Cell Membrane Lab 3

Cell membrane
PREPARED BY:
BAHEZ O. ISMAEL
Definition
• The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, it is the

surface skin of the cell
• It is found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from
the outside environment.
Structure of “ Plasma membrane”
• They are the mixture of lipid and

proteins.
• all cell membranes share a common
structural organization: bilayers
of phospholipids with
associated proteins
• . Membrane lipids are principally of
two
types, phospholipids and sterols (gene
rally cholesterol).
• Membrane proteins are also of two
general types: extrinsic and intrinsic
proteins
Function
• It acts as a selective permeable

membrane, that allow some
substances to pass, while block
others
• It provides protection for a cell, It
also provides a fixed
environment inside the cell
• It serves as a gate allowing
transport into the cell of essential
nutrients and movement from
the cell of waste products.
• Allows communication with other
cells
Transport across the membrane
Types of transportation of particles
• Passive transport
a) Diffusion
1. Simple diffusion
2. Facilitated diffusion
b) Osmosis
c) Passive transport
• ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• Vesicular transport across membrane
1. Endocytosis
2. Exocytosis
Diffusion
• Diffusion is the overall movement of

any substance from any area from
higher concentration to an area of
lower concentration
• It happens naturally and so does not
require energy.
• Substances like oxygen, carbon
dioxide and glucose move in and out
of cells by diffusion.
Diffusion
First movement by Second movement by

Substance
diffusion diffusion
Moves from air breathed

Moves from red blood
Oxygen in to red blood cells in the
cells to body cells
lungs
Moves from blood plasma

Moves from body cells to
Carbon dioxide to air breathed out in the
blood plasma
lungs
Moves from small Moves from blood plasma

Glucose
intestine to blood plasma to body cells
Factors influence the diffusion
• Extent of the concentration gradient. The bigger the

difference in concentration over the gradient, the faster
diffusion occurs.
• Distance over which our particles are moving, with the
bigger distance, diffusion is slower, since particles need to
move further.
• mass of the substance and density of the solvent.
Heavier molecules move more slowly; therefore, they
diffuse more slowly. And it’s a similar case with the density
of the solvent. As density increases, the rate of diffusion
decreases.
• temperature. Both heating and cooling change the kinetic
energy of the particles in our substance.
Laboratory Practical work
. MATERIALS NEEDED FOR DEMONSTRATING DIFFUSION
• Two transparent glasses or 50 ml Beaker

• Cool and hot water
• Food coloring or any dyes
Procedure:
• Take 2 transparent glasses
and fill them with the water
• Drop a few drops of food
coloring in each cup(3-4
drops)
• Watch closely how the color
spreads.
.
Diffusion of water: osmosis
• . The diffusion of water from an area of higher concentration to an

area of lower concentration is called osmosis.
Materials
• Potato
• Knife
• Four different solutions
A. distilled water (water concentration 100%)
B. 2% saline solution (water concentration 98%)
C. 4% saline solution (water concentration 96%)
D. 8% saline solution (water concentration 92%)
• Paper towel
• Balance
• Stop watch
• A4 Paper
• Skin a potato and cut the tuber into small cubes

(approximately 1cm each).
• Divide the cubes into 4 groups of 10.
• Blot the cubes dry with a paper towel, and place them on a
weighing boat (dry it first too if it is moist
• weight them to the nearest 0.01g. Record the initial weight
(t=0)
• Place each group of cubes in their appropriate solutions, and
wait 30 minutes
• At the end of 30 minutes, remove the groups and blot them
dry again
• Record the weight after 30 minutes
•
Specialized cells
• The cell is the basic unit of life, , but

not all cells are the same.
• In fact, our bodies are made up of
over 200 types of specialized cells.
• Specialized cells are cells
designed to carry out a particular
role in the body
• Specialised animal cells include red
blood cells, sperm, eggs, nerve
cells, muscle cells, ciliated cells,
and villi.
Red blood cells
Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body, which is

needed for They are well suited to this function because:
•They contain haemoglobin , which carries oxygen
molecules.
•They don't have a nucleus, allowing more space to
carry oxygen.
•They are a flat disc shape with dips on both sides
(biconcave).
•This gives them a large surface area, and the best
chance of absorbing as much oxygen as they can in the
lungs
Sperm
• Serm are the male sex cell. They are made in the testes after Puberity .
• They join with an egg cell during to form an which can then develop into a new life.
• The following features make them well suited to this function:
•A tail moves them towards an egg cell.
•Many Mitochondia release energy for movement.
•Part of the tip of the head of the sperm, called the acrosome,
• releases enzymes to digest the egg membrane to
• allow fertilization to take place.
•The nucleus contains the genetic material for fertilization.
•Sperm are produced in large numbers to increase the chance of fertilization.
Eggs
Eggs are the female sex cell. They are made in the ovaries
before birth. Usually, one egg is released each month during
the menstrual cycle.
They join with a sperm cell during fertilization to form an embryo
.
•The egg cell’s cytoplasm contains nutrients for the growth.
•The haploid nucleus contains genetic material for fertilization.
•The changes after fertilization by a single sperm so that no
more sperm can enter.
Nerve cells
Nerve cells transmit electrical signals in the nervous system .

They are well suited to their function because:
•They are thin, and can be more than one metre long
• \in your spinal cord.
•This means they can carry messages up and down the body over large
distances very quickly.
•Nerve cells have branched connections at each end.
•These join to other nerve cells, allowing them to pass
messages around the body.
•They have a fatty (myelin) sheath that surrounds them.
•The fatty sheath increases the speed at which the message can travel.
Muscle cells
• Muscle cells
• Muscles cells are found in bundles which make up our muscles.
These cells are able to contract and relax .
• Cardiac (heart) muscle cells contract and relax to pump blood
around our bodies for our entire lives.
• Smooth muscle cells make up thin sheets of muscle, such as the
stomach lining. They can also be arranged in bundles, or rings,
like that in the anus.
• Skeletal muscle is joined to bones. Its cells contract to make
bones move and joints bend.
Ciliated cells
*Ciliated cells are found in the airways.

*They have tiny hairs on their tops
Called Cilia
*These hairs move mucus containing dust and other particles
upwards and out of the airways.
Ciliated cells are also found in the .
Here the tiny hairs beat to move the egg
from the ovaries to the .
References:
• https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/znyycdm/articles/zfj3rwx?
fbclid=IwAR2KhxLxZw9oeo4YRZN5nK2dQWNxEM7bHBCYg_hxCzx
k_8W66RQMSvvPHdk
• https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/znyycdm/articles/z8cqqfr?
fbclid=IwAR0zn7w9-l-ZTGIStusSEHuDwtCmpFTVLuXrpQzlljWbJ-
Lg4Plhc8t42vw
• https://study.com/academy/lesson/specialized-cells-types-
functions.html?
fbclid=IwAR2PXJ4cTGSBON5C782dyv_XSXBb5CXr2IyttoHQpwjMc
gbHD5vxL1bSfoA
• https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcell.2016.00106/full?
fbclid=IwAR11u3Pmo6ihRhI6vOV8mvJ-
1C6sndqt3xD9cg2r_HSKQms1FhUcGe5iJsI
• https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Cell-Membrane
• https://www.stemlittleexplorers.com/en/how-to-demonstrate-diffusion/
Thank You

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Cell membrane

• The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, it is the

• They are the mixture of lipid and

• It acts as a selective permeable

• Diffusion is the overall movement of

First movement by Second movement by

Moves from air breathed

Moves from blood plasma

Moves from small Moves from blood plasma

• Extent of the concentration gradient. The bigger the

. MATERIALS NEEDED FOR DEMONSTRATING DIFFUSION

• Two transparent glasses or 50 ml Beaker

• . The diffusion of water from an area of higher concentration to an

• Skin a potato and cut the tuber into small cubes

• The cell is the basic unit of life, , but

Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body, which is

Nerve cells transmit electrical signals in the nervous system .

*Ciliated cells are found in the airways.

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