A is or does the same as B

To say that A is or does the same as B, we can use so + auxiliary verb +

subject in affirmative sentences and neither + auxiliary verb + subject in
negative sentences.

● A: “I am from London.” B: “So am I.” (=I am from London too.)

● A: “I’m not tired.” B: “Neither am I.” (=I am not tired either.)

What auxiliary verb do we need?

After so/neither we use the same auxiliary or modal verb as in the first
sentence: be, do, have, can, will, must, etc.
 ● A: “Tomas is not going to the party.” B: “Neither is Sally.”
● A: “I’ll be here at 7.” B: “So will I.”
● A: “Lisa can play the guitar.” B: “So can Tim.”

When there isn’t an auxiliary or modal verb in the first sentence, we use
do/does in the present and did in the past.

● A: “I want to leave.” B: “So do I.”

● A: “George loves chocolate.” B: “So does Bruno.”
● A: “I went to bed very late.” B: “So did I.”

Nor = neither

We can use nor instead of neither.

● A: “I wasn’t ready.” B: “Nor/Neither was I.”

Neither is negative

Neither/nor is a negative word, like not. For this reason, the auxiliary verb
after neither should be affirmative.

● A: “I didn’t see the film yesterday.” B: “Neither did I.” (NOT Neither
didn’t I)
● A: “Ray couldn’t answer the question.” B: “Neither could Jimmy.” (NOT
Neither couldn’t Jimmy.)
Choose the correct forms with so, neither, too, either to complete the
sentences below

A: 'I can't go to the presentation.' B: '_____ .'

a.Neither can't I
b.Neither can I
c.So can I

A: 'I'm not going out tonight.' B: '_____.' Choose TWO correct answers

a.Neither I am
b.Neither am I
c.I am either
d.I'm not going out either

A: 'I haven't got time.' B: 'Neither _____.'

a.have I
b.I have
c.do I

A: ‘I went for a run this morning.’ B: ‘_____ .’ Choose TWO correct answers

a.So did I
b.So am I
c.So was I
d.I went for a run too

A: 'I never go to the cinema.' B: '______.'

 a.Neither do I
b.Neither am I
c.So am I

A: 'Sophia isn't coming with us.' B: 'And _____.'

a.so isn't Emily

b.neither is Emily
c.either isn't Emily

A: 'I want some pizza.' B: '_____.'

a.So do I
b.Neither do I
c.So I do

A: 'I wasn't scared.' B: '_____.' Choose TWO correct answers

a.Neither was I
b.Neither wasn't I
c.I was scared either
d.I wasn't scared either

A: 'I thought it was difficult.' B: '_____.'

a.Neither did I
b.So I did
c.So did I
Time clauses: Before, After and When
The time expressions after, before and when are used to indicate when something
happens in the past, present, or future. Each is a subordinating conjunction which
introduces a dependent clause and can be used at the beginning or in the middle of
a sentence.

​ I went to school after I had finished my homework.

​ She takes the train when she travels to London.
​ Mary finished the report before she made the presentation.

or

​ After we have discussed the issue, we can make a decision.

​ When we get up, we take a shower.
​ Before we left, we visited our friends in Seattle.

After, before and when introduce a full clause and require a subject and verb.
Therefore, the time expressions after, before, and when introduce adverb clauses.

After
The action in the main clause occurs after what occurs in the time clause. Notice the
use of tenses:
Future: What will happen after something occurs.
Time clause: present simple
Main clause: future

​ We'll discuss the plans after he gives the presentation.

​ Jack is going to propose to Jane after they have dinner on Friday!

Present: What always happens after something else occurs.

Time clause: present simple
Main clause: present simple

​ Alison checks her mail after she gets home.

​ David plays golf after he mows the lawn on Saturdays.

Past: What happened after something (had) occurred.

Time clause: past simple or past perfect
Main clause: past simple

​ They ordered 100 units after Tom (had) approved the estimate.
​ Mary purchased a new car after she (had) researched all her options.

Before
The action in the main clause happens before the action described in the time
clause. Notice the use of tenses:
Future: What will happen before something else occurs in the future.
Time clause: present simple
Main clause: future

​ Before he completes the report, he will check all the facts.

​ Jennifer will speak with Jack before she makes a decision.

Present: What happens before something else occurs on a regular basis.

Time clause: present simple
Main clause: present simple

​ I take a shower before I go to work.

​ Doug exercises every evening before he eats dinner.

Past: What (had) happened before something else occurred at a point of time in the
past.
Time clause: past simple
Main clause: past simple or past perfect

​ She had already eaten before he arrived for the meeting.

​ They finished the discussion before he changed his mind.

When
The action in the main clause happens when something else occurs. Notice that
"when" can indicate different times depending on the tenses used. However, "when"
generally indicates that something happens after, as soon as, upon something else
occurring. In other words, it happens just after something else occurs. Notice the use
of tenses:
Future: What happens when something else occurs in the future.
Time clause: present simple
Main clause: future

​ We'll go out to lunch when he comes to visit me. (general time)

​ Francis will give me a call when he gets the confirmation. (after in a general
sense—it could be immediately, or later)

Present: What always happens when something else occurs.

Time clause: present simple
Main clause: present simple

​ We discuss the bookkeeping when she comes every month.

​ Susan plays golf when her friend Mary is in town.
Past: What happened when something else (had) occurred. The past tense of
"when" can indicate that something happened regularly or one specific time in the
past.
Time clause: past simple
Main clause: past simple

​ She took the train to Pisa when he came to visit her in Italy. (once, or on a
regular basis)
​ They had a great time seeing the sights when they went to New York.

Conjugate the verbs in brackets based on the time context in the

sentences below.

1. She __________(take) the subway when she __________ (go) into town
every week.

A. take... go
B. did take... went
C. will take... will go
D. takes... goes

2. I __________ (prepare) dinner before my friend __________ (arrive)

yesterday evening.

A. prepared... arrived
B. prepared... had arrived
C. have prepared... arrived
D. will prepare... arrives

3. We __________ (go) out for drinks after we __________ (get) to the hotel
next Tuesday.

A. went... got
B. will go... get
C. are going... got
D. going... get
4. Before I __________ (answer) his question, he __________ (tell) me his
secret.

A. answer... will tell

B. answered... told
C. had answered... told
D. All these answers are correct.

5. Bob usually __________ (use) a bilingual dictionary when he __________

(read) a book in German.

A. used... read
B. has used... read
C. will use... read
D. uses... reads

6. When he __________ (arrive) next week, we __________ (play) a round of

golf.

A. will arrive... will play

B. is arriving... are playing
C. arrives... will play
D. arrived... played

7. She __________ (order) a hamburger when she __________ (go) to a

restaurant with me last week.

A. order... did go
B. had ordered... went
C. ordered... went
D. is ordering... goes
​

10
The past continuous – Use

Actions in progress

We use the past continuous to talk about actions that were in progress (not

finished) at a specific moment in the past.

● ‘What were you doing at 9?’ ‘I was studying.’

● When I saw them yesterday, they were arguing.

The specific moment in the past can be described by a time expression (at 9 a.m.,

at midday, at lunchtime, all morning, all day, etc.):

● They were swimming at 7 in the morning..

● At midday they were still working.

Or by a simple past sentence:

● They were swimming when I saw them.

● When she arrived, they were still working.

Describing a scene

We often use the past continuous at the beginning of a story to describe the

situation.

● It was getting dark, and I was walking fast. Suddenly …

Past simple vs Past continuous

We use the past simple for completed actions in the past, and we use the past

continuous for actions in progress (not finished) in the past.

● We ate out yesterday. (the action is finished)

● We were eating at 9. (the action was not finished)

The past continuous describes a longer action or situation and the past simple

describes a shorter action or event.

● When I met Susan she was having a drink at a terrace with a friend.

● We didn’t go out because it was raining.

The short action in past simple often interrupts the longer action in past continuous.

● He was playing football when he broke his arm.

● When I went to bed, it was raining.

We use the past simple for completed actions that happened one after the other.

Compare:

● When he arrived, she was having a shower.

● (The action of having a shower started before he arrived)When he arrived,

she had a shower.

(The action of having a shower started after he arrived)

Fill in the gaps with the correct past continuous and past simple

forms of the verbs in brackets.

When I ________________ (arrive) at the station, Raimond ________________

(wait) for me. He ________________ (wear) a nice black suit and he

________________ (hold) a red rose in his right hand. When I

________________ (get off) the train, he ________________ (run) up to me and

________________ (kiss) me passionately. It ________________ (rain) heavily

so he ________________ (take off) his jacket and ________________ (put) it

over my head. I ________________ (tell) Raimond to go to a café so that we

could talk, but he ________________ (insist) on going to another place. While he

________________ (drive), I ________________ (throw) a look at him. He

________________ (smile), but he also ________________ (look) nervous. He

finally ________________ (stop) his car on the top of a hill with fantastic views. It

was so wonderful. We ________________ (get out) of the car, and he

________________ (kneel) in front of me and ________________ (take) a ring

out of his pocket. “Kathy, will you...” he said. “Listen, Raimond, I want to break up

with you,” I interrupted.

Adverbs of manner – use

We use adverbs of manner after a verb to describe the verb. We use an adverb of

manner to say how something happens or how we do something.

● It rained heavily. (=We are describing how it rained.)

● He always replies quickly. (=We are describing how he replies)

Adverbs of manner – position

We use adverbs of manner after the verb or, if there is an object, after verb +

object.

● He drives carefully.

● She plays the guitar well.

Very, really, quite

We can use very, really, quite before an adverb of manner.

● It rained quite heavily.

● He drives quite carefully.

● She plays the guitar really well.

Adjectives

We use adjectives before a noun or after the verb be.

● This is an expensive guitar.

● This guitar is expensive.

Adverbs of manner vs adjectives

Difference

We use adjectives to describe a noun (before a noun or after the verb be), and we

use adverbs of manner to describe a verb (after the verb or verb + object). Compare:

● Robert plays the guitar well. (=We are describing the verb, i.e. how Robert

plays the guitar.)

● Robert is a good guitar player. (=We are describing the noun, Robert.)
 ● Sara eats slowly.

● Sara is a slow eater.

Adjectives ending in -ly

Some words end in -ly, but they are adjectives, NOT adverbs: friendly, lovely, silly.

We CANNOT transform these adjectives into adverbs of manner.

1. He normally drives very _____.

a.slow
b.fastly
c.fast

2. I passed _____.

a.easily the test

b.the test easily
c.easy the test

3. The people in this company work very _____.

a.hard
b.hardly
c.good

4. She is a _____ teacher.

a.well
b.good
c.goodly
 5. She teaches English very _____.
a.good
b.goodly
c.well

6. You answered _____.

a.correctly the question

b.the question correctly
c.the question correct

7. The article describes the situation very _____.

a.simple
b.simplely
c.simply

8. They live _____ in Munich.

a.happy
b.happyly
c.happily

9. After the break, we _____.

a.finished the job easily

b.easily finished the job
c.finished the job easy