HOLY INFANT COLLEGE

Tacloban City, Leyte

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY
(BSRT- 1)
2 SEMESTER
nd

S.Y. 2021-2022

E-PORTFOLIO in
GCWORLD
(CONTEMPORARY WORLD)

Submitted to:
Elena C. Bernabe, MPM, DM (CAR)
Instructor

Submitted by:
Cristine Basbas
BSRT 1- St. James

Lesson 1: DEFINING GLOBALIZATION

Summary
In the 20th century, it was possible to send and receive information or visit other places much
more rapidly than ever before. Some observers noted that people could have closer
relationships with others living thousands of miles away, than with their neighbors. How could all
of these changes be described? If you guessed "a hot mess," you're close enough, but scholars
and journalists eventually settled on globalization.
Globalization refers to how the world has become more connected economically, politically, socially,
and culturally over time. In this sense, globalization is about people around the world becoming so
connected that local life is shaped by what is happening in other parts of the world. After the
Industrial Revolution, the world became even more interconnected, and some scholars say that
globalization began in this period.

Globalization’s Effects on Communities and Economies

In the modern era, voluntary migration, as well as forced migration, have resulted in a diverse
human population. America, which is often called a "melting pot", is a prime example of how the
mass movement of people has shaped the modern world. As people move, they bring with them
their language, culture, food, and customs. These become interwoven within existing society
and create diversity, which should be celebrated.
The Pros and Cons of Globalization
Globalization has brought together people from around the world and allowed economies to
become intertwined through international trade and aid. But it has also led to an increase in
inequality, as the wealthy have become richer while the poor have remained stagnant
economically. It's impossible to think that we can ever retreat from the modern world to focus
only on ourselves. How can we eliminate some of the negatives as we continue to reap the
rewards of working together?
8 THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION:
1. Theory of Liberalism: Liberalism sees the process of globalization as a result of 'natural'
human desires for economic welfare and political liberty. But its supporters neglect the
social forces that lie behind the creation of technological and institutional underpinnings.
They are culture blind and tend to overlook historically situated life-worlds and
knowledge structures.
2. Theory of Political Realism: Political realists highlight the issues of power and power
struggles and the role of states in generating global relations. Globalization has also
cultural, ecological, economic, and psychological dimensions that are not reducible to
power politics. After all, class inequality, cultural hierarchy, and patriarchy predate the
modern states. Some other structural inequalities cannot be explained as an outcome of
interstate competition.
3. Theory of Marxism: Neo-Marxists in dependency and world-system theories examine
capitalist accumulation on a global scale on lines of core and peripheral countries. The
underclass struggles to resist globalizing capitalism not only by traditional labor unions,
but also by new social movements of consumer advocates, environmentalists, peace
activists, peasants, and women. The presence of US hegemony, West-centric cultural
domination, masculinism, racism, etc. is not reducible to class dynamics within
 capitalism. It is too simplistic to see globalization solely as a result of drives for surplus
accumulation.
4. . Theory of Constructivism: Globalization has arisen because of the way that people
have mentally constructed the social world with particular symbols, language, images,
and interpretation. Such accounts of globalization have come from the fields of
Anthropology, Humanities, Media of Studies, and Sociology. However, they present a
case of social-psychological reductionism ignoring the significance of economic and
ecological forces in shaping mental experience.
5. Theory of Postmodernism: The dominant structure of knowledge in modern society is
'rationalism', which emphasizes the empirical world, the subordination of nature to
human control, and instrumentalist efficiency. This mode of knowledge has authoritarian
and expansionary logic that leads to a kind of \r cultural imperialism subordinating all
other epistemologies. Some other perspectives of globalization highlight the significance
of structural power in the construction of identities, norms, and knowledge, and are
grouped under the label of 'postmodernism'.
6. Theory of Feminism: Biological sex is held to mold the overall social order and shape
significantly the course of history, presently globality. It emphasizes the social
construction of masculinity and femininity. The main concern lies behind the status of
women, particularly their structural subordination to men. Women have tended to be
marginalized, silenced, and violated in global communication.
7. Theory of Transformationalism: Globalization may be defined as "a process (or set of
processes) which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social
relations and transactions, expressed in trans-continental or interregional flows and
networks of activity, interaction, and power". The term 'globalization' reflects increased
interconnectedness in political, economic, and cultural matters across the world. Such a
definition seeks to bring together the many and seemingly contradictory theories of
globalization into a "rigorous analytical framework" and "proffer a coherent historical
narrative". Held and McGrew present a rather complicated typology of globalization
based on globalization's spread, depth, speed, and impact. They imply that the "politics
of globalization" have been "transformed" (using their word from the definition of
globalization) into a new system of "political globalization". Biyane Michael criticizes
them for failing to show how globalization affects organizational interests.
8. Theory of Eclecticism: Six ideal-type of social theories of globalization highlight certain
forces that contribute to its growth. Jan Art Scholte synthesizes them as forces of
production, governance, identity, and knowledge. The capitalist economy is thoroughly
monetized and offers abundant opportunities to transfer surplus. Surplus accumulation
has had transpired in one way or another for many centuries, but capitalism is a
comparatively recent phenomenon. Modern rationalism is a general configuration of
knowledge. It is secular as it defines reality in terms of the tangible world of experience.
Its knowledge could then be applied to harness natural and social forces for human
purposes. It enables people to conquer disease, hunger, poverty, war, etc., and
maximize human potential.

Pre- Assessment: (Answers)

 1. In my point of view, the term globalization in the late twentieth century is the process in
which people and technology have made the world interconnectedness. Specifically, it
changes the nature of the economic activity and social changes that have come about
as a result. Globalization became developed in every nation because of the system they
create for the economy, socially, and politically.
2. However, some historical trends that accelerated globalization were shifts in production
and labor markets, rapid advances in technology, and climate change. Thus, before the
late twentieth century, the process of globalization has accelerated. It includes improved
trade, increased labor, capital mobility, and improved technology.
3. Some impacts of globalization in terms of migrants are increases in the population,
adverse effects on existing social institutions, increase demand for goods and services,
etc. While in economics, is the movement of people from one country to another to
benefit from greater economic opportunities in the receiving country.
4. Globalization is a positive development as it will give rise to new industries and more
jobs in developing countries. In addition, it also increases global competition, which
drives prices down and creates a larger variety of choices for consumers.
5. Globalization is negative in that it will force poorer countries of the world to do whatever
the big developed countries tell them to do. There are some impacts of globalization are
unequal economic growth, lack of local business, cause job displacement increased
potential global recessions, and exploits cheaper labor markets.

Exploring Activities: (Answers)

 Technology

Economic GLOBALIZATION Political

Social

In my point of view in the picture, there is a term of globalization is the interdependence and
ongoing interconnection between countries across the globe. Furthermore, globalization is a
system of markets, trade, and investment creating barriers to slow the flow of products and
services. Through technology, socially, politically, ecologically, and economically the
interconnectedness of peoples are the way of developing this concept map. Specifically, it is
also referred to as the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across
international borders. Therefore, this concept map is the process of constituting economic
globalization in every nation and the accessibility of services, capital, people, and ideas.

Deepening/Abstraction: (Answers)
 Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence and
interconnection of the world’s economies that have become intertwined through international
trade and aid. Like globalization broadens access to goods, it can lift people out of poverty,
increase cultural awareness, and information and technology spread more easily with
globalization. But, globalization has also led to an increase in inequality. Because some areas of
the world have become extremely powerful and wealthy while other countries are trying to
overcome the negative effects of colonialism, workers who lose their jobs to countries with low-
cost labor, haven’t protected labor environment or human rights, cultural homogeneity, and last
is empowered multinational corporations. Therefore, globalization begin because many scholars
say it started with Columbus’s voyage to the new world in 1492. People traveled to nearby and
faraway places well before Columbus’s voyage, however exchanging their ideas, products, and
customs along the way.

Demonstration/ Application:
Activity # 1
1. Putting(monetary) values on beaches and coral reef-Ingrid van wees
The sounds and views of the waves arriving at the shore are priceless. The services,
provided by nature are fundamental to our wellbeing, human evolution, and economic
prosperity. In addition, the inclusion of the full economic value of many of these free
ecosystem services and the associated natural capital in accounts at national or
subnational levels is in its infancy. In a way of assigning monetary and physical values to
these assets, their services and products will help policymakers informed decisions.
Therefore, when the cost is environmental deterioration and values of ecosystems
services are only partially passed to the private sector, the public sector is paying the
bill.

2. Why nature matters – Qingfeng Zhang

Healthy ecosystems are a pillar of almost everything we value in our life.
Furthermore, they are the foundation on which economies are built, and on which
livelihoods, food security, health, and quality of life depend. All human activity is
embedded in nature’s ecosystems. Thus, climate change is wreaking untold damage on
ecosystems, even as their central role in keeping our societies healthy and increasingly
prosperous as well safe from the impacts of global warming has been taken for granted.
One reason is the lack of accounting that values the contribution of natural capital to our
economies. In conclusion, nature is undervalued and missing from the economic
and financial decision-making process.

3. Learning by Recovering – Emmanuel Jimenez and Yasuyuki Sawada

As the Philippines embarks on an ambitious plan to recover from the (COVID-19)
pandemic, it is important to build a learning loop to know what investments are working
and who is benefiting from them. Furthermore, some of these lessons can allow mid-
course adjustments as implementation takes place to minimize the chances of success.
Those learned at project closure can help inform planning for future investments. This
would entail reviewing more systematically the lessons learned from other settings. ADB,
 for example, has just published two such reviews of what works to improve energy and
transportation interventions both priority areas for the government. In conclusion, in this
way, the country can learn as it recovers from the pandemic. Indeed, such an approach
will benefit other countries as well, especially in the post-pandemic context.

Reflection:
The first thing that I’ve learned is that globalization refers to how the world has become
more connected economically, politically, socially, and culturally over time. Creatively, this
lesson was enhancing my skills to know more about what is happening in the world. Because I
believe that there is always a process of learning it just depends on a person if he/she wants to
take it seriously. Thus, this lesson shows that the reality of knowing the term “globalization” is
the best way to talk about the world.

Lesson 2: THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION

A. The Global Economy
Summary
Economic globalization is one of the three main dimensions of globalization commonly found in
academic literature, with the two others being political globalization and cultural globalization, as
well as the general term of globalization. The world economy is the economy of all humans of
the word referring to the interconnected worldwide economic activities that take place between
multiple countries.
In a global economy, several characteristics can develop the world economy. These are
globalization, International Trade, International Finance, Global Investment. It means the recent
boom has been largely supported by development. Economies integrate with developing
countries through foreign direct investment, lowering the cost of doing businesses, the reduction
of trade barriers, and in many cases cross-border migration. In which, the International
commodity markets, labor markets, and capital markets make up the economy and define
economic globalization. Furthermore, the history of International Trading Systems is a system of
global trade with multiple restrictions. Mercantilism is also viewed as a form of economic
protectionism. It is still alive in the 21st century as most nations continue to impose many
restrictions on international trade. A monetary system where the country’s currency is gold
standard while flat money gives central banks greater control over the economy. In Bretton
Woods System in 1944 is an agreement that enables countries’ central banks to maintain
exchange rates between their currencies and the dollar. Additionally, after the Bretton Wood
System, the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade was created in 1947.
Conflicts in Government Affiliation with Economics (Keynesian Theory). The prices of oil rise
sharply during the Arab-Israel War in 1948, to make matter worse, the stock markets crashed in
1973-1974. Stagflation occurs when there is Low GDP, high unemployment, low demands, and
a sharp increase in prices (inflation). The Global Actors are International Governmental
Organizations (IGO) refer to an entity created by treaty, International Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs) are transnational federations of national groups, Businesses a usually
commercial then Migrants transfer significant amounts of money through remittances to lower-
income relatives. Impacts are Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction declined globally
following the accelerations of globalization. Global Supply Chain, consists of complex
interconnected networks that allow companies to produce handle and distribute various goods
and services to the public worldwide. Labor Conditions and Environment, which implies that to
minimize cost and increase delivery speed, businesses tend to locate operations in countries
with the least stringent environmental and labor regulations. Health Risks, the links between
globalization and health. Mistreatment, Global Labor and Fair- Trade Movement, Capital Flight,
Inequality, may vary between societies, historical periods, and economic systems. Resources
Insecurity, an over-exploitation, and degradation of essential resources. Competitive
Advantages are a substantial issue in international agriculture. Cultural Effects populations
mimic the international flow of capital and labor markets in the form of immigration and the
merger of cultures and Migration of advances made in technology. The process of
modernization which societies. Modernization refers to a model of a progressive transition from
‘pre-modem’ or ‘traditional’ to a ‘modern society is modernization theory. The other one is
dependency theory is a body of social science theories predicated on the notion that resources
flow from a ‘periphery’ of poor and underdeveloped states to a ‘core’ of wealthy states, enriching
the latter at the expense of the former.

Demonstration/Application:
Activity #2

Reflection:

B. Market integration
Summary
C. The Global Interstate
Summary

Demonstration/ Application
Activity #4
Reflection:
D. Contemporary Global Governance
Summary
Demonstration/Application
Activity #5

This panel will examine particular policy areas to reveal both continuities and
discontinuities with the previous administration. In doing so, the goal is to contribute an
understanding of the practices and modus operandi of the controversial and
unpredictable nature of Rodrigo Duterte's administration. The panel will also identify
what would be the features of Duterte's governance.
Since the 1986 People Power “Revolution” in the Philippines, there were
substantial efforts and gains in strengthening local governance, devolution, and local
autonomy. The 1987 Constitution recognizes the role of local governments in national
development and people’s participation. A 1991 Local Government Code was enacted
and gave substantial powers and responsibilities to local governments. An autonomous
regional government was created in Muslim Mindanao. The election of Rodrigo Duterte
to the presidency in 2016 ushered in a period in Philippine politics dubbed as either an
illiberal turn or even a populist authoritarian turn. In a way of using political opportunity
structures, this content of the paper seeks to identify the opportunities available as well
as the constraints that impact local governance. Development in all regions and not just
‘imperial Manila’ and seek lasting peace and stronger regional autonomy in Muslim
Mindanao. Some of the challenges include the administration’s top-down tendencies in
dealing with local governments. There will also be a section on the response of local
governments, local officials, and other stakeholders to these opportunities and
challenges.
Therefore, the importance of Philippines politics and governance subject all about.
The goal is to inform the students of the essential things about politics and governance,
empower them by providing knowledge and skills, and make them responsible citizens
in the practice of their rights and application of what they have learned in the subject.
Reflection:

This time, the deeper I get the information about what is happening in the world.
The deeper I realize how far we’ve come through this system of globalization. It’s a big
help for us as students especially when it comes to our society and in the whole world.
In addition, I’ve learned in this lesson 2 about what are the structures of globalization in
which they are focusing on the global economy. Under this subtopic are history,
technology, policy, government, impact, and theories of structures of globalization. The
other is market integration, global interstate, and lastly, is global governance.
Furthermore, they are discussing those subtopics that I mentioned because I’ve learned
about this lesson. In a way of learning this topic, we should relate and understand the
flow of structures of globalization.