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    Numerical Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering 1

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    Ahmed Ramadan
    This document discusses numerical analysis in geotechnical engineering. It provides an overview of the theoretical considerations required for numerical analysis, including equilibrium, compatibility, constitutive behavior, and boundary conditions. It also discusses geometric idealization using plane strain assumptions and different methods of analysis such as closed form, simple, and numerical. The goal of numerical analysis is to better model complex geotechnical problems involving interactions between new and existing structures.

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    Numerical Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering 1

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    Ahmed Ramadan
    165 views20 pages
    This document discusses numerical analysis in geotechnical engineering. It provides an overview of the theoretical considerations required for numerical analysis, including equilibrium, compatibility, constitutive behavior, and boundary conditions. It also discusses geometric idealization using plane strain assumptions and different methods of analysis such as closed form, simple, and numerical. The goal of numerical analysis is to better model complex geotechnical problems involving interactions between new and existing structures.

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    This document discusses numerical analysis in geotechnical engineering. It provides an overview of the theoretical considerations required for numerical analysis, including equilibrium, compatibility, constitutive behavior, and boundary conditions. It also discusses geometric idealization using plane strain assumptions and different methods of analysis such as closed form, simple, and numerical. The goal of numerical analysis is to better model complex geotechnical problems involving interactions between new and existing structures.

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    165 views20 pages

    Numerical Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering 1

    Uploaded by

    Ahmed Ramadan
    This document discusses numerical analysis in geotechnical engineering. It provides an overview of the theoretical considerations required for numerical analysis, including equilibrium, compatibility, constitutive behavior, and boundary conditions. It also discusses geometric idealization using plane strain assumptions and different methods of analysis such as closed form, simple, and numerical. The goal of numerical analysis is to better model complex geotechnical problems involving interactions between new and existing structures.

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    Fayoum University - Faculty of Engineering

    Civil Engineering Department


    Graduate Studies

    GEO 601
    Numerical Analysis in
    Geotechnical Engineering

    Dr. Walid Hammad

    Term 1 - 2019- 2020 1


    GEO 601
    Numerical Analysis in
    Geotechnical Engineering
    Reference
    Guidelines for the use of advanced numerical analysis.
    By:
    David Potts, Kennet Axelsson, Lars Grande, Helmut Schweiger and
    Michael Long

    Term 1 - 2019- 2020 2


    Introduction
    Nearly all civil engineering structures
    involve the ground in some way.

    - Cut slopes, earth and rock fill


    embankments
    - Raft and piled foundations transfer
    loads from buildings, bridges and
    structures to be resisted by the ground.
    - Retaining walls enable vertical
    excavations to be made.

    In most situations the soil provides both


    the activating and resisting forces

    Geotechnical engineering plays a major


    role in the design of civil
    engineering structures.

    Term 1 - 2019- 2020 3


    Introduction
    The design engineer must assess the
    forces imposed in the soil and
    structural members, and the potential
    movements of both the structure and
    the surrounding soil.

    Traditionally, geotechnical design has


    been carried out using simplified
    analyses or empirical approaches.

    The introduction of inexpensive, but


    sophisticated, computer hardware and
    software has resulted in considerable
    advances in the analysis and design of
    geotechnical structures.

    Term 1 - 2019- 2020 4


    Geotechnical Design Objectives
    When designing any geotechnical structure, the
    engineer must ensure that it is stable.

    - The structure and support system must be


    stable as a whole. There must be no danger of
    rotational, vertical or translational failure.

    - Secondly, overall stability must be established

    - Movements must be estimated, both for the


    structure, the ground and adjacent existing
    structures.

    - It may also be necessary to predict any


    structural forces induced in adjacent existing
    structures and/or services.

    Term 1 - 2019- 2020 5


    Need for Numerical Analyses
    Recent urban development involves
    new construction adjacent to
    existing buildings and services (i.e.
    tunnels, gas and water pipelines).

    Design involves assessing and


    accounting for the interaction
    between new and existing
    construction.

    In this respect, conventional


    geotechnical analysis is of limited
    use and advanced analysis based
    on numerical methods must be
    employed.

    Term 1 - 2019- 2020 6


    Elements of Numerical Analyses
    To perform useful numerical analysis, an engineer
    requires knowledge in a range of subjects:

    - Sound understanding of soil mechanics and


    structural engineering

    - Theory behind numerical methods is required

    - Principles of continuum mechanics

    - In-depth understanding of the various


    constitutive models and their limitations

    - The manner in which the software works


    (material parameters, element size, precision of
    solution, etc.)

    Term 1 - 2019- 2020 7


    Theoretical Considerations

    A theoretical solution must satisfy:

    - Equilibrium,

    - Compatibility,

    - Material constitutive behaviour

    - Boundary conditions (both force and


    displacement).

    Term 1 - 2019- 2020 8


    Theoretical Considerations - Equilibrium
    For example, consider a concrete beam, supported by two reactions on its
    lower surface and loaded by a load L on its upper surface.

    Clearly, for overall equilibrium the reactions must be 2L/3 and L/3. What is
    not so clear, however, is how the load is transferred through the beam.

    Engineers use the concept of stress to investigate the load transfer. Stresses
    are essentially fictitious quantities.

    For example, the manner in which the major principal stress varies through
    the beam is given in Figure. The length of the trajectories represents the
    magnitude of the stress and their orientation its direction.

    Term 1 - 2019- 2020 9


    Theoretical Considerations - Equilibrium
    For an arbitrary element of the beam, stress is
    a tensor consisting of six components.

    Neglecting body forces, except self-weight,


    stresses in a soil mass must satisfy the
    following three equations (Timoshenko and
    Goodier, 1951)

    Noting that:

    - self-weight acts in the x direction

    - stresses must satisfy the boundary conditions


    (i.e. at the boundaries the stresses must be in
    equilibrium with the applied surface traction
    forces).

    Term 1 - 2019- 2020 10


    Theoretical Considerations - Compatibility

    Physical compatibility

    Compatible deformation involves no overlapping of material and no


    generation of holes.

    The physical meaning of compatibility can be explained by considering


    a plate composed of smaller plate elements.

    Term 1 - 2019- 2020 11


    Theoretical Considerations - Compatibility
    Mathematical compatibility
    The compatibility can be expressed mathematically by considering the
    definition of strains.

    If deformations are defined by continuous functions u, v and w in the x,


    y and z directions respectively, the strains (assuming small strain
    theory are defined as (Timoshenko and Goodier, 1951):

    As the six strains are a function of only three displacements, they are not
    independent. It can be shown mathematically that, for a compatible
    displacement field to exist, all the above components of strain and their
    derivatives must exist and be continuous.

    Also, the displacement field must satisfy any specified displacements or


    restraints imposed on the boundary.
    Term 1 - 2019- 2020 12
    Theoretical Considerations
    Equilibrium and Compatibility

    Combining the equilibrium Equations and compatibility


    conditions, gives:

    Unknowns: 6 stresses + 6 strains + 3 displacements = 15

    Equations: 3 equilibrium + 6 compatibility = 9

    To obtain a solution therefore requires six more


    equations.

    These come from the constitutive relationships.

    Term 1 - 2019- 2020 13


    Theoretical Considerations
    Constitutive Behaviour
    It is a description of material behaviour. In simple terms it is the
    stress–strain behaviour of the soil.

    It usually takes the form of a relationship between stresses and strains


    and therefore provides a link between equilibrium and compatibility.

    For calculation purposes the constitutive behaviour has to be


    expressed mathematically:

    Term 1 - 2019- 2020 14


    Theoretical Considerations
    Constitutive Behaviour
    For example, for a linear elastic material the [D] matrix takes the
    following form:

    Because soil usually behaves in a non-linear manner, it is more realistic for the
    constitutive equations to relate increments of stress and strain, and for the [D]
    matrix to depend on the current and past stress history

    Term 1 - 2019- 2020 15


    Theoretical Considerations
    Constitutive Behaviour
    The constitutive behaviour can be expressed in terms of either total or
    effective stresses. If specified in terms of effective stresses, the
    principle of effective stress

    invoked to obtain total stresses required for use with the equilibrium
    equations:

    Term 1 - 2019- 2020 16


    Geometric Idealization
    Plane Strain
    Problems, such as the
    analysis of retaining walls,
    continuous footings and the
    stability of slopes, generally
    have one dimension very
    large in comparison with the
    other two.

    Hence, if the force and/or


    applied displacement
    boundary conditions are
    perpendicular to, and
    independent of, this
    dimension, all cross-sections
    will be the same.

    Term 1 - 2019- 2020 17


    Geometric Idealization
    Plane Strain
    The constitutive relationship then reduces to

    Term 1 - 2019- 2020 18


    Methods of Analysis

    As stated earlier, fundamental considerations assert that for an


    exact theoretical solution the requirements of equilibrium,
    compatibility, material behaviour and boundary conditions, both
    force and displacement, must all be satisfied.

    It is therefore useful to review the broad categories of analysis


    currently in use against these theoretical requirements.

    Term 1 - 2019- 2020 19


    Methods of Analysis
    Current methods of analysis can be grouped into the categories : closed form, simple
    analysis and numerical analysis

    The ability of each method to satisfy the fundamental theoretical requirements and
    provide design information is summarized in Tables below.

    Term 1 - 2019- 2020 20

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