HOA REVIEWER ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

800 to 1200 AD
HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF - heavier, stocky Romanesque
ARCHITECTURE architecture with rounded arches
emerged.
CLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE - Churches and castles of the early
- 850 BC to 476 AD Medieval period were constructed with
- the rise of ancient Greece until the fall thick walls and heavy piers.
of the Roman empire
- great buildings were constructed
according to precise rules
- The Classical Orders, which defined
column styles and entablature designs,
continue to influence building design in
modern times.

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
1100 to 1450 AD
- Pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, flying
buttresses, and other innovations led to
taller, more graceful architecture.
- Gothic ideas gave rise to magnificent
cathedrals like Chartres and Notre
Dame
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
527 to 565 AD. RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
- the capital of the Roman empire 1400 to 1600 AD
moved to Byzantium (now called - return to classical ideas ushered an
Istanbul) in 330 AD "age of awakening" in Italy, France, and
- Roman architecture evolved into a England.
graceful, classically-inspired style - Andrea Palladio and other builders
- used brick instead of stone, domed looked the classical orders of ancient
roofs, elaborate mosaics, and classical Greece and RomE
forms
BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE ART NOUVEAU ARCHITECTURE
1600 to 1830 AD 1890 to 1914 AD
- the Baroque style is reflected in - known as the New Style
opulent and dramatic churches with - buildings often have asymmetrical
irregular shapes and extravagant shapes, arches and decorative surfaces
ornamentation with curved, plant-like designs.

ROCOCO ARCHITECTURE BEAUX ART ARCHITECURE

1650 to 1790 AD 1895 to 1925 AD
- the last phase of the Baroque period - also known as Beaux Arts Classicism,
Academic Classicism, or Classical
Revival,
NEOCLASSICAL ARCHITECTURE - architecture is characterized by order,
1730 to 1925 AD symmetry, formal design, grandiosity,
- buildings were proportioned according and elaborate ornamentation.
to the classical orders with details
borrowed from ancient Greece and NEO GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
Rome 1905 to 1930 AD
- Gothic ideas were applied to modern
buildings
- Gargoyles, arched windows, and other
medieval details ornamented soaring
skyscrapers
ART DECO ARCHITECTURE POST MODERN ARCHITECTURE
1925 to 1937 AD 1972 to Present.
- Zigzag patterns and vertical lines - reaction against the Modernist
create dramatic effect on jazz-age approaches gave rise to new buildings
- many Art Deco motifs were inspired by that re-invented historical details and
the architecture of ancient Egypt familiar
motifs.
- ideas that date back to classical and
ancient times

MODERN ARCHITECTURE
1900 to Present. ANCIENT NEAR EAST
- dramatic changes and astonishing ARCHITECTURE
diversity.
- trends include Art Moderne and the 3 PERIODS OF NEAR EAST
Bauhaus school coined by Walter CIVILIZATION
Gropius, Deconstructivism, Formalism,
Modernism, and Structuralism. 1. MESOPOTAMIAN
- Instituted laws to keep order
- Invention of writing (pictograms
or cuneiform records on clay
tablets)

a. Sumerian architecture - develop

by Sumerians dominated in
southern Mesopotamia,
characterized by temples of
sundried brick faced with burnt or
glazed brick , often built upon the
ruins of their predecessors.
 b. Hittite Architecture – - Royal Palace at Mari - destroyed
characterized by fortifications or by Hammurabi, function as a
cyclopean stone wall and royal residence, center for
gateway with with portal sculpture receptions and audiences, offices
(eg; Istar Gateway in babylon) and a school for civil service,
servants quarter and numerous
store rooms (trivia: One of the
Architectural Structures room of the palace stores a
thousand of cuneiform tablets
- White Temple – Origin of (pictographs) constituting the
Ziggurat; serves combined 2 royal archives which has been
function concept of function ( evidence to uncovered the history
religious= recreation of sacred of ancient near east).
mountain ; Secular= permanent
reminder of populance of political, 2. ASSYRIAN ARCHITECTURE
social and economic pre- Developed under the Assyrian King-
eminence of temple which is Emperors of the 9th-7th Centuries BC;
dedicated to sky God Anu) characterized by towers with crenelated
battlements, places precedence over
- Ziggurat precinct of Ur – religious buildings; vaulting played a
remodeled by Urnammu, greater role rather than southern
Complex comprised the ziggurat, Mesopotamian (ziggurats) and
court attached to it and three polychrome glazed brickwork showed to
great temples. influence Egyptian Decorations.

- Temple complex at Ischali – - City of Ashur – religious and

terrace type of ziggurat national Center of the Assyrian
State
- Temple oval at khafaje – the
ovals lay-out was rectilinear, the - City of Nimrud – Restored and
corners are oriented to four Enlarged by Ashurbanipal who
cardinal points of three ascending made the capital of his kingdom
terrace levels
- City of Khorsabad – Square
- Royal cemetery at Ur – planned city with a Defensive
Displayed at its best engineering Perimeter covered nearly one
skills of Sumerians featuring the square mile., Built by Sargon II
vaults, domes and pendentives. and abandoned at his death.
- City of Nineveh – Made as a language and migrating
Capital of Sargon’s Son; eastward, comes to the land of
Sennacherib who spent the first 2 Shinar There they agree to build
yrs of his reign on the work of a city and a tower tall enough to
raising mighty walls and built his reach heaven. God, observing
palce without rivals their city and tower, confounds
their speech so that they can no
a. NEO BABYLONIAN longer understand each other,
ARCHITECTURE - and scatters them around the
Mesopotamian Architecture World.
developed after the decline of
Assyrian empire, deriving much - Hanging gardens of Babylon –
from Assyrian architecture and Built by Nebuchadnezzar II for
enhanced by figured designs of median wife, Amytis A series of
heraldic animals in glazed irrigated ornamental gardens
brickwork. planted on the terraces of the
citadel, the palace complex in
- City of Babylon – Ruins Differ ancient Babylon also regarded as
from earlier cities because of it is one of the 7 wonders of the world
made of Brunt bricks; the city was listed in ancient Hellenic culture.
rebuild by Nebuchadnezzar II for
it was destroyed by Sennacherib. b. EARLY ANATOLIAN
The inner and outer portion of the ARCHITECTURE
city is heavily fortified, where the
city is in front of a river to the - Palace of Beycesultan - an
north and occupied by a temple Outstanding use of Timber as
dedicated to God Marduk, and reincement for walls constructed
expansive precinct rose a seven of mudbricks with footings of
storey Ziggurat Etemenanki limestone
popularly known as “ Tower of
Babel” c. CANNANITE, PHOENICIAN
AND ISRAELITE
- Tower of Babel - as told in ARCHITECTURE
Genesis 11:1-9 is an origin myth
meant to explain why the world's - Palace at Tel Atchana
peoples speak different - Palace at Ras Shambra
languages; According to the
story, a united humanity in the
generations following the Great
Flood, speaking a single
 d. SYRO - HITTITE - Begun by cyrus the great from
ARCHITECTURE 559 - 529 BC

- Citadel of Zincirli – Oval Plan, 3. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

Standing Centrally on a mould in
a Walled Town which like so Geographical influence:
many in Ancient Cities in Near
east - “The Land of Pharaoh “, &
“desert Land “. The “Nile River” is
- City of Hamath their means of communication
,highway , &
e. URARTIAN ARCHITECTURE lifeline .

Fortress – Most typical type of Building, - Egypt’s greatest wealth was its
massive stone masonry of cyclopean fertile “soil”.
walls with buttresses Egypt occupies the north eastern
irregular mud bricks was used as super of Africa today
structures
Temples – Characterized with tall - Settlement took place around
fortified towers having standard square the head of Nile Delta (lower
plan, with very fine Egypt), and along banks of river
footings and dressed basalt ashlar of hospital
environment of Nile Valley (Upper
f. PHYGIAN ARCHITECTURE - Egypt).
Houses wre built on Megaron North- Meditterean Sea, East-
plan, megaron plural megara Red Sea and Highland, West and
south - Desert
- Megaron – Semi- Independednt
Unit of a building Typically having Geological influence:
a rectangular Principal chamber
with a center hearth and a porch, STONE – abundant building material
often in columns in antis (belief except on temples & pyramids (Soft
as ancestor of Doric temples) stone – limestone , sandstone ,
alabaster Hard stone – granite ,
3. PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE - The quartzite , basalt , porphyry)
Architecture developed under
Archamenid Dynasty who rule Persia SAND DRIED BRICKS – made up of
from 550 BC until its conquest by clay & chopped stone for pyramids &
Alexander the great in 331 BC. temples.
DATE PALM – for roofing’s & PALM - Stele - is the upright stone slab
LEAVES – for roofing materials . containing the name of the dead
found in the mastaba. (lapida)
ACACIA – for their boat
MASTABA
SYCAMORE – mummy cases
- Flat-topped funerary mound with
battered walls covering a burial
Religious influence chamber below the groud and
sealed by means of a portcullis (a
- Pyramids were built because they strong grating of iron or timber
believe in “ Life after Death “ & for hung over the gateway of a
the preservation of the Deadbody. fortified place to prevent
passage)
- Pharaoh is not only king but also
“god” both political & religious PYRAMIDS
ruler, when he dies he becomes
“osiris”, god of dead. Types Of Pyramids:

- They’re “Monotheistic” in theory & a. Step Pyramid - ex: Pyramid of King

“ Polytheistic ” in practice . Zoser built by IMHOTEP,oldest surviving
masonry bldg.structure in the world .
Architectural influence:
b. Bent Pyramid – also known as Blunt
1. TOMBS Pyramid , ex: Pyramid of King Seneferu

- Necropolis - Burial ground c. Slope Pyramid - 3 great pyramids ex

especially a large one on ancient 1) Pyramid of The Cheops or “ Khufu “
city. (146.4 mts. High and (750 sq. ft. )
2) Pyramid of Chefren or “Khafra” (
- Cenotaph - a monumental 143.0 mts. high ) & ( 705 sq. ft. ) in plan
erected in memory of one the 3) Pyramid of Mykerinos or “Menkaura “
dead. (109.0 mts. high) & ( 218 sq.ft. high).
ROCK HEWN TOMBS –known to be
- Serdab - a small chamber inside “The Tomb of Nobility” cut deep into the
a mastaba containing a stutue of mountain rock
death

- Sarcophagus - Coffin for

important Personage
 2. TEMPLE - An Edifice or place 3. Hellenic period 800 - 323 BC
dedicated to worship or presence
of deity - City states developed on the
plains between mountains.
2 main classes of temples Sparta and athens were most
important
a. Mortuary Temple – temple for
offering and worship of a deceased - Philosophers - socrates, plate
person usually a deified king. and aristotle

b. Cult Temple - Temples for popular Architectural character:

worship of ancient and mysterious Gods
- Mostly religious architecture
3. DWELLING - Residential /
Domestic Settlement - Carpentry in marble - timber
forms imitated in stone
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
4. Hellenistic period 323 - 30 BC
Periods of Greek architecture
- Hellenistic empire was
established
1. Aegean Period or Minoan
period - Greek civilization extended

- Civilization of crete and greek Architectural character:

mainland from 1900 - 1100 BC
- Not religious in character
- The first great commercial and
naval power in the mediterranean - Provided inspiration for roman
building types
- Knossos was the largest city
- Dignified and gracious structures
Architectural character:
- Symmetrical, orderly
- Rough and massive
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM

2. Helladic period or Mycenaean - Columnar and trabeated

1550-1100 BC
- Roof truss appeared
MATERIALS Pediment - a wide, low pitched gable
surrounding a major division of a facade
- Timber and terracotta
Tympanum - the triangular space
- Stone enclosed by the horizontal and raking
cornices of a pediment
TEMPLE
Stylobate - a course of masonry
- Chief building type forming for a row of columns.

- Earliest ones resemble megaron Stereobate - a solid mass of masonry

in plan and construction visible above ground level and serving
as the foundation of a building
Number of columns at entrance
Acroterium - a pedestal for a sculpture
or an ornament at the apex or at each of
the lower corners of a pediment

GREEK ORDER

Doric order

- Height - 4-6 times the diameter

of the base

Ionic Order

- Volute or scroll capital

- More slender than doric

Greek temples - temple built as a
shrine to the ancient greek god or - Height - 9 times the diameter of
goddess to whom it was dedicated the base

Corinthian Order

- Inspired by acanthus plant

- More slender
 - Height - 10 diameter Roman Wall System

- Decorative variant of ionic order 1) Wall of Opus Incertum Stones

became quite small, and on the wall
THEATER OR ODEION faces appeared in a loose patterns
roughly resembling the polygonal work.
- Carved or hollow out of the
hillside 2) Wall of Opus Reticulatum - at the
time of Augustus it had assumed the net
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE –like effect, with fine joints running
diagonally, so that each stone unit was
Architectural Character/Construction precisely square though set Lozenge
System fashion

2 Distinct Order 3) Wall of Opus Testaceum – brick

facing superseded the reticulate work
1.The Tuscan order is simplified became the hall-mark of the imperial
version of the Doric order about 7 period in Italy.
diameters high with base, unfluted shaft,
and simply moulded capital, and with a 4) Wall of Opus Mixtum - final type an
plain entablature alteration of course of Brickwork and
small, squared stone blocks.

ROMAN VAULTING

Concrete vaults had the advantage

over stone in that they could be
accommodated to complicated plan
forms
2. The Composite order combines the without involving difficult and laborious
prominent volutes of Ionic with the stone cutting. The vaults were
acanthus of the Corinthian on it’s capital supported on “Centering” or temporary
and is thus the most decorative the shaft wooden
may be fluted or plain. framework until the concrete filling, the
object being to lighten the load imposed
on the centering and to guard against
Cracks.
Types of Vaulting 3. Basilicas - were halls of justice and
commercial marketplaces and were a
1. Roman Waggon Vault – place of high importance in Rome,which
semi-circular or waggon-headedvault were used as administrative centers.
otherwise known as the Barrel or Tunnel
vault was borne throughout it’s length on 4.Thermae/Bath - The Roman baths
the two parallel walls of a rectangular provided a practical expression of
apartment. empire because the baths were an
essential component of the everyday life
2. Roman waggon w/ Intersecting of Roman citizens and served as
Vault– semi-circular or waggon-headed meeting places as well as a place to get
vault otherwise known as the Barrel or clean in warm water
Tunnel vault was borne throughout its
length on the two parallel walls of a 5. Theaters/Amphitheaters - were a
rectangular apartment. means of entertainment rather than
pleasure but also luxury experienced by
the Romans because of the Empire.
3. Cross Vault – formed by the
intersection of two semi-circular vaults 6. Circuses - The Roman circus was
of equal span, was used over a square built to accommodate horse and chariot
apartment and the pressure was taken racing, and those built were grand and
by the four angles. magnificent structures, exceeding the
grandeur of the amphitheater.
ROMAN STRUCTURES
7. Dwellings
1. Forums - was a central open space
used as a meeting place, market, or 8. Triumphal Arches - is a monumental
gathering place for political discussion structure in the shape of an archway
or demonstration, a central city location with one or more arched passageways.
critical for communicating ideas and More elaborate triumphal arches may
news have multiple archways.

2.Temples - was a place for personal 9. Tombs- Roman practice both forms
vows, ritual ceremonies, advertising of burial ,cremation,and interment.
state acts, deeds and documents.
10. Aqueducts- Roman aqueducts
have been the subject of much study
and are familiar even to the casual
observer.
EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE Mausoleum

PARTS OF A BASILICAN CHURCH - an external free-standing building

constructed as a monument
1. Nave - The long, open rectangular enclosing the interment space or
colonnade was the perfect place for burial chamber of a deceased
congregations/clergy to congregate. person or people

2. Apse - That semicircular area at one Martyria

end. Used as a location for the altar.
- Also called Martyrium
3. Atrium – before the entrance, an
open-aired columned courtyard typical - Structure built at "a site which
of Roman palace where a baptismal bears witness to the Christian
fountains could be found. Also called a faith, either by referring to an
courtyard. event in Christ's life or Passion,
or by sheltering the grave of a
4. Narthex - Between the atrium and the martyr“
nave or main entrance of the church.
Catacomb
5. Gatehouse – Entrance before the
atrium. - Human-made subterranean
passageways for religious
6. Clerestory – a high section of wall practice
that contains windows above eye level.
The purpose is to admit light, fresh air, Early Christian Art
or both. Symbol of transcendence and
grace of God. - Gold Glass – or Gold Sandwich
Glass was a technique for fixing a
7. Aisles – where common people sits. layer of gold leaf with a design
betweentwo fused layers of
glass.
STRUCTURES
BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
The baptistery
- Main Features Early Byzantine
- A place of baptism not by architecture was built as a
sprinkling babies but by continuation of Roman
immersion --- of all ages wishing architecture
to be converted to Christianity
 - Architecture of the Byzantine - The narthex is an architectural
Empire Byzantine Characterized element typical of early Christian
especially by massive domes and Byzantine basilicas and
with square bases and churches consisting of the
Architecture rounded arches and entrance or lobby area, located at
spires and extensive use of glass the west end of the nave,
mosaics. opposite the church's main altar.
-
Greek Cross Plan - The bema or bima is an
elevated platform. In ancient
- A square plan in which the nave, Athens, it was used as an orator's
chancel and transept arms are of podium. In synagogues, it is also
equal length forming a Greek known as a bima and is for Torah
cross, the crossing generally reading during services.
surmounted by a dome became
the common form in the Orthodox
Church, with many churches - the nave central part of a church
throughout Eastern Europe and building, intended to
Russia being built in this way. accommodate most of the
congregation.

PARTS OF BYZANTINE CHURCH HAGIA SOPIA

- The altar or apse (sanctuary) is - Hagia Sophia “Church of Holy

situated in the eastern part of the Wisdom,” chief church in
church, regardless of its shape. Constantinople Rebuilt by
Justinian between A.D. 532-537
- The iconostasis is a screen or after Constantine’s original was
wall between the nave and the burned down in a riot Holy
sanctuary, which is covered with Wisdom"; Latin is a former
icons. Orthodox patriarchal basilica later
a mosque, and now a museum in
- A cupola is a small, most often Istanbul, Turkey.
dome-like, structure on top of a
building. Often used to provide a
lookout or to admit light and air, it
usually crowns a larger roof or
dome.
WEST EAST ARCHITECTURE 2. Dome - The dome is considered as
one of the most important architectural
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE TYPES elements in the architecture of mosques
in particular
1. Mosque – For worship purposes. The
English word "mosque" denotes a 3. Muqarnas Vaulting - Due to their
Muslim house of worship. The word sculptural composition and patterned
evolved from the Arabic term masjid, aesthetic, Muqarnas are often compared
which means "place of prostration." to stalactites or honeycomb.

2. Tomb – For burial/memorial or

mausoleum purposes

3. Palace – Serves as a home or

residential purposes

4. Fortress – A large building or

complex of buildings used as a military 4. Arches - Another fixture of Islamic
stronghold and use as protection for architecture is the arch.
invaders.

5. School – Building for learning and

education.

DISTINCT ELEMENTS OF ISLAMIC

ARCHITECTURE
DIFFERENT PARTS OF MOSQUE
1. Minaret - A tower-like structure
featuring small windows and an 1. Quiblah or Kibla – Prayer wall of the
enclosed staircase. Mosque
2. Mihrab – Semicircular niche in the 2. Masjid Al Haram - The mosque or
wall of a mosque that indicates the Masjid Al Haram is the central place of
qibla, the direction that Muslims should worship of Muslims.
face when praying

Kaaba/Ka'bah – A shrine located near

the centre of the Great Mosque in
Mecca and considered by Muslims
everywhere to be the most sacred.

3. Minbar - The minbar is a pulpit in the

form of a staircase on which the prayer
leader (imam) stands when delivering a
sermon after Friday prayer.

3. Al-Masjid an-Nabawi - Al-Masjid

an-Nabawi or the Prophet's Mosque, the
second-holiest site in Islam, is one of
the world’s oldest mosques, as well as
one of its largest

4. Jawatha Mosque in Al Ahsa -

Jawatha Mosque (also incorrectly
ARCHITECTURE OF SAUDI ARABIA spelled Al-Jawana) is located in the
village of Al-Kilabiyah, about 12km
Minarets are the most visible northeast of Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Saudi
man-made structures in Saudi Arabia Arabia

Notable Mosques in Saudi Arabia 5. Al Rajhi Grand Mosque - Riyadh’s

largest mosque, the monumental Al
1. Masjid al-Qiblatain - This is Masjid Rajhi Grand Mosque, is one of the
al-Qiblatain, translated as the “Mosque capital city’s most important Islamic
of the Two Qiblas”. institutions.
6. Al Rajhi Mosque of Hail - Al Rajhi
Mosque is without a doubt a significant
landmark and architectural masterpiece
in Hail
THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE REVIEWER

Theory - a plausible or scientifically accepted general principle or body of principles

offered to explain phenomenon

- a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one

based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained.

- a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking about a

phenomenon, or the results of such thinking.

Architecture - Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing

buildings

- Latin - architectura
- after the Greek – arkhitekton
- Arkhi - "chief"
- Tekton - "builder, carpenter, mason“

Physical - Solids & Voids & Interior & Exterior

Perceptual Order - Sensory perception and recognition of the physical elements by

experiencing them sequentially in time

Conceptual Order - Comprehension of the ordered and disordered relationships

among a building’s elements and systems and responding to the meanings they evoke

Point - Indicates a position in space

Line - A point extended, with properties of: Length, direction and position

Plane - an extended line, with properties of: Length and width

- Two parallel lines have the ability to visually describe a plane.

Volume - a plane extended, with properties of: Length, width and depth

Form - It may refer to an external appearance that can be recognized, as that of a chair
or the human body that sits in it.

Shape - the characteristic outline or surface configuration of a particular form

Size - the physical dimension of length, width and depth and form

Color - a phenomenon of light and visual perception that mauve describe in terms of an
individuals perception of hue, saturation and tonal value

Texture - the visual and especially tactile, quality given to a surface by the size, shape,
arrangement and proportion of the parts.

Dimensional Transformation - A form can be transformed by altering one or more of

its dimensions and still retain its identity as a member of a family of forms.

Subtractive Transformation - A form can be transformed by subtracting a portion of its

volume

Additive Transformation - A form can be transformed by the addition of elements to its

volume.

Centralized Form - A number of secondary forms clustered about a dominant, central

parent-form

Linear Form - A series of forms arranged sequentially in a row.

Radial Form - A composition of linear forms extending outward from a central form in a
radial manner.
Clustered Form - A collection of forms grouped together by proximity or the sharing of
a common visual trait.

Grid Form - A set of modular forms related and regulated by a three-dimensional grid.

Spatial Tension - This type of relationship relies on the close proximity of the forms or
their sharing of a common visual trait, such as shape, color, or material.

Edge-to-edge Contact - In this type of relationship, the forms share a common edge
and can pivot about that edge.
Face-to-face Contact - This type of relationship requires that the two forms have
corresponding planar surfaces that are parallel to each other.

Interlocking Volumes - In this type of relationship, the forms interpenetrate each

other’s space. The forms need not share any visual traits.

Principles - These are basic rules or guidelines for any action, idea, reasoning or
thought

Light - Light is defined as the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that a human is
able to perceive.

- Brightness - is the amount of light given off by a light source, usually expressed
in lumens or lux
- Saturation - is the intensity of a color
- Hue - is defined as a color or shade
- Blue/white light - makes us energetic and can interrupt sleep patterns if
exposed to around bedtime due to the fact that blue light suppresses melatonin
levels
- Red/amber light - is the least likely hue of light to impact our internal clocks

Chromostereopsis - emerges when one color reaches the eye slightly faster than the
other, due to different wavelengths.

Texture - the visual and especially tactile, quality given to a surface by the size, shape,
arrangement and proportion of the parts.
Real Texture - actual texture of an object

Implied Texture - where a piece of art is made to look like a certain texture

Effects of Texture:

- Smooth Surface – Reflects more light and therefore is a more intense color.
- Rough Surface – Absorbs more light and therefore appears darker.

Contrast - Creates a visual variety, excitement, and interest to the building.

Proportion - is usually used to describe the relationship between the size of spaces
and masses and the size of the human body.

Scale - It refers to how we perceive the size of a building element or space relative to
other forms.

- Generic Scale - The size of a building element relative to other forms in its
context whose sizes are known.
- Human Scale - The size of a building element or space relative to the
dimensions and proportions of the human body.

Emphasis - Something in the subject must dominate. A high point or climax occurring
in the subject, or the domination of a motif or design element.

- Stress or prominence is given to an element of a composition by means of

contrast, color, shape, etc.

Rhythm - the repetition of all or some of the elements of design, such as lines, shapes,
and forms.

- can be formed of regular or irregular shapes and it helps the architect to create
visual interest to the viewers and passers-by

- the regular repetition of patterns, which create an architectural composition and

add movement and excitement to the physical appearance of a building
Balance - an important principle that creates visual weight as well as a feeling of
stability to the building

- balance can be recognized if the form on one side of an imaginary centerline

drawn through the façade appears to have the same weight as those shapes on
the other side.
-
- Balance could be symmetrical, asymmetrical or gravitational balance as long as
the building expresses and maintains a sense of equilibrium.

Vitruvius' Golden Rules in Architecture - Venustas (Aesthetic), Utilitas (Function) ,

and Firmitas (Delight).

- Venustas (Beauty) - is a building’s relationship to its context’s standard of

aesthetics
- Utilitas (Function) - is a building’s ability to appropriately predict and respond to
the needs of its intended inhabitants.
- Firmitas (Strength) - is a building’s ability to remain durable after extended use
and exposure to the natural elements.

Golden Ratio - (also called the golden rectangle) is a proportioning system that
governs the relationship of smaller parts to the whole

- The ratio is AB:BC=BC:AC=1:1.618.

Fibonacci Sequence - An arrangement of numbers wherein each succeeding term is

simply the sum of two preceding terms

Classic Orders

- Intercolumniation - is the system of spacing between columns, which is also

based on the diameter of the column.
- Entasis - in architecture, the convex curve given to a column, spire, or similar
upright member, in an attempt to correct the optical illusion of hollowness or
weakness that would arise from normal tapering.
- Entasis is almost universal in Classical columns.
Greek Order

- Doric Order — the starting point of the Greek orders and the simplest form.
- Ionic Order — an order evolved from Doric order, the mature form of the Greek
Orders and the peak of style.
- Corinthian Order - an over-developed compound style with leaf-like details
made of stone.

Modulor - The Modulor system is the most famous standard of proportions used in
architecture. It is a scale of measurements and proportions of the human body devised
by Swiss architect Le Corbusier (1887–1965).

Japanese Ken

- Ken - traditional Japanese Unit of Length, equal to six Japanese feet (shaku)

Tatami - a traditional Japanese floor mat.

Anthropometrics - is the comparative study of the measurements and capabilities of

the human body. It derives from the Greek words 'anthropos' (meaning human), and
'metron' (meaning measure).

- Static anthropometry - is the measurement of body sizes at rest and when

using devices such as chairs, tables, beds, mobility devices, and so on.
- Functional anthropometry - is the measurement of abilities related to the
completion of tasks, such as reaching, maneuvering and motion, and other
aspects of space and equipment use.

Ergonomics - is the process of designing or arranging workplaces, products and

systems so that they fit the people who use them.

- Anthropometry: body sizes, shapes; populations and variations

- Biomechanics: muscles, levers, forces, strength
 - Environmental physics: noise, light, heat, cold, radiation, vibration body
systems: hearing, vision, sensations
- Applied psychology: skill, learning, errors, differences
- Social psychology: groups, communication, learning, behaviours.

Proxemics - is the study of human use of space and the effects that population density
has on behavior, communication, and social interaction.

- Intimate distance for embracing - touching or whispering

Close phase – less than one inch (one to two cm)
Far phase – 6 to 18 inches (15 to 46 cm)
- Personal distance for interactions among good friends or family
Close phase – 1.5 to 2.5 feet (46 to 76 cm)
Far phase – 2.5 to 4 feet (76 to 122 cm)
- Social distance for interactions among acquaintances
Close phase – 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m)
Far phase – 7 to 12 feet (2.1 to 3.7 m)
- Public distance used for public speaking
Close phase – 12 to 25 feet (3.7 to 7.6 m)
Far phase – 25 feet (7.6 m) or more

Perception - Is the process by which we organize and interpret the patterns of stimuli in
our environment, the immediate intuitive recognition, as of aesthetic quality.

Acuity - Sharpness of vision. Visual Acquity increases with increase in the intensity of
illumination.

Two types of Vision

- STEREOSCOPIC – applied to man’s ability to overlap these views, which are

slightly different, into one image. The visual process created an illusion of
three-dimensional depth, making it possible to judge distances.
-
- KINESTHETIC – man experiences space in movements of the eye from one part
of the whole work of art to another. Space is experienced while viewing a
two-dimensional surface because we unconsciously attempt to organize its
separate parts so that they can be close to the eye require more.

Figure-ground perception - holds that we tend to separate images into figure, or

object, and ground, or background
 - Ambiguous figure-ground effects - An ambiguous drawing that can be seen
either as a pretty young woman or as an unattractive old woman.
- Reversible figure and ground or Figure – Ground Reversal. Note that either
the light portion (The Goblet) or the dark portion can be perceived as a figure
against a background.

Character - Every buildings or structure has its own purpose and appearances

- Function - The character of the building results from the purpose of its erection

- Association - This comes from the influence of ideas and impressions related to
or growing out of past experiences.

- Personal - Shows the personality of the man who owns the building.

Design Philosophy- this is a general idea about architecture that applies to how the
person approaches design in general.

Design Concept - this speaks of an idea on how to solve the architectural problem at
hand that is in line with the philosophy.

Leandro Locsin

- CCP
- Istana Nurul Iman Palace
- Saint Andrew the Apostle Parish
- Benguet Center
- Church of Monastery of the Transfiguration, Malaybalay, Bukidnon

Francisco Manoza

- The Coconut Palace Hotel

- Pearl Farm, Samal Island, Davao
- The San Miguel Building
- Pearl Farm, Samal Island, Davao
- Amanpulo Resort, Palawan
- Mactan Shangri-La Hotel and Resort, Lapu-Lapu City
- Mary Immaculate Parish Church, Las Piñas
- Lanao del Norte Capitol Building, Tubod, Lanao Norte
Tomas Mapua

- De La Salle University
- CEU
- Philippine General Hospital Nurses Home

Juan Nakpil

- Quiapo Church
- UP Diliman Admin Building
- Rotonda Bank
- Capitol Theater

Marcus Vitruvious Polio

- Basilica

FLW

- Developed the theory of Form and function are one.

- Guggenheim Museum
- Robie House
- Unity Temple

Awards

- AIA Gold Medal

- 25 year award
- Royal Gold medal

Antoni Guadi Cornet

- Gothicism, Art Nouveau, surrealism

- Casa vicens
- Sagrada familia
- Palau guel
- Casa calvet
 - Colonial guell
- Bellesguard
- Park guell
- Casa batllo
- Casa mila

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

- Classic and gothic

- “Less is more”

- Barcelona Pavilion
- Tugendhat house
- Lake shore drive
- Farmsworth house
- Seagram building
- New national gallery
- Crown hall

Zaha Hadid

- Futuristic, deconstructivism

- Queen of the curves

- Fluid architecture
- Forms in motion

- Performing arts centre

- Sky soho
Le Corbusier

- Five points of architecture

- use of pilotis
- free facade
- open floor plan
- long horizontal ribbon window
- roof garden

- notre Dame du haut

Luis Henry Sullivan

- Modern, industrial

- “Forms Follows Function”

Horizontally - Due to its length, the early Christian church gives an impression of

Felix Roxas and Diego Hervas - These two Filipino Architects were brought to
Europe to study Master Builder Course.

San agustin church - A famous church in Intramuros, Manila in the style of Baroque.

Bauhaus - An Arts School building in Germany that is focused on formal elements

(shape, color, lines etc.).

Thin Shell Construction - The ceiling / roof of the Parish of the Holy Sacrifice in UP
Diliman in made of concrete by using what type of construction?

Purple - Sedative and soothing

Juan Arellano - metropolitan Theatre

Jorge Ramos - Lung center and heart center

Carlos Santos Viola - Iglesia ni cristo (Main)

46 meter - quezon memorial monument

Ludqig Mies Vanderohe - “Architecture is the will of an Epoch translated into space”

Daniel Libeskind - “To provide meaningful architecture is not to parody history but to
articulate it."

Pier Ligi Nervi - ferro-cemento

Felix Outerino Candela - Mexican Architect and engineer who introduced Thin shell
construction.

Andrea Palladio - The father of modern picture books of Architecture.

Art Nouveau - "New Art".

Adolf Loos - Ornamentation is a crime, like a tattoo of the human body, a sign of
degeneration."

Audibility - The acoustic properties of an environment that contributes one's ability to

hear what needs to be heard and to mask the unwanted sound.

Pritzker Prize - An annual premier award in architecture to honor a living Architect

irespective of creed, race/nationality, and ideology whose built works demonstrates the
qualities of talen, vision and commitment with a significant contribution to humanity

Prairie Style - It is an architectural style that is usually marked by horizontal lines

International Style - showcases emphasis on architectural style, form and aesthetics

than social aspects of the modern movement. It was a style defined by Philip Johnson.

Modernismo - What is the architectural style of architect Mies Van de Rohe

PRITZKER
23. 2002. Glenn Murcutt
1. 1979 Philip Johnson
24. 2003. Jørn Utzon
2. 1980. Luis Barragán
25. 2004. Zaha Hadid
3. 1982. Kevin Roche,
26. 2005. Thom Mayne
4. 1983. I. M. Pei
27. 2006. Paulo Mendes da Rocha,
5. 1984. Richard Meier,
28. 2007. Richard Rogers
6. 1985. Hans Hollein
29. 2008. Jean Nouvel
7. 1986. Gottfried Böhm,
30. 2009. Peter Zumthor
8. 1987. Kenzo Tange,
31. 2010. Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue
9. 1988. Oscar Niemeyer and
Gordon Bunshaft 32. 2011. Eduardo Souto de Moura,

10. 1989. Frank Gehry, 33. 2012. Wang Shu,

11. 1990. Aldo Rossi 34. 2013. Toyo Ito

12. 1991. Robert Venturi 35. 2014. Shigeru Ban,

13. 1992. Álvaro Sizal 36. 2015. Frei Otto

14. 1993. Fumihiko Maki 37. 2016. Alejandro Aravena

15. 1994. Christian de Portzamparc, 38. 2017. Ramón Vilalta, Carme

Pigem and Rafael Aranda
16. 1995. Tadao Ando
39. 2018. Balkrishna Doshi
17. 1996. Rafael Moneo,
40. 2019. Arata Isozaki
18. 1997. Sverre Fehn,
41. 2020. Yvonne Farrell and Shelley
19. 1998. Renzo Piano
42. 2021. Anne Lacaton and
20. 1999. Norman Foster, Jean-Philippe Vassal.

21. 2000. Rem Koolhaas, 43. 2022. Francis Kéré.

22. 2001. Jacques Herzog and Pierre 44. 2023. Sir David Allan Chipperfield
NATIONAL ARTISTS 3. 1990 LEANDRO V. LOCSIN

1. 1973 JUAN F. NAKPIL

- Locsin’s largest single work is
the Istana Nurul Iman, the palace
- Nakpil’s major works are the
of the Sultan of Brunei, which has
Geronimo de los Reyes
a floor area of 2.2 million square
Building,Magsaysay Building,
feet. The CCP Complex itself is a
Rizal Theater, Capitol Theater,
virtual Locsin Complex with all
Captain Pepe Building, Manila
five buildings designed by him —
Jockey Club, Rufino Building,
the Cultural Center of the
Philippine Village Hotel,
Philippines, Folk Arts Theater,
University of the Philippines
Philippine International
Administration and University
Convention Center, Philcite and
Library, and the reconstructed
The Westin Hotel (now Sofitel
Rizal house in Calamba, Laguna.
Philippine Plaza).

2. 1976 PABLO S. ANTONIO

4. 2006 ILDEFONSO P. SANTOS,
JR.
- Antonio’s major works include
the following: Far Eastern
- Santos, Jr.’s most recent
University Administration and
projects were the Tagaytay
Science buildings; Manila Polo
Highland Resort, the Mt.
Club; Ideal Theater;Lyric Theater;
Malarayat Golf and Country
Galaxy Theater; Capitan Luis
Clubin Lipa, Batangas, and the
Gonzaga Building;
Orchard Golf and Country Club in
Boulevard-Alhambra (now
Imus, Cavite.
Bel-Air) apartments; Ramon
Roces Publications Building (now
5. 2014 JOSÉ MARÍA V.
Guzman Institute of Electronics).
ZARAGOZA

6. 2018 FRANCISCO T. MANOSA