨v| hyw³ eZ©bxi nvB †fv‡ëR 1 Ges †jv †fv‡ëR 0 wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ nq|
▪ eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reiv eëüZ nq— jwRK mvwK©U wWRvB‡bi Rb¨|
Dccv`¨ Law of Law of Dccv`¨ Law of Addition Law of
Addition Multiplication Multiplication
†gŠwjK A+0=A A.1=A Abyl½ Dccv`¨ A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C A(BC) = (AB)C
Dccv`¨ A + 𝐴̅ = 1 A . 𝐴̅ = 0 wefvRb Dccv`¨ A (B+C)=AB+AC A+BC= (A+B)(A+C)
A+A=A A.A=A wW-giM¨v‡bi
̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
A+B=A ̅.B
̅ ̅̅̅̅ = A
AB ̅+ B
̅
A+1=1 A.0=0 Dccv`¨
wewbgq Dccv`¨ A+B ̅= B ̅+A A.B ̅= B ̅.A mnvqK Dccv`¨ A + AB = A A (A+B) = A
❖ jwRK †M‡Ui cÖKvi‡f`- jwRK †MU‡K g~jZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| †gŠwjK †MU I ‡hŠwMK †MU
▪ †gŠwjK †MU (Basic Logic Gates) : wZb cÖKv‡ii †gŠwjK jwRK †MUmg~n n‡jv—
Ai †MU (OR Gate) Ai †MB‡U `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK BbcyU Input Output
_v‡K| GLv‡b AvDUcyU BbcyU¸‡jvi A B A OR B
†hŠw³K †hv‡Mi mgvb| Ai †MB‡U 0 0 0
†h‡Kvb GKwU BbcyU 1 n‡j AvDUcyU 1 0 1 1
nq| A_©vr me¸‡jv BbcyU 0 n‡j 1 0 1
AvDUcyU 0 nq| Ab¨ mKj Ae¯’vq 1 1 1
AvDUcyU 1 nq| ‡hŠw³K †hv‡Mi Rb¨
A¨vÛ †MU A¨vÛ †M‡U `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK BbcyU Input Output
(AND Gate) _v‡K Ges GKwU gvÎ AvDUcyU _v‡K| A B X = AB
GLv‡b AvDUcyU BbcyU¸‡jvi †hŠw³K 0 0 0
¸Yd‡ji mgvb| A¨vÛ †M‡U †h‡Kvb 0 1 0
GKwU BbcyU 0 n‡j AvDUcyU 0 nq| 1 0 0
A_©vr me¸‡jv BbcyU 1 n‡j AvDUcyU 1 1 1 1
nq| Ab¨ mKj Ae¯’vq AvDUcyU 0 ‡hŠw³K ¸‡Yi Rb¨
n‡e|
bU †MU (NOT G †M‡U GKwU BbcyU I GKwU AvDUcyU Input Output
Gate or _v‡K| GwU Ggb GKwU jwRK †MU hvi A X=A ̅
Inverter) AvDUcyU, Bbcy‡Ui wecixZ gvb| 1 0
0 1
‡hŠw³K c~i‡Ki Rb¨
▪ †hŠwMK †MU : G †MU¸‡jv GK ev GKvwaK †gŠwjK †M‡Ui mgš^‡q ˆZwi nq| G¸‡jv n‡jv t
bi †MU (NOR OR Gate I NOT Gate mgwš^Z Input Output
Gate) †MU‡K bi (NOR) ‡MU e‡j| bi A B A+B X = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
A+B
(NOR) †MU Ai (OR) ‡M‡Ui 0 0 0 1
wecixZ| 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0
G·-Ai †MU Exclusive OR Gi mswÿß iƒc n‡jv Input Output
(XOR Gate) XOR| XOR Gate G hw` `y B A B A XOR B
Bbcy‡Ui gvb mgvb nq Z‡e AvDUcy‡Ui 0 0 0
†Kv‡bv gvb cvIqv hvq bv A_©vr 0 1 1
AvDUcyU wR‡iv (0) n‡e| 1 0 1
1 1 0
G·-bi †MU XOR ‡M‡Ui mv‡_ NOT ‡M‡Ui Input Output
(XNOR Gate) mgš^‡q XNOR ‡MU MwVZ nq| X- A B A XOR B X = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
A XOR B
NOR ‡MU XOR ‡M‡Ui wecixZ| 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
g‡b ivLyb : NAND Ges NOR ‡MU‡K Universal Gate ejv nq| GB †MU¸‡jv w`‡q †h‡Kvb †MU ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
Kw¤úDUvi †KvwWs
Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡g eëüZ cªwZwU eY©, msL¨v ev we‡kl wPý‡K c„_K c„_Kfv‡e wmwcBD‡K †evSv‡bvi Rb¨ evBbvwi weU A_©vr
0 ev 1 iƒcvšÍi K‡i wewfbœfv‡e mvwR‡q AwØZxq ms‡KZ ˆZwi Kiv nq| GB AwØZxq ms‡KZ‡K †KvW e‡j| eënv‡ii
wfwË‡K †KvW‡K wewfbœfv‡e fvM Kiv nq| h_v-
A±vj †KvW (Octal Code) ‡n·v‡Wwmgvj †KvW wewmwW †KvW (BCD Code)
BDwb‡KvW (Unicode) AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW BwewmwWAvBwm (EBCDIC)
AvmwK †KvW (ASCII Code) ‡gvm© †KvW (Morse Code) ‡MÖ †KvW (Gray Code)
A±vj †KvW ▪ A±vj †KvW n‡jv wZb we‡Ui evBbvwi †KvW A_©vr 3 weU wewkó evBbvwi †KvW‡K A±vj †KvW ejv
nq| wZb we‡Ui A±vj †Kv‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ eo ai‡bi evBbvwi msL¨v‡K msw¶ß ms‡KZ wn‡m‡e eënvi
Kiv hvq| †hgb : (46)10 = (101110)2 = (56)8 = 101110 (A±vj †KvW)
‡n·v‡Wwmgvj ▪ ‡nKvªv‡Wwmgvj b¤î MV‡bi mswgkÖY n‡jv— Aÿi Ges †Wwmgvj wWwRU|
†KvW ▪ ‡h AÿiwU †nKvªv‡Wwmgvj MYbv c×wZi GKwU gvb wb‡`©‡k K‡i- F.
▪ 53D ‡h ai‡bi msL¨v— †nKvªv‡Wwmgj| ‡nKvªv‡Wwmgvj msL¨v 9 Gi mggv‡bi n‡jv- †Wwmgvj 9|
▪ D`vniY— (37)10 = (25)16 = 00100101 (‡n·v‡Wwmgvj †KvW)
wewmwW †KvW ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Binary Coded Decimal. 4wU weU Øviv MwVZ †KvW
▪ BCD ‡Kv‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ `kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq, weU msL¨v- 4wU|
▪ GwU `kwgK msL¨v‡K evBbvwi msL¨vq cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ eëüZ nq| GB †Kv‡Wi g‡a¨ 8421 †KvW
we‡klfv‡e eëüZ nq|
▪ Kw¤úDUv‡ii BIOS Gi ZvwiL msi¶‡Y, IBM-Gi cyi‡bv mycvi Kw¤úDUv‡i, wewfbœ B‡jw±ªK
wWm‡cø †ev‡W© ZvwiL msi¶‡Y BCD †KvW eëüZ nq|
AvmwK †KvW ▪ ASCII Gi c~Y©iƒc- American Standard Code for Information Interchange (1965
mv‡j ievU© wegvi mvZ we‡Ui GB AvmwK †KvW D™¢veb K‡ib)|
▪ gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡i G †Kv‡Wi e¨vcK cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| GB ‡KvW Kw¤úDUvi Ges BbcyU/AvDUcy‡Ui
Rb¨ eëüZ hš¿ (‡hgb : wK-‡evW©, gvDm, gwbUi, wcÖ›Uvi BZ¨vw`) Gi g‡a¨ AvjdvwbD‡gwiK Z_¨
cÖ`v‡b eëüZ nq|
▪ ASCII ev AvmwK n‡jv— 7 we‡Ui AvjdvwbD‡gwiK †KvW|
▪ AvmwK (ASCII) †KvW Øviv- 27 ev 128 wU AwØZxq AsK, Aÿi Ges wPý cÖKvk Kiv hvq|
▪ ASCII ‡Kv‡W A- 65, a-97|
BwewmwWAvBwm ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Extended Binary Coded Decimal Information Code.
†KvW ▪ IBM KZ…©K D™¢vweZ 8 weU Avjdv wbD‡gwiK †KvW n‡jv— EBCDIC; GB †Kv‡Wi mvnv‡h¨
256 ev 28 wU Aÿi, wPý ev AsK cÖKvk Kiv hvq)|
BDwb‡KvW ▪ c~Y©iƒc— Universal Code ev mve©Rbxb †KvW| weU msL¨v— 16|
16
▪
UNICODE n‡”Q- 16 weU (2 evBU) Gi †KvW (GwU 65536 ev 2 wU Aÿi, wPý ev AsK
cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU we‡k¦i mKj fvlv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i †KvWfz³ Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ nq)|
▪ BDwb‡KvW n‡jv— Character Encoding System|
▪ Avbwm †KvW (ANSI code) n‡jv- American National Standards Institute (GwU 8 we‡Ui GKwU wbD‡gwiK
†KvW)|
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
01. wb‡Pi ‡Kvb Octal msL¨vwU Decimal msL¨v 55 Gi mgZ~j¨? [44Zg wewmGm]
(K) 55 (L) 77 (M) 67 (N) 87 D:M
02. 101110 evBbvwi bv¤^v‡ii mgZzj¨ †Wwmgvj bv¤^vi †KvbwU? [43Zg wewmGm]
(K) 46 (L) 16 (M) 24 (N) 54 D:K
03. ‡h B‡j±ªwbK jwRK †MB‡Ui AvDUcyU jwRK 0 ïaygvÎ hLb mKj jwRK 1 Zvi bvg- [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) AND ‡MBU (L) OR ‡MBU (M) NAND ‡MBU (N) Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq D. M
04. wb‡Pi †KvbwU 100 Gi 1 Kgwcø‡g›U? [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) 111 (L) 101 (M) 011 (N) 001 D: M
05. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK bq? [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) (̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ .B
A + B) = A ̅ (L) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅+ B
(A + B ) = A ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ (M) (A. ̅+B
B. C) = A ̅ + C̅ (N) ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
(𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶) = 𝐴̅ . 𝐵̅ . 𝐶̅ D. L
06. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Octal number bq? (40Zg wewmGm)
K. 19 L. 77 M. 15 N. 101 D. K
07. wb‡Pi ‡KvbwU 𝟓𝟐𝟏𝟔 Gi evBbvwi iƒc? (40Zg wewmGm)
K. (01010010)2 L. (01110011)2 M. (00001100)2 N. (11110000)2 D. K
08. wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK bq? (38Zg wewmGm)
K. A + 0 = A L. A.1 = A M. A + A′ = 1 N. A . A´ = 1 D. N
09. Boolean Algebra-Gi wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? (36Zg wewmGm)
K. A + A ̅=1 L. A.A = 1 M. A + A = 2A N. †KvbwUB bq D. K
10. GKwU jwRK †MU Gi AvDUcyU 1 nq hLb Gi me BbcyU 0 _v‡K| GB †MUwU- (38Zg wewmGm)
K. AND L. OR M. XOR N. NAND D. N
11. ÔGKwU 2 (`yB) BbcyU jwRK AvDUcyU ∅ n‡e, hw` Gi BbcyU¸‡jv mgvb nqÕ- GB Dw³wU †Kvb †M‡Ui Rb¨ mZ¨- (37Zg wewmGm)
K. AND L. NOR M. Ex-OR N. OR D. M
12. GK IqvW© KZ weU wewkó nq- (37Zg wewmGm)
K. 8 L. 16 M. 4 N. 2 D. K
13. 10101111 Gi 1’s complement ‡KvbwU? (38Zg wewmGm)
K. 1111 1111 L. 0000 0000 M. 0101 0000 N. 1100 0011 D. M
14. (1011)2 + (0101)2 = ? (36Zg wewmGm)
K. (1100)2 L. (11000)2 M. (01100)2 N. †KvbwUB bv D. N
Kw¤úDUv‡ii cvi½gZv (Computer Performance)

Computer Performance ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii cvi½gZv ej‡Z †evSvq Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡g msNwUZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz Kv‡Ri
mgwó hv wbw`©ó mgq Ges eëüZ wi‡mv‡m©i Dci wbf©ikxj| Z‡e Kw¤úDUv‡ii cvidig¨vÝ ej‡Z †evSv‡bv nq—
Kw¤úDUv‡ii `ªæZ MwZ‡K| eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbwcÖqZv I eûj eënv‡ii wcQ‡b i‡q‡Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii wKQz Abb¨ ‰ewkó¨
hv wb‡¤œ Av‡jvwPZ n‡jv—
`ªæZMwZ wek^vm‡hvM¨Zv m~²Zv K¬vwšÍnxbZv wbfz©jZv
Amxg Rxebxkw³ eûgywLZv ¯^qswµqZv hyw³m½Z ¯§„wZkw³
▪ Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡g msNwUZ ¸iZ¡c~Y© wKQy Kv‡Ri mgwó hv wbw`©ó mgq Ges eëüZ wi‡mv‡m©i Dci wbf©ikxj †mwU
n‡jv— Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kg©`¶Zv ev Computer Performance|
▪ Kw¤úDUv‡ii g~j ‰ewkó¨— Kw¤úDUvi `ªæZ wbf©yjfv‡e cybive„wËg~jK KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
▪ Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb êwkó¨— 3wU (`ªæZMwZ‡Z KvR Kiv, wbfz©jfv‡e KvR Kiv, wecyj †g‡gvwi)|
▪ Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri fyj djvdj ‡Ìqv‡K e‡j— GIGO| A_v©r Kw¤úDUv‡i fzj WvUv BbcyU w`‡j Kw¤úDUviI fzj
AvDUcyU w`‡q _v‡K hv‡K e‡j- Mv‡e©R Bb Mv‡e©R AvDU (Garbage in, Garbage out Ges ms‡ÿ‡c GIGO)|
▪ Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri MwZ cÖKvk Kiv nq— b¨v‡bv ‡m‡K‡Û| A_©vr Kw¤úDUvi GKwU KvR ev wb‡`©k m¤úbœ Ki‡Z mgq
†bq— 1 b¨v‡bv †m‡KÛ| 1 b¨v‡bv †m‡K‡Û n‡”Q— 1 †m‡K‡Ûi 1kZ †KvwU fv‡Mi 1 fvM|
▪ Kw¤úDUvi †m‡K‡Û †hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i— `yB †KvwU ch©šÍ|
▪ Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖv‡g GKB wb‡`©kbv evievi m¤úbœ Kivi cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq— jywcs|
১ 1 wc‡Kv ১
1 wgwj 10−3 ১০০০
‡m‡KÛ 10−12 ১০০০০০০০০০০০০
†m‡KÛ
†m‡KÛ ‡m‡KÛ ‡m‡KÛ
‡m‡KÛ
১ ১
1 gvB‡µv 10−6 ‡m‡KÛ 1 †dg‡Uv 10−15
১০০০০০০ ১০০০০০০০০০০০০০০০
†m‡KÛ ‡m‡KÛ †m‡KÛ ‡m‡KÛ ‡m‡KÛ
১ −18 ১
1 b¨v‡bv 10 −9
‡m‡KÛ 1 A¨v‡Uv 10
১০০০০০০০০০ ১০০০০০০০০০০০০০০০০০০
‡m‡KÛ ‡m‡KÛ †m‡KÛ ‡m‡KÛ ‡m‡KÛ
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ

01. Kw¤úDUv‡ii †KvbwU †bB? (23Zg wewmGm)
K. ¯§„wZ L. eyw× we‡ePbv
M. `xN© mgq KvR Kivi ÿgZv N. wbf©yj KvR Kivi ÿgZv DËi : L
Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg (Computer Program) : fvBivm (Virus), dvqviIqvj

(Firewall) KZZg wewmGm?
Uwc‡Ki bvg
35 36 37 38 40 41 43 44
Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs : fvBivm, dvqviIqvj BZ¨vw`
‡cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡qR 2 2 - - - 1 - -
Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg - - - - 1 - - -
Firewall - - - - 1 - - -
fvBivm, A¨vw›U fvBivm - - - - - 1 1 2
‡WUv‡eR wm‡÷g
wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g - - - - 1 1 2 1
Kw¤úDUvi Kw¤úDUvi‡K Av‡`k cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ mymsMwVZ I wbqg gvwdK mvs‡KwZK I avivevwnK wb‡`©kvejx‡K
†cÖvMÖvwgs Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs e‡j|
cÖKvi‡f` Kw¤úDUvi ‡cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv‡K 3 fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v- hvwš¿K fvlv (Machine Language), A¨v‡m¤^wj
fvlv (Assembly Language) Ges D”P¯Í‡ii fvlv (High Level Language)
A‡e‡R± †cÖvMÖvg I Drm †cÖvMÖvg ‡gwk‡bi fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg‡K e‡j Ae‡R± ‡cÖvMÖvg Ges Ab¨ fvlvq wjwLZ
†cÖvMÖvg‡K e‡j Drm ev †mvm© †cÖvMÖvg|
‡cÖvMÖvwgs cÖ_g cÖRb¥ 1945 (hvwš¿K fvlv) ‡gwkb j¨v½y‡q‡Ri fvlv- cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i fvlv
fvlvi cÖRb¥ ▪ ‡gwk‡bi fvlv Kw¤úDUv‡ii †gŠwjK fvlv| ‡gwk‡bi fvlvq 0 I 1 GB `ywU evBbvwi A¼ eënvi K‡i
mewKQz †jLv nq|
▪ ‡gwk‡bi fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Kiv me‡P‡q Kómva¨ I mgqmv‡cÿ|
▪ GK ai‡bi †gwk‡bi Rb¨ wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg Ab¨ ai‡bi †gwk‡b eënvi Kiv hvq bv|
wØZxq cÖRb¥ 1950 (A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv) A¨v‡m¤^wj j¨v½y‡q‡Ri fvlv- wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i fvlv
▪ wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i fvlv‡K mvs‡KwZK fvlv ejv nq †Kbbv, G‡Z wewfbœ ai‡bi ms‡KZ eënvi Kiv nq|
▪ mvs‡KwZK fvlvi wb‡`©k ev Z‡_ï wVKvbv ms‡K‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ †Ìqv nq Ges GB ms‡KZ‡K ejv nq
†b‡gvwbK ev mvs‡KwZK †KvW| †cÖvMÖvg wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg A¨v‡m¤^jv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb|
Z…Zxq cÖRb¥ 1960 (D”PZi fvlv) FORTRAN, ALGOL, LISP, COBOL, PL/1, Logo,
APL, PROLOG, FORTH, Ada, BASIC, Pascal,
C++, Java, Python, Visual Basic, Dbase, WordStar
etc.
▪ D”PZi fvlvq gvby‡li †evaMg¨ kã ev evK¨ eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
▪ D”PZi fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg †h‡Kvb fvlvq eënvi Kiv hvq|
▪ K¤úvBjvi (Compiler) ev B›Uvi‡cÖUvi (Interpreter) bvgK mdUIq¨vi eënvi Kiv nq D”PZi
fvlv‡K h‡š¿i fvlvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi Rb¨|
PZz_© cÖRb¥ 1970 (AwZ D”PZi fvlv) SQL, NOMAD, RPG III, FOCUS, Intellect, Delhi,
Perl, MatLab, Ruby etc.
▪ PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i fvlv‡K bbcÖwmwWDivj j¨vs¸‡qR ejv nq|
▪ G mKj fvlv‡K Rapid Application Development (RAD) Uzj ejv nq KviY, GB mKj fvlv
eënvi K‡i mn‡RB A¨vwcø‡Kkb ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
cÂg cÖRb¥ 1980 (¯^vfvweK fvlv) K…wÎg e„w×gËv eëüZ n‡e- cÂg cÖR‡b¥i fvlvq
▪ cÂg cÖR‡b¥i fvlv wn‡m‡e gvby‡li fvlv ev ¯^vfvweK fvlv eënv‡ii cÖ‡Póv Pj‡Q|
D”P¯Í‡ii D”P¯Í‡ii fvlv‡K `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- (1) mvaviY Kv‡Ri (General purpose) fvlv I (2)
fvlv we‡kl Kv‡Ri (Special purpose) fvlv|
mvaviY †h fvlv me ai‡bi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ eënvi nq Zv‡K mvaviY Kv‡Ri fvlv e‡j| †hgb- †ewmK, wm, c¨vmKj
Kv‡Ri fvlv BZ¨vw`|
we‡kl †h fvlv ïay we‡kl we‡kl Kv‡R eënvi nq Zv‡K we‡kl Kv‡Ri fvlv e‡j| †hgb- †Kvej, †dviUªvb|
Kv‡Ri we‡kl Kv‡Ri fvlv‡K wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
fvlv evwYwR¨K cÖ‡qv‡Mi fvlv - †Kvej êÁvwbK cÖ‡qv‡Mi fvlv - diUªvb eû cÖ‡qv‡Mi fvlv - †ewmK, diUªvb, G¨vWv
Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg (Source Programme) ‡K hš¿fvlvq Abyev` K‡i e¯‘ †cÖvMÖvg (Object Programme) G cwiYZ
†cÖvMÖvg K‡i †m †cÖvMÖvg‡K Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg e‡j| g~jZ D”P¯Í‡ii fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg‡K wb¤œ¯Í‡ii fvlvq iæcvšÍ‡ii
Rb¨ Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg eëüZ nq| Kw¤úDUvi GKgvÎ hš¿fvlv eyS‡Z cv‡i e‡j Ab¨ fvlvq †jLv Drm
†cÖvMÖvg‡K hš¿fvlvq Abyev` bv Ki‡j Zv Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wZb ai‡bi Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg i‡q‡Q| h_v-
K¤úvBjvi D”P¯Í‡ii fvlvi Drm †cÖvMÖvg‡K e¯‘ †cÖvMÖv‡g Abyev` K‡i| K¤úvBjvi m¤ú~~Y© †cÖvMÖvgwU‡K GKmv‡_
(Compiler) c‡o Ges GKmv‡_ Abyev` K‡i|
B›UviwcÖUvi (Interpreter) D”P¯Í‡ii fvlvq Kiv †cÖvMÖvgwU‡K GK jvBb K‡i c‡o Ges Abyev` K‡i|
A¨v‡m¤^jvi A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg‡K †gwkb fvlvq Abyev` Kivi Rb¨ A¨v‡m¤^jvi eënvi Kiv nq|
(Assembler)
‡cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vsMy‡q‡Ri µgweKvk
fvlvi bvg DrcwË fvlvi bvg DrcwË fvlvi bvg DrcwË
Machine Language 1945 RPG, PL/1 1964 FORTH 1971
Assembly Language 1950 BASIC 1964 PROLOG, C 1972
FORTRAN 1957 Logo 1966 Ada 1979
ALGOL, LISP 1958 APL 1968 C++ 1983
COBOL 1960 Pascal 1970 Java 1995
wewfbœ ‡cÖvMÖvwgs j¨vs¸‡q‡Ri c~Y©iƒc
FORTRAN Formula Translation COBOL Common Business Oriented Language
ALGOL Algorithmic Language BASIC Beginer’s All-purpose Symbolic
MatLab MatrixLaboratory Instruction Code.
‡cÖvMÖvwgs iPbvi avcmg~n
K. A¨vjMwi`g †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Kivi ch©vqµwgK avç‡jvi MVb wba©viY K‡i †bIqvi Rb¨ †h wm×všÍµg ˆZwi K‡i wb‡Z
nq, Zv‡KB †cªvMÖvwgs-Gi fvlvq e‡j A¨vjMwi`g|
L. cÖevnwPÎ A¨vjMwi`g ev wm×všÍµ‡gi avcmg~‡ni wPÎiƒc‡KB ejv nq cÖevnwPÎ| †cÖvMÖv‡gi avç‡jv wKfv‡e Ges
†Kvbc‡_ cÖevwnZ n‡”Q Zv wPÎ AvKv‡i wbiƒcY Kiv n‡”Q cÖevnwP‡Îi g~j D‡Ïk¨|
M. †cÖvMÖvg cÖevnwP‡Îi welq‡K Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi fvlvq iƒcvšÍi Kiv‡K ejv nq †cÖvMÖvg †KvwWs| †cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi
†W‡fjc‡g›U ev mgq my‡Wv‡Kv‡Wi eënvi Kiv nq| my‡Wv‡KvW ej‡Z cÖK…Z †cÖvMÖvwgs †evSv‡bv nq bv|
†KvwWs my‡Wv †KvW : wMÖK kã my‡Wv A_©- QÙ| †cÖvMÖvwgs Kivi mgq my‡Wv †KvW ej‡Z cÖK…Z †cÖvMÖvwgs †K wb‡`©k
K‡i bv| GwU n‡jv- †cÖvMÖvwgs‡qi aiY I Kvh©vewj Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ wKQz msL¨K wb‡`©‡ki mgwó|
wWevwMs †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi fzj-ÎæwU Lyu‡R †ei K‡i Zv `~ixf~Z Kiv‡K e‡j wWevwMs|
fvBivm
msÁv Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm (Computer virus) n‡jv GK ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg hv eënviKvixi AbygwZ ev aviYv
QvovB wb‡R wb‡RB Kwc Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKwU fvBivm GK Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Aci Kw¤úDUv‡i †h‡Z cv‡i
†KejgvÎ hLb AvµvšÍ Kw¤úDUvi‡K ¯^vfvweK Kw¤úDUviwUi Kv‡Q wb‡q hvIqv nq|
VIRUS Vital Information Resources Under Seize A_v©r ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Drm¸‡jv ev‡Rqvß Kiv n‡q‡Q|
bvgKiY M‡elK †d«WwiK †Kv‡nb (Fredrick Cohen) fvBivm bvgKiY K‡ib|
msµgY cv‡mv©bvj Kw¤úDUvi (PC) B›Uvi‡bU I ‡jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqv‡K©i (LAN) mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K hv ÿwZKi †KvW
Qov‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| www, e-mail I Kw¤úDUvi dvBj †kqvwis Gi gva¨‡g fvBivm msµgY NU‡Z cv‡i|
fvBiv‡mi bvg A¨vw›UfvBiv‡mi bvg
Michelangelo Storm worm I love you Kaspersky McAfee AVG Norton
Conficker Creeper Brain Ransom ESET NOD 32 AVIRA
Cinderella My Doom Nimda Elk cloner Microsoft defender PANDA Avast
Cryptolocker Bye Bye CIH Pikachu Bit defender TREND Symantec
Trojon Horse Bad boy Malwarebytes Trend Micro
fvBiv‡mi BwZnvm
1971 wb‡R †_‡KB Qov‡Z cv‡i Ggb GKwU cixÿvg~jK Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm ˆZwii cixÿv nq| fvBivmwU ˆZwi K‡ib—
ee _gvm| fvBivmwUi bvg— wµcvi fvBivm (Creeper Virus)|
1992 gvB‡Kj A¨v‡Ä‡jv fvBiv‡mi Avwef©ve N‡U|
1999 26 GwcÖj wekê¨vcx wech©q m„wóKvix ÔCIH’ fvBivm Kw¤úDUvi AvµgY K‡i| CIH fvBivm‡K ejv nq Mother
of all VIRUS. GB fvBivmwU evsjv‡`kmn wekê¨vcx jvL jvL Kw¤úDUvi‡K AvµgY K‡i|
2008 Koobface Kw¤úDUvi worm Qvov nq †mvm¨vj †bUIqvwK©s mvBU †dmeyK Ges gvB‡¯úm Gi eënviKvix‡ì Uv‡M©U K‡i|
GK ai‡bi g¨vjIq¨vi hv GKwU wWfvBm‡K AvµvšÍ Kivi ci eënviKvix‡ì‡K Zvi †gwk‡b cÖ‡ek Kiv ‡_‡K
(Ransomware)
weiZ iv‡L Ges eënviKvixi cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv mxgve× K‡i †`q| GB mxgve×Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨ eënviKvixi KvQ
i¨vbmgIq¨vi
†_‡K gyw³cY `vex K‡i| i¨vbmgIq¨vi n‡jv wµ‡ÞvfvBivj G·Uikb Gi g‡Zv| GwU GKwU †_ªW hv A¨vWvg
Bqs Ges †gvwU Bqs A‡bK Av‡M Kíbv K‡iwQ‡jb| hwÌ i¨vbmgIq¨vi †K‡j¼vwi cª_‡g ivwkqv‡Z Rbwcªq nq,
c‡i GwU AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e Qwo‡q c‡o| 2017 mv‡ji †g gv‡m Ôi¨vbmgIq¨viÕ I ÔIqvbvµvB 150wU †`‡ki cªvq
2 jvL Kw¤úDUvi‡K AvµgY K‡i mviv we‡k¦ Av‡jvob m„wó K‡i|
Y-2K 1 Rvbyqvwi, 2000 wLª÷v‡ã mviv we‡kî Kw¤úDUv‡i bZzb mn¯ªvãRwbZ GKwU mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nq, GB mgm¨v‡K
Bug Y-2K Bug e‡j| GLv‡b 2K = 2000.
dvqviIqvj
evB‡ii AvµgY †_‡K GK ev GKvwaK Kw¤úDUvi †K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ nvW©Iq¨vi Avi mdUIq¨vi Gi wgwjZ cªqvm| Ab¨fv‡e
ejv hvq, Abvw`ó (Unauthorized) ev AevwÃZ eënviKvixi (Intruder) nvZ n‡Z wm‡÷g i¶v Kiv ev mvBevi AvµgY
Gov‡Z dvqviIqvj (Firewall) eënvi Kiv nq| dvqviIqvj (Firewall) Gi me‡P‡q eûj eënvi †jvKvj Gwiqv
†bUIqvK© (LAN) Gi †¶‡Î| Z_¨ wbivcËv i¶vI dvqviIqvj (Firewall) Gi Kv‡Ri Ask| me‡P‡q †ewk cÖPwjZ
Firewall n‡jv Af¨šÍixY †bUIqvK© I B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gv‡S GKwU ivDUvi eënvi K‡i mg¯Í UªvwdK ch©‡eÿY ev wbqš¿Y Kiv|
wW¯‹ d«vM‡g‡›Ukb
Kw¤úDUvi nvW© wW¯‹ AZ¨waK eënv‡ii d‡j nvW© wW‡¯‹i †jLv¸‡jv wewfbœ RvqMvq Qwo‡q wQwU‡q hvq| G Ae¯’v‡K nvW© wW¯‹
Amw¾Z (Defrag) e‡j| wW¯‹ d«vM‡g‡›Ukb eëüZ nq wW‡¯‹i dvBj¸‡jv‡K cybwe©b¨¯Í Ki‡Z| (38Zg wewmGm)
weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ
01. ‡h Kw¤úDUvi ‡cÖvMÖvg wb‡R wb‡RB Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g Kwc nq Zv‡K _____ e‡j| [44Zg wewmGm]
(K) Program Virus (L) Worms (M) Trojan Horse (N) Boot Virus D:M
e¨vL¨v: Kw¤úDUvi Worms n‡jv GKwU ¯^vaxb Malware Computer Programme hv wb‡R‡K bKj Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Ab¨
Kw¤úDUv‡i Qwo‡q co‡Z cv‡i| Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© eënvi K‡i cÖqvkB GwU Qwo‡q c‡o Ab¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbivcËvi e¨_©Zvi
my‡hvM †bq|
02. wb‡Pi ‡Kvb mvBevi AvµgY msNwUZ n‡j MÖvnK wbR Computer System eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv Ges Computer
System ‡K eënvi Dc‡hvMx Ki‡Z A_© `vwe Kiv nq? [44Zg wewmGm]
(K) Phishing (L) Ransomware (M) Man-in- The-Middle (N) Denial of Service D:L
03. wb‡Pi †KvbwU anti-virus mdUIq¨vi bq? [41Zg I 43Zg wewmGm]
(K) Oracle (L) McAfee (M) Norton (N) Kaspersky D: K
04. ‡h Kw¤úDUvi fvlvq mewKQ ïaygvÎ evBbvwi †Kv‡W †jLv nq Zv‡K e‡j- [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) Machine language (L) C (M) Java (N) Python D: K
05. wb‡Pi †KvbwU 3G Language bq? (36Zg wewmGm)
K. C L. Java M. Assemble Language N. Machine Language D: M,N
06. wb‡Pi †KvbwU WvUv‡eR Language? (35Zg wewmGm)
K. Oracle L. C M. MS-word N. ‡KvbwUB bq D: K
07. †cÖvMÖvg ‡_‡K Kwc Kiv ‡WUv †Kv_vq _v‡K? (35Zg wewmGm)
K. RAM L. Clipboard M. Terminal N. Hard Disk D: L
08. Back up ‡cÖvMÖvg ej‡Z Kx †evSv‡bv nq? (35Zg wewmGm)
K. wba©vwiZ dvBj Kwc Kiv L. Av‡Mi †cÖvMÖv‡g wd‡i Avmv
M. me©‡kl cwieZ©b Undo Kiv N. †KvbwUB bq D: K
05. wb‡Pi †Kvb †cÖvMÖvgwU GKwU m¤ú~Y© Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg‡K GKev‡i Abyev` I m¤úv`b K‡i? (40Zg wewmGm)
K. Interpreter L. Emulator M. Compiler N. Simulator D: M
09. Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm Kx? (21Zg Ges 32Zg wewmGm)
K. GK ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg L. Kw¤úDUvi mvwK©‡U Rgv gqjv
M. Kw¤úDUvi mvwK©‡U wXjv Kv‡bKkb N. GK ai‡bi fvBivm Øviv Kw¤úDUv‡i ÔShort circuit’ m„wó D: K
10. Firewall wK Protection ‡`qvi Rb¨ eëüZ nq? (40Zg wewmGm)
K. Fire attacks L. Unauthorized access M. Virus attacks N. Data-driven attacks D: L
11. wW¯‹ wWd«vM‡g‡›Ukb eëüZ nq- (38Zg wewmGm)
K. fvBivm aŸs‡mi Rb¨ L. Lvivc †m±img~n cixÿv Ki‡Z
M. wW‡¯‹i dvBj¸‡jv‡K cybwe©b¨¯Í Ki‡Z N. wW¯‹ dig¨vU Ki‡Z D: M
‡WUv‡eR (Database)
‡WUv‡eR (Database)
Data A_© DcvË Ges ÔBaseÕ A_© mgv‡ek| A_©vr ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ GK ev GKvwaK ‡WUv ‡Uwej ev dvB‡ji mgwó‡K
‡WUv‡eR e‡j| ‡WUv‡eR n‡jv GK cÖKvi DcvË NvuwU ev Z_¨ web¨vm| DBMS (Database Management System)
Ggb GKwU mdUIq¨vi ev ‡cÖvMÖvg hv Øviv ‡WUv‡eR ‰Zwi, cwieZ©b, wbqš¿Y, msi¶Y I cwiPvjbvi KvR Kiv nq| ‡WUv‡eR
g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g GK ai‡bi A¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg| Bnv Acv‡iUi I ‡WUv‡e‡Ri g‡a¨ mgš^q i¶v K‡i| RbwcÖq I AwaK
eëüZ †cÖvMÖvg ¸‡jv n‡jv: Microsoft Office Access, Oracle, My SQL (Open Source DBMS).
GbwUwU (Entity) Ges GbwUwU †mU (Entity Set)
GwU n‡jv mËv hv w`‡q Ae‡R±‡K wPwýZ Kiv hvq| ‡Kvb ‡WUv ‡Uwej‡K wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ ‡Uwe‡ji ‡h bvg ‡`qv nq ZvB
GbwUwU (Entity)| ev¯Íe I Aev¯Íe Av`k© †kÖwYKi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖavb GKK n‡jv GbwUwU (Entity)| GKwU wk¶v
cÖwZôv‡bi wewìs, ‡Pqvi, cvV¨m~Px, ‡gwkb, Kg©x, wk¶K, wk¶v_©x meB GbwUwUi D`vniY| GKB RvZxq GbwUwU‡K GbwUwU
‡mU (Entity Set) ejv nq|
A¨vwUªweDU (Attribute) I Value (f¨vjy)
GKwU GbwUwUi ‰ewkó¨ cÖKv‡k ‡h mKj wdì ev Dcv`vb eënvi Kiv nq ZvB A¨vwUªweDU (Attribute)| A‡bK mgq
A¨vwUªweDU‡K ‡WUv AvB‡Ug, ‡WUv Dcv`vb, ‡WUv wdì, wdì, AvB‡Ug, Gwj‡g›Uvwi AvB‡Ug, Ae‡R± ‡cÖvcvwU© BZ¨vw` ejv
nq| cÖwZwU A¨vwUªweDU Gi ‡h gvb _v‡K Zv‡K f¨vjy (Value) e‡j|
‡WUv nvqvivwK© (Data Hierarchy)
‡WUv nvqvivwK© weU, evBU, wdì, †iKW© Ges dvBj wb‡q MwVZ GKwU †WUv‡e‡mi Dcv`vb|
Aÿi (Character) A¼, eY© ev we‡kl wPý‡K Aÿi e‡j| B, C, 1, 2, e, p, q cÖf…wZ GK GKwU Aÿi|
wdì K‡qKwU Aÿi wb‡q MwVZ nq GKwU wdì|
‡iKW© ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ K‡qKwU wdì wb‡q MwVZ nq †iKW©|
‡Uwej ‡Uwej n‡jv GK ev GKvwaK ‡iKW©| G‡·j †WUv‡e‡Ri cÖavb Ae‡R± n‡jv †Uwej Ges ‡Uwej n‡jv
†WUv‡e‡Ri cÖvY|
wi‡jkbvj A‡bK iKg welq wb‡q KvR Kivi †ÿ‡Î GKvwaK †Uwej ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq Ges GKwU ‡Uwe‡ji m‡½ Ab¨ †Uwe‡ji
†WUv‡eR ms‡hvM ev m¤úK© ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq| G c×wZ‡K ejv nq wi‡jkbvj †WUv‡eR (Relational Database)
‡WUv‡eR wm‡÷g
‡WUv ev Data শব্দক্তি লযাক্তিন ‘Datum’ শব্দ রথরক এরসরে,যার অথথ েরথযর উপাদান। েরথযর ক্ষু দ্রেম অংশরক রিিা ব্রল। েরথযর
DcvË উপাদানরক রিিা ব্রল। রিিার সারথ েরথযর মূল পাথথকয হরলা, সব্ রিিাই েথয নয় ক্তকন্তু সব্ েথযই রিিা। ‡WUv 3
cÖKvi| h_v- wbD‡gwiK (Numeric), eywjqvb (Boolean), bb-wbD‡gwiK (Non-numeric).
‡Kv‡qwi ‡Kv‡qwi ‡WUv ‡Uwe‡j msiw¶Z ‡WUv ‡_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq ‡WUv Lyu‡R ‡ei Kivi mnR I `ªæZ eë¯’v‡K ‡Kv‡qwi
(Query) (Query) e‡j| G·‡cÖkb, Acv‡iUi I wdëvi eënvi K‡i myweavgZ ‡WUv wbe©vPb Kiv‡K ‡Kv‡qwi
(Query) e‡j| wbw`©ó wdì ev MÖæ‡ci ‡WUv kZ©vbymv‡i Lyu‡R ‡ei K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv‡KI ‡Kv‡qwi (Query)
ejv nq| ‡Kv‡qwi (Query) Pvi ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i- K. wm‡j± (wd‡ìi wfwË‡Z), L. c¨vivwgUvi (Wvq‡jvM
e‡·i Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z), M. µkU¨ve (k‡Z©i wfwË‡Z) Ges N. A¨vKkb (cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨)|
‡WUv‡eR j¨v½y‡qR ‡WUv‡eR j¨v½y‡qR wZb ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| h_v-
Data Definition Language (DDL) ‡WUv‡e‡Ri Z_¨ mgMÖ‡K cwiPvjbv ev wbqš¿‡bi Rb¨ eëüZ nq|
Data Manipulation Language ‡WUv ms‡hvRb, we‡qvRb, cwigvR©b I evwZ‡ji Rb¨ eëüZ nq|
‡Kv‡qwi j¨v½y‡qR রয লযাংগুরয়রজর সাহারযয রিিারক রকারয়ক্তর করা হয় োরক রকারয়ক্তর লযাংগুরয়জ ব্রল। রযমন: QUEL
(Query Language) (Query Language), QBE (Query By Example), SQL (Structured Query Language).
Relational Database রয রিিারব্জ মযারনজরমন্ি ক্তসরেম ক্তররলশনাল মরিরলর উপর ক্তিক্তি করর তেক্তর করা হয় োরক RDBMS ব্রল।
Management System ক্তিরের উপর ক্তিক্তি করর একাক্তযক রিক্তব্রলর মরযয ক্তররলশন থাকরে পারর,এ ক্তররলশনাল রিক্তব্ল ক্তদরয় আলাদা রিক্তব্ল
তেক্তর করা যায়,এমন সব্ রিক্তব্রলর সমন্বরয় গক্তিে রিিারব্জরক RDBMS ব্রল।
wi‡jkbwkc (Relationship) একক্তি রিক্তব্রলর রিিার সারথ অন্য এক ব্া একাক্তযক রিক্তব্রলর রিিার সারথ সিকথরক ক্তররলশনক্তশপ ব্রল। ইহা ৩
যররনর-One to One, One to Many, Many to Many.
‡WUv Gbwµckb (Data রগাপনীয় রিিারক পাব্ক্তলক ওরয়রে ট্রান্সিার করার জন্য এনক্তিপশন করা হয় যারে রকউ োরে
Encryption) অযাক্তেে হস্তরক্ষপ কররে না পারর। উৎস ব্া রেরক রিিারক এনক্তিপ্ট কররল োপক ব্া গন্তব্য ঐ
এনক্তিরপ্টি রিিা ব্যব্হাররর পূরব্থ ক্তিক্তিপ্ট কররে হয়।
‡WUv ÷ªvKPvi (Data Structure)
‡WUv ÷ªvKPvi উপাি সংগিন ব্লরে উপািরক কক্তিউিারর রাোর একক্তি ক্তনক্তদষ্ট থ উপায়রক রব্াঝায় যারে উপািরক দক্ষোর সারথ
ব্যব্হার করা যায়। অথথাৎ রিিারক সাক্তজরয় সুন্দরিারব্ উপস্থাপন এর নামই রিিা স্ট্রাকোর (Data Structure)।
অযারর, েযাক, ক্তকউ, ক্তলংকি ক্তলে, ক্তস্ট্রং, ক্তট্র, গ্রাি ইেযাক্তদ কেগুরলা ব্হুল ব্যব্হৃে উপাি সংগিন।
A¨v‡i ক্তনক্তদষ্ট
থ সংেযক একই যররের েথয ক্তনরদথশনারক অযারর ব্লা হয়। অথথাৎ অযারর এক যররনর উপাি সংগিনরক রব্াঝায়
(Array) রযগুরলা কেগুরলা উপাদারনর একক্তি গ্রুপ যা একক্তি নারমর সাহারযয ক্তনরদথশ করা হয় এব্ং উপাদানগুরলারক
ইনরিরের সাহারযয অযারেস করা হয়।
÷¨vK যেন রকান নেু ন রিিা রদওয়া হরব্, রসক্তি েযারক সব্ার উপরর ক্তগরয় জমা হরব্। পক্তরিাষায় এক্তিরক ব্লা হয় LIFO
(Stack) ব্া Last In First Out পদ্ধক্তে। অথথাৎ রযক্তি েযারক সব্ার রশরষ আসরে রসিার কাজ আরগ হরে। েযারকর
অপাররশন েক্তিয়া দুই যররনর-
cyk (Push) েযারক রয রিিা রাো হয় োরক ব্লা হয় cyk|
cc (PoP) েযাক হরে রিিা েু রল রনয়ারক ব্লা হয় PoP.
wKD Queue Gi evsjv A_© jvB‡b `vuov‡bv| Queue G ‡h ‡WUv cÖ_‡g cÖ‡ek Ki‡e ‡mB ‡WUvwU cÖ_g ‡ei
(Queue) n‡e| G‡K ejv nq First In First Out (FIFO)| wKD (Queue) Gi mvg‡bi w`K n‡Z ‡WUv ‡ei
Kiv nq Ges ‡cQ‡bi w`K ‡_‡K ‡WUv BbmvU© ev c«‡ek Kiv nq| wKD G ‡WUv ivLv‡K ejv nq
Enqueue Ges ‡WUv Zy‡j ‡bIqv‡K e‡j Dequeue|
Bb‡Ww·s Bb‡Ww·s (Indexing) n‡jv ‡WUv myweb¨¯Ífv‡e m~Px Kiv hv‡Z mn‡RB Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| ‡WUv‡eR
(Indexing) ‡Uwe‡ji ‡iKW©¸‡jv jwRKvj AW©v‡i mvwR‡q ivLv‡K Bb‡Ww·s (Indexing) e‡j|
mwU©s mwU©s (Sorting) GK RvZxq ‡WUv‡K gv‡bi EaŸ©µg ev Aatµg Abymv‡i mvRv‡bv‡K mwU©s e‡j| GKwU Kjvg‡K
(Sorting) wfwË K‡i ‡hfv‡e ‡WUv mvRv‡bv nq Zv‡K mwU©s e‡j| Bnv 2 ai‡bi: DaŸ©µg (Ascending) I Aatµg
(Descending)|
Blockchain cÖhyw³ eZ©gv‡b †jb‡`b wfwËK Z_¨ msiÿY Kivi GKwU wbivc` I Db¥y³ c×wZ| Blockchain cÖhyw³‡Z
Z_¨ wewfbœ eø‡K GKwUi ci GKwU †PBb AvKv‡i msiÿY Kiv nq| GwU Ggb GKwU e›Ub‡hvM¨ †WUv‡eR hv‡Z AskMÖnYKvix
cÿ¸‡jvi ga¨Kvi me †jb‡`b bw_e× K‡i ivLv nq| cÖwZwU eøK wewfbœ Z_¨ enb K‡i| †hgb : Av‡Mi eø‡Ki n¨vk c‡q›Uvi
(A hash pointer to the previous block) ev wVKvbv ¯^vÿi, †jb‡`‡bi mgq (Timestamp), Av‡Mi †jb‡`‡bi Z_¨
(List of transactions) BZ¨vw`|
cÖkœ mgvavb
01. Blockchain-Gi cÖwZwU block Kx Z_¨ enb K‡i? (43Zg wewmGm)
(K) A hash pointer to the previous block (L) Timestamp
(M) List of transactions (N) Dc‡ii me¸‡jv D:N
02. wb‡Pi †KvbwU Open Source DBMS? (43Zg wewmGm)
(K) MySQL (L) Microsoft SQL Server (M) Microsoft Access (N) Oracle D:K
03. GKwU wi‡jkbvj WvUv‡em g‡W‡j wb‡Pi †KvbwU Øviv Relation cÖKvk Kiv nq? (40Zg wewmGm)
K. Tuples L. Attributes M. Tables N. Rows D: M
04. Push Ges Pop wb‡Pi Kvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z?
K. Queue L. Stack M. Union N. Array D: L
05. wb‡Pi †KvbwU WvUv‡eR Language? (35Zg wewmGm)
K. Oracle L. C M. MS-word N. ‡KvbwUB bq D: K
06. ক্তনরের রকানক্তি িািারব্জ লযাংগুরয়জ? (৩৫েম ক্তব্ক্তসএস)
K. Data Definition Language L. Data Manipulation Language
M. Query Language N. Dc‡ii me¸‡jv D: N
07. GKwU wm‡÷g †hLv‡b AvB‡Ug¸‡jv GK cÖv‡šÍ ms‡hvwRZ nq wKš‘ Ab¨ cÖvšÍ †_‡K miv‡bv nq Zvi bvg- [41Zg wewmGm]
(K) Array (L) Linked list (M) Stack (N) Queue D: N

KW Úduv Ii BWZNVM: KW Úduv Ii BWZNVM, KW Úduv Ii Cörb, KW Úduv Ii Cökvi F', KW Úduvi G Gvwi

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Bb‡mckb I‡qe/A¨vc # 01 # Kw¤úDUvi

01-02 b¤^i Kgb co‡Z cv‡i wb‡Pi wm‡jevm †_‡K

Kw¤úDUvi Avwe®‹v‡ii Avw` hyM

B‡j‡±ªv †gKvwbK¨vj hyM

B‡j±ªwbK ev AvaywbK hyM

Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖRb¥ wefvM

evsjv‡`‡k Kw¤úDUv‡ii BwZnvm

cÖavb ev cÖv_wgK ¯§„wZ

(ক) malware (খ) firmware (গ) virus (ঘ) lip-lop উত্তর : খ

Kw¤úDUvi †cwi‡divjm : Kx-‡evW©, gvDm, IwmAvi

D‡jøL‡hvM¨ BbcyU wWfvBm

weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ

Kw¤úDUv‡ii msMVb (wmwcBD, GGjBD, nvW© wW¯‹)

▪ ‡h As‡ki e¯‘MZ AvqZb i‡q‡Q ev `„k¨gvb

Aw¯ÍZ¡ cvIqv hvq| ইিেু ট ইউরিট স্মৃরত আউটেু ট ইউরিট

nvW©Iq¨vi রিেন্ত্রে ইউরিট

‡K›`ªxq cÖwµqvKiY BDwbU

Kw¤úDUvi †cvU© (Computer Port)

weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ

K. Keypad L. Touch screen K. RAM L. ROM

Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g (Operating System)

wewfbœ we‡Ui cÖ‡mmi I Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g

weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ

Kw¤úDUv‡ii b¤^i e¨e¯’v (Computer Number System)

eywjqvb A¨vj‡Reiv (Boolean Algebra)

Kw¤úDUv‡ii cvi½gZv (Computer Performance)

weMZ eQ‡ii cÖkœ

Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg (Computer Program) : fvBivm (Virus), dvqviIqvj

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