FIoT Unit 01

Unit-01: Introduction to Internet of Things
EC600OE: Fundamentals of Internet Of Things
Dr. Mohammad Fayazur Rahaman

Associate Professor, mfrahaman_ece@mgit.ac.in
Dept. of Electronics and Communications Engineering,

Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad-75
B.Tech. ECE III Year II Semester (R18)

2022 - 2023 1 / 117
Unit-01: Introduction to Internet of Things [1, 2]
1. Introduction to Internet of Things 6. Actuation
1.1 History of IoT 6.1 Actuator
1.2 Definition of IoT 6.2 Actuator Types
7. Basics of Networking
2. Characteristics of IoT
7.1 IoT Networking Components
2.1 Benefits of IoT
7.2 Considerations
2.2 Disadvantages of IoT
8. Communication Protocols
3. Physical design of IoT 8.1 IEEE 802.15.4
3.1 Things in IoT 8.2 ZigBee
3.2 IoT Protocols 8.3 6LoWPAN
3.2.1 Link Layer 8.4 RFID
3.2.2 Network Layer 8.5 Bluetooth
3.2.3 Transport Layer 9. Sensor Networks
3.2.4 Application Layer 9.1 Wireless Sensor Networks
4. Functional blocks of IoT 9.1.1 Applications of WSNs
5. Sensing 9.1.2 Stationary vs Mobile WSNs
5.1 Sensors and Transducers 9.2 Sensor Nodes
5.2 Sensor Classes 9.3 Sensor Web
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Where are we ?
2.1 Benefits of IoT
7.2 Considerations
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History of IoT
i. The term “The Internet of Things” (IoT) was coined by Kevin
Ashton in a presentation to Proctor & Gamble in 1999.
• He is a co-founder of MIT’s Auto-ID Lab.
• He pioneered RFID (used in bar code detector) for the
supply-chain management domain.
• He also started Zensi, a company that makes energy sensing and
monitoring technology.
ii. The ‘Thing’ in IoT can be any device with any kind of
built-in-sensors with the ability to collect and transfer data over a
network without manual intervention.
• The embedded technology in the object helps them to interact
with internal states and the external environment, which in turn
helps in decisions making process. 4 / 117
iii. In a nutshell, IoT is a concept that connects all the devices to the
internet and let them communicate with each other over the
internet.
iv. IoT is a giant network of connected devices – all of which gather
and share data about how they are used and the environments in
which they are operated.
• By doing so, each of your devices will be learning from the
experience of other devices, as humans do.
• IoT is trying to expand the interdependence in human- i.e
interact, contribute and collaborate to things.
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v. Similarly, a room temperature sensor gathers the data and send it
across the network, which is then used by multiple device sensors to
adjust their temperatures accordingly.
• For example, refrigerator’s sensor can gather the data regarding
the outside temperature and accordingly adjust the refrigerator’s
temperature.
• Similarly, your air conditioners can also adjust its temperature
accordingly. This is how devices can interact, contribute &
collaborate.
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Where are we ?
2.1 Benefits of IoT
7.2 Considerations
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Definition of IoT
I. There several definition pro-

vided by different organiza-
tions and communities but
the ultimate goal is same to
connect the things with
internet.
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II. "The internet of things (IoT) is a computing concept
that describes the idea of everyday physical objects
being connected to the internet and being able to
identify themselves to other devices. It has
dynamic global network infrastructure with
self-configuring capabilities based on standard and
inter-operable communication protocols where
physical and virtual “things” have identities,
physical attributes and virtual network and use
intelligent interfaces". - Internet of Things:A Hands-on
Approach" by Arshadep Bagha & Vijay Medisetti, Universities
Press
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III. The Internet of things interaction. - Wikipedia
(IoT) is a system of
interrelated computing
devices, mechanical
and digital machines
provided with unique
identifiers (UIDs) and
the ability to transfer
data over a network
without requiring human-to-human
or human-to-computer
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7.2 Considerations
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Characteristics of IoT
I. Inter-connectivity: With regard to the IoT, anything can be

interconnected with the global information and communication
infrastructure.
II. Heterogeneity: The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous and are
based on different hardware platforms and networks. They can
interact with other devices or service platforms through different
networks.
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III. Dynamic and Self-Adapting : IoT devices and systems may
have the capability to dynamically adapt with the changing
contexts and take actions based on their operating conditions,
user‘s context or sensed environment.
• The state of devices change dynamically, e.g., sleeping and
waking up, connected and/or disconnected as well as the
context of devices including location and speed. Moreover, the
number of devices can change dynamically.
IV. Self Configuring: Allow a large number of devices to work
together to provide certain functionality.
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V. Enormous scale: The number of devices that need to be
managed and that communicate with each other will be at least an
order of magnitude larger than the devices connected to the
current Internet.
• The ratio of communication triggered by devices as compared to
communication triggered by humans will noticeably shift towards
device triggered communication.
VI. Inter Operable Communication Protocols: Support a number
of interoperable communication protocols and can communicate
with other devices and also with infrastructure.
VII. Unique Identity: Each IoT device has an unique identity and an
unique identifier (IP address).
VIII. Integrated into Information Network: That allow them to
communicate and exchange data with other devices and systems
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Benefits of IoT
• Since IoT allows devices to be controlled remotely across the internet,
it created opportunities to directly connect & integrate the physical
world to the computer-based systems using sensors and internet.
• The interconnection of these multiple embedded devices will be
resulting in automation in nearly all fields and also enabling advanced
applications.
• This is resulting in improved accuracy, efficiency and economic benefit
with reduced human intervention.
• Internet of things facilitates the several advantages in day-to-day life
in the business sector.
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Some of its benefits are given below:
I. Efficient resource utilization: Has resulted in efficient resource
utilization as well as monitoring the natural resources.
II. Minimize human effort: As the devices of IoT interact and
communicate with each other independently, they minimize the
human effort.
III. Save time: As it reduces the human effort indirectly results in
saving time
IV. Improve security: The interconnectivity of things results in
increased security.
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V. Improved Customer Engagement: IoT improves customer
experience by automating the actions.
• For e.g. Faults in a car will be automatically detected by the
sensors. The driver, as well as the manufacturer, will be notified
about it. Till the time driver reaches the service station, the
manufacturer will make sure that the faulty part is available at
the service station.
VI. Reduced Waste: IoT provides real-time information leading to
effective decision making & management of resources. For
example, if a manufacturer finds fault in multiple engines, he can
track the manufacturing plant of those engines and can rectify the
issue with manufacturing belt.
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2.1 Benefits of IoT
7.2 Considerations
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Disadvantages of IoT
The Internet of things facilitates a set of benefits, it also creates a

significant set of challenges. Some of the IoT challenges are given below:
i. Security: As the IoT systems are interconnected and communicate
over networks, the system offers little control despite many security
measures, and it can lead to various kinds of network attacks.
ii. Privacy: Even without the active participation of the user, the IoT
system provides substantial personal data.
iii. Complexity: The designing, developing, and maintaining and
enabling the large technology to IoT system is quite complicated.
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7.2 Considerations
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Things in IoT
i. The “Things” in IoT usually refers to the IoT devices which have
unique identities and can perform remote sensing, actuating and
monitoring capabilities
ii. IoT devices can exchange data with other connected devices and
applications (directly or indirectly)
• Collect data from other devices and process the data locally
• Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application
back-ends for processing the data,
• Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT
infrastructure
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Generic block diagram of an IoT Device
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iii. An IoT device may consist of as temperature, humidity, light
several interfaces for connec- intensity
tions to other devices, both v. The sensed data can be com-
wired and wireless. These in- municated either to other de-
clude vices or cloud-based servers /
• IO interfaces for sensors storages
• Interfaces for internet con-
nectivity
• Memory and storage inter-
faces and
• Audio video interfaces
iv. An IoT device can collect vari-
ous types of data from the on-
board or attached sensors, such
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vi. IoT devices can be connected to the actuators that allow them to
interact with other physical entities in the vicinity of the device
• For example a relay which is connected to an IoT device can turn
an appliance on-off based on the commands sent to the IoT
device over the internet
vii. IOT devices can also be of varied types, for instance, wearable
sensors, smart watches, LED lights, automobiles and industrial
machines
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2.1 Benefits of IoT
7.2 Considerations
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IoT Protocols
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There are various protocols and standards to connect. To decide a
protocol, we need to consider the following aspects:
i. bandwidth
ii. range
iii. power consumption
iv. Cost of infrastructure and connection
v. Reliability of the network
vi. node of protocols
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Link Layer - Protocols
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Link Layer
• In this layer, protocols determines how the data is physically sent over
the network layer (e.g. copper wire, coaxial cable or a radio wave).
• It determines how the packet are coded and signaled by the hardware
device over the medium to which the host is attached.
• Some of the link layer protocols are
I. 802.3 – Ethernet : Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols
that are used primarily in LANs.
◦ IEEE 802.3 defines the physical layer and the medium access con-
trol (MAC) sub-layer of the data link layer for wired Ethernet
networks.
II. 802.11 – WiFi: IEEE 802.11 specifies the set of MAC and physical
layer (PHY) protocols for implementing wireless local area network
(WLAN) Wi-Fi computer communication in various frequencies.
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III. 802.16 – Wi-Max : The WiMAX technology is a standard for
Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMANs), specializing in
point-to-multipoint broadband wireless access.
IV. 802.15.4 -LR-WPAN: (Low-rate wireless personal area network)
The IEEE’s 802.15.4 standard defines the MAC and PHY layer
used by networking specifications such as Zigbee, Bluetooth etc.
V. 2G/3G/4G Mobile Communication : These are different types
of telecommunication generations. IoT devices are based on these
standards can communicate over the cellular networks.
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Network Layer - Protocols
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Network Layer
• Responsible for sending of IP datagrams from the source network to
the destination network.
• Network layer performs the host addressing and packet routing. The
popular protocols in this layer are
I. IPv4: An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label
assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses
the Internet Protocol for communication.
◦ An IP address serves two main functions: host or network interface
identification and location addressing.
◦ Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) defines an IP address as a 32-bit
number.
◦ However, because of the depletion of IPv4 addresses, a new ver-
sion IPv6, using 128 bits for the IP address, was standardized
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II. IPv6: IPv6 was developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF) to deal with the problem of IPv4 address exhaustion.
◦ IPv6 uses a 128-bit address, theoretically allowing 2128 , or approx-
imately 3.4 × 1038 addresses.
III. 6LoWPAN : It is an acronym of IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless
Personal Area Networks.
◦ This protocol allows devices with limited processing ability to
transmit information wirelessly using an internet protocol.
◦ 6LoWPAN can communicate with 802.15.4 devices as well as
other types of devices on an IP network link like WiFi.
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Transport Layer - Protocols
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Transport Layer
• Transport Layer provides end-to-end message transfer capability inde-
pendent of the underlying network.
• Provides functions such as error control, segmentation, flow control and
congestion control.
• TCP and UDP are the two most important transport protocols for IoT
applications
I. TCP: Transmission Control Protocol is a connection-oriented pro-
tocol.
◦ TCP is used for most of our human interactions with the web
(i.e. email, web-browsing and so on...).
◦ TCP provides the concept of a logical connection, acknowledg-
ment of transmitted packets, re-transmission of lost packets
and flow control.
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II. UDP: User Datagram Protocol is a Transport Layer protocol.
◦ UDP is a part of Internet Protocol suite, referred as UDP/IP suite.
◦ Unlike TCP, it is unreliable and connectionless protocol
◦ UDP is more efficient in terms of both latency and bandwidth.
◦ Used for simple request response communication when size of
data is less and hence there is lesser concern about flow and error
control.
◦ It is suitable protocol for multicasting as UDP supports packet
switching.
◦ Normally used for real time applications which can not tolerate
uneven delays between sections of a received message.
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Application Layer - Protocols
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Application Layer
• Application layer protocols define how the application interface with
the lower layer protocols to send the data over the network
• Port numbers are used for application addressing, Ex: port 80 for
HTTP, port 22 for SSH etc
• Application layer protocol enables process-to-process communication
using ports
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I. WebSocket: Web socket protocol allows performance communication channel that
full-duplex communication over single socket is ideal for these types of applications.
connection for sending messages between
client and server.
◦ The WebSocket protocol allows two-way
communication between a client and a
server over a long-lived TCP connection.
◦ This connection is established through
a handshake between the client and the
server, after which both parties can send
and receive messages at any time without
the need to establish a new connection for
each message.
◦ WebSocket programming is typically used
in web applications that require real-time
communication between the client and
the server, such as online gaming, chat
applications, and real-time data visualiza-
tion.
◦ It provides a low-latency, high-
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II. HTTP: Hyper text transfer protocol is the • Data collection and analysis
application layer protocol that forms the • Remote control
foundation of the world wide web • Notifications and alerts
◦ HTTP includes commands such as GET,
PUT, POST, DELETE, HEAD, etc
◦ HTTP follows a request-response model
where client sends request to a server us-
ing the HTTP commands
◦ HTTP is a stateless protocol and each
HTTP request is independent of the other
requests
◦ HTTP protocol uses universal resource
identifier (URI) to identify HTTP re-
sources
III. In the context of IoT, HTTP can be used to
exchange data between devices and servers
or cloud platforms.
IV. In IoT applications, HTTP can be used for
a variety of purposes, such as:
• Device configuration and management
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III. CoAP: Constrained Application Protocol ◦ Like HTTP, CoAP supports methods such
(CoAP) is an application layer protocol for as GET, PUT, POST, and DELETE
machine to machine (M2M) applications, ◦ It also supports multicast communication,
meant for constrained environment with which makes it easy to send messages to
constraint devices (low-power devices with multiple devices simultaneously.
limited processing power and memory) and In summary, CoAP is a lightweight messag-
constraint networks ing protocol that is designed specifically for
◦ Like HTTP, CoAP is a web transfer pro- IoT devices and networks.
tocol and uses a request-response model,
◦ However it runs on top of UDP instead of
TCP, which makes it faster and more ef-
ficient for use on low-power devices with
limited bandwidth
◦ CoAP uses a client-server architecture
where clients communicate with servers
using connectionless datagrams
◦ It uses a request/response model, where
clients send requests to servers and
servers respond with a corresponding re-
sponse
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IV. MQTT: Message Queue Telemetry Trans- of message delivery:
port (MQTT) is a light-weight messag- ◦ QoS level 0 (At most once delivery)
ing protocol based on the publish-subscribe ◦ QoS level 1 (At least once delivery)
model ◦ QoS level 2 (Exactly once delivery)
• MQTT uses a client-server architecture • MQTT is well for constrained environ-
where the client such as an IoT device ment where the devices have limited pro-
connects to the server cessing and memory resources and the
• MQTT consists of three components: network bandwidth is low
◦ Publisher or client: This is the device
that publishes the message to a spe-
cific topic on the broker.
◦ Broker: This is the server that re-
ceives, filters, and distributes messages
to the subscribers.
◦ Subscriber or client: This is the device
that subscribes to a specific topic on
the broker and receives messages sent
to that topic.
• MQTT also has QoS (Quality of Ser-
vice) levels that determine the reliability
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V. XMPP: Extensible Messaging and ◦ XMPP supports both client-to-
Presence Protocol (XMPP) is a pro- server and server-to-server com-
tocol for real-time communication munication architecture.
and streaming XML data between ◦ In the context of IOT, XMPP al-
network entities lows real-time communication be-
◦ XMPP powers wide range of appli- tween IOT devices
cations including messaging, pres-
ence, data syndication, gaming,
multi party chat and voice video
calls
◦ XMPP allows sending small
chunks of XML data from one
network entity to another in near
real-time
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VI. DDS: Data distribution Service (DDS) is a for each data stream, such as reliabil-
data-centric middleware standard for device- ity, bandwidth usage, and delivery guar-
to-device or machine-to-machine communi- antees. These QoS settings can be ad-
cation justed dynamically, depending on the re-
◦ DDS uses a publish-subscribe model quirements of the system.
where the architecture consists of three ◦ It is widely used in a variety of industries,
main components: publishers, sub- including transportation, healthcare, and
scribers, and a broker. industrial automation.
◦ Publishers and subscribers are the end-
points that publish and receive data, re-
spectively, while the broker is responsible
for routing data between them.
◦ DDS is specifically designed to provide a
highly scalable, secure, and reliable com-
munication framework that can be used
in complex systems with large numbers
of sensors and devices.
◦ DDS supports a variety of Quality of Ser-
vice (QoS) parameters that can be set
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VII. AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Pro- ◦ Broker: A server that routes messages
tocol (AMQP) is an open application layer between producers and consumers.
protocol for business messaging • AMQP supports different security mech-
• AMQP supports both point-to-point and anisms, such as authentication, encryp-
publishers-subscriber model, routing and tion, and access control. It also includes
queuing features for message flow control, mes-
• AMQP includes the following compo- sage compression, and transactional mes-
nents: saging.
◦ Producer: A device or application that • It provides a standardized and reliable
creates and sends messages. messaging system that can scale to ac-
◦ Consumer: A device or application commodate the growing number of IoT
that receives and processes messages. devices and applications.
◦ Exchange: A component that receives
messages from producers and routes
them to the appropriate queues.
◦ Queue: A temporary storage location
for messages that are waiting to be
processed by consumers.
◦ Binding: A rule that defines how mes-
sages are routed from exchanges to
queues. 46 / 117
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Functional Blocks
An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide
the system the capabilities for identification, sensing, actuation,
communication and management.
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The basic functional blocks in IoT are as shown in the figure
i. Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing,
actuation, monitoring and control functions.
• Sensors and Actuators: These are physical devices that collect
data from the environment and/or perform physical actions.
• Sensors can include temperature sensors, humidity sensors,
motion sensors, and more.
• Actuators can include motors, switches, and other devices that
can perform physical actions.
ii. Communication: Handles the communication for the IoT system.
• This functional block refers to the methods used to connect
devices in the IoT system to each other and to the internet.
• This can include Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks, and other
methods.
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iii. Services: services for device monitoring, device control service,
data publishing services and services for device discovery.
iv. Management: this blocks provides various functions to govern the
IoT system.
v. Security: this block secures the IoT system and by providing
functions such as authentication , authorization, message and
content integrity, and data security.
vi. Application: This is an interface that the users can use to control
and monitor various aspects of the IoT system. Application also
allow users to view the system status and view or analyze the
processed data.
vii. Data processing and storage: This functional block includes the
hardware and software used to process and store data, such as
microcontrollers, edge devices, cloud platforms, and databases.
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Sensors
I. They perform some input functions by sensing or feeling the physical changes in
characteristics of a system in response to a stimuli.
II. For example heat is converted to electrical signals in a temperature sensor, or
atmospheric pressure is converted to electrical signals in a barometer.
Transducers
I. Transducers convert or transduce energy of one kind into another.
II. For example, in a sound system, a microphone (input device) converts sound waves
into electrical signals for an amplifier to amplify (a process), and a loudspeaker
(output device) converts these electrical signals back into sound waves.
Sensor Vs Transducer
I. The word “Transducer” is the collective term used for both Sensors which can be
used to sense a wide range of different energy forms such as movement, electrical
signals, radiant energy, thermal or magnetic energy etc., and Actuators which can
be used to switch voltages or currents
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Sensor Features
i. It is only sensitive to the measured property (e.g., A temperature sensor senses the
ambient temperature of a room.)
ii. It is insensitive to any other property likely to be encountered in its application
(e.g., A temperature sensor does not bother about light or pressure while sensing
the temperature.)
iii. It does not influence the measured property (e.g., measuring the temperature does
not reduce or increase the temperature).
Sensor Resolution
i. The resolution of a sensor is the smallest change it can detect in the quantity that
it is measuring.
ii. The resolution of a sensor with a digital output is usually the smallest resolution
the digital output it is capable of processing.
iii. The more is the resolution of a sensor, the more accurate is its precision.
iv. A sensor’s accuracy does not depend upon its resolution.
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Sensor Types
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Sensor Classes
I. Based on Output
• Analog
• Digital
II. Based on Data type
• Scalar
• Vector / Multimedia
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Analog Sensors
i. Analog Sensors produce a continuous output signal or voltage which is generally
proportional to the quantity being measured.
ii. Physical quantities such as Temperature, Speed, Pressure, Displacement, Strain
etc. are all analog quantities as they tend to be continuous in nature.
iii. For example, the temperature of a liquid can be measured using a thermometer or
thermocouple (e.g. in geysers) which continuously responds to temperature changes
as the liquid is heated up or cooled down.
Digital Sensors
i. Digital Sensors produce discrete digital output signals or voltages that are a digital
representation of the quantity being measured.
ii. Digital sensors produce a binary output signal in the form of a logic “1” or a logic
“0”, (“ON” or “OFF”).
iii. Digital signal only produces discrete (non-continuous) values, which may be output
as a single “bit” (serial transmission), or by combining the bits to produce a single
“byte” output (parallel transmission).
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Scalar Sensors
i. Scalar Sensors produce output signal or voltage which is generally proportional to
the magnitude of the quantity being measured.
ii. Physical quantities such as temperature, color, pressure, strain, etc. are all scalar
quantities as only their magnitude is sufficient to convey an information.
iii. For example, the temperature of a room can be measured using a thermometer or
thermocouple, which responds to temperature changes irrespective of the orienta-
tion of the sensor or its direction.
Vector Sensors
i. Vector Sensors produce output signal or voltage which is generally proportional to
the magnitude, direction, as well as the orientation of the quantity being measured.
ii. Physical quantities such as sound, image, velocity, acceleration, orientation, etc.
are all vector quantities, as only their magnitude is not sufficient to convey the
complete information.
iii. For example, the acceleration of a body can be measured using an accelerometer,
which gives the components of acceleration of the body with respect to the x,y,z
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Actuator
i. An actuator is a component of a machine or system that moves or controls the
mechanism or the system.
ii. An actuator is the mechanism by which a control system acts upon an
environment
iii. An actuator requires a control signal and a source of energy.
iv. Upon receiving a control signal is received, the actuator responds by converting
the energy into mechanical motion.
v. The control system can be simple (a fixed mechanical or electronic system),
software-based (e.g. a printer driver, robot control system), a human, or any
other input.
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Actuator Types
I. Hydraulic
II. Pneumatic
III. Electrical
IV. Thermal / Magnetic
V. Mechanical
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Hydraulic Actuators
• A hydraulic actuator consists of a cylinder or fluid motor that uses hydraulic power
to facilitate mechanical operation.
• The mechanical motion is converted to linear, rotary or oscillatory motion.
• Since liquids are nearly impossible to compress, a hydraulic actuator exerts consider-
able force.
• The actuator’s limited acceleration restricts its usage.
Pneumatic Actuators
• A pneumatic actuator converts energy formed by vacuum or compressed air at high
pressure into either linear or rotary motion.
• Pneumatic rack and pinion actuators are used for valve controls of water pipes.
• Pneumatic energy quickly responds to starting and stopping signals.
• The power source does not need to be stored in reserve for operation.
• Pneumatic actuators enable large forces to be produced from relatively small pressure
changes (e.g., Pneumatic brakes can are very responsive to small changes in pressure
applied by the driver).
• It is responsible for converting pressure into force. 63 / 117
Electrical Actuators
• An electric actuator is generally powered by a motor that converts electrical energy
into mechanical torque.
• The electrical energy is used to actuate equipment such as solenoid valves which
control the flow of water in pipes in response to electrical signals.
• Considered as one of the cheapest, cleanest and speedy actuator types available.
Thermal or Magnetic Actuators

• These can be actuated by applying thermal or magnetic energy.
• They tend to be compact, lightweight, economical and with high power density.
Mechanical Actuators
• A mechanical actuator converts rotary motion into linear motion to execute some
movement.
• It involves gears, rails, pulleys, chains and other devices to operate.
• Example: rack and pinion.
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IoT Networking Components
I. Device (The Thing) IV. Backend Services

II. Local Network V. Applications
III. Internet
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i. Component for interaction and communication with other IoT
devices
ii. Component for processing and analysis of operations
iii. Component for Internet interaction
iv. Components for handling Web services of applications
v. Component to integrate application services
vi. User interface to access IoT
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IoT Categories
I. Industrial IoT
• IoT device connects to an IP network and the global Internet.
• Communication between the nodes done using regular as well as
industry specific technologies.
II. Consumer IoT
• IoT device communicates within the locally networked devices.
• Local communication is done mainly via Bluetooth, Zigbee or
WiFi.
• Generally limited to local communication by a Gateway
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IoT Gateways
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Technical Deviations from Regular Web
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IoT Networking Challenges
i. Security vii. Interoperability

ii. Scalability viii. Data storage
iii. Energy efficiency ix. Data Analytics
iv. Bandwidth management x. Complexity management (e.g.,
v. Modeling and Analysis SDN)
vi. Interfacing
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Considerations
i. Communication between the ing paradigm not sufficient to
IoT device(s) and the outside address all the needs of the
world dictates the network ar- consumer or the IoT device.
chitecture. Complexity of Networks
ii. Choice of communication tech- i. Growth of networks
nology dictates the IoT de- ii. Interference among devices
vice hardware requirements and iii. Network management
costs. iv. Heterogeneity in networks
iii. Due to the presence of nu- v. Protocol standardization within
merous applications of IoT en- networks
abled devices, a single network-
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Wireless Networks Scalability
i. Traffic and load management i. Flexibility within Internet
ii. Variations in wireless networks ii. IoT integration
– Wireless Body Area Networks iii. Large scale deployment
and other Personal Area Net- iv. Real-time connectivity of bil-
works lions of devices
iii. Interoperability
iv. Network management
v. Overlay networks
75 / 117
Where are we ?
2.1 Benefits of IoT
7.2 Considerations
76 / 117
Features of IEEE 802.15.4
i. Well-known standard for low vergence sub-layer (SSCS)
data-rate WPAN. iv. Operates in the ISM band.
ii. Developed for low-data-rate
monitoring and control appli-
cations and extended-life low-
power-consumption uses.
iii. This standard uses only the
first two layers (PHY, MAC)
plus the logical link control
(LLC) and service specific con-
77 / 117
v. Uses direct sequence spread viii. Multiplexing allows multiple
spectrum (DSSS) modulation. users or nodes interference-free
vi. Highly tolerant of noise and in- access to the same channel at
terference and offers link re- different times.
liability improvement mecha- ix. Transmission, for most cases, is
nisms. Line of Sight (LOS).
vii. Uses carrier sense multiple ac- x. Standard transmission range
cess with collision avoidance varies between 10m to 75m.
(CSMA-CA) for channel ac- xi. Networking topologies defined
cess. are – Star, and Mesh.
78 / 117
Types of IEEE 802.15.4
I. Full Function Device
(FFD)
• Can talk to all types of de-
vices
• Supports full protocol
II. Reduced Fuction Device
(RFD)
• Can only talk to an FFD
• Lower power consumption
• Minimal CPU/RAM re-
quired
79 / 117
Where are we ?
2.1 Benefits of IoT
7.2 Considerations
80 / 117
Features of ZigBee
i. Most widely deployed enhancement of
IEEE 802.15.4.
ii. The ZigBee protocol is defined by
layer 3 and above. It works with the
802.15.4 layers 1 and 2.
iii. The standard uses layers 3 and 4 to
define additional communication en-
hancements.
iv. These enhancements include authenti-
cation with valid nodes, encryption for
security, and a data routing and for-
warding capability that enables mesh
networking.
v. The most popular use of ZigBee is
wireless sensor networks using the
mesh topology. 81 / 117
82 / 117
ZigBee Mesh
i. In a mesh, any node can communicate
with any other node within its range.
ii. If nodes are not in range, messages are
relayed through intermediate nodes.
iii. This allows the network deployment
over large areas
iv. Meshes have increased network relia-
bility.
v. For example, if nodes C and F are
down, the message packets from A can
still be relayed to G via B and E.
vi. ZigBee mesh networks are self- config-
uring and self-healing.
83 / 117
ZigBee Types
I. ZigBee Coordinator (ZC): as well as relaying information be-
• The Coordinator forms the root of tween nodes connected to it.
the ZigBee network tree and might III. ZigBee End Device (ZED):
act as a bridge between networks. • It contains just enough functional-
• There is a single ZigBee Coordina- ity to talk to the parent node, and
tor in each network, which origi- it cannot relay data from other de-
nally initiates the network. vices.
• It stores information about the • This allows the node to be asleep
network under it and outside it. a significant amount of the time
• It acts as a Trust Center & repos- thereby enhancing battery life.
itory for security keys • Memory requirements and cost of
II. ZigBee Router (ZR): ZEDs are quite low, as compared
• Capable of running applications, to ZR or ZC.
84 / 117
ZigBee Applications
i. Building automation ness monitoring
ii. Remote control (RF4CE or RF v. Home automation for control
for consumer electronics) of smart homes
iii. Smart energy for home energy vi. Light Link for control of LED
monitoring lighting
iv. Health care for medical and fit- vii. Telecom services
85 / 117
Where are we ?
2.1 Benefits of IoT
7.2 Considerations
86 / 117
Features of 6LoWPANs
i. Low-power Wireless Personal Area version 6 (IPv6).

Networks over IPv6. v. Header compression and address
ii. Allows for the smallest devices with translation techniques allow the IEEE
limited processing ability to transmit 802.15.4 radios to access the Internet.
information wirelessly using an Inter- vi. IPv6 packets compressed and refor-
net protocol. matted to fit the IEEE 802.15.4 packet
iii. Allows low-power devices to connect format.
to the Internet. vii. Uses include IoT, Smart grid, and
iv. Allows IEEE 802.15.4 radios to carry M2M applications.
128-bit addresses of Internet Protocol
87 / 117
Addressing in 6LoWPAN 6LoWPAN Routing Considerations
i. 64-bit addresses: globally unique

ii. 16 bit addresses: PAN specific; as-
signed by PAN coordinator i. Mesh routing within the PAN space.
iii. IPv6 multicast not supported by ii. Routing between IPv6 and the PAN
802.15.4 domain
iv. IPv6 packets carried as link layer iii. Routing protocols in use: LOADng,
broadcast frames RPL 88 / 117
Where are we ?
2.1 Benefits of IoT
7.2 Considerations
89 / 117
RFID features
i. RFID is an acronym for “radio- vi. RFID tag consists of an integrated cir-
frequency identification” cuit and an antenna.
ii. Data digitally encoded in RFID tags, vii. The tag is covered by a protective
which can be read by a reader. material which also acts as a shield
iii. Somewhat similar to barcodes. against various environmental effects.
iv. Data read from tags are stored in a viii. Tags may be passive or active.
database by the reader. ix. Passive tags have to be powered by
v. As compared to traditional barcodes a reader inductively before they can
and QR codes, RFID tag data can be transmit information, whereas active
read outside the line-of-sight. tags have their own power supply.
90 / 117
Working Principle Applications
i. Derived from Automatic Identification i. Inventory management
and Data Capture (AIDC) technology. ii. Asset tracking
ii. AIDC performs object identification, iii. Personnel tracking
object data collection and mapping of iv. Controlling access to restricted areas
the collected data to computer sys- v. ID badging
tems with little or no human interven- vi. Supply chain management
tion. vii. Counterfeit prevention (e.g. in the
iii. RFID uses radio waves to perform pharmaceutical industry)
AIDC functions.
iv. The main components of an RFID sys-
tem include an RFID tag or smart la-
bel, an RFID reader, and an antenna.
91 / 117
92 / 117
Where are we ?
2.1 Benefits of IoT
7.2 Considerations
93 / 117
Bluetooth Features
i. Bluetooth wireless technology is a hops/sec.
short range communications technol- vii. Bluetooth supports 1Mbps data rate
ogy. for version 1.2 and 3Mbps data rate
ii. Intended for replacing cables connect- for Version 2.0 combined with Error
ing portable units Data Rate.
iii. Maintains high levels of security. viii. Bluetooth operating range depends on
iv. Bluetooth technology is based on Ad- the device:
hoc technology also known as Ad-hoc • Class 3 radios have a range of up to
Piconets. 1 meter or 3 feet
v. Bluetooth technology operates in the • Class 2 radios are most commonly
unlicensed industrial, scientific and found in mobile devices have a
medical (ISM) band at 2.4 to 2.485 range of 10 meters or 30 feet
GHZ. • Class 1 radios are used primarily in
vi. Uses spread spectrum hopping, full- industrial use cases have a range of
duplex signal at a nominal rate of 1600 100 meters or 300 feet.
94 / 117
Connection Establishment
I. Inquiry: Inquiry run by one Blue- vices
tooth device to try to discover other III. Connection: A device either actively
devices near it participates in the network or enters
II. Paging: Process of forming a con- a low-power sleep mode
nection between two Bluetooth de-
Modes
I. Active: Actively transmitting or re- device sleeps for a defined period and
ceiving data then returns back to active mode
II. Sniff: Sleeps and only listens for IV. Park: Slave will become inactive un-
transmission at a set interval til the master tells it to wake back
III. Hold: Power-saving mode where a up
95 / 117
Bluetooth protocol stack
96 / 117
Piconet
i. Bluetooth enabled electronic devices iv. When more than two Bluetooth de-
connect and communicate wirelessly vices communicate with one another,
through short range networks known it is called a PICONET.
as Piconets. v. A Piconet can contain up to seven
ii. Bluetooth devices exist in small ad- slaves clustered around a single mas-
hoc configurations with the ability to ter.
act either as master or slave. vi. The device that initializes establish-
iii. The simplest configuration is a point ment of the Piconet becomes the mas-
to point configuration with one master ter.
and one slave. vii. The master is responsible for transmis-
sion control by dividing the network
into a series of time slots amongst the
network members, as a part of time
division multiplexing scheme.
97 / 117
viii. Each device can communicate with more Piconets.
several piconets simultaneously. xv. Devices in adjacent Piconets provide
ix. Piconets are established dynamically a bridge to support inter-Piconet con-
and automatically as Bluetooth en- nections, allowing assemblies of linked
abled devices enter and leave piconets. Piconets to form a physically ex-
x. There is no direct connection between tensible communication infrastructure
the slaves. known as Scatternet.
xi. All connections are either master-to- Applications:
slave or slave-to-master. • Audio players,
xii. Slaves are allowed to transmit once • Home automation,
these have been polled by the master. • Smartphones,
xiii. Transmission starts in the slave-to- • Toys,
master time slot immediately following • Hands free headphones,
a polling packet from the master. • Sensor networks
xiv. A device can be a member of two or
98 / 117
Where are we ?
2.1 Benefits of IoT
7.2 Considerations
99 / 117
Wireless Sensor Networks
i. Consists of a large number of signals and processed to reveal
sensor nodes, densely deployed some properties of the phenom-
over an area. ena around sensors.
ii. Sensor nodes are capable of iv. Due to the fact that the sen-
collaborating with one another sor nodes in WSNs have short
and measuring the condition radio transmission range, in-
of their surrounding environ- termediate nodes act as relay
ments (i.e. Light, temperature, nodes to transmit data towards
sound, vibration). the sink node using a multi-hop
iii. The sensed measurements are path.
then transformed into digital
100 / 117
101 / 117
Applications of WSNs
Wireless Body Area Networks:
i. Wireless body area networks
(WBANs) have recently gained popu-
larity due to their ability in providing
innovative, cost-effective, and user-
friendly solution for continuous moni-
toring of vital physiological parameters
of patients.
ii. Monitoring chronic and serious dis-
eases such as cardiovascular diseases
and diabetes.
iii. Could be deployed in elderly persons
for monitoring their daily activities.
102 / 117
WSNs in Agriculture: iii. When an intruder enters into the field
i. A set of sensor nodes are deployed over through the boundary (perimeter) of
an agricultural field the field, the PIR sensor detects the
ii. Each of the board are enabled with object.
two type of sensors: iv. The ultrasonic sensor senses the dis-
• Passive Infrared (PIR) tance at which the object is located
• Ultrasonic
103 / 117
Stationary Wireless Sensor Networks
i. Sensor nodes are static • Easy topology maintenance
ii. Advantages: iii. Disadvantages:
• Easy deployment • Node failure may results in partition
• Node can be placed in an optimized of networks
distance—Reduce the total number • Topology cannot be change auto-
of nodes matically
104 / 117
Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks
i. Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET)- suring the condition of their sur-
Infrastructure less network of mobile rounding environments (i.e. Light,
devices connected wirelessly which fol- temperature, sound, vibration).
low the self-CHOP properties
• Self-Configure
• Self-Heal
• Self-Optimize
• Self-Protect
ii. Wireless Sensor Networks:
• Consists of a large number of sen-
sor nodes, densely deployed over an
area.
• Sensor nodes are capable of collab-
orating with one another and mea-
105 / 117
Components of MWSN
Mobile Sensor Nodes
• Sense physical parameters from the en-
vironment
• When these nodes come in close proxim-
ity of sink, deliver data
106 / 117
Mobile Sink Data Mules
• Moves in order to collect data from sen- • A mobile entity Collects the data from
sor nodes sensor nodes
• Based on some algorithm sink moves to • Goes to the sink and delivers the col-
different nodes in the networks lected data from different sensor nodes
107 / 117
Where are we ?
2.1 Benefits of IoT
7.2 Considerations
108 / 117
Sensor Nodes
i. Multifunctional vi. Be adaptive to the environment
• The number of sensor nodes used Applications
depends on the application type. i. Temperature measurement
ii. Short transmission ranges ii. Humidity level
iii. Have OS (e.g., TinyOS). iii. Lighting condition
iv. Battery Powered – Have limited life. iv. Air pressure
Constraints on Sensor Nodes v. Soil makeup
i. Small size, typically less than a cubic vi. Noise level
cm. vii. Vibration
ii. Must consume extremely low power Challenges
iii. Operate in an unattended manner in a i. Scalability
highly dense area. ii. Quality of Service
iv. Should have low production cost and iii. Energy Efficiency
be dispensable iv. Security
v. Be autonomous
109 / 117
110 / 117
Where are we ?
2.1 Benefits of IoT
7.2 Considerations
111 / 117
Sensor Web
i. The objective of Sensor Web is to create a network of sensors that can

communicate and exchange data with each other, and with other systems, over
the internet.
ii. This network can be used to monitor the environment, collect data on various
phenomena, and provide information and feedback to people or other systems
iii. The Sensor Web is designed to be an open and interoperable system, with a
standard set of protocols, interfaces, and data models that allow different sensors,
platforms, and applications to work together seamlessly
112 / 117
Sensor Web Entanglement
i. Observations & measurements iv. Nodes may or may not cooperate
(O&M) Security Challenges in Cooperation
ii. Sensor model language (sensorml) i. Open, shared radio medium by the
iii. Transducer model language (transduc- nodes, which dynamically change po-
erml or TML) sitions.
iv. Sensor observations service (SOS) ii. No centralized network management
v. Sensor planning service (SPS) or certification authority.
vi. Sensor alert service (SAS) iii. Existence of malicious nodes.
vii. Web notification services (WNS) iv. Nodes prone to attacks, infiltration,
Cooperation in Wireless Ad Hoc and eavesdropping, interference.
Sensor Networks v. Nodes can be captured, compromised,
i. Nodes communicate with other nodes false routing information can be sent
with the help of intermediate nodes. – paralyzing the whole network.
ii. The intermediate nodes act as relays. vi. The cooperating node or the node be-
iii. Wireless nodes are energy- ing cooperated might be victimized.
constrained. 113 / 117
There are several protocols and markup languages created specifically for Sensor Web
applications. Here are a few examples:
I. Sensor Observation Service (SOS): This is an OGC (Open Geospatial
Consortium) standard protocol that defines a web service interface for querying
and retrieving sensor observation data.
II. Sensor Model Language (SensorML): This is another OGC standard that
provides a framework for describing sensor systems and their characteristics.
III. Sensor Planning Service (SPS): This is an OGC standard that provides a web
service interface for planning and scheduling sensor observation tasks. It allows
users to specify observation requirements and constraints, and to receive a plan
that optimizes the use of available sensors and resources.
IV. Observation & Measurement (O&M): This is an OGC standard that defines
a data model and encoding for sensor observations and measurements.
V. Markup Languages: There are several markup languages designed for
representing sensor data and metadata, including Sensor Markup Language
(SenML), Sensor Observation Markup Language (SOML), and SensorThings API.
114 / 117
115 / 117
Text Books
[1] P. S. Misra, “Nptel: Introduction to internet of things,” 2019.
https://www.youtube.com/@introductiontointernetofth4217/featured
[Accessed: Feb 2023].
[2] A. Bahga and V. Madisetti, Internet of Things: A Hands-on Approach.
[3] K. K. Terokarvinen and V. Valtokari, Make Sensors.

1st Edition, Maker media, 2014.
[4] K. Rao, Fundamentals of IoT.
Lecture Notes.
(With kind permission from Mr. Kesava Rao, ECE, MGIT Hyderabad).
[5] OpenAI.com, “chatgpt - an openai based language models for dialogue,” 2023.
https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt/ [Accessed: Feb 2023]. 116 / 117
Thank you
117 / 117

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Unit-01: Introduction to Internet of Things

EC600OE: Fundamentals of Internet Of Things

Dr. Mohammad Fayazur Rahaman

Dept. of Electronics and Communications Engineering,

B.Tech. ECE III Year II Semester (R18)

I. There several definition pro-

I. Inter-connectivity: With regard to the IoT, anything can be

The Internet of things facilitates a set of benefits, it also creates a

Thermal or Magnetic Actuators

I. Device (The Thing) IV. Backend Services

i. Security vii. Interoperability

i. Low-power Wireless Personal Area version 6 (IPv6).

i. 64-bit addresses: globally unique

i. The objective of Sensor Web is to create a network of sensors that can

[2] A. Bahga and V. Madisetti, Internet of Things: A Hands-on Approach.

[3] K. K. Terokarvinen and V. Valtokari, Make Sensors.

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