C.C.N.

P
Cisco Certified Network Professional

BY: AYMAN FOUAD SHOKRY

Email: ayman_shokry22@hotmail.com
CCNP

Subneting

Before we talk about subneting we need know the decimal and Binary and Hexa .

Ex: Dec 200

Bin = 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

We calculate the subs which giving us 200 and write under it 1 for each value and 0 for others.

Hexa: 1-> 9 A-> F

So first we need change it to binary then divide it.

8 4 2 1 / 8 4 2 1

1 1 0 0 / 1 0 0 0

c / 8

Subneting Standards:

128 198 224 240 248 252 254 255

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

2^3 =8 2^4=16 2^5=32 2^6=64 2^7=128 2^8 = 256 2^10=1024

Subneting Ex:

192.168.0.0 6 sub 30 host

255.255.255.0

1st we explain that the last subnet “0” equal 8 “0’s”

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1

Sub = 2^3-2 = 3 sub = 224

Host = 2^6 = 64 hosts

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Ex 2:

192.168.0.0 14sub 14host

255.255.255.0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1

Sub = 2^4-2 = 14 sub 240

Host = 2^-2 = 14 hosts 240

Ex 3:

192.168.0.0 2 sub xhosts

0.255.255.0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1

Sub 2^2-2= sub 192

Host 2^6 – 2 = 64

Network ID:

192.168.0.0 6sub 30 hosts

255.255.255.0

N.ID: 32, 64, 96,128,160,192,224

N.ID First IP Last IP B.C

192.168.0.32 192.168.0.33 192.168.0.62 192.168.0.63
192.168.0.64 192.168.0.65 192.168.0.94 192.168.0.95
192.168.0.96 192.168.0.97 192.168.0.126 192.168.0.127
192.168.0.128 192.168.0.129 192.168.0.158 192.168.0.159
192.168.0.160 192.168.0.161 192.168.0.190 192.168.0.191
192.168.0.192 192.168.0.193 192.168.0.222 192.168.0.223
192.168.0.224 192.168.0.225
Subnet 255.255.255.224

8+ 8 + 8 + 3 =27

Ip: 192.168.0.0/27

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Notes:

- Every network must have N.ID and B.C and ip add between these.
- Ip address can’t use 0 cause its network id.
- Also can’t use 255 cause its broadcast for all network
192.168.0.0 192.168.0.255
Ip which between 0 -> 255 are multicast, host

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Summarization
VLSM: “variable, length, subnet mask”

 If all network use same subnet mask that can use any protocol “RIP, OSPF, IGRP, EIGRP”.
 If subnet has difference values it will cant
 Use the RIP or IGRP protocols and here it need ,
Use VLSM for make that balance

Summarization:

 Is summary a balk of contagious networks.

 Must networks be all known if 1 network is missing the summarization will be ruined.

In this case need use summarization cause there difference in the 3rd subnet and must take the right
network which start with “0, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64,128”

So can’t summarize 7 or 8 cause won’t be right but can take 4 and ignore the rest.

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EIGRP protocol
Features:

- Hybrid “ Advanced vector”

- Support VLSM.
- Matrices “K Values”.
1) B.W 2) delay 3) load 4) MTU 5) reliability.
- Admin distance “90 internal – 170 external”.

In the router A is like bridge to connect OSPF and EIGRP so in the show run will appear as all work with
the EIGRP and that because of the external admin distance.

- Notes:

Subnet mask 255.255.255.0 = wild card 0.0.0.255

If subnet is 255.255.255.224 = wild card be 0.0.0.31

11100000

16 8 4 2 1

16+8+4+2+1 =31

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- Case problem:

If working with router protocols rip or igrp in this case the 3 routers “A, B, C” will respond as they knew
the whole network 10.0.0.0 or 20.0.0.0, that because while configuring you just can configure the ip
range but not the subnet so the RIP / IGRP will make it as default “255.255.255.0”.

That mean it know the whole network not just 2 ips as its planned to be,

In this case the whole network will be down because RIP and IGRP are class full.

- Configuration:

NP configuration NA configuration
(A)#router EIGRP 11 (A)#router eigrp 11
#network 20.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 #network 20.0.0.0
#no auto-summary #no auto-summary
#network 10.0.0.4 0.0.0.3 #network 10.0.0.0
#no auto-summary That will be default subnet and appear as know all
the network.
(B)#router EIGRP 11 (B)#router eigrp 11
#network 10.0.0.4 0.0.0.3 #network 10.0.0.0
#no auto-summary #no auto-summary
#network 10.0.0.8 0.0.0.3 #network 10.0.0.0
#no auto-summary It will make the whole network down because
router can’t have 2 ports with same network.

- Notes:
 Eigrp is classless and that mean it understand both specific and normal default.
 NA configuration for this case will ruin it totally.

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- Configuration:

(A)#int s0/0 (B)# int s0/0

# ip add 10.0.0.9 255.255.255.252 #ip add 20.0.0.13 255.255.255.252
#no shut #no shut
#int lo0 #int s0/1
#ip add 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 #ip add 10.0.0.9 255.255.255.252
#int lo1 #no shut
#ip add 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 #Ctr+Z
#int lo2 #config t
#ip add 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 #router eigrp 212
#int lo3 #network 20.0.0.13 0.0.0.3
#ip add 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 #no auto-summary
#etc #network 10.0.0.9 0.0.0.3
#no auto-summary
( c)# int s0/1
#ip add 20.0.0.14 255.255.255.252 (A)#router eigrp 212
#no shut #network 10.0.0.9 0.0.0.3
#int lo0 #no auto-summary
#ip add 200.0.4.0 255.255.255.0 #network 192.168.0.0
#int lo1 #no auto-summary
#ip add 200.0.5.0 255.255.255.0 #network 192.168.0.0
#etc #no auto-summary
# router eigrp 212 #etc
#network 20.0.0.14 0.0.0.3
#no auto-summary
#network 200.0.4.0
#no auto-summary
#etc

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 Notes:

Network statement:

1st its mean publish network to its neighborhood.

2nd its mean choose the interface to reach neighborhood.

 Eigrp summarization:
- Standard very important:

Any router protocol have summarization must be done manually.

Null mean in eigrp specially mean the problem is summary and must stop the auto summary.

 Configuration:

(A)# int s0/0

#ip summary-add eigrp 212 192.168.0.0 255.255.248.0
#int s0/1
#ip summary-add eigrp 212 200.0.4.0 255.255.248.0

 How eigrp work?

- Build 3 tables.

1 neighbor table

Sent hello message 224.0.0.10 for check the eigrp around it.

2 topology table “database”:

Dual > network 1) successor route 2) feasible successor route.

Take database from neighbor then choose the best 2 routes “successor and feasible “and send it to
routing table.

3 routing table

Successor routes.

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 Notes:

Hello message features: must eigrp has same AS, authentication, port works, and subnet.

Sometimes in special cases in eigrp only can get 2 successor routes when they has same equal matrices.

#show ip eigrp topology

#show ip eigrp neighbor

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Eigrp terminology
1) Passive:

That mean line is working.

2) Active:

That mean line is not working.

3) Successor route:

Best route.

4) Feasible route:

2nd best route.

5) Adversities distance “AD”:

Is distance from neighbor route to the distention network.

6) Feasible distance “FD”:

Is the distance from router to distention network.

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 How to calculate successor route:

Is the router with less F.D.

 How to calculate feasible successor route:

Is the route which is less AD less than FD successor.

- Notes:

If happen and get 2 successor routes and it will going to appear in topology as 2 successor routes and no
feasible.

If got active on line then must check the router distention line or protocols.

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CCNP

Load balance
- Standard:

All routers protocols support load balance.

 Configuration:

#router eigrp 212

#variance 2

#maximum-paths 3

 Eigrp support load balance on equals and non-equal paths.

 Variance is give the load the measure and value for use it to load by choose best route and
multiply it for example best route is 2 if wrote variance 2 then it will can choose up to 4.
 Maximum paths is give load balance numbers of paths it can takes.
 For check it #show ip protocols.
 Can check K values #show interface.

Need make router C.B can access internet.

First need router A have all knowledge about any network.

(A)# Network 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0

#router eigrp 212

#network 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255

Now router A know any network and when router C, B ask A it will lead them to internet.

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 eigrp Stub:

Is for stop transferring process from destination to other

And only send connected and static and default, summary router.

 Configuration :

(A)# router eigrp 11

#network x x x x x x x x

#eigrp stub

 Hub and spoke:

When have company branch in different counties in the world

And need connect it to each other so we use the NBMA technology

“Non broadcast multi access “and it work with frame relay, Mpls

Protocols. But it will can’t connect still as its not broadcasting and it’s a clouding so must buy VC “virtual
connection “.

Now have 2 options 1st is buy VC for every router and is very expensive and 2nd is make one branch is
main and responsible to make others connect by him.

Then there no more use for transferring routers to others cause simply router B not neighbor to router C
and must have router A as middle man and if connection lost with router A then will lose connection
with the rest of them.

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 Eigrp authentication:

Is when have line want protect the routing table and configuration from some spy or hacker and keep
details re saved.

 Configuration:

(A)# key chain “ pw”

( key)# key 1
#key-string secure traffic
#end

(A)#int s0/0
#ip authentication mode eigrp 11 md5
#ip authentication key-chain 11 “ pw”
#end

 Notes:

If you re new in firm or administrator left you must change pw from s0/0, so/1

Md5 is encryption mode.

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CCNP

Redistribute

(C)# Redistribute protocol, metric, subnet, tag, metric type 1, 2, match 1external 2internal

Protocol Rip, ospf , eigrp, etc..

metric Have b,w or hops count of router protocol you’re
using to make it understand other protocol.
Tag Tagging the external for make the security team
east to get it.
Metric type Is for decide if make protocol incrementally counts
of hops or keep it the same.
match External to pass the external protocols and
internal to only pass what inside and not the
outside.

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CCNP

(1)# int s0/0 (4)#int s0/1

#ip add 10.0.0.18 255.255.255.252 #ip add 30.0.0.6 255.255.255.252
#no shut #no shut
#router rip #int s0/0
#version 2 #router rip
#network 10.0.0.16 #version 2
#no auto-summary #network 30.0.0.0
#no auto-summary
(2)#int s0/1 #int s0/0
Ip add 10.0.0.17 255.255.255.252 #ip add 40.0.0.9 255.255.255.252
#no shut #no shut
#int s0/0 #router eigrp 15
#ip add 20.0.0.21 255.255.255.252 #network 40.0.0.8 0.0.0.3
#no shut #no auto summary
#router rip #redistribute rip metric 1000 1000 255 10 1500
#version 2 #key chain kiki
#network 10.0.0.0 (---- key)#key1
#no auto-summary #key-string secure traffic
#network 20.0.0.0 #int s0/0
#no auto-summary #authentication mode eigrp 15
#ip authentication key-chain eigrp 15 kiki
(3)#int s0/1
#ip add 20.0.0.22 255.255.255.252 (5)#int s0/1
#no shut #ip add 40.0.0.10 255.255.255.252
#int s0/0 #no shut
#ip add 30.0.0.5 255.255.255.252 #int s0/0
#no shut #ip add 50.0.0.61 255.255.255.224
#router rip #no shut
#version 2 #router eigrp 15
#network 20.0.0.0 #network 40.0.0.8 0.0.0.3
#no auto-summary #no auto-summary
#network 30.0.0.0 #network 50.0.0.32 0.0.0.31
#no auto-summary #no auto-summary
#key chain kiki
(-----kiki)#key1

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(6)#int s0/1 #key-string secure traffic

#ip add 50.0.0.62 255.255.255.224 #int s0/0
#no shut #ip authentication mode eigrp 15 md5
#lo0 #ip authentication key-chain eigrp 15 kiki
#ip add 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
#int lo1
#ip add 192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0
#int lo2
#ip add 192.168.5.1 255.255.255.0
#router eigrp 15
#network 50.0.0.32 0.0.0.31
#no auto-summary
#network 192.168.3.1 0.255.255.255
Etc
#key-chain kiki
(----key)#key 1
#key-string secure traffic
#int s0/1
#ip authentication mode eigrp 15 md5
#ip authentication key-chain eigrp 15 kiki

- Notes

The summary of loopback will stop at last port use eigrp incase use rip only cause it doesn’t support
VLSM or summarization so must use rip version 2

Also it won’t pass if authentication no done perfectly on all ports.

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CCNP

OSPF

 Opsf features:

Is an IGP

Link state protocol

1) Support VLSM 2) support summarization 3) send only updates 4) send updates immediately

Multi-vendor “public standard “

Admin distance “110”

Metric 10^8/BW = cost

Load balance

Must have powerful H.W Need admin efforts

 How it work?

It build 3 tables

1) Neighbor :

Send hello message “224.0.0.5 or 6 to dedicate neighbors.

After have tables of neighbors it send it to topology table.

2) Topology “database “:

With LSA it enter the neighbor table and with spf it choose the best route and send it to routing table.

3) Routing table:

Best route.

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CCNP

OSPF area

 If have 1 area can give it any id 0, 17 etc.

 If have more than 1 area it must have area 0 in middle and directly connected with others.
 Area 0 call the backbone area.
 If we have area that it’s not directly connected to the area 0 , so we must make a virtual link.

- Ospf routers types:

1) Internal router /backbone.

Routers which all it in 1 area or back bone.

2) ABR “Area border Router”.

Is router on border between area and other.

3) ASBR “auto mms system boundary router” :

Router on border with other protocols.

- Notes:
 Ospf summarization work only 2 routers type ABR, ASBR.
 In CCNA was can make in 1 router 2 OSPF to connect it and it will totally wrong.
 P.ID is related id with router only.

- Configuration:

(A)#router ospf 30

#network 10.0.0.8 0.0.0.3 area 5

#network 172.16.0.0 0.0255.255 area 5

ASBR1#router ospf 33

#network 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

#network 20.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 5

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CCNP

Router id process:

1 Router id.
2 2 highest loopback address.
3 Highest logical address “sub interface”.
4 Highest physical interface.

For create router ID:

#router ospf 11

#router-id 1.1.1.1

#clear ip ospf process

#show ip ospf interface

- Hello message elements:

 Area id
 Subnet
 Keep alive every 10 sec
 Dead every 40 sec
 Authentications

These are the elements which can make network down.

- Virtual link:

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CCNP

First must check which ABR routers connected to area 12 in the figure is ABR 1 and ABR2 then give them
routers ID.

(ABR1)#router ospf 1

#virtual-link 4.4.4.4

(ABR2)#router ospf 33

#virtual-link 3.3.3.3

- Configuration:

(R1)#int s0/0 (R5)#int s0/1

#ip add 190.0.0.1 255.255.255.252 #ip add 20.0.0.61 255.255.255.240
#no shut #no shut
#router ospf 9 #router ospf 1
#network 190.0.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 9 #network 20.0.0.61 0.0.0.15 area 0
#int s0/0
(R2)#int s0/1 #ip add 30.0.0.5 255.255.255.252
#ip add 190.0.0.2 255.255.255.252 #no shut
#no shut #router ospf 1
#int s0/0 #network 30.0.0.4 0.0.0.3 area 7
#ip add 180.0.0.1 255.255.255.252 #router-id 2.2.2.2
#no shut #clear ip ospf process
#router ospf 9
#network 190.0.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 9 (R6)#int s0/1
#network 180.0.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 9 #ip add 30.0.0.6 255.255.255.252
#no shut
(R3)#int s0/1 #int s0/0
#ip add 10.0.0.125 255.255.255.224 #ip add 40.0.0.29 255.255.255.240
#no shut #no shut
#router ospf 1 #router ospf 7
#network 10.0.0.46 0.0.0.7 #network 30.0.0.4 0.0.0.3
#int s0/0 #network 40.0.0.16 0.0.0.15 area 7
#ip add 180.0.0.2 255.255.255.252
#router ospf 9
#network 180.0.0.0 0.0.0.3 area
#router-id 1.1.1.1
#clear ip ospf process

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CCNP

(R4)#int s0/1 (R7)#int s0/1

#ip add 10.0.0.126 255.255.255.224 #ip add 40.0.0.30 255.255.255.240
#no shut #no shut
#int s0/0 #router ospf 7
#ip add 20.0.0.62 255.255.255.240 #network 40.0.0.16 0.0.0.15 area 7
#no shut #int s0/0
#router ospf 1 #ip add 50.0.0.1 255.255.255.252
#network 10.0.0.46 0.0.0.7 area 0 #no shut
#network 20.0.0.48 0.0.0.15 area 0 #router ospf 12
#network 50.0.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 12
(R9)#int s0/1 #router-id 3.3.3.3
#ip add 60.0.0.10 255.255.255.252 #clear ip ospf process
#no shut #area 12 virtual-link 4.4.4.4
#router ospf 12
#network 60.0.0.0.8 0.0.0.3 area 12
#int s0/0 (R8)#int s0/1
#ip add 70.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 #ip add 50.0.0.2 255.255.255.252
#no shut #no shut
#router eigrp 20 #int s0/0
#network 70.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 #ip add 60.0.0.9 255.255.255.252
#no auto-summary #no shut
# Redistribute ospf 1000 1000 1 1 255 1500 #router ospf 12
#network 50.0.0.0 0.0.0.3 area 12
(R10)#int s0/1 #network 60.0.0.8 0.0.0.3 area 12
#ip dd 70.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 (R11)#int s0/1
#no shut #ip add 80.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
#int s0/0 #no shut
#ip add 80.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 #int s0/0
#no shut #ip add 90.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
#router eigrp 20 #router eigrp 20
#network 70.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 #network 80.0.0.0 0.0.0.255
#no auto-summary #no auto-summary
#network 80.0.0.0 0.0.0.255 #network 90.0.0.0 0.0.0.255
#no auto-summary #no auto-summary

(R12)#int s0/1
#ip add 90.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
#no shut
#router eigrp 20
#network 90.0.0.0 0.0.0.255
#no auto-summary

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CCNP

1- Point to point:

Router A has 1 neighbor is B when want send update to router C it won’t have any problem cause it will
be unicast to router B then unicast to router C.

2- NMBA area:

Is cloud area use multicast when router D want send update or receive update it will pretend as it’s the
owner of updates and then it to others and other do the same and that will make network be down.

3- Broadcast area:

Is like the NBMA area and it make the network be down.

 DR/BDR
 Designated router / backup designated router

Responsible for have 1 router work as leader take updates and pass it to rest of routers and not allow
any of them send direct.

Backup is when DR is down the BDR start work automatically in place of the DR

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 DR /BDR election:
- Priority 1-255
- Dr1st highest priority
- Dr 2nd highest router id
- For choose manually must use configurations.
- Then new DR/BDR will start work after that.
 Configurations:

#int s0/0
#ip ospf priority 20
#int s0/1
Ip ospf priority 15

 Case:

Which going to be DR and BDR?

Router A will be DR and can’t have BDR in this case because,

If router A is down and it’s the DR router B, C and D will can’t be connected

To each other so the best don’t have BDR in this case.

Must make priority 0 out of election “DR other”.

(B)#int s0/0

#ip ospf pri 0

- Notes:

If made manual election it won’t take the election from the current DR/BDR and wait until next election
period time.

#show ip ospf neighbor

#show ip ospf interface

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1) ABR:

#router ospf 15

#area 0 range 192.168.0.0 255.255.248.0

2) ASBR:

#router ospf 15

#summary-add 192.168.0.0 255.255.248.0

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CCNP

OSPF LSA types

Link state adversities:

It takes database of neighbor to build topology tables.

 LSA 1:

Generated by internal router “0”.

It mean that get the ip from router in same area but not connected.

 LSA 2:

Generated by internal router DR/BDR “0”.

It mean it got ip from NBMA area or broadcast area.

 LSA 3:

Generated by ABR router “0IA”

It mean it get ip from router ABR between 2 area’s.

 LSA 4:

Generated by ASBR “DE”.

It get database of neighbors from other protocol.

 LSA 5:

Generated by ASBR “OE”

It get it when other routers have other protocol in area behind it.

 LSA 6:

Generated when have stub and need access for get the database.

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Area Types

 Bank A has 3 branches and bank have CE router

“Customer Edge” and the internet company use PE router

“Provider Edge “but can’t give every branch PE router

So they use something call VRF “virtual router forwarding”

Then make every branch use its own VM.

1) Stub:

Accept all LSA 1, 2, 3 and 4 exclude 5 for make bank central its stuff only.

2) Totally stub:

Accept only LSA, and 2 and exclude all others and get information from only current area and nothing
else.

3) NSSA: “not so stub area”

As in area 2 not want get from area 1 any data base so it will

Use totally stub then new area come “eigrp “and want fuse it with area 2

But it will be LSA 5 because it’s ASBR and problem is LSA 5 is excluded by stub and totally stub.

So will use LSA 7 because it can exclude specific area and allow another same like LSA 5 but it be away
from LSA 1, 2 exclusion.

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CCNP

Ospf
Authentication

1) Plain text authentication:

( ) #router ospf 11

#area x authentication

( ) # int s0/0

#ip ospf authentication kiki

2) Md5 authentication

( ) #router ospf 1

#area x authentication message-digost

( ) #int s0\0

#ip ospf message-digost-key 1 md5 kiki

 Troubleshooting important configuration :

#show run
#show ip protocol
#show ip ospf neighbor
#show ip opsf topology
#show ip ospf interface
#show ip route
#debug ospf

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WAN
- difference between LAN and WAN :

Every device we have as own personal or to our firm is LAN “switch, router, hub “

But if rented or not own is WAN “Cable, central routers “

- begin / starting WAN :

Notes:

In beginning before Adsl the only way for connect 2 firm to each other was by telephone but problem
was speed very low only 56k and very high cost cause was paying per minute as normal telephone rate,

And also not safe cause if someone called the telephone line the connection get cut.

1) Circuit switching :

Dial up 56k

ISDN 128k “T1 23 E1 30

2) Point to point

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Notes :

in 2000 start take internet line from main source buy it and rent for people per month by use D Slam
and then it deliver to A slan and use telephone cable for transfer internet as telephone cable have about
1m free for use and then to splitter to be given 2 cables 1 for routers and other for telephone without
effect on connection or telephone line and it reduce the internet cost and it be more fast .

- Point to point :

DSL Leased line

Shared tech Dedicated tech
Shared B.W Dedicated B.w
Shared line Dedicated line

ADSL SDSL
D U D U
1 2 1 1
1 4 2 2
1 6 3 3
1 8 4 4

Notes:

In Adsl company buy internet for example 100mb in 1 Internet Company they get customers for take
speed they get unlimited customers and then divided the speed on them no matter the usage or the
capacity on Dslam.

In Adsl they give you for example 1 mb then they give you 1/8 upload only.

Leased line is get speed stable not care about usage or capacity on Dslam and its more expensive cause
of that also it have special port in dslam and telephone cable be data only not voice .

SDSL is much better than Adsl but still shared tech but is given better uploading speed be the same of
downloading.

Radius is for have all information of users on d slam without be controlled from dslam .

DHCP is for give ip address.

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Point to point protocols:

1) PPP: 2) HDLC
Point to point protocols High data link connection
Config :
Config : (A)#int s0/1
(A)#int s0/1 #encapsulation HDLC
#encapsulation ppp
Doesn’t support authentication
Support authentication pap chap
#ppp authentication pap
Pap- chap
Chap – pap

Notes:

2- World no longer use HDLC we only use ppp chap – pap.

3- Chap better than pap because it’s stronger in secure password upon it.
4- For connect more than 2 routers to other we can’t use point to point and for not buy a lot of
data link and not get too much high cost we used pocket switching.
5- All wan protocols are layer 2.
6- All protocols which running on cables are layer 2.

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Ayman Fouad shokry
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