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RESEARCH
PAPER
NAME; MARC LUIS BULONG
SUBJECT; ENGLISH
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SOLUTION FOR FOR CHILD ABUSE

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) defines abuse and neglect as "any recent
act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker, which results in death, serious physical or
emotional harm, sexual abuse, or exploitation, or an act or failure to act which presents an
imminent risk of serious harm. (2018) Modernly, there has been a rise in abusive/neglectful
households with no true rhyme or reason. Although there have been scientific studies to provide
us with the typical victim there is generally, no obvious signs of abuse until physical appearances
are affected. Abuse can not only affect the being physically, but emotionally and mentally as
well, causing show more content. The few articles I read helped provide with an overview of the
types of abuse and neglect, and personally I did not know there were so many. I do agree with all
the articles and their definitions of abuse and neglect. Also provided in all the article is the affect
that abuse and neglect can have on a child which is baffling. These articles provided me with a
sense of urgency to pay closer attention to children and their well-being; my mind and heart has
been opened to show more content. Child abuse and neglect is well established as an important
societal concern with significant ramifications for the affected children, their families, and
society at large. A critical step in devising effective responses is reasonable agreement on the
definition of the problem and its scope. Yet achieving clarity in the area of child abuse and
neglect has been an ongoing challenge. Legal definitions vary across states; researchers apply
diverse standards in determining incidence and prevalence rates in clinical and population-based
studies; and substantial obstacles hamper learning about the experiences of children, especially
young children, with caregiver-inflicted abuse or neglect. As a result, definitions of the
characteristics of the problem and determinations of its scope will differ depending on the data
source used for analysis. This challenge was articulated in the 1993 National Research Council
(NRC) report NRC 1993 and continues to impede a full understanding of the nature of the child
abuse and neglect problem. The purpose of this chapter is to describe briefly what is known
about the problem from current data sources and to highlight issues that remain problematic, as
well as identify areas in which advances have been made. The chapter addresses, in turn,
definitions of child abuse and neglect, incidence rates and the problem of underreporting, trends
in the incidence of child abuse and neglect, and how cases are determined by medical and mental
health professionals and the legal system. and neglect has been an ongoing challenge. Legal
definitions vary across states; researchers apply diverse standards in determining incidence and
prevalence rates in clinical and population-based studies; and substantial obstacles hamper
learning about the experiences of children, especially young children, with caregiver-inflicted
abuse or neglect. As a result, definitions of the characteristics of the problem and determinations
of its scope will differ depending on the data source used for analysis. This challenge was
articulated in the 1993 National Research Council (NRC) report NRC 1993 and continues to
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impede a full understanding of the nature of the child abuse and neglect problem. The purpose of
this chapter is to describe briefly what is known about the problem from current data sources and

to highlight issues that remain problematic, as well as identify areas in which advances have
been made. The chapter addresses, in turn, definitions of child abuse and neglect, incidence rates
and the problem of underreporting, trends in the incidence of child abuse and neglect, and how
cases are determined by medical and mental health professionals and the legal system.
Conduct problems in youth are a broad spectrum of acting-out behaviors, ranging from relatively
minor oppositional behaviors yelling, temper tantrums to more serious forms of antisocial
behaviors violence, aggression, destructiveness, stealing. As a cluster, these behaviors have been
referred to as oppositional conduct-disordered and delinquent. Prevalence rates for conduct
disorder have been estimated at approximately 2.1%; thus, there are estimated to be more than
14,000 children in BC affected by serious conduct problems with even more demonstrating less
serious conduct problems, such as oppositional defiant disorder. Youth violence and other
serious conduct problems are significant social public health and economic problems in
Philippines and throughout the world. Youth crime in Canada has continually decreased since
1991. Between 2009 and 2019, youth charges fell 51%. However, youth crime continues to be a
significant concern, as adolescents account for a disproportionate amount of crime compared to
other age groups. Importantly, the vast majority of adolescent offender’s display conduct
problems, with the most serious pattern beginning in early childhood. Approximately 50% of
children with conduct problems experience ongoing chronic antisocial difficulties and related
problems, including substance abuse, risky sexual behaviour, interpersonal partner violence,
child abuse perpetration, serious mental health problems depression and increased mortality
from a variety of causes, including violence, substance abuse, suicide and disease cancer,
cardiovascular disease.

 As a result, the social and economic costs associated with child and adolescent conduct
problems are enormous, affecting victims and the justice system, and of course resulting in
tremendous lost human potential. The value to society of diverting a single youth from a life of
criminal activity ranges from 3.2 to 5.5 million. Therefore, the importance of research on the
development and treatment of conduct problems among Canadian youth is undeniable.
Accordingly, extensive research has increased understanding of the many processes involved in
the development of severe youth conduct problems and the development of effective preventive
and treatment interventions. A number of interventions have shown short-term effects on
reducing youth conduct problems, and a smaller number have demonstrated durable effects over
significant time periods. However, efforts to either treat or prevent serious forms of adolescent
conduct problems (such as violence) have had limited success over the long term
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HYPOTHESIS

The United States has a high rate of child maltreatment, with nearly 12 in 1000 children being
victims of abuse or neglect. Child abuse strongly predicts negative life outcomes, especially in
areas of emotional and mental health. Abused children are also more likely than their peers to
engage in violence and enter the juvenile justice system, as well as to become abusive parents
themselves. Research has shown that child abuse and trauma can lead to decreased hippocampal
volume, which could be indicative of abnormal hippocampal development. Hippocampal
development appears to directly affect the development of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a
brain area responsible for emotional regulation , cognitive reappraisal, and general executive
function. Therefore, I hypothesize that if child abuse results in abnormal hippocampal
development, which leads to abnormal dorsolateral prefrontal cortex development, many of the
correlated risk factors of child abuse, such as emotionally-laden parenting and unfavorable
cognitive distortions regarding children’s behaviors, may be in part caused by underdevelopment
or abnormal functioning of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, as a function of the individual’s
own experiences with abuse during childhood. If this hypothesis is supported with future
research, more targeted, successful, and cost-effective prevention and treatment protocols could
ensue. For instance, programs that have been empirically shown to increase the activity of the
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, could be effective in
decreasing the incidence of intergenerational transfer of abuse. Nearly 12 of every 1000 children
in the United States are victims of child abuse or neglect [5]. Most child maltreatment occurs
among very young children, with 42.6% of maltreatment cases involving children less than one
year of age. Much research has shown that emotional and mental health outcomes for children
who experience childhood abuse are worse than for those who did not experience abuse. For
instance, maltreated children are significantly more likely than non-maltreated children to engage
in violent acts and enter the juvenile justice system [10]. Thus, the phrase “the abused becomes
the abuser” has entered into mainstream society. Though it is far from the truth that every child
who experiences abuse will go onto abuse his or her own children, there is ample evidence that a
history of childhood abuse in one’s own childhood is strongly correlated with unskilled and
emotionally-laden parenting, and in some cases, abusive or neglectful parenting [8]. Therefore, it
is of vital importance that we understand mechanistically how a parent’s history of child abuse in
his or her own childhood can lead to that parent becoming abusive toward his or her children
later on.

The hippocampus has often been implicated as a brain area of interest when considering the
effects of trauma and abuse. The hippocampus is responsible for memory formation and
retrieval, and has recently been thought to relate to emotional processing and response [2]. In a
normally developing brain, the hippocampus finishes most of its development well before the
onset of puberty, often around 4 years of age. A longitudinal study conducted by Gogtay and
colleagues of healthy children.
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Child abuse is an important determinant of future violence perpetration and victimization. Past
research examining linkages between child abuse and adult intimate partner violence (IPV) has
predominantly focused on married individuals and not considered adolescent dating violence. In
the present study, data from three waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent
Health are used to examine the impact of child abuse and adolescent dating violence on the
likelihood of IPV victimization and perpetration in young adulthood. Child abuse and adolescent
dating violence are common in this study population and are highly predictive of IPV. In
regression models stratified by gender, child abuse and adolescent dating violence are significant
predictors of IPV victimization and perpetration for both men and women, but the magnitude of
these associations differs by gender. Although gender differences exist, it appears that
experiencing violence during childhood and/ or adolescence is highly predictive of IPV in young
adulthood.

RATIONAL/ LITERATION OF STUDY

As the elimination of child sexual abuse is an unlikely goal for any study, the rationale of this
study is to understand resilience better from a developmental perspective by understanding the
(1) adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies that arise outside the context of formal
psychotherapeutic treatment; and
(2) the role of proactive coping in resilient survivors or child sexual abuse.

Thus, the question is to understand how some survivors of child sexual abuse develop
resilience despite their traumatic experiences. The study of resilience, emotion regulation,
proactive coping and sexual abuse demands a particular context. Every person seeks to behave
adaptively within her context and above that, different people develop their own unique response
tendencies, cognitive orientations, emotional preparedness, and structures and values (Kitayama
& Markus, 1999). In Grossman, Cook, Kepkep and Koenen’s (1999) study of ten resilient
survivors of child sexual abuse, the two supportive factors that they identified as most evident in
assisting the development of resilience were advanced education and fulfilling employment.
However,Daigneault, Tourigny and Cyr (2004, 2007), and Radan (2007) suggest that women
survivors of abuse and trauma may develop resilience despite a lower level of education,
unemployment and formal therapy. Harvey (1996) proposesthat people who become
symptomatic as a result of trauma differ in many ways, most significantly being the duration and
intensity of the exposure to the trauma, the way the traumatic experience is interpreted and the
methods the survivors pursue to obtain relief. In addition, demographic factors and the ecological
context in which survivors are located are also significant, as these factors will either support or
impede access to
support and treatment.Bronfenbrenner (2005) emphasises the significance of the impact of
family factors such as stability, predictability, proper supervision and love as the most
important force in a child’s development. Harvey (2007) maintains that “it seems likely that
some degree of resilience pre-trauma is required for post-traumatic growth and post-
traumatic growth is itself a sign of resilience.
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Child maltreatment is an issue that affects approximately three million children, the
consequences of which have been documented in numerous empirical studies. Books are of vital
influence in children's lives and they can either help or hinder the ways children deal with
problems. Although research exists on the portrayal of persons with disabilities, stepfamilies, gay
families, adoption, and foster care, a critical analysis of the portrayal of child abuse in children's
literature has not been located in book, dissertation, or research form. This study examines
children's literature dealing with child abuse themes using criteria developed by Masha Rudman
(1995), based on the work of psychologists, social workers and educators. It analyzes how well
the books adhere to the criteria as well as the thematic effectiveness of the books. It looks into
who is taking part in the abuse and who is interrupting it. The methodology employed here is a
critical multicultural analysis Botelho, 2004 where personal and societal power are examined as
well as how the books handle issues of culture and class. This study provides a foundation for
further research in this field as well as providing a resource for teachers, librarians, counselors
and families on this topic. I examined in depth eighteen books in which child abuse took a
prominent part. The books ranged in age of intended readership from preschool through junior
high, with the majority of the books aimed at readers eleven years old and above. My
methodology included multiple readings of the eighteen selected texts (originally I read thirty
books and culled those that either were not compelling reading, did not address the issue of
abuse in a satisfactory manner, or had the potential to broadcast negative elements and harm
precisely those children whom we are trying to help). After an intensive analysis of each of the
eighteen books sorted into categories of sexual and physical abuse I note patterns of resilience,
childhood as a social construction and children's agency. I provide conclusions based on the
analyses of the literature, and suggest recommendations for further research. I also include an
annotated bibliography of 45 books containing abuse. It is my hope that this study will provide a
model for examining any books on abuse for potential use with children.

Greater raising of awareness of child abuse has contributed towards better understanding of this
complex problem. It has been estimated that the annual incidence of abuse is between 15 and 40
cases per 1,000 children. Thus, approximately one million children become victims every year
and more than 1,200 die as a result of abuse. Despite the severity of the problem, it is highly
prevalent. In a systematic review on 32 studies, Kemp et al.2,3 concluded that abuse was more
common among children under the age of three years, and that multiple fractures were also more
common among children who suffered abuse.

Child abuse is one of the major public health issues across the world with significant effects at
later stages in life. Given its impact, this issue has attracted numerous studies that focus on the
different aspects relating to child abuse and its subsequent impacts. The research question for

this study is, “What are the longevity mental effects of child abuse and the outcome of the effects
it has in your life?” To explore this question, the researcher will conduct a study of existing
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history of child abuse with its effect on the health and well-being of a child. The literature review
helps in identifying trends in existing literature regarding the long-term effects of child abuse.

McMillan (2015), literature review help sin identifying issues in existing literature relating to the
research issue, question or statement. Afifi et al (2014) conducted a study to examine child abuse
and mental illnesses in the country. The objective of the study was to enhance understanding of
the link between child abuse and mental disorders like suicide ideation and attempts. The
researchers utilized contemporary, national representative data to assess the prevalence of
physical abuse, sexual abuse, and exposure to intimate partner violence and their link to different
mental health Holt, Buckley & Whelan (2008) who conducted a study to examine the effect of
exposure to domestic violence on children and young people. Holt, Buckley & Whelan (2008)
found that exposure incidences of child abuse contribute to mental health problems that are
evident in emotional and behavioral problems. Unlike Afifi et al (2014), Holt, Buckley &
Whelan (2008) specifically focused on how exposure to domestic violence contributes to high
risks of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, which in turn generates mental health problems.
These researchers relied on data from a comprehensive search of studies relating to the issue
within an 11-year framework i.e. from 1995 to 2006 (Holt, Buckley & Whelan, 2008).

The research literature in the field of child maltreatment is immense—over 2000 items are
included in the panel's research bibliography, a portion of which is referenced in this report.
Despite this quantity of literature, researchers generally agree that the quality of research on
child maltreatment is relatively weak in comparison to health and social science research studies
in areas such as family systems and child development. Only a few prospective studies of child
maltreatment have been undertaken, and most studies rely on the use of clinical samples (which
may exclude important segments of the research population) or adult memories. Both types of
samples are problematic and can produce biased results. Clinical samples may not be
representative of all cases of child maltreatment. For example, we know from epidemiologic
studies of disease of cases that were derived from hospital records that, unless the phenomenon
of interest always comes to a service provider for treatment, there exist undetected and untreated
cases in the general population that are often quite different from those who have sought
treatment. Similarly, when studies rely on adult memories of childhood experiences, recall bias is
always an issue. Longitudinal studies are quite rare, and some studies that are described as
longitudinal actually consist of hybrid designs followed over time.

To ensure some measure of quality, the panel relied largely on studies that had been published in
the peer-reviewed scientific literature. More rigorous scientific criteria (such as the use of
appropriate theory and methodology in the conduct of the study) were considered by the panel,
but were not adopted because little of the existing work would meet such selection
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However, the questions concerning psychological and physical abuse have remained the same
and ask whether an adult committed the offence. For psychological abuse, this is because the
behaviours included in this question would typically only apply to people with responsibility for
the child. For physical abuse, as previously mentioned, the survey would capture too many
instances such as sibling rivalries and playground incidents, that would not typically be
considered physical child abuse.

We recognise that people can be psychologically or physically abused in childhood by

perpetrators under the age of 18. However, it is not realistically possible to measure child abuse
in this kind of detail without a separate dedicated survey. We are currently investigating the
feasibility of conducting a dedicated survey on childhood abuse in the future.

BODY

Child maltreatment is a devastating social problem in American society. In 1990, over 2 million
cases of child abuse and neglect were reported to social service agencies. In the period 1979
through 1988, about 2,000 child deaths (ages 0-17) were recorded annually as a result of abuse
and neglect (McClain et al., 1993), and an additional 160,000 cases resulted in serious injuries in
1990 alone (Daro and McCurdy, 1991). However tragic and sensational, the counts of deaths and
serious injuries provide limited insight into the pervasive long-term social, behavioral, and
cognitive consequences of child abuse and neglect. Reports of child maltreatment alone also
reveal little about the interactions among individuals, families, communities, and society that
lead to such incidents.

American society has not yet recognized the complex origins or the profound consequences of
child victimization. The services required for children who have been abused or neglected,
including medical care, family counseling, foster care, and specialized education, are expensive
and are often subsidized by governmental funds. The General Accounting Office (1991) has
estimated that these services cost more than $500 million annually. Equally disturbing, research
suggests that child maltreatment cases are highly related to social problems such as juvenile
delinquency, substance abuse, and violence, which require additional services and severely affect
the quality of life for many American families.

Research on child maltreatment can provide insights and knowledge that can directly benefit
victims of child abuse and neglect and their families. Individuals who have been victimized as a
result of child maltreatment deserve to have research efforts dedicated to
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their experience, in the same manner as our society invests in scientific research for burn victims,
victims of genetic or infectious diseases, or those who are subjected to other forms of trauma.
Yet the families of child abuse and neglect victims are often not active in social and political
organizations. Unable to speak for themselves or employ paid representatives to promote their
interests, they have been discounted and overlooked in the process of determining what social
problems deserve public resources and attention from the American research community.

Government officials, judges, legislators, social service personnel, child welfare advocates, and
others make hundreds of crucial decisions each day about the lives and futures of child victims
and their offenders. These decisions include the selection of cases of suspected child abuse and
neglect for investigation and determinations about which children should remain with families in
which abuse has occurred. Individuals making such decisions will benefit from informed
guidance on the effectiveness and consequences of various social interventions that address child
maltreatment. Such guidance can evolve from research on the outcomes of alternative responses
to reports of child abuse and neglect, results of therapeutic and social service interventions, and
cost-effectiveness studies. For example, research that describes the conditions under which
family counseling and family preservation efforts are effective has tremendous implications for
the importance of attachment relationships for children and the disruption of these relationships
brought on by foster care.

Efforts to improve the quality of research on any group of children are dependent on the value
that society assigns to the potential inherent in young lives. Although more adults are available in
American society today as service providers to care for children than was the case in 1960, a
disturbing number of recent reports have concluded that American children are in trouble (Fuchs
and Reklis, 1992; National Commission on Children, 1991; Children's Defense Fund, 1991).

Efforts to encourage greater investments in research on children will be futile unless broader
structural and social issues can be addressed within our society. Research on general problems of
violence, substance addiction, social inequality, unemployment, poor education, and the
treatment of children in the social services system is incomplete without attention to child
maltreatment issues. Research on child maltreatment can play a key role in informing major
social policy decisions concerning the services that should be made available to children,
especially children in families or neighborhoods that experience significant stress and violence.

Not only has our society invested relatively little in research on children, but we also have
invested even less in research on children whose families are characterized by multiple problems,
such as poverty, substance abuse, violence, welfare dependency, and child maltreatment. In part,
this slower development is influenced by the complexities of research on major social problems.
But the state of research on this topic could be advanced more rapidly with increased investment
of funds. In the competition for scarce research funds, the underinvestment in child maltreatment

research needs to be understood in the context of bias, prejudice, and the lack of a clear political
constituency for children in general and disadvantaged children in particular (Children's Defense
Fund, 1991; National Commission on Children, 1991). Factors such as racism, ethnic
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discrimination, sexism, class bias, institutional and professional jealousies, and social inequities
influence the development of our national research agenda (Bell, 1992, Huston, 1991).

Child abuse has devastating consequences for victims. Child abusers inflict
physical, sexual, and emotional trauma on defenseless children every day. The scars
can be deep and long-lasting. As well, the more subtle forms of child abuse such as
neglect and emotional abuse can be just as traumatizing as violent physical abuse.
Child abuse is a prevalent problem all over the world, and Canada is no
exception. According to the Canadian Incidence Study of Reported Child Abuse and
Neglect, there were 103,297 substantiated cases in 2003 across Canada (excluding
Quebec), a 125% increase in documented child abuse since 1998. This increase is
considered a result of improvements in reporting and investigative methods for child
abuse, as well as enhanced awareness and understanding of child abuse, not
necessarily an increase in the amount of abuse. However, it is also true that
technology has created new opportunities to abuse or exploit children and young people, child
pornography.
Children have the right to grow up free from abuse and all Canadians have a
duty to ensure this happens. That is why in Canada, reporting of child abuse is
mandatory for everyone under the child welfare statute of each province and territory.1
Although the reporting rate is growing, many studies show that actual rates of child
abuse may be much higher than those reported because the victims are children and
they may lack the understanding or ability to report.

This can involve touching the child in inappropriate areas, performing acts of incest, rape,
indecent exposure or exploitation of the child by forcing prostitution or creating pornographic
materials. Potential evidence of sexual abuse might be when a child shows signs of trouble
sitting down or walking, unexpectedly does not want to get dressed or to join in physical
activities for gym class, begins wetting the bed or having nightmares, or loss of appetite. They
might also reveal a strange, mature, or rare knowledge of sex or sexual behaviors. Or if they are
14 years old or younger and become pregnant or obtain a venereal disease. Some traits to look
for in suspected parents or other caregivers might be an overly protective attitude towards the
child, denying them access to other children, likes to be isolated or has a controlling attitude
towards other family members (Child Welfare Information Gateway

The first and the foremost reason for child abuse is neglect by parents. It is the duty of every
parent to take proper care of their children. The reasons for financial depression and the inability
to meet the needs of the family, cannot justify the neglect towards children. The same has been
reported by a study, The Great Recession and risk for child abuse and neglect, done by research
scholars. The results of the study indicated that there is a direct connection between the
economic disparities and the risk of abuse and neglect on children. The study has been conducted
during the time of recession experienced by America and the world around. (Schneider,
Waldfogel, and Brooks-Gunn, 2017) However, the fact is that every child of the world should get
the love he deserves. It is his right to be loved and given the opportunity to grow in
independence. The parents cannot take away the childishness from their children due to their
inability to meet the financial needs of the family. A child is at the initial stage of his mental
development. He not only needs better guidance but also needs emotional support. The very
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support from the parents to move ahead and stay stable in life is instrumental for the morale of a
child. Along with feeling secure, the motivation also strengthens his urge to stay connected with
his parents. Moreover, the parents need to extend care in addition to proper emotional bonds.
There are few areas, which he needs assistance for, thus the parents should be available for that.
Also, the laugh, happiness, and cuddling he deserves should not be taken away from him. The
very essence of his childhood should be kept intact and it is the duty of the parent only, to do so.

The second biggest reason for child abuse is the stress that the parents go through. This particular
stress and instability of the job push a parent to become harsh towards his child. In fact, when a
parent starts getting addicted to drugs or alcohol, then he often mistreats his child sexually. The
cases of sexual abuse by parents of the child have been believed to grow substantially in recent
years. As per reports in 2017 by America nspcc.org, in 80.1% of cases of child abuse, the parents
are the abuser. (Child Neglect - American SPCC, 2020) This includes the sexual assault made by
the parents. Though, the non-earning capability of the parents might be a troublesome issue for
them. But, they have no right to yell, shout, scold or even beat their children on the lame excuse
of being stressed. Though, neglect and scolding by parents have been practiced for a very long
time. (Child Neglect - American SPCC, 2020) But, the repercussions of the same have multiplied
negatively due to the exposure of online resources to little children. To bring this in control, 1974
Public Law 93-247, a law known as the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA)
was established. This law made it compulsory for different states to bring in actionable practices
to control the growth of child abuse. (Child Abuse and Neglect - Causes of Abuse and Neglect,
Effects of Abuse on Children, Prevention of Child Abuse, 2020).

Moving forward, the third common reason for child abuse is unawareness. Many children are
unaware of the assault being done on them. They are the young minds who are used to
experiencing neglect and disregard from people around them. The exposure to bewilderment is
so high that they become insensitive to the wrong done on them. As per the studies, it is believed
that every one in four girls and one in every 8 boys is exposed to sexual abuse, even before they
turn 18. (Child Abuse, 2020) This very fact is an eye-opener for society. It shows the level of
sick-minded people we have in our world. This not only makes it unhealthy and unsafe for the
children. But, it is also a fact that hampers the growth of the society in total. The fact that a girl
child is not safe in our society has to be dealt with great care and precision. For this, the biggest
reason for unawareness should be dealt with. Children from the very beginning of their
adolescent age should be made aware of the ways in which they can be harmed. More care needs
to be taken for the smaller children who are unable to differentiate between right and wrong.
Along with introducing them to the difference, they also need to be told how to protect
themselves if they come across a person with wrong intentions. Moreover, sexual child abuse is
even more common among children who are mentally unstable. It is because of their inability to
understand the wrong done on them, that the criminal oppresses them with the worst treatment.
Even, such children have been seen to repeatedly fall prey to such horrendous people. (Child
Abuse, 2020). Therefore, there is an immediate need to make such children aware of the abuse
and how they can protect their rights.

CONCLUSION
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Child abuse and maltreatment or neglect are serious problems that affect people from all walks
of life all across the country. “During 2014, the [New York] SCR hotline received 294,356 calls,
which resulted in 156,515 reports being electronically transmitted to LDSSs [local departments

of social services] for further action. The SCR handled 262,000 Database Check Clearance
requests, 8,000 Administrative Review requests and received 12,000 Requests for Information”
(NYOCFS, 2014).The impact of child abuse and neglect is often discussed in terms of physical,
psychological, behavioral, or societal consequences; in reality, however, it is impossible to
separate them completely. Physical consequences such as damage to a child’s growing brain can
have psychological implications such as cognitive delays or emotional difficulties. Psychological
problems often manifest as high-risk behavior. Depression and anxiety may make a person more
likely to smoke, abuse drugs or alcohol, or overeat. High-risk behaviors, in turn, can lead to
long-term physical health problems such as sexually transmitted infections, cancer, or obesity.
Furthermore, children who are abused are at increased risk of abusing their own children (CWIG,
2013).

The State of New York requires that certain professionals intercede on behalf of the helpless
victims of child abuse by making an official report when they have reasonable cause to suspect
that such abuse may be taking place. These professionals, called mandated reporters, are in a
unique position to help interrupt the complex and damaging cycle of violence that results from
child abuse and maltreatment/neglect.

Preventing child abuse is not simply a matter of parents doing a better job, but rather it is about
creating a context in which “doing better” is easier. Enlightened public policy and the replication
of high-quality publicly supported interventions are only part of what is needed to successfully
combat child abuse. It remains important to remind the public that child abuse and neglect are
serious threats to a child’s healthy development and that overt violence toward children and a
persistent lack of attention to their care and supervision are unacceptable. Individuals have the
ability to accept personal responsibility for reducing acts of child abuse and neglect by providing
support to each other and offering protection to all children within their family and their
community. As sociologist Robert Wuthnow has noted, every volunteer effort or act of
compassion finds its justification not in offering solutions for society’s problems but in offering
hope “both that the good society we envision is possible and that the very act of helping each
other gives us strength and a common destiny” (Wuthnow, 1991: 304). When the problem is
owned by all individuals and communities, prevention will progress, and fewer children will
remain at risk. Child abuse is a wrong way of treating the children of future. It may be happened
due to lack of education or knowledge on handling children. It might also because the parents of
the child were abused too and inhabit that trait unto themselves that might also happened to their
children.

Through early detection and reporting, dentists have the opportunity to reduce the incidences of
maltreatment of children. Detecting and reporting suspected cases of abuse is not intended to
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55 V. Lagasca Street Laoag City, Laoag City, Philippines

punish the caregivers; rather, it is necessary to provide for the safety and health of children. To
provide that important safety net, dentists must be trained to identify abuse and neglect, collect
and document sufficient facts to make a mandatory report, and treat child victims.

The conclusion of the child abuse survey research is that child abuse and neglect are still major
problems that need to be addressed around the world. The data collected in this survey suggest
that there are a variety of risks associated with childhood exposure to violence, neglect, and other
forms of maltreatment. Furthermore, this research emphasizes the importance of understanding
how different types of child abuse can impact young people's health and development. The
findings also indicate the need for effective prevention strategies to reduce the prevalence and
severity of child abuse in society. Finally, it is essential to invest in policies that use evidence-
based approaches to guide implementation, evaluation, and reevaluation efforts in order to ensure
effective responses for those affected by such trauma.

The world is a beautiful place to live in. It is the biggest blessing that we as human beings have
got from the almighty. Thus, it is our duty to protect the beauty and integrity of our world. One
auspicious element of human life, as well as the world, is childhood. Children are not only the
hope for the future but also instrumental for maintaining our present happy status. These young
minds are the source of betterment and newness in the world today and the time to come. Well,
Each one of us knows the value of children and respects their individuality. But, few sick-
minded people ill-treat children and take undue advantage of their credulity. They not only make
these children work under unhealthy conditions but also load them with hard work. It is looking
at these dark truths of the society that governing bodies passed certain laws to protect children's
rights. These rights stand against any act that supports child abuse or affects mental or physical
health. When we talk about child abuse, we usually perceive that child abuse is related to
physical abuse or violence as a tool to abuse. But this is not the complete scenario. To
understand child abuse, you need to evaluate the various patterns of the behavior being observed.
According to these patterns, you can take a deeper dive into understanding the various types of
child abuse. As per a survey, out of 61% of the adults, approximately 1 out 6 reported that they
had faced more than four types of abuse. The different kinds of child abuse faced by children
worldwide help you gain clarity about the issue. Further, to help you enlighten your knowledge,
given below are some different types of child abuse that we come across in our daily lives.

To conclude, it can be said that the world is a place filled with mixed breeds of human beings.
There are humans who can die for their children as well as the monsters who kill and eat their
own children. Any form of disparity or violence against children is a heinous act of child abuse.
No human, not even the parents of the child has the right to mistreat the children in any way.
Whether it is in the form of slap or scolding. The lame excuses for beating the child are invalid in
the present scenario. We, the people of the world today need to take a stand against any kind of
child abuse. Whether it is mental, physical, or sexual, every abuse is detrimental to the growth of
a child therefore unacceptable. We need to together raise our voices against the wrong and make
sure that no child is subdued with the negativity of the horrific people.
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The right of every child to live and laugh should be respected and given due consideration. The
awareness of the rights and wrongs done to children should be a lesson given to them at a very
early age. In addition to this, strict laws should be made against the people who get involved in
child abuse. For this, we as a community as well as the children themselves have to stand against
this social evil and together make a difference.

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55 V. Lagasca Street Laoag City, Laoag City, Philippines

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