Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

Lviv Polytechnic National University

Institute of Computer Science and Information Technologies

Department
Of Applied Linguistics

COURSE PAPER IN
TRANSLATION OF WEATHER METAPHORS IN
BRITISH ONLINE NEWSPAPERS

Presented by
student of the group Phl—46
Horobiovska Sofiia

Supervised by
Senior lecturer, PhD
Bondarchuk Nataliia

Lviv 2021
 Table of contents

Introduction...............................................................................................................................................3
Chapter 1. Theoretical and methodological background.......................................................................5
1.1 Theoretical background..................................................................................................................5
1.1.1 Types of metaphors............................................................................................................8
1.1.2 Classification of metaphors....................................................................................................10
1.1.3 Purposes of metaphor.............................................................................................................10
1.1.4 Functions of metaphors..........................................................................................................11
1.2 Methodological background.........................................................................................................14
Chapter 2. Results and discussion..........................................................................................................17
2.1 Weather metaphors in Financial Times.......................................................................................17
2.2 Weather metaphors in The Sun....................................................................................................19
2.3 Weather metaphors in The Telegraph.........................................................................................20
2.4 Weather metaphors in The Times................................................................................................21
2.5 Weather metaphors in The Guardian..........................................................................................23
2.6 Weather metaphors in The I.........................................................................................................24
Conclusions..............................................................................................................................................27
References................................................................................................................................................29
Abstract....................................................................................................................................................32
 Introduction
Statement of the problem. Any language is a universal system of signs,
potentially able to reflect everything that makes up the real world to describe any
objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality. However, different languages
reproduce the same objects and phenomena differently. Language reflects reality,
creates its own picture of the world, specific and unique to each culture. Through a
linguistic tool such as metaphor, we can reveal the essence of one object or
phenomenon through the features of another, pointing to their similarity or
contrast. The object of the investigation is the weather metaphors in English.
The subject of the investigation is the translation of weather metaphors in
British online newspapers.
The topicality of this study is determined, by the importance of metaphor
translation for translation studies, including in the context of studying the cognitive
nature of metaphor, as well as a comprehensive approach to determining the
adequacy of translation of metaphorical images of the original.
The aim and objectives of the study are to study the linguistic and stylistic
parameters and functions of metaphor in the journalistic style, analysis of ways to
transfer it when translating from English into Ukrainian. In connection with this
goal, the following research objectives were identified:
• analyze the theoretical positions on definitions “News style and discourse”
and “metaphor”;
• consider ways to convey the metaphor of translations from English into
Ukrainian;
• prove the importance of the study of metaphor in the context of the NEWS
style of English language and methods of its translation.
Significance of the study. The significance of this article The relevance and
importance of this topic is determined by current trends in the study of metaphor
and the complexity of translating this category of vocabulary from English into
Ukrainian.
 Definition of terms. The main terms in this research are metaphor and
discourse. There are a lot of different definitions of metaphor, however, because of
their similarity, the general one can be expressed. Metaphor is a figure of language
that directly compares one thing with another for a stylistic effect; the essence of
some phenomena and objects is revealed through others on the basis of their
similarity or contrast. Discourse — the subject of study of communicative
linguistics.
Theoretical frameworks. The current stage of development of linguistics
and translation studies is characterized by growing interest in the functioning of
metaphors in various fields of use and various language styles. Since the end of the
twentieth century metaphor is seen as an integral part of language, which is
necessary for communicative, nominative and cognitive purposes. As early as the
Middle Ages, J. Vico studied metaphor as the primary logic of unconscious
processes, which was embodied in the poetic creativity of the people. Later, similar
views were expressed by E. Cassirer, calling the metaphor a reflex of mythological
ideas about the world. Modern cognitologists (J. Lakoff, M. Johnson, N.
Arutyunova, A. Baranov, Y. Karaulov, A. Chudinov, O. Selivanova, L. Kravets)
see in the metaphor of a tool of thought: its use in different types of text leads to
the construction new hypotheses. One of the fundamental studies of metaphor in
cognitivism is the work of American scientists J. Lakoff and M. Johnson
“Metaphors as we live.”
Methodology. The following methods were used to solve the set goals and
objectives: an emotive and comparative analysis.
Research materials. The main sources used for carrying out the given
research are the articles from such newspapers: Financial Times, The Sun, The
Telegraph, The Guardian, The I, and The Times.
 Chapter 1. Theoretical and methodological background
1.1 Theoretical background

We express our thoughts, ideas, desires, needs through language. We learn

foreign languages to convey all this to people of other nationalities and to be able
to understand them ourselves. However, it is challenging to translate from one
language to another.
The translation is not only a process of translating each word into a foreign
language but also comprehending its meaning and determining its equivalent. A
translator plays a crucial role in translating since the translation product will
depend on his consideration in translating the text. [10, p.1]
Peter Newmark is one of the main scholars in the founding of Translation
Studies in the English—speaking world in the XX century. According to him, the
translator faces two critical problems in their work: determining the best
translation principle for the entire text and translating metaphors. [11, p.123]
A metaphor is a figure of speech in which a term or phrase is applied to
something it is not literally applicable to suggest a resemblance. [4]
Metaphor is, for most people, a device of the poetic imagination and the
rhetorical matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language. Furthermore,
metaphor is typically viewed as characteristic of language alone, a matter of words
rather than thought or action. [9, p. 453—454]
Metaphor is used to “describe an entity, event, or quality more
comprehensively and concisely in a more complex way than is possible by using
literal language” (Newmark, 1988, p. 84). It compares one object to another to
express its meaning, but the two objects must be similar. It demonstrates the
importance of metaphor in communicating, explaining, and conveying messages
more creatively and interestingly (Knowles & Moon, 2005). [10, p.2]
According to Joseph E. Grady, it is nearly impossible to analyze metaphor
without taking into account the connections between lexical semantics and usage
of lexical items and comprehension and perception of the world. In other words,
some aspects of human experience are associated with others to facilitate
perception and cognition; perhaps the relationship between the neurological system
and metaphors demonstrates this point. [17, p. 166]
Metaphor is hotly debated and much researched by linguists. In 1980, Lakoff
and Johnson published a seminal work on the metaphor that will shape the
direction of metaphor research for years to come. Metaphors give us a glimpse into
how language is formed, as well as how we think and learn. [7, p. 11]
Lakoff and Johnson's (1980; cf. 1999) cognitive linguistic approach to
metaphor influenced several disciplines concerned with the study of metaphor,
including philosophy, poetics, psycholinguistics and psychology, discourse
analysis and communication studies, and anthropology (e.g., Gibbs 2008). [6, p.
766]
Scholars of metaphor employ a variety of theoretical concepts and
parameters for the purposes of identifying, describing metaphors and their
translatability as well as transfer methods. [2, p.74]
Metaphor translation is often considered as one of the general problems of
“untranslatability.” This is because metaphors are generally associated with
indirectness. Culture has a significant influence on it. [10, p.1]
According to Newmark, Larson (1998) claims that not all metaphors can be
easily understood. If it is translated literally, it tends to cause misinterpretation.
Larson (1988) states that several factors make metaphor translation challenging. To
begin with, the image used in the metaphor may be unfamiliar in the target
language. Secondly, the object of metaphor is stated implicitly. Thirdly, the point
of similarity is implicit and hard to find. Fourthly, the target language uses the
different images as comparisons. Finally, the frequency of using metaphor is
different. This list of issues demonstrates that metaphor translation necessitates
extra thought from the translator. [10, p.2]
When attention is focused separately on cognitive or linguistic elements of
metaphors, despite their collective relevance, problems of translation and research
of techniques of translation of metaphors arise. [22, p.96]
 Because metaphor is regarded as a significant translation problem, Peter
Newmark suggests methods for translating it. [10, p.3]
The chosen method of metaphor translation is determined by several factors,
including the function of the metaphor in the text, stylistic considerations, the
peculiarities of the text's style, and the purpose of the translation. [18, p.20]
Newmark's classification of metaphor translation methods distinguishes 1)
the preservation of the image in the language of translation; 2) the replacement of
the image of the source language with a standard image of the language of
translation that does not contradict the culture of the language of translation; 3) the
replacement of the image of the source language with a standard image of the
language of translation that does not contradict the culture of the language of
translation. 3) Reproduction of metaphor by figurative comparison with picture
preservation (but possible modification in the expression); 4) translation of
metaphor (or figurative comparison) with the aid of figurative comparison (or,
occasionally, metaphor) with the interpretation of meaning (this enhances
understanding but may result in a loss of expressiveness of expression); 5) detailed
replication of the metaphor's semantics (may be utilized if the metaphor is
ambiguous and its preservation is unsuitable, albeit some features of the
statement's rules may be lost); 6) omit the metaphor if it is superfluous (optional);
Kazakova suggests the following methods for interpreting metaphors based on her
observations: 1) complete translation; 2) adding/omitting; 3) replacement; 4)
structural transformation; 5) traditional counterpart; 6) parallel naming of the
metaphorical basis (the structure may change, but the proposed image is
preserved). [22, p.97]
Based on the examples of English and Ukrainian, there are four hypotheses
—conditions for metaphor translation: 1) English metaphors in the attributive
function are more characteristic than for Ukrainian; 2) phrasal metaphors are more
numerous in Ukrainian than in English; 3) conceptual metaphors can be
represented in English and Ukrainian by structurally different equivalents; 4)
syntactic—functional and lexical—structural differences of metaphorical
equivalents of different languages can motivate the translator to resort to semantic
modulation or, in particular, descriptive translation. [22, p.98]
The study of ways and means of translating metaphors involves determining
the extent to which translation options are communicatively and functionally
appropriate, under what conditions occasional translation of metaphors can be
established, how ethno—specific and universal metaphors are relevant in the
language of translation, and how translation helps in metaphor borrowing. [22,
p.98]
To interpret metaphors accurately, you must first study them in—depth. In
the book written by P. Newmark, “A Textbook of Translation” (1988), the
translator offered his classification of metaphors and proposed their translational
options. [11, p.123]

1.1.1 Types of metaphors

P. Newmark distinguished six types of metaphors: dead, cliché, stock,
adapted, recent and original. [11, p.124]
Dead metaphor
Dead metaphors are metaphors that have lost their figurative meaning. Dead
metaphors are frequently used to describe the time and space, geographical objects
and human activity. Metaphors are often words that distinguish parts of the body,
natural phenomena, and abstract astronomical concepts. In general, the translator
has no difficulty interpreting dead metaphors; however, it is not always feasible to
translate these metaphors precisely. When translating dead metaphors we should
be guided by the principles of lexical combinability in the target language. [11,
p.124]
Metaphors – clichés
Metaphors—clichés are metaphors that have lost their artistic meaning and
are simply used in connotative function, in order to express thoughts more clearly
often with a larger share of emotions. P. Newmark believed that in the anonymous
text a translator should avoid literal translation of metaphors clichés. In this case, a
translator must either remove all imagery of the translated metaphors or provide
fewer figurative metaphors. [11, p.124]
Stock metaphors
P. Newmark observed that the domains of stock metaphors and metaphor—
clichés overlap. Stock metaphors are metaphors that are effective means of
describing concrete or abstract concepts, have an emotional impact on the reader,
and have an active aesthetic function, as opposed to dead metaphors. The
translation of these metaphors might be challenging at times since the metaphor
may be outdated or be used solely by people of a specific social class or age group.
The perfect solution would be to be used the equivalent metaphor in the target
language with a similar image. This strategy works best with simple metaphors. It
can be hardly applied to the translation of compound metaphors. Symbols and
references in the translation should be left unmodified, with the caveat that the
produced picture is accurately and fully understood by a native speaker. [11, p.125]
Adapted metaphors
Adapted metaphors, according to P. Newmark, were the author's
metaphorical occasionalism. While translating these structures he proposed
adapting metaphor in the target language according to a native speaker of the
translation. [11, p.125]
Recent metaphors
P. Newmark considered recent metaphors as metaphorical neologisms, many
of which are “anonymous” and extensively used in the original language. The new
concepts are represented by certain metaphorical neologisms. While their
rendering we should use the principle of neologism translation [11, p.125]
Original metaphor
Original metaphors, according to P. Newmark, are individual author's
metaphors that are used by the author individually and are not prevalent in
everyday usage. P. Newmark believed that the author's metaphors should be
translated as closely to the original as feasible because:
 a) the author's metaphor expresses the author's particular style and
personality and
b) the author's metaphors contribute to the enrichment of the target
language's vocabulary.
As a result, he recommended translating the author’s metaphors almost
verbatim. However, if the translator believes that the metaphor contains cultural
elements that may be unclear to the receiver, the translation should be adapted to
the reader by replacing the unknown image with an image that the recipient is
acquainted with. [11, p.125]
1.1.2 Classification of metaphors
Chudinov categorizes metaphors based on whether the term belongs to a
certain semantic group. He categorizes metaphors into four sub spheres: man,
society, nature, and objects. Each of these sub—spheres has a unique set of
metaphors. The human scientist distinguishes physiological, morbid, sexual, and
kinship metaphors in the sub sphere; criminal, military, theatrical, sports, and game
metaphors in the sub sphere; nature is zoomorphic and phytomorphic in the sub
sphere; and artifacts are metaphors for the house and the mechanism in the sub
sphere. The most common type of conceptual metaphor in media language is
sociomorphic, in which the world is depicted as a model of social interactions in
society, as a human social activity. [19, pp. 45—46]

1.1.3 Purposes of metaphor

Metaphor's purposes may be divided into two categories: denotative—
oriented and connotative—oriented. (Newmark 1988) adopts a similar distinction
but use different nomenclature. The following are metaphor's denotative purposes:
To explain a mental process or condition, a concept, a person, an item,
quality, or action in a more complete and succinct manner than literal or physical
language allows (Newmark 1988: 104). This denotative—oriented purpose of
metaphors is most evident in lexicalized metaphors.
 Another denotative—oriented function is frequently paramount in the case
of non—lexicalized metaphors. This is the use of metaphor to express an open—
ended denotation or a possible range of denotations. The fact that the grounds of a
metaphor are frequently not specified clearly enough by the context to allow a
reader to specify exactly what the metaphor means contributes to the open—
endedness of interpretation of original metaphors. [3, pp.234—235]
Metaphor's connotative—oriented purpose is “to appeal to the senses, to
intrigue, to clarify 'graphically,' to please, delight, and surprise” (Newmark 1988:
104): in short, metaphors tend to bear a high emotional impact. Because many
metaphors include a strongly reflected meaning, metaphor can produce these
effects. [3, p.235]

1.1.4 Functions of metaphors

Scholars, in modern linguistics, identify numerous functions of metaphors.
According to Chudinov, the following functions exist: cognitive, communicative,
pragmatic, and aesthetic [19, 53].
Metaphors serve two functions, according to P. Newmark: connotative and
aesthetic. The connotative function refers to the ability of metaphor to describe
both concrete and abstract concepts in more detail, express thoughts vividly and
characterize the quality of the described object. The aesthetic function refers to the
ability of a metaphor to provide the aesthetic impact on the reader, to interest and
surprise him. The scholar noted that these two functions are combined in a
metaphor: the unity of form and content, cognitive and aesthetic functions. [11,
p.123]
Metaphor is a universal tool for thinking and the understanding world.
Furthermore, most of what we know about the world comes from the news. News
plays a significant impact in shaping public opinion. What makes metaphors in
reporting the news so powerful their capacity to highlight some aspects of reality
while concealing others (Lakoff and Johnson 1980). [8, p.530]
 The media plays an increasingly crucial role in society today. This is
attributable to developments such as globalization, computerization, and an
increase in the population's intellectual level. [20, p.1]
In addition to a purely informative function, the media can affect public
opinion, setting people up for a positive or negative perception of specific changes.
In journalism, expressive—colored vocabulary is commonly utilized to serve this
purpose, enhancing the reader/listener. Psychologists believe that information that
stimulates unique and specific experiences is more likely to be remembered. [20,
p.1]

A metaphor, the most basic compositional method, is one of the most

effective techniques of producing expressive—modal coloring of words in the
media. To produce new meanings in linguistic concepts, metaphor's creative
capacity can mix incompatible, associative, and metaphorically expose new
aspects of the object. [20, p.1]
The language of the mass media, as a form of national language, is emerging
in tandem with ethnic awareness and is influenced by socio—political processes. It
represents public life and the overall face of the country. As a result, current media
language is rich with metaphors, which are based on archetypes and have a range
of aesthetic interpretations. [19, p. 44]
Nominative, informational, mnemonic, heuristic, explanatory, stylistic,
textual, genre—forming, coding, conspiratorial, emotional, ethical, auto
suggestive, game, and ritual are the distinctions made by Kharchenko. [19, p. 45]
The language of the press of the new decade is growing more symbolic.
Manipulation of metaphors can sometimes result in the creation of stereotyped,
conventional formulations in the media, which lose their expressive influence on
the reader/listener [20, p.1]
Because news articles are a common aspect of modern society, metaphor in
news texts has received a great deal of attention As a result, they are frequently
examined in terms of how a certain metaphor in them in them shapes our thought
and actions (e.g. Koller, 2004; Musolff, 2000; Santa Ana, 1999). Typically
research has focused on metaphor in a certain sub register such as business news
(e.g. Charteris—Black, 2004; Koller, 2004) or sports reporting (e.g. Charteris—
Black, 2004). [7, p.83]
Analyzing the English—language press, specifically magazines and
newspapers such as New York Times, Washington Post, Newsweek, Daily
Telegraph, Science, National Geographic, and so on, we can conclude that
metaphors are most frequently found in articles about sports, travel, everyday life,
and entertainment. They are mostly used in cultural texts, but they are also used —
in describing political and economic events. Metaphors are most frequently found
in information—analytical texts. [18, p.20]
One rich source of real discourse is the news. Because “society is pervaded
by media language” (Bell, 1991, p. 1), news has a large effect on our lives. [7,
p.13]
“There is probably no other discursive practice, besides everyday
conversation, that is engaged in so frequently and by so many people as news in
the press and on television” (van Dijk, 1991, p. 110). Because news contributes to
the formation and adapting knowledge and beliefs, and “metaphor is an essential
part of the way we deal with novel and current events” (Kennedy, 2000, p. 209),
news discourse is naturally a particularly rich source of figurative language. It is
not unexpected that there is a vast corpus of study on metaphor in news discourse..
[7, p.13]
It has been studied in very particular topics such as immigrant discourse
(Santa Ana, 1999), or single articles (e.g. Kitis & Milapides, 1997 on ideology
construction), and its use in a variety of sub registers such as business texts (e.g.
Koller, 2004) or sports reporting has been examined (e.g. Charteris—Black, 2005).
Other research have provided detailed accounts of how chosen samples of
conceptual metaphors and/or metaphorical language were used (Heywood &
Semino, 2007; Koller, 2004). However, the use of metaphorical language in news
as a whole has received little attention. [7, p.13]
 Discourse analysis is frequently employed for the analysis of metaphors in
the press; nevertheless, it does not generally draw comparisons to larger corpora
(Deignan 2005). [8, p.532]
Goatly made the sole attempt to describe the frequency of metaphorical
events in news texts (1997). He mentions wordplay and hyperbolic metaphorical
statements as methods for attracting readers. Simultaneously, he claims that
“serious” newspapers “discourage metaphorical processing.” [8, p.532]

1.2 Methodological background

Methods that are going to be used to solve the set goals and objectives are
emotive and comparative analysis.

The principle of the emotive approach to language is that for the purposes of
classifying emotions in the lexical—semantic system of language, the most
thought—provoking is the philosophical understanding of emotions as a form of
evaluative reflection of reality and the psychological understanding of emotions as
a specific mental layer that is built on top of the mental image [16, p. 9].

Successful communication within a single language culture framework is

impossible without proper attribution of verbal signs of emotion, and its
importance is both crucial and underappreciated in cross—cultural communication.
The most significant obstacles for communication partners, according to modern
philologists, are exactly emotional communication, learning the means of
nomination, description, and expression of emotions in their national peculiarities.
For communicants its create substantial problems, including the translator.

Emotional meanings have three distinguishing characteristics: first, they are

word—conscious, distinct, and well identified by speakers; second, two words
might have the same logical—objective meaning but differ in the presence of an
emotive component. Furthermore, such terms might have the same denotative
meaning but differ in the reflected emotions, the diverse effects of the impact, its
intensity, and how they are utilized in different settings.

The emotiveness of verbal, communication and text as an objective of

research regulates the fundamental, theoretical and practical importance of
linguistic analysis in this area.

Because language nominates, expresses, describes, remarks, organizes,

imitates, mimics, categorizes, and classifies human emotions, it is thought to be the
key to comprehending them. Language organizes any linguistic culture's emotional
view of the universe. [16, p. 25—26].

It may be stated that every notion is emotional, regardless of whether it is

universal or exclusive to a certain nation. Because emotions influence language as
a product of the human psyche, concept expression will be emotionally unique, and
the emotional component will be either openly or latently present in each linguistic
sign.
 Chapter 2. Results and discussion

In this article WEATHER METAPHORS were investigated. The examples

for analysis were taken from articles from British online newspapers, such as:
Financial Times, The Sun, The Telegraph, The Guardian, The I, and The Times.
Comparative analysis will take place between direct translation and translation
using techniques as synonymous substitution and contextual substitution as they
are most suitable for metaphor translations.
First three examples were taken from Financial Times newspaper

2.1 Weather metaphors in Financial Times

First example:
Mr Duncan Smith, the former work and pensions secretary, is the self—
proclaimed “quiet man” of British politics who quit while firing a hail of bullets at
the party leadership. [5]
Literal translation:
Пан Дункан Сміт, колишній міністр праці та пенсій, є
самопроголошеною “тихою людиною” британської політики, яка пішла у
відставку, кидаючи градом куль по керівництву партії.
Final translation:
Колишній секретар праці та пенсій, пан Дункан Сміт – що проголосив
себе “тихою людиною” британської політики, пішов у відставку, взявши в
шори керівництво партії.
Hail always caused severe damage to human property and, most commonly,
crops. That is why metaphorically, HAIL describes damages or aggressive
behavior or reaction.
“a hail of bullets/stones/fire/machine gunfire” needs to be translated depending on
the context as there is no direct equivalent. In this case, technique of translation as
synonymous substitution was used. An equivalent, in this case, to “a hail of
bullets” will be “взяти в шори”, which goes under гостро розкритикувати in
the target language.

Second example:

Another straw in the wind is the rather unexpected decision by the EU

financial services regulator, Esma, to allow EU investors to continue trading
sterling—quoted shares of European companies in London. [5]

Literal translation:
Ще однією краплею на вітрі є досить несподіване рішення регулятора
фінансових послуг ЄС, Esma, дозволити інвесторам ЄС продовжувати
торгувати акціями європейських компаній, що котируються в фунтах
стерлінгів, у Лондоні.
Final translation:
Ще одним застереженням стало досить несподіване рішення
регулювальника фінансових послуг ЄС, ЄУЦПР, дозволити інвесторам ЄС
продовжувати торгувати акціями європейських компаній, які оцінюються в
фунтах стерлінгів у Лондоні.
This metaphor means a small sign that hints of something that is about to
happen .Unlike previous metaphor, “straw in the wind” has a lot of equivalences
in Ukrainian, such as: передвістя, передчуття, натяк, попередження and
застереження. In given example the most suitable equivalent is “натяк”.
However, taking into consideration the context of the sentence, the word
“застереження” is more suitable for the translation. That is why a contextual
technique was used.
“Take a straw and throw it up into the Air, you shall see by that which way
the wind is,” wrote John Selden (Table—Talk: Libels, ca. 1654). If we consider the
explanation of this metaphor, then we can mention another equivalent in Ukrainian
— Куди хилить вітер, туди й гілля гнеться.

Third example:
 The Winter Olympics in Vancouver provide a blizzard of metaphors for the
current state of the world, with its dysfunctional political systems and economies
all crashing or going downhill. [5]
Literal translation:
Зимові Олімпійські ігри у Ванкувері дають бурю метафор для опису
нинішнього стану світу з його дисфункційними політичними системами та
економікою, які руйнуються або йдуть на спад.
Final translation:
Зимові Олімпійські ігри у Ванкувері пропонують багато метафор для
опису нинішнього стану світу з його неповноцінними політичними
системами та економікою, які руйнуються або йдуть на спад.
Blizzard is used figuratively, usually to refer to things that come suddenly in
large quantities and must be dealt with or processed: data, facts, information,
numbers, paperwork, questions and statistics. In such case the synonymous
substitution was used to translate the example. The equivalence of “ a blizzard of”
are: багато, безліч, тьма та незліченно. Also the technique of compression was
also used. “A blizzard of metaphors” – 4 lexemes, compressed into 2 lexemes –
“багато метафор”.

2.2 Weather metaphors in The Sun

Fourth example:
Since the group was founded by science—fiction writer L. Ron Hubbard in
1954, it has been a lightning rod for alleged controversies. [14]
Literal translation:
З тих пір, як у 1954 році група була заснована письменником—
фантастом Л. Роном Хаббардом, вона була громовідводом для нібито
суперечок.
Final translation:
 З тих пір, як у 1954 році група була заснована письменником жанру
наукової фантастики Лафаєтом Рональдом Габбардом, вона притягувала до
себе передбачувані суперечки.
If you say that someone is a lightning rod for something, you mean that they
attract things to themselves. We know that lightning is bright and appears in a
narrow sky, which emphasizes its contrast. Drawing a conclusion from this, we can
say that the Ukrainian equivalents will be: Привертати або притягати до себе
увагу/ бути центром загальної уваги. So the synonymous substitution technique
was used for the translation.

Fifth example:
After a whirlwind romance, the pair were engaged by the middle of the next
year. [14]
Literal translation:
Після вихрового роману до середини наступного року пара заручилася.
Final translation:
Після бурхливого роману, пара заручилася до середини наступного
року.
Whirlwind is a small—diameter columnar vortex of rapidly swirling air.
Metaphorically whirlwind means a situation in which you experience a lot of
different emotions or a lot of different things that are happening one after another.
In this case the Ukrainian equivalence are: бурхливий та пристрасний. So the
translation with synonymous substitution was used.

On the other side whirlwind metaphorically can also mean a situation where
things happen really quickly. Equivalences in this case are: швидкоплинний,
недовговічний, тимчасовий. The whirlwind is always unpredictable, because
over time it can subside but will have time to cause great damage. Emotionally, we
can perceive a whirlwind on both the positive and negative sides

2.3 Weather metaphors in The Telegraph

Sixth example:
It is toxic nonsense to say Scotland would have weathered Covid better as
an independent country. [15]
Literal translation:
Говорити, що Шотландія краще вивітрила Covid як незалежна країна,
це токсична нісенітниця.
Final translation:
Говорити, що Шотландія краще б впоралась з COVID як незалежна
країна, це повна нісенітниця.
“Weathered” means to deal with a difficult situation without being harmed
or damaged too much. Weathered has a lot of equivalence, such as:
вивітрюватися, залишатися під відкритим небом, перечекати, витримати та
пережити. However in this example none of them are appropriate. The technique
that was used for given example was contextual substitution. The only equivalent
that is applicable and that is “впоратись”.

Seventh example:
Why my family are taking a 'Christmas raincheck' [15]
Literal translation:
Чому моя сім’я проходить “різдвяну дощу”.
Final translation:
Чому моя сім’я переносить Різдво?

In our everyday life when it starts raining mostly some of our planes gets
canceled and we have to reschedule them. So when we are saying we are taking a
rain check, we do not checking if it’s going to rain. Metaphorically it means that
we are deciding to do something but later because of certain circumstances. There
are no direct Ukrainian equivalences. But depending on context and using
contextual substitution the equivalence for “rain check” can be: перенести,
відкладати (дату) або відкласти (подію).
 2.4 Weather metaphors in The Times

Eighth example:

And, while collective bargaining is not what it was, existing employees

often get wind of what is happening and push for more. [16]

Literal translation:
І хоча колективні переговори не є такими, як були, існуючі
співробітники часто отримують вітер з того що відбувається, і наполягають
на більшому.
Final translation:
І хоча колективні переговори не є такими, як були раніше, наявні
працівники часто дізнаються про те що відбувається, і наполягають на
більше.
The metaphor “get wind of” can be used metaphorically to indicate
something that comes on its own to bring news, especially when it has been a
secret. “To get a wind of” has a lot of equivalence, such as: дізнаватися,
довідуватися, пронюхувати, вивідувати, узнавати; (з чиїх уст) or почути від
когось. That is why synonymous technique was used.

Ninth example:

So if they hone in on it, they can play without clouded judgment or other
things complicating their thoughts. [16]
Literal translation:
Тож якщо вони відточують це, вони зможуть грати без хмарного
судження чи інших речей, які ускладнюють їхні думки.
Final translation:
Тож якщо вони зможуть зосередитися, тоді їх гра не буде викликати
затьмареного засудження чи інших речей, які можуть збити їх з пантелику.
 Because of the clouds, we cannot see the sky clearly. That is why the
metaphorical meaning of “to be clouded” in the given example means to cause
someone to be unable to think clearly, to understand the situation or judge it
properly. The translation with synonymous substitution was used. Equivalences in
this case are: затьмарити, запаморочити, заморочити, затуманити,
одурманити.

Tenth example:
Rick Santorum thundered back into presidential contention last night with
a stunning hat—trick of victories as the Republican nomination race swept into the
Midwest. [16]
Literal translation:
Рік Санторум прогримів у відповідь до президентської боротьби
минулої ночі, зробивши приголомшливий хет—трик з перемогами, коли
гонка за номінацію від Республіканської партії прокотилася до Середнього
Заходу.
Final translation:
Рік Санторум гучно повернувся до боротьби за президенство минулої
ночі, отримавши приголомшливу трійну перемогу, коли Республіканської
номінаційна гонка захопила Середній Захід.
When we think about thunder than we imagine something loud and bright. When
something enchanting happens, it is very appropriate to compare it with a thunder.
Whether it is good or bad it won’t be unnoticed. To translate this metaphor
synonymous substitution technique was used. The Ukrainian equivalences for this
metaphor are: гучно or ефектно.

2.5 Weather metaphors in The Guardian

Eleventh example:
Bookshops are a precious shelter from the storms of life. [12]
Literal translation:
Книжкові магазини – це дорогоцінний притулок від життєвих бур
Final translation:
Книжкові магазини – це дорогоцінний притулок від бурхливого життя.
The storm in real life makes people afraid of their safety. It’s a symbol of
chaos, negativity, trauma, difficulty, weakness, and even depression. Storm
symbolism also signifies change and transition, because storms are only temporary.
When we are getting through the storm metaphorically of life it, means, that
we are facing some type of crisis or tragedy. Equivalences we can use to translate
this methaphors are: вируючий, бурливий, бурний, or поривчастий.

Twelfth example:
Hugs all round, the Zuck finds Congress a bit of a breeze. [12]
Literal translation:
Обіймає всіх, Цук вважає Конгрес вітряним.
Correct translation:
Обіймає всіх, для Цукерберга конгрес пройшов гладко.
Wind can blow strongly or gentle. The following we call a breeze.
Metaphorically “a bit of a breeze” it’s when something is easy to do or accomplish.
The Ukrainian equivalences for this metaphor are: легко, просто, гладко,
ніпочому (ніпочім). So for the given example such technique as synonymous
substitution was used.

Thirteenth example:
More wines like this will ensure that canned wine has a bright future. [12]
Literal translation:
Більше таких вин забезпечить світле майбутнє консервованого вина
Correct translation:
Більше таких вин забезпечить світле майбутнє консервованого вина
 Word <bright> is mostly associated with the sun, that's why It can be
attributed to weather metaphors. In given example we can see that literal
translation is appropriate. Equivalence we can use to translate this metaphor in this
example is “світле”, as direct equivalence technique was used.

2.6 Weather metaphors in The I

Fourteenth example:
“He’s alive. He’s at home. And he was blown away by all your support and
love. He’s got a lot of work to do but he’ll get there. It’s very complicated.” [13]
Literal translation:
“Він живий. Він вдома. І він був здутий всією вашою підтримкою і
любов’ю. У нього багато роботи, але він впорається. Це дуже складно”.
Final translation:
“Він живий. Він вдома. І він був вражений всією вашою підтримкою і
любов’ю. У нього багато роботи, але він впорається. Це дуже складно”.
For this example I translated the whole paragraph, not specific sentence with
metaphor, because it was a citation. To be blown away means to be thoroughly
impressed or to kill by gunfire. In the given example the meaning is more
appropriate. We can compare a change of emotions as it was dissipated with a
blow of air, which is why “to be blown away” has a metaphorical meaning. The
Ukrainian equivalences for this metaphor are: вражений, шокований,
здивований, як (мов, ніби і т. ін.) громом вражений, немов громом
пришиблений. So for the given example such technique as synonymous
substitution was used.

Fifteenth example:
From the opening gust of energy that rips through horn and strings, there’s a
sense of unwillingness to contemplate darkness, a desire to choose life, to buy into
the denial of the work’s drinking songs. [13]
Literal translation:
 Від першого пориву енергії, що розриває валторну та струни, виникає
відчуття небажання споглядати темряву, бажання вибрати життя, погодитися
на заперечення застійних пісень твору.
Final translation:
З першого пориву енергії, що проривається крізь ріжок і струнні,
виникає небажання споглядати темряву, а натомість вибрати життя,
погодитися на заперечення застільних пісень твору.
In given example we can see that literal translation is appropriate. In the
metaphor “The wing came in the gust” the gust will mean a sudden brief rush of
wind, or as in the given example it will mean sudden outburst (a gust of emotion.)
This metaphor has an exact equivalent, that is why technique of direct equivalance
was used.

To sum up, metaphors are reflections of our own experience, feelings,

values, practices, attitudes, situations. And difficulty of their translation is largely
due to the differences between the metaphorical systems that exist in the English
and Ukrainian languages. From the given examples from British online
newspapers it can be summarized that weather—related metaphors in language of
the media is used to achieve various effects. Thus, metaphor is the most productive
means of enriching language and a tool for influencing human thinking.

The table below summarizes the functions of weather metaphors.

Table 1: Predominant functions of weather— related metaphors

Weather phenomenon in English

Rain abundance and continuity
Snow deception
Ice attitudes and behaviors +relations
Fog confusion
Cloud anxiety and distress
Temperature attitudes + emotions
Sun cheerfulness
Wind abundance and indifference
 Conclusions

After the coursework assignment, a task was given to translate English

weather metaphor in British online newspapers. This analysis was based on the
articles from such newspapers: Financial Times, The Sun, The Telegraph, The
Guardian, The I, and The Times. In this study, we collected some language
material that use metaphors, analyzed its translation, and concluded the meaning
of them. Translating any metaphor is a complex process that requires a detailed
strategy and a clear plan. For this study of the chosen metaphors, we decided to
divide this document into two main parts — theoretical and practical. We also
divided these two sections into four or five subsections. For better assimilation of
information, we must have a good understanding of the metaphor under study; that
is why we used the first subsection of the theoretical section. It provides basic
definitions regarding the translation of the metaphor, reveals the idea of weather
metaphors, and offers an alternative for the study of translation of the metaphors of
weather. In addition, we decide with our own working definition of the metaphor:
the metaphor is the hidden concept of words and expressions. The second part of
the chapter deals with the methods provided in the study. To obtain reliable results,
the study should be carefully thought out and selected considering the specifics of
the studied aspect. In this chapter, we have decided what methods will be provided,
explain how to implement them, give the procedure for using the techniques and
justify why the chosen method is the best alternative in our case. The following
section, the second, is practical. This chapter consists of six subparts. The first part
is dedicated to finding the weather metaphors in English, namely in Financial
Times, The Sun, The Telegraph, The Guardian, The I, and The Times newspapers.
Each metaphor we translated and found them an equivalent, its emotiveness and
metaphorical meaning.

The critical point is to translate metaphor referring to the contexts. To get correct
equivalent of metaphor translated into another language, it is necessary to make a
deeper comparison with several equivalence. The second part of the practical
section shows a study of weather metaphors in the English language, in the chosen
articles the metaphors and its hidden meaning.

This course work shows the importance and possibilities of using the
metaphors in the results. The specificity of this work is to translate the weather
metaphors in British newspapers. This point also implies some limitations, as the
use of only one temple of translation in some way limits the ability to adequately
assess the understanding of the same metaphors in different languages.

This course paper may encourage further research. As an example, future

research can be conducted in two different ways. The first way is to expand the
investigation of the metaphor translation in British online newspapers. The
following way of further research is to study the use of the weather metaphors in
other newspapers; this will allow us to group in more detail information about the
specifics of the studied metaphors and ways to study it.
 References

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 Abstract

В цій курсовій роботі було розглянуто переклад англійських метафор

про погоду у Британських он—лайн виданнях, а саме у статтях Financial
Times, The Sun, The Telegraph, The Guardian, The I, and The Times.
Достовірність даного дослідження гарантована комплексним застосуванням
різних методів аналізу, зокрема емотивним та описовим методами.
Найяскравіші приклади погодних метафор у статтях були виокремленні та
перекладені у ході роботи. До кожного прикладу наводиться пояснення, його
емотивність та еквіваленти українською мовою.
Особливістю є порівняння метафор та їх еквівалентів. До них були
наведено підсумовуючу таблицю яка показала функції даних метафор не
лише у житті а й як їх застосовують у матеріалах ЗМІ.
Проведене дослідження може становити цінність для лінгвістів та
інших науковців які досліджують переклад метафори, або конкретно
погодних метафор. Окрім цього, дана робота може привабити увагу
прихильників газетного стилю, або ж студентів які мають дослідження на цю
тему у своєму навчальному плані. Були наведенні основні можливості
подальшого розвитку теми роботи, її недоліки та можливості їх ліквідування.
Ключові слова: метафори, переклад метафор, погодні метафори, емотивний
аналіз, описовий аналіз, дискурс.