Fertilization, Germination
Fertilization, Germination
Fertilization, Germination
Dispersal
• If a pollen grain reaches a stigma of the same species it can grow a pollen tube
• stigma makes a sugary solution
• providing a source of energy for the pollen tube
• to grow down the style and into the ovary.
• the tube reaches an ovule
• fertilisation, egg cell and the male gamete from the pollen grain join together
and their nuclei fuse into one
• forms a zygote (fertilised egg cell)
• The zygote splits into two ,a process called cell division
• cells divide again and again to form an embryo
• embryo develops a tiny root and a tiny shoot
• The zygote splits into two called cell division
• cells divide again and again to form an embryo
• embryo develops a tiny root and a tiny shoot
An embryo is formed by cell division
Seeds and fruits
• The ovule becomes the seed
• Inside the seed is the embryo
• store of food (such as starch)
• A hard seed coat forms around the seed to protect it.
• the seed starts to germinate
• store of food to allow the embryo to grow
• ovary expands becomes the fruit around the seed
Bean Seed
Seed dispersal
• Fruits spread seeds away from the parent plants called seed dispersal
• Some fruits are fleshy ,soft, juicy
. brightly coloured to attract animals to eat them
. flesh of the fruit is easily digested
• seeds are protected from the digestive systems of the animals
• seeds are egested (passed out) by the animals in their faeces
.
• Other fruits are dry.
• animals, wind, water and explosions to disperse their seeds
• Seed dispersal allows plant species to spread to new areas
• new plants are not in competition with their parents.
• Plants compete with one another for resources (e.g. light, water).
• plants in an area, the greater the competition
• offspring grow away from their parents,
• less competition between them
Germination and Growth
• A seed needs resources for germination to occur
• Water allows the cells in the embryo to swell up,start cell division
• . It softens the seed coat
• Allowing the embryo to grow through it
• Water also lets substances called enzymes
• start breaking down the food store
• food is turned into smaller molecules such as glucose
• plant uses for growth
Germination
Respiration
• Water allows the cells in the embryo to swell up and start cell division.
It softens the seed coat too, allowing the embryo to grow through it
Water also lets substances called enzymes start breaking down the food store.
food is turned into smaller molecules, such as glucose,
that the plant uses for growth.
Energy for growth comes from respiration, a process in which oxygen is used to
release energy from glucose, in the mitochondria.
• glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)
Photosynthesis
• carbon dioxide and water are used to make glucose
• plant converts the glucose into starch
• After germination, leaves make food for the plant by photosynthesis
• carbon dioxide and water are used to make glucose (a type of sugar)
• plant converts the glucose into starch, to store it
• Oxygen is a byproduct of this process
Gas Exchange System
• the moving of the ribs and diaphragm that causes the lungs to get bigger and
smaller
• Breathing is when muscles between the ribs and in the diaphragm change the
size of the lungs.
• movement of air into and out of the lungs is called ventilation.
• inhalation (breathing in), exhalation (breathing out)
• cells in the tubes in the lungs produce a sticky liquid called mucus
ciliated epithelial cell
• . It traps dirt, dust and microorganisms.
• Tiny hairs on other cells, called cilia, sweep the mucus out of the
lungs and into the oesophagus where it can be swallowed
gas exchange in the lungs
• In the lungs, some of the oxygen from the air enters the blood
• carbon dioxide in the blood plasma enters the air in the lungs
• swapping of gases is called gas exchange
gas exchange by diffusion
• Gas exchange occurs by diffusion,
• when there is an overall movement of particles from a place, where there are a lot
of them to a place where there are fewer of them
• lungs are adapted for gas exchange by having about 700 million little pockets
called alveoli
• lungs a large surface area.
• larger the surface area, the faster diffusion occurs
• alveoli walls are thick.
• blood capillaries have thin walls
• thin walls mean that diffusion happens more quickly
Unicellular or Multicellular
• Organisms are all based on cells.
• Organisms made of many cells are said to be multicellular. An adult
human is made up of about 37 million million cells!
• Cells of the same type are grouped together as tissues.
• Different tissues form organs and organs work together in organ
systems.
• Large multicellular organisms use organ systems to help them carry
out the life processes
Diffusion
• an overall movement of particles from where there are many of them to where
there are fewer, and this is diffusion.
• Materials that a unicellular organism needs (e.g. oxygen) can diffuse into the cell
and diffuse around inside the cell.
• . Cells need large surface area: volume ratios to be able to take enough of the
substances they need from their surroundings.
• The bigger the surface area: volume ratio, the more surface area a cell has per
unit volume
• The tissues in multicellular organisms need to have raw materials transported to
them because diffusion would be too slow
IDiffusion may not be fast enough to
allow a larger cell to get enough of the
materials it needs. This is because
larger cells have smaller surface area
Kingdoms
• Organisms are classified into five kingdoms based on what their cells
look like.
• Yersinia pestis, which causes plague, is a bacterium.
• All bacteria are in the prokaryote kingdom.
• Unicellular protoctists are larger than bacteria.
• Unicellular fungi (e.g. yeasts) are usually smaller than protoctists but
bigger than bacteria
Six Kingdom
https://youtu.be/hiQCCN5oisw
Virus
• Viruses are much smaller than bacteria and cause diseases like chicken pox,
influenza (flu) and measles.
• They have no cell wall, no mitochondria, no nucleus and cannot live without
being inside a living cell.
• they do not carry out the life processes for themselves, they are not living
organisms and there is no virus kingdom
• Virus particles have a very simple structure, mainly consisting of a protein coat
that contains a strand of genes
• . The genes contain the instructions for making new viruses
• When a virus gets into a cell, these genes cause the cell to make new copies of
the virus, which then burst out of the cell.
• This is known as rViruses are parasites, which means that they live on or in an
organism (the host) and harm iteplication.
• obligate parasite can be used to describe viruses (obligate means that they
cannot reproduce without being in their hosts).
Microscopic Fungi
• Ringworm is a common skin disease. It was caused by worms
• Unicellular yeasts were discovered to use budding to reproduce.
• Budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which a daughter cell
grows out of a parent cell
• all cells, the nucleus of a yeast parent cell contains long strands of a
molecule called DNA.
• DNA (genes) contain the instructions for making proteins and for an
organism's inherited characteristics.
Bacteria
In the 1860s, French scientist Louis Pasteur showed that
rotting only occurred when microorganisms got into
things, and that diseases could be caused by bacteria.
These ideas led to the discovery of the bacteria that cause
many diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB). Pasteur also
went on to develop some of the first vaccines
Pasteured examined drinks (such as milk) that turn sour. He
found that in sour drinks, there was always lactic acid and
certain bacteria. He also concluded that the bacteria use a
type of anaerobic respiration that produces lactic acid:
Bacterial Cells
Bacteria are prokaryotes. Members of this
kingdom do not have nuclei, and the information
to control a cell is found in a circular chromosome
(made of DNA)
Protoctists
Protoctists are mostly unicellular but exist in many different
shapes and sizes. Some cause diseases, such as malaria.
Euglena
Amoeba Paramecium