8/6/2018

KL IEM Workshop on FEM

11 JULY 2018

Lecture 2: Elastoplasticity and Mohr-Coulomb

By: Professor Harry Tan

National University of Singapore

L2. Elastoplasticity and Mohr-Coulomb 2

Outline

• A quick reminder of (linear isotropic) Elasticity

• Motivations for plasticity (elasticity vs. plasticity)

• Basic ingredients of any elastoplastic model
 elastic properties (how much recoverable deformation?)
 yield surface (is plastic deformation occurring?)
 plastic potential (direction of plastic strain increment?)
 consistency condition (magnitude of plastic strain increment?)
 hardening rule (changes of yield surface?)
• Element tests: (drained) simple shear & triaxial tests
• Tips and tricks
• Advantages and limitations

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Constitutive models

Constitutive models provide us with a relationship with

stresses and strains expressed as:

Δσ = DΔε
Elasticity
Linear-elastic Non-linear elastic
 

 

σ = Dε

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Hooke’s law

ε  Cσ

  xx   1   0 0 0   xx 
    1   0 0 0   
  yy    yy 

 zz  1      1 0 0 0   zz 
   E  0 0 0 2  2 0 0   
  xy    xy 
 yz  0 0 0 0 2  2 0   yz 
     
 zx  0 0 0 0 0 2  2   zx 

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Model parameters in Hooke’s law
d1
Two parameters:
- d1
- Young’s modulus E 
- Poisson’s ratio 
d3 
- 1
Meaning (axial compr.):

d 1
E 
d1 E
1
d - 1
 3 
d1
1
E  0 ; -1    0.5 3

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Alternative parameters in Hooke’s law

In spherical and deviatoric stress / strain components:

 v  1/ K 0   p
p 1
3  1   2   3 
    0 1/ 3G   q  1
 s    q ( 1   2 ) 2  ( 2   3 ) 2  ( 3   1 ) 2
2
dxy
Shear modulus:
d xy E
G    dxy
d xy 21   
Bulk modulus:
dp E
K  
d v 31  2  dp

dv
9 KG 3K  2G
E v
G  3K 6 K  2G

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Hooke’s law

Inverse: σ = Dε
 xx  1     0 0 0    xx 
    1    0 0 0   
 yy     yy 
 zz  E    1  0 0 0    zz 
   (1   )(1  2 )  0 0 0 1  0 0   
 xy   2   xy 
 yz   0 0 0 0 1
2
 0   yz 
   1   
 zx   0 0 0 0 0 2   zx 

 4G 2G 2G 
K  K K 0 0 0
 xx   3 3 3
  xx 
    
0
2G 4G 2G
 yy   K  K K 0 0  yy 
3 3 3 
 zz      zz 
   K 
2G
K
2G
K
4G
0  
 xy    xy 
0 0
3 3 3 
 yz   0 0 0 G 0 0  yz 
     
 zx   0 0 0 0 G 0  zx 
 G 
 0 0 0 0 0

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Hooke’s law

Plane strain: σ = Dε
 4G 2G 
  K  K 0
1   0   3 3

  
0
E 2G 4G
D  1  0  K K
(1   )(1  2 )   3 3 
1  2   
 0 0   0 0 G
 2 
 

Axisymmetry:
 4G 2G 2G 
K  K K 0
1    0   3 3 3
    
1   0  
0
2G 4G 2G
E  K  K K
D    1  0  3 3 3 
(1   )(1  2 )    
 0 1  2   K 
2G
K
2G
K
4G
0
0 0
 2   3 3 3 
 G 
 0 0 0

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Elasticity vs. Plasticity

In elasticity, there is a one-to-one relationship between

stress and strain. Such a relationship may be linear or non-
linear. An essential feature is that the application and
removal of a stress leaves the material in its original
condition

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Elasticity vs. Plasticity

for elastic materials, the mechanism of deformation

depends on the stress increment

for plastic materials which are yielding, the mechanism of

(plastic) deformation depends on the stress

reversible = elastic irreversible = plastic

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Plasticity
One-dimensional LINEAR ELASTIC - PERFECTLY PLASTIC

Y0 = yield stress

IMPORTANT: yield stress = failure stress for perfect plasticity

  e p
General three-dimensional stress state     e   p

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Plasticity
One-dimensional LINEAR ELASTIC – PLASTIC HARDENING
Y0 = yield stress
YF = failure stress

IMPORTANT: yield stress  failure stress

  e p
General three-dimensional stress state     e   p

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Plasticity
LINEAR ELASTIC - PLASTIC WITH SOFTENING

One-dimensional

Y0 = yield stress
YF = failure stress

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Yield function
when building up an elastic-plastic model,
the first ingredient that we need is a yield surface
(is plastic deformation occurring?)

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Yield function

F = 0 represents surface in stress space

f   f1, 2 , 3 

f   0 stress state is elastic

f   0 stress state is plastic

f   0 stress state not admissible

The yield surface bounds all elastically attainable states

(a generalized preconsolidation pressure)

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Yield function

Basically:
changes of stress which remain inside the yield surface are
associated with stiff response and recoverable
deformations, whereas on the yield surface a less stiff
response is obtained and irrecoverable deformations are
developed
Where do we get this function f ?
The dominant effect leading to irrecoverable changes in
particle arrangement is the stress ratio, or mobilized
friction
The mean normal effective stress p ’ is of primary
importance. The range of values of q for stiff elastic
response is markedly dependent on p ’

Tresca & Von Mises yield functions are not appropriate

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Mohr-Coulomb Model - Yield function

To most engineers the phrase “strength of soils” conjures

up images of Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria

frictional
resistance
independent of
normal stress

Classical notions of Mohr-Coulomb failure can be reconciled

with the patterns of response that we are modeling here as
elasto-plastic behavior

L2. Elastoplasticity and Mohr-Coulomb 18

Mohr-Coulomb Model - Yield function

1 and 3 : major and minor principal stresses

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Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion

MC criterion: t*c’ cos’ - s* sin’

t* = ½(’3 - ’1)
s* = ½(’3+’1)

1
2  '3  '1   c ' cos  '  12  '3  '1  sin  '

2 c ' cos  ' 1  sin  '

  '1    '3
1  sin  ' 1  sin  '

Note: Compression is negative, and ’1: major,

’2: intermediate, ’3: minor principal stress

L2. Elastoplasticity and Mohr-Coulomb 20

Mohr-Coulomb Model - Yield function
MOHR COULOMB IN 3D STRESS SPACE
f 
-1
1
2
 '1  '3   12  '1  '3 sin ' c ' cos  '
f > 0 Not acceptable

f = 0 Plasticity

f < 0 Elasticity

-3
-2

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Plastic potential

Summing up:

Plastic strain increment arises if:

1) the stress state is located on the yield surface (f = 0)
AND
2) the stress state remains on the yield surface after a stress increment

knowledge of function f tells us whether plastic strain is occurring or not

But, this is only one part of the story:

We would also like to know direction and magnitude of plastic strain
• will we get plastic volume changes?
• and plastic distortion?
 for that, we need another concept (another function: g)

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Plastic potential

flow rule

Recall: plastic deformations depend

on the stress state at which yielding
is occurring, rather than on the route
by which that stress is reached

we have now two functions, f and g

 the question is: where do we get g ?

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Associated and non associated flow rules

it would be clearly a great advantage if, for a given material, yield locus and
plastic potential could be assumed to be the same
f = g  only 1 function has to be generated to describe plastic response
also advantageous for FE computations:
• the solution of the equations that emerge in the analyses is faster
• the validity of the numerical predictions can be more easily guaranteed

is f = g a reasonable assumption?

for metals, it turns out that YES, it is

 for geomaterials, NOT
Where is the problem? The assumption of normality of plastic strain
vectors to the yield locus would result in much greater plastic volumetric
dilation than actually observed

L2. Elastoplasticity and Mohr-Coulomb 24

Mohr-Coulomb model – Plastic potential

dilatancy angle

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Plastic dilatancy

how to understand dilatancy

i.e., why do we get volume changes when applying shear stresses?

 = y + i
the apparent externally mobilized angle of friction on horizontal planes () is
larger than the angle of friction resisting sliding on the inclined planes (i)

strength = friction + dilatancy

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Consistency condition

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Parameters of the Mohr-Coulomb model

E Young’s modulus [kN/m2]

 Poisson’s ratio [-]

c’ (effective) cohesion [kN/m2]

’ (effective) friction angle [º]

y Dilatancy angle [º]

L2. Elastoplasticity and Mohr-Coulomb 28

Mohr-Coulomb model for element tests

 yy
tan y 
 xy

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Mohr-Coulomb model for element tests

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Mohr-Coulomb model for element tests

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Limitations of the Mohr-Coulomb model

L2. Elastoplasticity and Mohr-Coulomb 32

Limitations of the Mohr-Coulomb model

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Warning for dense sands

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Possibilities and limitations of the Mohr-Coulomb model

Possibilities and limitations of the Linear Elastic-

Perfectly Plastic (LEPP) Mohr-Coulomb model
Possibilities and advantages

 Simple and clear model

 First order approach of soil behaviour in general
 Suitable for a good number of practical
applications (not for deep excavations and 
1
tunnels)
 Limited number and clear parameters
 Good representation of failure behaviour
(drained)
 Dilatancy can be included
3
2

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Possibilities and limitations of the Mohr-Coulomb model

Possibilities and limitations of the Linear Elastic-

Perfectly Plastic (LEPP) Mohr-Coulomb model
Limitations and disadvantages

 Isotropic and homogeneous behaviour

 Until failure linear elastic behaviour
 No stress/stress-path/strain-dependent
stiffness 1
 No distinction between primary loading and
unloading or reloading
 Dilatancy continues for ever (no critical state)
 Be careful with undrained behaviour
 No time-dependency (creep)
3
2

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