Concept of Computer

networks
History of Internet
Concept of computer networks
Network architecture
Packet switching vs. circuit switching

Reading: Chapter 1, Computer Networks,

Tanenbaum

1
 History of the Internet

l Originated from an
experiemental project of ARPA
l Intially having only two nodes
(IMP atUCLA and IMP at SRI).

ARPA: Advanced Research Project Agency

UCLA: University California Los Angeles
SRI: Stanford Research Institute
IMP: Interface Message Processor

2
Source: http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/historical.html
 In 12/1969, after 3 months

SRI UTAH

UCSB
UCLA

A network with 4 nodes, 56kbps

UCSB:University of California, Santa Barbara

UTAH:University of Utah
3
source: http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/historical.html
 ARPANET, 1971

Source:
http://www.cybergeography.org/
atlas/historical.html One node was added each month 4
Years 70s: Interconnection, new
network architecture and private
architectures

5
 Expansion of ARPANET, 1974

source:
6
http://www.cybergeography.org/
atlas/historical.html
Traffic each day not more than 3.000.000 package
Years 70s
l Since 1970, new networks private
architectures appear:
l ALOHAnet in Hawaii
l DECnet, IBM SNA, XNA
l 1974: Cerf & Kahn – principles of
interconnection of open systems (Turing
Awards)
l 1976: Ethernet, Xerox PARC
l End of 1970s: ATM 7
Years 80s: New protocols,
more expansion

8
1981: Beginning of NSFNET

NSF: National Science Foundation

NSF network is separated from ARPANET for academic research
uniquely

9
 1986: Connect USENET and NSFNET

10

Source: http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/historical.html
More network to join and more
protocol
l More networks join in: MFENET, HEPNET
(Dept. Energy), SPAN (NASA), BITnet,
CSnet, NSFnet, Minitel …
l TCP/IP is standardized and becomes popular
in 1980
l Berkeley integrate TCP/IP in BSD Unix
l Services: FTP, Mail, DNS …

11
 Years 90s: Web and E-
commerce over Internet

12
Years 90s
l Begining of 90s: End of 1990’s – 2000’s:
Begining of Web l Many new Internet
l HTML, HTTP:
applications was
introduced:
Berners-Lee l Chat, file sharing P2P…
l 1994: Mosaic, l E-commerce, Yahoo, Ebay,
Amazon, Google…
Netscape
l > 50 millions hosts, > 100
l End of 90s: millions users.
Commercialized the
Internet

13
Internet in Việt Nam

l1996: Preparation for the Internet infrastructure

l ISP: VNPT
l 64kbps, 01 connection to the world, few end users.
l1997: Việt Nam connects to the Internet officially
l 1 IXP (Internet Exchange Point): VNPT
l 4 ISP (Internet Service Provider) : VNPT, Netnam (IOT),
FPT, SPT
l2007: After 10 years
l 20 ISPs, 4 IXPs: VNPT, FPT, Viettel, EVN Telecom
l 19 mil. users, 22.04% population

14
 Development of the Internet in
Vietnam

The numbers of users are estimated by 2 times the number of subscribers

15
Source: Vietnam Internet Case Study, http://www.itu.int/asean2001/reports/material/VNM%20CS.pdf
Statistics until 2007

16

Source: Vnnic, http://www.thongkeinternet.vn

 Bandwidth to the world (Mbps),
3rd Quarter 2007

FPT, 2635

EVN, 400

SPT, 200

HanoiTelecom,
4
Vietel, 2056
VNPT, 6820

Total: 12115.0 Mbps

17
Internet subscription, 2019

Statistics are provided by Department of Telecommunication, Ministry of

Information and Communication.
http://vnta.gov.vn/thongke/Trang/dulieuthongke.aspx 18
Some fixed internet connection
technologies to ISP
l Dial-up:
l 56kbps,
l use public telephone lines,
l Data are transmitted over the same frequency with
voice,
l Old technology, popular before 2000
l ADSL, xDSL:
l few Mbps,
l use public telephone lines,
l Data are transmitted over the different frequency with
voice,
19
l popular between 2000-2010
Some fixed internet connection
technologies to ISP
l Internet over TV cable
l Use TV cable to carry data
l FTTH
l several dozen Mbps,
l Use optical fiber
l Popular nowadays.

20
Internet usage on Mobile
phone 2019

Statistics are provided by Department of Telecommunication, Ministry of

Information and Communication.
http://vnta.gov.vn/thongke/Trang/dulieuthongke.aspx 21
International Internet data
volume 2019

Statistics are provided by Department of Telecommunication, Ministry of

Information and Communication.
http://vnta.gov.vn/thongke/Trang/dulieuthongke.aspx 22
Domestic Internet data volume

Statistics are provided by Department of Telecommunication, Ministry of

Information and Communication. 23

http://vnta.gov.vn/thongke/Trang/dulieuthongke.aspx
Internet management in Việt
Nam
l VNNIC
l Is responsible for managing the Internet domain
name, address in Việt Nam;
l Provides guidelines, statistics about Internet and
participates in international activity about Internet.
l VNIX: Vietnam National Internet eXchange
l switching system between national ISP.

24
25
International connections

26
International connections

27
International connections

28
Optical fiber under the ocean

29

Source: https://www.submarinecablemap.com
Optical fiber under the ocean

30
Source: https://www.submarinecablemap.com
Concepts of computer
networks

31
Concepts
l A set of computers/nodes
connecting to each other
according to an architecture in
order to exchange data
l Computer/node: workstation,
server, router, mobile phone .etc
with information processing
capacity
l They connect to each other by a
media (wired or wireless)
l Arcording to an archirecture
l Different kind of computers

32
Example of computer networks
l The Internet
l A local network using Ethernet
l An wireless LAN in a cafe: using 802.11
standard
l A network connecting ATMs

33
Network architecture
l Network architecture contain 2 aspects:
l topology: the form that network nodes connects to each
other
l Protocol: language and procedure of communication
between nodes.
l Topology
l Bus, Ring, Star…

34
What is a protocol?

Hi request

non response

What time is it now? request

ok response

Thời gian

Protocol between human Protocol between

being: vocabulary, machines
procedure 35
Network protocol
l A protocol defines communication rules between nodes
l Protocol defines:
l Format of messages/ information to be exchanged between
nodes.
l Order of messages sending between entities/nodes
l Action should be performed when an entity receives a message.
l Example of protocols running on the Internet: TCP, UDP, IP,
HTTP, Telnet, SSH, Ethernet, …

36
Communication medium
l Physical medium that can carry signal
l Classification:
l Wired media: twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber,…
l Wireless media: radio wave, microwave, infrared wave,…
l Some characteristics:
l Bandwidth (băng thông): width of the frequency band could be
used for carrying signal
l fmin: minimum frequency, fmax: maximum frequency

l Bandwidth = fmax - fmin

l BER – Bit Error Rate= nb of error bits/nb of transmitted bits)
l Attenuation (suy hao): signal power decrement level

37
Computer network
classification
l PAN – Personal Area Network
l Scope: several metres
l #users: few
l To serve an individual
l LAN – Local Area Network):
l Scope: few km
l #users: few to hundreds of thousands
l To serve an individual, house hold, organization

38
Computer network
classification
l MAN – Metropolitian Area Network
l Scope: hundreds of km
l #users: Millions
l To serve a metro, area
l WAN – Wide Area Network
l Scope: thousands of km
l #users: billions
l GAN – Global Area Network: over the world
(ex: Internet)
39
LAN
l LAN (Local Area Networks):
l Scope: a building, an office, an organization
l Wireless LAN
l VD: WIFI
l Wired LAN
l VD: Ethernet

40
MAN
l Metropolitan Area
Networks
l Cover a city
l Ex:
l Television network
l Backbone networks of
ISP.

41
WAN
l Wide Area Networks
l Cover a large scope such as
a country
l Ex: network connecting
different branchs of the same
company
l Technology characteristics:
l Using long distant lines to
connect different parts of the
network
l Ex: Using PSTN network, using
optical cable.

42
Mạng GAN
l Global Area Networks
l Interconnect different networks
l Cover many continentals.

43
Internet mobile network

global ISP
l Contain more than 5 billions
devices
home
l 3.2 billion users (40%) network
regional ISP
l Medium: optical fiber, twisted
pair, Wimax, 3G…
l Transport ~3x109 GB data per
day
l Services: Web, email, social
networks, …

institutional
network

44
 Internet
l Network of networks
access access
network access network
network
...

Internet
access
network

How to interconnects millions

of network systems? access
network

45
Internet: network of networks
l Directly connect one network with all others?

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access
net
… … net

access
access net
net

Not scalable:
…

…
Number of

…
access access
…

net net

access
connections O(n2)
net
access
net

access
net
access
…

net
… access access …
net access net
net

46
Internet: Network of networks(2)
l Connect each access network to a relay stations of a global ISP

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…

…
global
access
net
ISP access
net

access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
… access access …
net access net
net

47
Internet: Network of networks(3)
l Add more ISP...
Internet relay station
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net
access Peer-to-peer
net
access
net
… access access …
net access net
net

48
Internet: Network of networks(4)
l Add regional networks...

access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…

…
access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net
access
net regional net
access
net
… access access …
net access net
net

49
Transmission models
Packet switching vs. Circuit switching
Connection oriented vs. Connectionless

50
Connecting hosts
Direct links model

l Using direct links between all pairs of hosts

l A link: a segment of medium without any processing unit in the middle
l Weakness: too many links, distance limitation.

51
Connecting hosts
Bus model

l Point-to-multipoint:
l Single communication medium is used for all hosts à broadcast
communication
l Weakness: long physical link, few hosts can
communicate simultaneously

X
52
 Connecting hosts
Switching model
l Solution: using switch
l Switch: device with multiple ports
l A host links to a switch
l Switches link together point-to-point
l Switch forwards data/signal between ports toward destination.

G D
A
3
1
C 5 B
2

E F
4 53
Data switching network

54
Circuit switching
l A switch closes two ports together, making data from in-port to
flow to out-port.
l Circuit is a path/channel, going through several switches, over
which data flows

55
Circuit switching
l Resources (ex: bandwidth over a link) is dedicatedly assigned to
each circuit. When the circuit is unused (no data is transmitted),
no other circuit can use the resources.
l 3 phases of data transmission
l Setup circuit

l Transmit data
l Teardown the circuit
l Circuit switching guaranties that the circuits uses the whole
available the bandwidth over each link for data transmission
(good for audio/video transmission)
l Waste of bandwidth if the data transmission process does not
consume the whole capacity of each link of the circuit.
56
Example of circuit switching : Public
Switched Telephone Network PSTN

57
End-to-end data transmission time in
circuit switching
A Sw1 Sw2 B

Setup
circuit

Transmit
data Information
time
Teardown
circuit
58
Weakness: case of idle chanel
Sw1 Sw2

Setup

Transmit Transfer
data Information
t
teardown

59
Weakness: case of small
channel
Sw1 Sw2

Setup

Transmit data
Information

Teardown

60
Packet switching
l Data is divided into small packets and transferred
through the network
l Switch does not close one port to another but just
copies a packet between ports.
l Multiple connections can share a single channel
l Increase bandwidth utilization efficiency
l Each packet is forwarded individually

61
Example of packet switching

62
Transmission time in packet
switching
l Switch forwards a packet only A Sw B
after receiving all the packet h

(store and forward)

payl
d
oad r

l Switch need time to process a

packet (dproc):
l Check error
l Decide which ports to forward
packet out
l dproc is usually smaller than
transmission delay
dproc

63
Bandwidth vs throughput
l Bandwidth - R
l In telecommunication: bandwidth= fmax - fmin
l In computer networks: Maximum amount of data
can be transmitted in a unit of time over a link
(bps – bit per second).
l Ex: optical fiber has bandwidth of 1000Mbps.
l Throughput: actual data transmission speed
(bits/sec)

64
Bottle neck

65
Delay Transmission delay
A Propagation delay

C D
B
Processing delay
Queue delay

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dtrans: transmission delay: dprop: propagation delay

Time to send data out of a Time to propagate data from one
node end of link to the other
§ L: data size(bits) § d: length of link
§ R: bandwidth(bps) § s: signal propagation speed in medium
§ dtrans = L/R (ex: ~2x108 m/sec)
§ dprop = d/s 66
Delay Transmission delay
A Propagation delay

C D
B
Processing delay
Queue delay

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dproc: processing delay dqueue: queue delay

§ Error check § Time data stay in queue
§ Identify out port waiting for processing
§ Usually < μsec § Depending on the amount
of data in the queue.
67
 Trễ trên thiết bị đầu cuối
Trễ trên thiết bị trung gian
Trễ truyền tin: thời gian cần để phát dữ

Độ trễ (tiếp) liệu

Trễ lan truyền: thời gian lan truyền dữ
truyền tin liệu từ 1 đầu đến đầu kia của đường
dây
A lan truyền

B
xử lý tại nút
đợi trong hàng đợi

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dproc: trễ xử lý dqueue: trễ hàng đợi

§ Kiểm tra lỗi bit § Thời gian dữ liệu nằm
§ Xác định liên kết ra trong hàng đợi chờ xử lý
§ Thường < μsec § Phụ thuộc vào lượng dữ
liệu trong hàng đợi
68
Round Trip Time (RTT)
l RTT: = t3 – t0
A B
T = t0

T = t1
Processing
time at B
T = t2

T = t3

l One way delay: t1 – t0

69
Connection oriented
transmission vs. connectionless
l Connection oriented transmission:
l Data are transmitted over a connection already
established
l 3 working phases: Establishing a connection, data
transmission, teardown the connection.
l Reliable
l Connectionless transmision
l No connection establishing phase
l Only data transmission phase
l Not reliable - “Best effort”
70
Summary
l Introduction to the course
l History of the Internet
l Concept of Computer Networks
l Architecture
l Topology
l Protocol
l Circuit switching vs. packet switching
l Pros & cons
71
Next week…
l Layering architecture
l OSI reference model
l IP, MAC address, port number
l DNS service.

72