Design and Fabrication of Multifunctional CNC Machine

Authors

Muhammad Ameer Ammar BMEF19M014

Muhammad Asif Shehzad Khan BMEF18M007

Project Advisor

Dr. Mudaser-Ullah

Assistance Professor

Project Advisor Signature:

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA, SARGODHA,

PAKISTAN

Jun 2023
Abstract
 Undertaking

We certify that final year project titled “Design and fabrication of multifunctional CNC

machine with adjustable tool post” is our own work. The work has not been presented

elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from other sources it has been

properly acknowledged / referred.

Muhammad Ameer Ammar Muhammad Asif Shehzad

Khan
Acknowledgement
 Table of Contents

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………….ii

Acknowledgement………………………………………………………………………...iii

List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………..vi

List of Tables…………………..……………………………………………………..…...vii

Abbreviations………………...………………………………………………………......viii

Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………………1

1.1 Introduction to CNC machine……………………………………………..1

1.2 Background………………………………………………………………..1

1.3 CNC milling operation…………………………………………………….2

1.4 Engraving operation……………………………………………………….4

1.5 Aims & Objectives...………………………………………………………5

1.6 Technical Problems………………………………………………………..5

1.7 Organization of thesis……………………………………………………..5

Chapter 2:………………………………………………………………………………….7
 ABBREVIATIONS

CNC: Computer Numeric Control

CAD: Computer Aided Design

CAM: Computer Aided Manufacturing

PLC: Programmable Logic Controller

NC: Numeric Control

G-code: Geometric Code

M-code: Machine Code

2-D: Two-Dimensional

3-D: Three-Dimensional
 Chapter # 01

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 Introduction to CNC Machine:

Computer Numeric Control is abbreviated as CNC. A CNC is a machine that is

controlled by a computer or a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) or by CAM

software. It's a machine tool that employs software to perform a sequence of

machining operations automatically. CNC machines are more productive and flexible

than traditional ones.

The use of CAD and CAM tools has greatly increased the automation of component

design from start to finish in contemporary CNC systems. The software creates a

computer file that is examined by a postprocessor to determine which commands are

required to operate a particular machine. These commands are then baked into CNC

machines for use in manufacturing. Modern machines sometimes combine many

tools into a single "cell" because each component may require the usage of numerous

tools (drills, saws, etc.). In other deployments, the component is transferred from

machine to machine using a variety of machines that have an external controller and

human or robotic operators.

1.2 Background:
The earliest NC machines were created in the 1940s and 1950s by modifying

conventional tools with motors that moved the controls to follow points input into the

system on punched tape. Early servomechanisms were quickly augmented by

analogue and digital computers, leading to the creation of contemporary CNC

machine tools that revolutionized production processes. CNC (computer numerical

control) allows a computer to direct the movements of a machine during a cutting

operation. Originally, all equipment were operated manually, which meant that

mistakes were a significant possibility. These identical activities are performed by the

CNC machine with more precision and speed. The first CNC machines were created

in the 1970s to help huge industrial companies speed up output. They were extremely

expensive and difficult to use.

1.3 CNC Milling Operation:

CNC milling is a machining process that utilizes computerized controls to manage the

movement and operation of multi-point rotary cutting tools. As the tools rotate and

move across the surface of the workpiece, they slowly remove excess material to

achieve the desired shape and size.

The systems used in CNC milling operations are known as CNC milling machines.

They can have a moving workpiece and a stationary rotary tool, a stationary

workpiece and a moving rotary tool, or a moving workpiece and rotary tool,

depending on their design and the milling requirements. As CNC milling generally

serves as a secondary or finishing process for machined components, milling

machines can be used to create design elements such as flat surfaces, contours,

grooves, slots, notches, holes, and pockets.

The CNC milling process can be broken up into four distinct stages:

CAD model design: engineers create a 2D or 3D design of the desired part

CAD model conversion to a CNC program: the design is exported into a

compatible file format and converted into machine instructions using CAM software

CNC milling machine setup: the machine operator prepares the machine and

workpiece

Milling operation execution: the machine operator initiates the machining program.

CNC milling accommodates a variety of materials, including metals, plastics and

other engineered materials, making it easy for manufacturers to choose a material that

suits their exact needs. This material flexibility benefits a number of industries,

including, but not limited to, the following:

 Aerospace and aircraft

 Automotive

 Commercial

 Electronics

 Industrial and OEM 

 Maintenance

 Technology and security

 Telecommunications

 Transportation

1.4 Engraving operation:

CNC engraving is a subtractive process that removes material from a surface to create

the desired shape. It is typically done with a CNC (Computer Numerical Control)

router machine, which uses a cutting tool to cut away material along predetermined

paths to create the desired shape or design. 

This method is often used to create intricate, detailed shapes and designs in various

materials, including metals, plastics, and wood.

CNC engraving machines are equipped with a range of accessories to keep the

machine running efficiently and safely. Common accessories include diamond

engraving bit holders, toggle clamps, carbide cutting tools, vises, machine housings,

lubrication systems, cooling systems, collet holders, spindle-mounted dusters, and

suction pumps.

These accessories help keep the work area clean by removing dust and debris with a

spindle-mounted dust shoe and suction pump. They also help to keep the material and

cutting tool cool by providing a liquid cooling system to prevent overheating.

CNC engraving is commonly employed on metals, wood, and some plastics,

providing a high-precision output that can create unique items. Not only that, CNC
engraving can be carried out on various materials such as aluminum, brass, and

copper.

1.5 Aims & Objectives

• To design and develop a low-cost CNC machine for small enterprises.

• Create hardware for CNC machines that can connect with software.

• For milling operation, operate the CNC machine on both the x and y axes.

• To conduct milling operation, transmit a g-code file from software to

hardware.

• To create a required part in accordance with the scale provided.

1.6 Technical Problems:

• Overheating due to power supply issues

• Wrong tools or settings

• Errors in programming

• Inadequate worker skill and training

1.7 Organization of Thesis

The main thesis has been subdivided into four distinct pieces. In the first section, we

explained the statement and its solution to complete our work. That part not only

discusses the problem and its solution, but it also briefly discusses the special aims of

our task. In the second section, we defined what CNC implies and gave a detailed

description of it. We also spoke about component programming, or G-Code, in the

second chapter. We went through our whole hardware and its unique pieces in detail

in the third chapter. The fourth section is a description of software; in this chapter,

we've spoken about some of the most unusual types of software that have been

employed. In addition, in this chapter, we've covered crucial codes that may be

employed in the project.

 Chapter # 02

2.1 Literature Review:

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) is a way of controlling the functions and

motions of a machine tool via the use of a computer software that contains code in

the form of alphanumeric data. CNC machines are existing in the world for the last

40 to 50 years. They have revolutionized from basic to now a day, advanced level

machines in a sequence of succeeding. Today, we see the machines are automatic,

robust and complex. They can do more difficult tasks at increased speed and

accuracy.

Author Reference paper Year Aims/Objectives Result

Rober and Shin CNC machine Jan 1995 A high-speed Error in the

modelling and single-axis position of axis

control using a milling device of CNC

PC-based, that uses machine

open- analogue control

 signals and a

PC-based
architecture
controller to do
controller
all CNC

operations

The interaction
Over successive
between
generations, as
machine
a result of
movements and
interactions
the production
between the
environment
dynamic
leads to the
Evolutionary environment of
machine
M. Kovacic programming of Jan 2005 the tool and the
movement
CNC machines workpiece,
becoming
more and more
increasingly
optimum NC
complex and the
programmers
gradual
increasingly
emergence of
become
intelligent
available.
solutions.

M. Raihan Prototyping of Nov 2017 Complex 3 -axis The CNC

 machine has a

carving

accuracy of

CNC machines 98.5 percent

can be designed and a depth

Arduino based and produced accuracy of 100

router (3axis) using a percent, making

for wood works microcontroller it suitable for

and a spindle cutting,

drill. engraving, and

marking wood

to create 2D or

3D things.

Shimabuk uro Low cost semi- 2020 A prototype of The following

industrial CNC the device was activities were

vertical milling created using completed

center design components during the

with non- from many configuration of

ferrous metal CD/DVD the mini-CNC

machining drives. Both the machine tool: I

capability PC platform and adopting

the Raspberry Pi conception,

3B+ are used to designing, and

 construction of

the machine

tool; (ii)

configuration of
realize the
the machine
hardware for the
tool control;
control system,
(iii) simulation
while open-
and verification
architecture
of the virtual
Linux CNC is
prototype; (iv)
used for the
realization of
software
the virtual
portion.
prototype; and

(v) testing and

trial runs of the

machine tool.

Ahmed M. A. "Design and 2019 The aim of this The authors

Ali, Ahmed A. Manufacturing study was to were able to

D. Sarhan, and of Low-Cost design and design and

Alaa A. N. Al- Mini CNC manufacture a construct a mini

Yousef Machine" low-cost mini CNC machine

CNC machine that is cost-

that is suitable effective, easy

 to operate, and

capable of

for educational performing

and small-scale precision

manufacturing cutting and

purposes. carving of

various

materials.

Amit Sharma, S. "Design and 2021 The aim of this The authors

S. Anand, and Development of study was to were able to

S. K. Sharma a Mini CNC design and design and

Milling develop a mini construct a mini

Machine for CNC milling CNC milling

Small-Scale machine that is machine that is

Manufacturing" suitable for capable of

small-scale performing

manufacturing precision

purposes. cutting of

various

materials such

as wood,

plastic, and

aluminum. The
 machine was

also equipped

with a user-

friendly

interface and

software that

can be easily

learned by

operators.

Yong-Guk Kim "Development 2020 The aim of this The authors

and Bong-Hun of a Mini CNC study was to were able to

Lee Machine for develop a mini develop a mini

Engraving and CNC machine CNC machine

Cutting Small- that is capable that is equipped

Sized Objects" of engraving with a high-

and cutting speed spindle

small-sized motor and a

objects with precision linear

high precision motion system.

and accuracy. The machine

was capable of

performing

high-precision
 cutting and

engraving of

small-sized

objects with an

accuracy of up

to 0.01 mm.

Computer Numeric Control (CNC):

CNC machines rely on computers for performing the tasks instead of humans. Many

types of CNC machine have been developed. Amongst them, the most common CNC

machines are those who work on two-axes and three-axes as well. There are many

types of CNC machines like routers, plasma cutter, laser cutter and engraver and now

there are newer versions like CNC Machine s. Using different actuators, drivers and

drives, breakout 9 boards, software programs like CAD, Sli3r, Pronterface and others,

they can create a three dimensional solid object. Computerized numerical control

(CNC) machines may create any mechanical design based on a design program

provided to their controller unit. The controlling device can be either a computer or a

microcontroller. CNC machines use stepper and servo motors to draw the design in

accordance with the provided software. A CNC plotting machine cannot operate

without its three axes (x, y, and z). On plain paper, the x- and y-axes combine to
create a two-dimensional image. Given that the x and y axes are 90 degrees apart, it is

possible to provide the coordinates of every point on the plain surface. Using the z-

axis, the pen is raised and lowered onto the plain paper. Based on the drawing to be

done, the computer will determine the necessary coordinates, and it will send them to

the microcontroller via the USB link. The microprocessor interprets these coordinates

and directs the motors' locations to produce the image. As the microcontroller for this

CNC machine, we used an Arduino. The three-axis motions are propelled by stepper

motors under the control of an Arduino board.

There are some types of CNC machines explained below:

CNC Milling Machine:

One of the most common CNC machines are mills, which include integrated tools

mostly used for drilling and cutting. To route and travel the spindle in various ways,

mills develop and convert specialized programs made up of letters and numbers (G

code). Every action and movement of the spindle and tools is guided and instructed

by the computer code in order to accurately cut and transform the workpiece into a

planned bespoke item. Some of the typical tasks that a CNC milling machine may

carry out include tapping, turning, drilling, milling the face, and milling the shoulder.

Configurations for CNC milling machines range from three to six axes. The three

axes in the simplest 3-axis CNC stand for the motions of the X axis (horizontal), Y

axis (horizontal), and Z axis (depth).

CNC Grinding Machine

It is a finely crafted performance tool that separates metal from metal using a

revolving wheel. Camshafts, ball bearings, transmission shafts, and other functional

items that need an exact and precise finish are frequently ground on CNC grinding

machines. Cylindrical objects are frequently produced with a CNC grinding machine.

Other kinds of workpieces can also be produced by a grinding machine. “CNC”

stands for computerized numerical control in CNC grinding machines.

CNC Waterjet Cutting Machine:

As the name implies, high-pressure water jets are used by CNC waterjet cutters to cut

through materials. CNC waterjet cutting is frequently chosen when working with

materials like plastic and aluminum that are sensitive to temperature and might melt

at high temperatures. Despite the fact that these machines can cut with only water,

extra abrasives like garnet or aluminum oxide are frequently added to the water for

more effective cutting. When comparing equivalent specs, a CNC Water-jet cutting

machine is more expensive than a plasma cutter. However, it is less costly than a

CNC Laser cutter with the same specs. Being slower than CNC plasma cutters and

CNC laser cutters is one drawback of a CNC waterjet cutter.

CNC Plasma Cutting Machine:

Like laser cutters, CNC plasma cutting machines provide a high level of cutting

precision and a wide variety of material compatibility. They only vary from laser

cutters in that they use a plasma flame to do the cutting. High-powered plasma (or

charged gas) that may reach temperatures of up to 50,000°F is produced by the

plasma torch. Any substance that is electrically conductive is effortlessly sliced

through by this immense heat energy.

CNC Electrical Discharge Machine:

These are also referred to as sparks. A unique kind of CNC machine called a CNC

machine manipulates materials into the required shape using electric sparks.

Electrical discharge can damage the materials from which it is delivered since it has a

temporary impact. This is used by the electric discharge CNC machines to shape

materials by creating controlled sparks. The materials are placed in the electrode’s

top and bottom regions, and the computer then determines how much electrical

discharge, the electrodes will create.

3D Printer:
It is a CNC machine that prints elements one at a time. The CAD and CAM processes

are utilized to develop the design and drawing, and the 3D printer is then used to

reflect that design. The CNC device is used in 3D printing houses and other

structures.

Programing languages:

The programming languages have been used in CNC milling Machine are g-code, M-

code and Arduino language (a set of C/C++ functions). The Hewlett-Packard HP-GL,

HP-GL/2, Houston Instrumentation DMPL, and APT are the most well-known of
these languages. These days, programming languages like G-Code and M-Code are

used on modern CNC machines.

G-Code:

G-code is a programming language that tells computerized machines how to

manufacture things. The "how" is determined by g-code instructions sent to a

machine controller, which direct the motors where to go, how fast they should go,

and what path they should adopt. There are two main types of programming

methodologies and G-Code programming is one of them. It is used to control

machine movements and tool working. The program instructions consist of G-code

functions that contain the information to position a tool to do the actual work. It tells

the function to perform as well as position and coordinates where this function is to

be performed. G codes give the machine directions on how and where to move.

Different letters dictate how the machine moves and numbers set the parameters.

While the system is called G code, G is not the only letter used. Other letters have

different functions in the program, which tend to be the same, regardless of a

machine’s dialect.

For example, the functions of the following letters in G code include:

A: A values direct the tool around the x-axis.

B: The number with B shows the rotational value around the y-axis.
C: An auxiliary axis that rotates around the z-axis gets its positional value from the C

value.

D: This number shows how much the system offsets the tool diameter.

F: F relates to how quickly the machine feeds the piece.

G: The G number tells when the tool to move and stop.

I and J: These values indicate the incremental center of any arcs the machine makes.

N: The N value gives the line number.

R: R gives the radius of arcs made by the machine.

S: S tells the machine how quickly to move the spindle.

X, Y, Z: These values indicate the position of the tool in three dimensions — X for

horizontal, Y for vertical and Z for depth.

While the codes used depend on the machine, some basic letter and number

combinations create generic directions. Each group of commands should only have a

single G code to keep the device from getting confused.

For example:

G00: Rapid Positioning

The G00 positioning command rapidly moves the machine from its current position

to the specified coordinates of the command. All axes move at once, so they

simultaneously complete the action. The movement to the new point is a straight line.

G01: Linear Interpolation

The G01 command moves the machine in a straight line at your designated feed rate,

which you can set with the F function. You must have your project’s X, Y and Z

values before beginning this code to create a straight line. Once you’ve entered the

code, the machine gets to work calculating these points to make the straight line.

G02: Circular Interpolation Clockwise

The G02 command moves the machine clockwise. For it to work properly, you must

define the center of rotation, which is a similar measurement to the radius of a circle

with a center point and the starting point of the arc. You must also define the

endpoint parameters. The starting point is simply the ending point of the previous

command, so it is easy to determine.

G03: Circular Interpolation Counterclockwise

The G03 command also moves the machine in a circular motion but counterclockwise

instead. This command is similar to G02.

M-code:
An M-code in CNC programming controls miscellaneous machine functions,

including starting and stopping specific actions or programs. M code is the machine

control language that controls the overall program, often called G code. While G

commands describe positions, M code directs the machine’s actions. While M

represents miscellaneous codes, some refer to it as machine code because it controls

particular operations of the equipment. Without M codes, you may direct tools to a

spot and tell them to move in a line or arc, but you won’t have any success giving

more direct commands, like to stop programs, change tools, flood the system with

coolant or other actions beyond the three main movements G codes control.

M commands have generic values that include the following:

M00: Stop whatever program is currently operating — axes, coolant flooding or

spindle.

M01: This command indicates an optional stop for the program.

M02: End of the currently running program.

M03: Begin to move the spindle clockwise.

M04: Start moving the spindle counterclockwise or in reverse.

M05: Stop moving the spindle.

M06: Load on a different tool. Typically, this command comes with the T value. For

example, you may see “T1 M06.”

M08: Start flooding the system with coolant.

M09: Stop the coolant flow.

These two codes work together to manufacture parts and components, making them

essential in the manufacturing and industrial sectors.

Working Principle:

The first step is to have a design of an object done in a CAD program; any CAD

program is fine. Then the CAD program is translated into instructions that a CNC

Machine can use through STL or AMF, or something similar. These instructions turn

the CAD code into G-code that renders the object into “slices” that a CNC Machine

can use to build the object one layer at a time. This code is fed to Pronterface which

run this code with the help of Arduino program that a CNC Machine uses to build the

desired object. The main 11 components of CNC Machine are stepper motors and

XYZ movement arrangement. Stepper motors are responsible for movement of hot

end in XZ direction and the platform in Y direction on which the printable objects

will be drawn.

Cartesian coordinate system:

Each unique point in the three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system can be

mathematically defined by any other point along the 3 perpendicular planes. CNC

machines use this coordinate system to specify the work position. The major axis is

the X-axis, which is parallel to the Y-axis and the Z-axis is perpendicular to both the

X and Y axes. The hot end moves in the X and Z axes in the left, right, up, and down

directions as the machine is operated in XYZ coordinates. The origin, also known as

the zero point, is the intersection of the X and Y axis lines, which should be at right

angles to one another. In the first quadrant of the coordinate system, the X and Y axes

both have positive values. In the second quadrant, Y is positive while X is negative.

The third quadrant has negative values for both X and Y. In the fourth quadrant, X is

positive while Y is negative.

Programming Mechanism:

The incremental system and the absolute system are the two types of programming

approaches utilized for CNC machine programming. Both techniques are utilized for

programming and are neither correct nor wrong. Locations are presented in

incremental program mode as a distance and direction from the previous place where

the machine was operating. For example, if we wish to move a machine tool from

(X7, Y7, Z7) to (X23, Y23, Z23), we program it from the same location. 12 In

absolute program mode, locations are provided as the distance and direction in

relation to a single standard zero or originating point. Each position on the

workstation is regarded a particular distance from the zero or reference point in

absolute dimensioning and programming. This approach is sometimes simple to use,

but it may take more time for projects.

Point-to-Point or Positioning:

Moment in time placement is used when exact alignment of the tool is needed. It is

the act of moving while performing a machining operation of one coordinate position

to another, and it repeats this action until all operations for all programmed locations

are completed.

Programming Format:

The most popular programming format for CNC machines is the STL file format.

This file type consists of many slices from a CNC machine that are used to transmit

G-code, or program information, from the computer to the various parts of the CNC

machine. G-code is a commonly used computer language. For machine operations

such as feed, speed, cutter diameter offset, and tool number, additional codes like M,

F, S, D, and T are employed. G-codes are also referred to as cycle codes since they

describe actions taken on the X, Y, and Z axes of a machine tool. Machine tools, for

instance, must move in what direction and at what pace.

 Chapter # 03

Components Detail:

The complete description of Mechanical parts illustrated with related diagrams is

given as following:

Stepper Motor:

An electric drive transforms electrical energy into mechanical energy. An electrical

motor that is synchronous, or stepper motor, translates electrical pulses into specified

rotating 13 motions. This movement, which is caused by an electric pulse, is

extremely accurate and may be repeated and over for a continuous or stepwise

movement. Stepper motors are extremely useful for situations where placement is

critical because of their functioning approach. A magnetic field rotor is used in

permanent magnet stepper motors, although electromagnets are used in the rotor field
of certain motors. Coil windings and magnetically conducting stators are among the

motor's other components. By turning on the coil winding, an electromagnetic field

with north and south poles is produced. The rotor must line up with the stator's

magnetic field due to the magnetic field carried by the stator. To induce rotatory

motion, the magnetic field can be altered successively by activating or stepping the

stator coils.

A stepper motor's stator contains several coils that are grouped into groups called

phases. We may rotate the motor by activating each phase in turn. The picture shows

a two-phase motor. Phase 'A' of a two-phase stator is energized in Step 1,

magnetically locking the rotor in the position shown as opposite poles attract. When

phase "A" is turned off and phase "B" is switched on in Step 2, the rotor rotates 90

degrees in a clockwise direction. Phases "B" and "A" are switched on and off in Step

3, but with the polarity reversed from Step 1. Thus, another 90° revolution takes

place. Phases A and B are switched on and off in Step 4 after the polarity from Step 2

has been reversed. When this process is repeated, the rotor turns in 90° increments in

a clockwise direction. Stepper motors have predefined number of steps in one

revolution. They may be between 4 and 400. Commonly available steps are 24, 48,
200 and 400. It is also defined 14 in step angle. A motor of 200 steps per revolution

have step angle of 1.8° which can be calculated as

The trade-off for high resolution i.e., number of steps is speed and torque. A motor of

high step count will have less rpm than a low step count stepper motor. To achieve

high positioning resolution, gearing mechanism are sometimes used which also helps

in speed and torque control of the stepper motor.

Motherboard:

MKS DLC32 motherboard kit, which is an offline engraving master control kit

developed for desktop engraving machines. The hardware is equipped with a 32-bit

high-speed ESP32 module; it can realize fast engraving and WEB web pages.

The mounting holes and board size of MKS DLC32 are compatible with MKS DLC,
and it can also be used with the LaserGRBL and LightBurn PC software.

Linear Bearings:

The linear bearings used here are of type LM8UU there model is clearly showing that

they have the inner diameter of 8mm. These bearings are usually used to smooth the

linear motion of the objects. The steel rails are inserted in these bearings to make

their motion smooth in both X-axis, Y-axis & Z-axis direction. Three bearings are

used in the X-axis base, three are used in Y-axis base & the other four bearings are

used in the Z-axis base as seen in the conceptual design.

Threaded Rods:

2 Threaded rods are used for the movement in Z-axis. These rods are coupled with

the shaft of the shaft of the motors. They are also helpful in holding the machine parts

to absorb the vibrations caused by the stepper motors.

Shaft coupler:
A mechanical component that connects the driver and driven shaft of a motor in order

to transmit power. Shaft couplings introduce mechanical flexibility, providing

tolerance for shaft misalignment.

Aluminum profile:

Aluminum profiles are used in CNC as base for workpiece. The workpiece is adjusted

on the aluminum profile plates. They are of different lengths.

M3 Screws:

M3 screws of different lengths are used for combining and tightening different parts

with each other. These are 3mm in diameter and 6mm, 15mm or 20mm in length

depending upon the place of application.

M8 Nuts:

These nuts are used with M8 threaded rods. Mainly used to tighten the basement

structure and to hold tightly the X-end & Y-end stepper motor holder.
T8 lead screw:

This T-type screw is a new type of screw, mainly used in stepping motors, machine

tools, guide rails and other equipments. The diameter of the lead screw is 8mm; pitch

1mm 2mm. Lead 2 4 8mm, Length 100mm-1000mm.

Drill bits:

Drill bits are cutting tools used in a drill to remove material to create holes, almost

always of circular cross-section. Drill bits come in many sizes and shapes and can

create different kinds of holes in many different materials. In order to create holes

drill bits are usually attached to a drill, which powers them to cut through the
workpiece, typically by rotation. The drill will grasp the upper end of a bit called

the shank in the chuck.

Bits are usually connected to a mechanism, often simply referred to as a drill, which

rotates them and provides torque and axial force to create the hole.

Some specifications regarding drill bits are given below:

Shank:

The part of a drill by which it is held and driven.

Common Shank Types:

There are different types of shank. Some of them are given below:
3-Flatted Shank:

Generally 3 flats designed to allow a strong chuck grip on the shank. Reduces the

possibility of the drill slipping in the chuck during tough drill applications

Reduced Shank:

Usually 1/4", 3/8", or 1/2" and are designed to allow a larger diameter drill to be used

with a chuck capable of holding only smaller diameter drills.

Tanged Shank:

This style of shank is used with a split sleeve drill driver as a replacement for taper

shank drills.

Washout:

The extreme increase at the end of the flute, formed by the grinding wheel or cutter.
Web Increase:

The web thickness increases in thickness towards the shank to enhance the rigidity of

the drill.

The drill body is that portion of the drill that extends from the shank to outer corners

of the cutting lips.

Drill Body:

Portion of the drill extending from the end of the flutes to the outer corner of the

cutting lips.

Drill Axis:

Imaginary straight line that forms the center line of the drill.
Back Taper:

Slight decrease in diameter from point towards shank, in the body of the drill.

Body Diameter Clearance:

The portion of the land that has been cut away so it will not bind against the walls of

the hole.
Neck:

The section of reduced diameter between the body and the shank of a drill.

Flute Length:

The length from the outer corner of the cutting lips at the point (shoulder) to the

extreme back end of the flutes. 

Flutes:

Grooves formed in the body of the drill to provide cutting lips, to permit removal of

chips, and to allow cutting fluid to reach the cutting lips.

Out-of-Round:

Not round. If caused from centerless grinding, the part will usually have 3 lobes.

Overall Length:

The length from the extreme end of the shank to the extreme end of the drill point.

Point:

The cone shaped cutting end of a drill, made from the ends of the land and web.
Cleared Diameter:

Cleared Diameter is measured using a micrometer over the diameter of the cut away

portion of the drill lands.

Cutting Lip:

The cutting edge of a two-flute drill which extends from the chisel edge to the outer

edge.

Secondary Cutting Edge:

The cutting edge formed by the intersection of the face of the notch with the relieved

surface of the point, resulting in partial removal of the chisel edge.

Drill Diameter:

The diameter over the margins of the drill measured at the point.

Land:

The outer portion of the body between two adjacent flutes.

 Web:

The central portion of the body that joins the lands. The extreme end of the web

forms the chisel edge on a two-flute drill.

There is given a table of components details below:

Components Specifications

Stepper motor Model Nema 17 Step angle 1.3A(0.25N-m)

Motherboard Type MKS DLC V2.1 Voltage input 7-12V

Steel rods Type Stainless steel Length 400mm

Linear bearing Type Linear - -

Flange bearing Type Flange - -

 Aluminum
Bed dimension Type Area 300*180mm
Extrusion

775 spindle
Spindle Type RPM 1-9000/min
motor (12-24V)

Frame size Type Aluminum Area 420*355mm

Work
- - Area 300*180mm
dimension

Cutters Type Drill bits Diameter 3.175mm

- Tip 0.1mm Length 30mm

Assembling process of CNC machine:

Assembling a CNC machine can be a complex process, but it can be done with some

basic knowledge of mechanical assembly and electronics. Here are the general steps

to assemble a CNC machine:

1. Install the Frame: The first step is to assemble the frame of the CNC. Start by

attaching the base to the frame, and then add the X, Y, and Z axis supports to the

frame. Install the motor mounts and spindle holder to the Z-axis support. Make sure

to tighten all the screws and bolts securely.

2. Install the Rails: Install the rails to the frame. These will provide the guides for the

gantry and Z-axis. Ensure that the rails are level and perpendicular to the frame.

3. Install the Gantry: Next, install the gantry on the X and Y-axis rails. Ensure that

the gantry moves smoothly along the rails.

4. Install the Motors: Install the stepper motors for each axis and connect them to the

motor mounts.

5. Install the Controller Board: The controller board is the brain of the CNC machine.

Install it according to the manufacturer's instructions and connect the wires from the

motors to the board.

6. Install the Spindle: Install the spindle motor on the Z-axis mount. Ensure that the

spindle is level and perpendicular to the work surface.

7. Connect the Electronics: Connect the power supply, controller board, and spindle

to the main power source.

8. Install the Limit Switches: Install the limit switches on each axis to prevent the

CNC from over-traveling and causing damage.

 9. Calibrate the Machine: Once the CNC is fully assembled, it needs to be calibrated.

This involves setting the steps per unit for each axis, adjusting the homing and limit

switches, and configuring the machine settings in the control software.

Overall, assembling a CNC 3018 machine requires some mechanical and electrical

skills, but with careful attention to detail and following the instructions provided, you

can successfully assemble a CNC machine from scratch.

Steps to create any design on CNC machine:

Creating designs on a CNC involves several steps, including designing the CAD file,

importing it into the CNC control software, and configuring the machine settings.

Here are the general steps to make a design on a CNC machine:

1. Create a CAD file: The first step is to create a 2D or 3D CAD file of the design

you want to create. You can use various CAD software like AutoCAD, SolidWorks,

Fusion360, Creo etc., to create the design.

2. Export the CAD file: Once the design is complete, export it as a DXF or STL file

format. These formats are widely used in CNC machining and are compatible with

most CNC control software.

3. Import the file to CNC control software: Open the CNC control software on your

computer, and import the DXF or STL file you have created. Some popular CNC

control software are GRBL, Candle, Mach3, and UGS.

4. Set up the workpiece: Mount the workpiece on the CNC bed and ensure it is secure

and level. Make sure the workpiece dimensions are set in the CNC control software.

5. Configure the machine settings: Configure the CNC machine settings, such as the

spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut, according to the requirements of your

design and the material you are working with.

6. Preview the design: Use the preview function in the CNC control software to check

if the tool path and cutting operations are correct. Make any necessary adjustments.

7. Start the CNC machine: Once you have checked the design and are satisfied with

the settings, start the CNC machine and begin the cutting process. Monitor the

progress of the machine to ensure it is working correctly.

8. Post-process the design: After the CNC machine has finished cutting the design,

remove the workpiece from the bed and post-process it as required. This may involve

sanding, polishing, or painting.

Overall, creating designs on a CNC requires some technical knowledge, but with

practice and experience, anyone can create intricate designs and precision cuts using

this machine.