WEEK 2

1ST MEETING
WHAT ARE INTEGERS ?

• The word integer originated from the Latin word “Integer”

which means whole or intact.
• Integers is a special set of numbers comprising zero, positive
numbers and negative numbers.

Examples of Integers:
-1, -12, 0, 6, 15.
SYMBOL

• The Integers are represented by the symbol:

- Z

Z = …… -8,-7,-6, -5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, ……

TYPES OF INTEGERS

• Integers come in three types:

1. Zero (0)
2. Positive Integers (Natural Numbers)
3. Negative Integers (Additive Inverse of Natural Numbers)
TYPES OF INTEGERS

1. Zero

Zero is neither a positive nor a negative integer. It is a neutral

number i.e. zero has no sign (+ or -).

0
TYPES OF INTEGERS

2. Positive Integers

The positive integers are the natural numbers or also called

counting numbers. These integers are also sometimes denoted
by Z+. The positive integers lie on the right side of 0 on a number
line.

Z+ → 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,….
TYPES OF INTEGERS

3. Negative Integers

The negative integers are the additive inverse of natural

numbers. They are denoted by Z–. The negative integers lie on
the left side of 0 on a number line.

Z– → -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -12, -13, -14, -15, -16, -17,
-18, -19, -20, -21, -22, -23, -24, -25, -26, -27, -28, -29, -30,…..
CLASSIFICATION OF INTEGERS

… -5, -4, -3, -2, -1

Additive Inverse

0 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, …
Positive Numbers
CLASSIFICATION OF INTEGERS

Integers Not Integers

HOW TO REPRESENT INTEGERS ON
NUMBER LINE ?
HOW TO REPRESENT INTEGERS ON
NUMBER LINE ?
HOW TO REPRESENT INTEGERS ON
NUMBER LINE ?
HOW TO REPRESENT INTEGERS ON
NUMBER LINE ?
HOW TO REPRESENT INTEGERS ON
NUMBER LINE ?
HOW TO REPRESENT INTEGERS ON
NUMBER LINE ?
HOW TO REPRESENT INTEGERS ON
NUMBER LINE ?
HOW TO REPRESENT INTEGERS ON
NUMBER LINE ?
HOW TO REPRESENT INTEGERS ON
NUMBER LINE ?
HOW TO REPRESENT INTEGERS ON
NUMBER LINE ?
HOW TO REPRESENT INTEGERS ON
NUMBER LINE ?
HOW TO REPRESENT INTEGERS ON
NUMBER LINE ?
HOW TO REPRESENT INTEGERS ON
NUMBER LINE ?
HOW TO REPRESENT INTEGERS ON
NUMBER LINE ?
RULES OF INTEGERS
Rules defined for integers are:

• Sum (Addition) of two positive integers is an integer

• Sum (Addition) of two negative integers is an integer
• Product (Multiplication) of two positive integers is an integer
• Product (Multiplication) of two negative integers is an integer
• Sum (Addition) of a positive integer and negative integer is
equal to zero
• Product (Multiplication) of an integer and its reciprocal is
equal to 1
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON INTEGERS
The basic Mathematics operations performed on integers are:

• Addition of Integers
• Subtraction of Integers
• Multiplication of Integers
• Division of Integers
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON INTEGERS
The basic Mathematics operations performed on integers are:

Addition of Integers
While adding two integers with the same sign, add the absolute
values, and write down the sum with the sign provided with the
numbers.

For example:

+4 + +7 = +𝟏𝟏
−6 + −4 = −𝟏𝟎
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON INTEGERS
Addition of Integers

+4 + +7 = +𝟏𝟏
+𝟕
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON INTEGERS
Addition of Integers

−6 + −4 = −𝟏𝟎
−𝟒
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON INTEGERS
The basic Mathematics operations performed on integers are:

Addition of Integers
While adding two integers with different signs, subtract the
absolute values, and write down the difference with the sign of
the number which has the largest absolute value.

For example:

+4 + −7 = −𝟑
+6 + −4 = +𝟐
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON INTEGERS
Addition of Integers

+4 + −7 = −𝟑
−𝟕
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON INTEGERS
Addition of Integers

+6 + −4 = +𝟐
−𝟒
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON INTEGERS
The basic Mathematics operations performed on integers are:

Subtraction of Integers
While subtracting two integers, change the sign of the second
number which is being subtracted, and follow the rules of
addition.

For example:

−7 − +4 = −7 + −4 = −𝟏𝟏
+8 − +3 = +8 + −3 = +𝟓
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON INTEGERS
Subtraction of Integers

−7 − +4 = −7 + −4 = −𝟏𝟏
−𝟒
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON INTEGERS
Subtraction of Integers

+8 − +3 = +8 + −3 = +𝟓
−𝟑
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON INTEGERS
The basic Mathematics operations performed on integers are:

Multiplication of Integers
While multiplying two integer numbers, the rule is simple:
• If both the integers have the same sign, then the result is positive.
• If the integers have different signs, then the result is negative.

For example:

+2 × +3 = +𝟔
+3 × −4 = −𝟏𝟐
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON INTEGERS
The basic Mathematics operations performed on integers are:

Multiplication of Integers
Multiplication of Signs Resulting Sign Example

+ × + + +3 × +4 = +12

+ × − − +3 × −4 = −12

− × + − −3 × +4 = −12

− × − + −3 × −4 = +12
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON INTEGERS
The basic Mathematics operations performed on integers are:

Division of Integers
The rule for dividing integers is similar to multiplication.
• If both the integers have the same sign, then the result is positive.
• If the integers have different signs, then the result is negative.

For example:

+6 ÷ +2 = +𝟑
−16 ÷ +4 = −𝟒
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON INTEGERS
The basic Mathematics operations performed on integers are:

Division of Integers
Multiplication of Signs Resulting Sign Example

+ ÷ + + +15 ÷ +3 = +5

+ ÷ − − +15 ÷ −3 = −5

− ÷ + − −15 ÷ +3 = −5

− ÷ − + −15 ÷ −3 = +5
PROPERTIES OF INTEGERS
The major Properties of Integers are:

1. Closure Property
2. Commutative Property
3. Associative Property
4. Distributive Property
5. Additive Inverse Property
6. Multiplicative Inverse Property
7. Identity Property
PROPERTIES OF INTEGERS
1. Closure Property
According to the closure property of integers, when two integers
are added or multiplied together, it results in an integer only. If a
and b are integers, then:

𝑎 + 𝑏 = integer
𝑎 × 𝑏 = integer

Examples:
2 + 5 = 𝟕 (is an integer)
2 × 5 = 𝟏𝟎 (is an integer)
PROPERTIES OF INTEGERS
2. Commutative Property
According to the commutative property of integers, if a and b are
two integers, then:

𝑎+𝑏 =𝑏+𝑎
𝑎×𝑏 =𝑏×𝑎

Examples:
3 + 8 = 8 + 3 = 𝟏𝟏
3 × 8 = 8 × 3 = 𝟐𝟒
But for the commutative property is not applicable to subtraction
and division of integers.
PROPERTIES OF INTEGERS
3. Associative Property
As per the associative property , if a, b and c are integers, then:

𝑎+ 𝑏+𝑐 = 𝑎+𝑏 +𝑐
𝑎× 𝑏×𝑐 = 𝑎×𝑏 ×𝑐

Examples:
2+ 3+4 = 2+3 +4=𝟗
2 × 3 × 4 = 2 × 3 × 4 = 𝟐𝟒
Similar to commutativity, associativity is applicable for the
addition and multiplication of integers only.
PROPERTIES OF INTEGERS
4. Distributive Property
According to the distributive property of integers, if a, b and c are
integers, then:

𝑎× 𝑏+𝑐 =𝑎×𝑏+𝑎×𝑐

Examples: Prove that: 3 × 5 + 1 = 3 × 5 + 3 × 1

LHS = 3 × (5 + 1) = 3 × 6 = 18
RHS = 3 × 5 + 3 × 1 = 15 + 3 = 18
Since, LHS = RHS
Hence, proved.
PROPERTIES OF INTEGERS
5. Additive Inverse Property
If a is an integer, then as per the additive inverse property of
integers,

𝑎 + −𝒂 = 𝟎

Hence, −𝒂 is the additive inverse of integer 𝑎.

PROPERTIES OF INTEGERS
6. Multiplicative Inverse Property
If a is an integer, then as per the multiplicative inverse property
of integers,

1
𝑎× =𝟏
𝑎

1
Hence, is the multiplicative inverse of integer a.
𝑎
PROPERTIES OF INTEGERS
7. Identity Property of Integers
The identity elements of integers are:

𝑎+0=𝒂
𝑎×1=𝒂

The number 0 is called the Additive Identity

The number 1 is called the Multiplicative Identity
PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY OF INTEGERS
Consider a, b and c as integers or real numbers or variables of an
algebraic expression.

1. Reflexive Property
𝑎=𝑎
2. Symmetric Property
If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then 𝑏 = 𝑎
3. Transitive Property
If 𝑎 = 𝑏 and 𝑏 = 𝑐, then 𝑎 = 𝑐
PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY OF INTEGERS
Consider a, b and c as integers or real numbers or variables of an
algebraic expression.

4. Substitution Property
If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then 𝑎 can be replaced by 𝑏 in any expression
involving 𝑎
5. Addition / Subtraction Property
If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 𝑏 + 𝑐
If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then 𝑎 − 𝑐 = 𝑏 − 𝑐
PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY OF INTEGERS
Consider a, b and c as integers or real numbers or variables of an
algebraic expression.

6. Multiplication / Division Property

If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then 𝑎 × 𝑐 = 𝑏 × 𝑐
𝑎 𝑏
If 𝑎 = 𝑏, then = with 𝑐 ≠ 0
𝑐 𝑐
7. Cancellation Property
If 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 𝑏 + 𝑐, then 𝑎 = 𝑏
If 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑏𝑐 and 𝑐 ≠ 0, then 𝑎 = 𝑏
THE PROPERTIES OF ZERO
Consider a, b and c as integers or real numbers or variables of an
algebraic expression.

1. 𝑎 + 0 = 𝑎 and 𝑎 − 0 = 𝑎
2. 𝑎 × 0 = 0
0
3. = 0, with 𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑎
a
4. is undefined
0
5. If 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 0, then 𝑎 = 0 or 𝑏 = 0. This is known as Zero-Factor
property
WHAT IS EXPONENT?
Exponent is a number that gives the power to which a base is
raised. For example, in 32 , the base is 3 and the exponent is 2.

Property Example
1. 𝑎𝑚 + 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 = 𝑥 2+3 = 𝒙𝟓
𝑎𝑚 𝑚−𝑛 𝑥8 8−3 =
2. = 𝑎 = 𝑥 𝒙𝟓
𝑎𝑛 𝑥3
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚𝑛 6 2 𝟏𝟐
3. 𝑎 =𝑎 𝑦 =𝒚
𝑚
4. 𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑚 2𝑥 4
= 24 𝑥 4 = 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟒
WHAT IS EXPONENT?
Exponent is a number that gives the power to which a base is
raised. For example, in 32 , the base is 3 and the exponent is 2.

Property Example
𝑎 𝑚 𝑎𝑚 2 4 24 𝟏𝟔
5. 𝑏
=
𝑏𝑚 𝑥
=
𝑥4
=
𝒙𝟒
𝑚 5
𝑛 𝟑
6. 𝑎 = 𝑛 𝑎𝑚 4𝑥 3 = 𝟒𝒙 𝟓

−𝑚 1 −5 𝟏
7. 𝑎 =
𝑎𝑚
𝑥 = 𝟓
𝒙
8. 𝑎0 = 1 𝑎 ≠ 0 𝑥2 + 2 0 =𝟏
WHAT IS RADICAL?
Radical refers to the symbol that indicates a root, . It was first
used in 1525 by Christoff Rudolff in his Dies Coss.

Property Example
2
𝑛 𝑛 𝑚 3
1. 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎 82 = 8 = 𝟒 3

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 3 3 3
2. 𝑎⋅ 𝑏= 𝑎𝑏 8 ⋅ 64 = 8 64 = 𝟖
𝑛 3
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎 50 3 50 𝟑
3. 𝑛
𝑏
=
𝑏
, 𝑏≠0 3 =
10
= 𝟓
10
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚𝑛 3 4 𝟏𝟐
4. 𝑎= 𝑎 15 = 𝟏𝟓
WHAT IS RADICAL?
Radical refers to the symbol that indicates a root, . It was first
used in 1525 by Christoff Rudolff in his Dies Coss.

Property Example
𝑛 𝑛 5 5
5. 𝑎 =𝑎 2𝑥 = 𝟐𝒙
𝑛 4
6. 𝑎𝑛 =𝑎 −124 = 𝟏𝟐
(for n = even no.)

𝟑
−12𝟑 = −𝟏𝟐
(for n = even no.)