Weather and Climate

Why does it matter?
Long-term changes in climate can directly or indirectly affect many aspects of

society in potentially disruptive ways. For example, warmer average temperatures
could increase air conditioning costs and affect the spread of diseases like Lyme
disease, but could also improve conditions for growing some crops. More extreme
variations in weather are also a threat to society. More frequent and intense extreme
heat events can increase illnesses and deaths, especially among vulnerable
populations, and damage some crops. While increased precipitation can replenish
water supplies and support agriculture, intense storms can damage property, cause
loss of life and population displacement, and temporarily disrupt essential services
such as transportation, telecommunications, energy, and water supplies.
Summary of Key Points

 U.S. and Global Temperature. Average temperatures have risen across the
contiguous 48 states since 1901, with an increased rate of warming over the
past 30 years. Nine of the top 10 warmest years on record have occurred
since 1998. Average global temperatures show a similar trend, and all of the
top 10 warmest years on record worldwide have occurred since 2005. Within
the United States, temperatures in parts of the North, the West, and Alaska
have increased the most.
 Seasonal Temperature. As the Earth warms overall, average temperatures
increase throughout the year, but the increases may be larger in certain
seasons than in others. Since 1896, average winter temperatures across the
contiguous 48 states have increased by nearly 3°F. Spring temperatures have
increased by about 2°F, while summer and fall temperatures have increased
by about 1.5°F.
 High and Low Temperatures. Many extreme temperature conditions are
becoming more common. Since the 1970s, unusually hot summer days
(highs) have become more common over the last few decades in the United
States. Unusually hot summer nights (lows) have become more common at
an even faster rate. This trend indicates less “cooling off” at night. Although
the United States has experienced many winters with unusually low
temperatures, unusually cold winter temperatures have become less common
—particularly very cold nights (lows). Record-setting daily high temperatures
have become more common than record lows.
 Heat Waves. Heat waves are occurring more than they used to in major cities
across the United States. Heat waves are occurring three times more often
than they did in the 1960s—about six per year compared with two per year.
The average heat wave season is 49 days longer, and individual heat waves
are lasting longer and becoming more intense.
 U.S. and Global Precipitation. Total annual precipitation has increased over
land areas in the United States and worldwide. Since 1901, precipitation has
increased at an average rate of 0.2 inches per decade over the contiguous 48
states. However, shifting weather patterns have caused certain areas, such
as the Southwest, to experience less precipitation than usual.
 Heavy Precipitation. In recent years, a higher percentage of precipitation in
the United States has come in the form of intense single-day events. The
prevalence of extreme single-day precipitation events remained fairly steady
between 1910 and the 1980s but has risen substantially since then.
Nationwide, nine of the top 10 years for extreme one-day precipitation events
have occurred since 1996. The occurrence of abnormally high annual
precipitation totals (as defined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration) has also increased.
 Tropical Cyclone Activity. Tropical storm activity in the Atlantic Ocean, the
Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico has increased during the past 20 years.
Storm intensity, a measure of strength, duration, and frequency, is closely
related to variations in sea surface temperature in the tropical Atlantic and has
risen noticeably during that time. However, changes in observation methods
over time make it difficult to know for sure whether a longer-term increase in
storm activity has occurred. Records collected since the late 1800s suggest
that the actual number of hurricanes per year has not increased.
 River Flooding. Increases and decreases in the frequency and magnitude of
river flood events vary by region. Floods have generally become larger across
parts of the Northeast and Midwest and smaller in the West, southern
Appalachia, and northern Michigan. Large floods have become more frequent
across the Northeast, Pacific Northwest, and parts of the northern Great
Plains, and less frequent in the Southwest and the Rockies.
 Drought. Average drought conditions across the nation have varied over
time. The 1930s and 1950s saw the most widespread droughts, while the last
50 years have generally been wetter than average. Specific trends vary by
region, as the West has generally experienced more drought while the
Midwest and Northeast have become wetter. A more detailed index developed
recently shows that over the period from 2000 through 2020, roughly 20 to 70
percent of the U.S. land area experienced conditions that were at least
abnormally dry at any given time. However, this index has not been in use for
long enough to compare with historical drought patterns.
 A Closer Look: Temperature and Drought in the Southwest. The
southwestern United States is particularly sensitive to changes in temperature
and thus vulnerable to drought, as even a small decrease in water availability
in this already arid region can stress natural systems and further threaten
water supplies. Several measures indicate persistent and more severe
drought conditions in recent years.

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Why does it matter?

Long-term changes in climate can directly or indirectly affect many aspects of

Summary of Key Points

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