Experiment-1 - To Make A Center-Tap Full-Wave Rectifier
Experiment-1 - To Make A Center-Tap Full-Wave Rectifier
Tools Required: Soldering Iron 25w, Solder Wire, Soldering Flux, Neon Tester and Screwdriver Set and
Twizzer.
Items required: Transformer 6-0-6 V, Diode In 4007, Transistor 7805, Resistance 1kΩ, Capictor1000µF,
LED 3V, Printed Circuit Board 5x3 cm and Jumper Wire.
Theory: In full-wave rectification, when AC supply is applied at the input, during both the half cycles
(i.e., positive as well as negative) current flows through the load in the same direction. This can be
achieved by using at least two crystal diodes, conducting current alternatively.
A transformer with secondary winding AB tapped at the center point C. The two diodes D1 and D2 are
connected in the circuit so that each one of them uses one half cycle of input AC voltage. The diode D1
utilizes the AC voltage appearing across the upper half (AC) of secondary winding for rectification while
D2user the lower half (CB) of secondary winding.
Operation: When AC supply is switched on, the alternating voltage (V) appears across the terminals AB
of secondary winding of transformer. During positive half-cycle at secondary voltage, the end A become
positive and end B negative. This make the diode D1 forward biased and diode D2 reverse biased.
Therefore, diode D1 conducts while diode D2 does not. Thus, current (i) flows through diode D1, load
resistor Rl and the upper half of secondary bold arrowhead. During negative half cycle, the end B becomes
positive and end A becomes negative. This makes diode D2 forward biased and diode D1 reverse biased.
Therefore, diode D2 conducts while diode D1 does not. Thus current (i) flows through diodeD2, load
resistor RL and the lower half of the secondary winding. It may be seen that the current flows through the
load resistor RL in the same direction (i.e., from M to L) during positive as well as negative half of input
ACvoltage. Therefore, DC output is obtained across the load resistor RL.
Procedure:
1. Take PCB and all components required; then install components as per the circuit diagram.
2. Solder the components by Soldering Iron and check the circuit continuity by Multimeter.
3. Install LED then Solder it and connect the assembly to the 220v supply.
4. LED glow indicates the output of Direct current, and our job is successfully completed.
Precautions:
1. Clean components before Soldering.
2. Solder carefully to avoid dry Soldering.
Circuit Diagram:
Observations:
2. Capacitor: The Capacitor is a component which has the ability to store energy in the form of an
electrical charge producing a potential difference across its plates, much like a small rechargeable battery.
3. LED: Light Emitting Diodes, are heroes of the electronics world. They do dozens of different
jobs and are found in all kinds of devices like digital clocks, remote controls and watches etc. Collected
together, theycan form images on a jumbo television screen or illuminate a traffic light.
4. Transformer: Transformer is a static device which transforms and transfers electrical energy
from onecircuit to another without any direct electrical connection. It transforms voltage without
changing its frequency.
5. PCB: A Printed Circuit Board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a
non-conductive substrate.
Tools and instruments used in E&E Shop:
Soldering Iron: A Soldering Iron is a hand tool used in Soldering. It supplies heat to melt the Solder so
that it can flow into the joint between two work pieces.
Multimeter: Also known as multitester, and VOM (Volt-Ohm meter), is an electronic measuring
instrumentthat combines several measurement functions like Voltage, Current, and Resistance in one unit.
Line Tester: It’s used to check the power supply and loosening/tightening the small screws.
Sample Viva questions with answers for electrical & electronics shop:
1. What is electric current/electricity? Flow of electrons through a conducting material
2. What is a conductor? Material which allows the current to flow through it easily.
3. List some good conductors. Silver, Copper, Aluminum etc.
4. What is insulator? Material which does not allows the current to flow through it.
5. What is a semiconductor? Materials having electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an
insulator.
6. What is a superconductor? It is a material that can conduct electricity with no resistance.
7. At what temperature a material becomes super conductor? At absolute zero.
8. What are piezoelectric materials? Piezoelectric materials are those that produce an electric current when
theyare placed under mechanical stress.
9. What are the uses of piezoelectric materials? These materials are used in various sensors, audible
alarms,speakers, telephones, guidance systems, and sonars etc.
10. What are the most commercially important semi-conductor materials? Silicon and Germanium.
11. How important are the semi-conductors? Semiconductors are the foundation of modern electronics,
including Transistors, Solar Cells, Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs), Quantum Dots and Digital and
Analog Integrated Circuits.
12. What are the distinct properties of semi-conductors? Semiconductors can display a range of useful
properties such as passing current more easily in one direction than the other, variable resistance, and sensitivity
to light or heat.
13. What is a transformer? A safe and efficient voltage converter to change the AC voltage at its input to a
higher orlower voltage at its output.
14. What is the principle of working of a transformer? Transfer of energy between two circuits
through electromagnetic induction.
15. Why is Magnetic Core used in a Transformer? The use of a Magnetic Core can enormously concentrate
the strength and increase the effect of magnetic field.
16. What is Material of the Core? Silicon Steel.
17. What are Instrument transformers? Current transformers, together with voltage transformers (VTs),
which are designed for measurement, are known as instrument transformers.
18. What is Silicon Steel, also called Electrical steel, lamination steel, silicon electrical steel, relay steel or
transformer steel is special steel tailored to produce small hysteresis loss and high permeability.
19. What is function of a fuse in electrical circuit? Is a type of low resistance resistor which melts under
flow ofheavy current due to short circuit or overloading to break the circuit?
20. What is a circuit breaker? an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then
must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset to resume normal operation.
21. What is meant by one unit of electricity? 1KWh
22. What is meant by Green Energy? Energy produced from non-polluting and renewable sources like solar,
hydro, wind and geothermal etc.
23. Name the components used in a Centre Tap Full Wave Rectifier? Transformer, LED, Capacitor, Resistor.
24. Units of Capacitance? farad
25. What is color coding in 3 phase power supply? RYBB.
26. Explain the difference between earth and neutral: Neutral is a part of the electrical circuit whereas earth is
not
27. Who is known as the father of electricity? Michal Faraday
28. Who invented Transistor? John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, and William Bradford Shockley.
29. Material of Filament in incandescent lamp. Tungsten
30. What is a Fluorescent Lamp? An electric current in the gas excites mercury vapor which produces
short-wave ultraviolet light causing a phosphor coating on the inside of the lamp to glow.
31. What is Inverter? Inverter is an electronic device or circuitry that changes direct current (DC) to
alternatingcurrent (AC).
32. What is a Rectifier? An electrical device which converts an alternating current into a direct one by
allowing acurrent to flow through it in one direction only.
33. What is Diode? A semiconductor device with two terminals, typically allowing the flow of current
in onedirection only.
34. Name some types of diodes: Zener diode, Tunnel diode, Laser diode and photodiode etc.
35. Why is mica sheet used in electric Iron? Because it allows heat to pass and stop current from flowing to
metallicbase.