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    SQL - DDL, DML, TCL and DCL

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    Shobha Kumari Choudhary
    This document discusses the four main categories of SQL statements: Data Definition Language (DDL) for defining database schemas, Data Manipulation Language (DML) for managing data, Transaction Control Language (TCL) for managing transactions, and Data Control Language (DCL) for controlling access privileges. It provides examples of common commands for each category, such as CREATE, SELECT, and COMMIT. It also includes examples of using DDL to define a table and DML to query data from a table.

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    SQL - DDL, DML, TCL and DCL

    Uploaded by

    Shobha Kumari Choudhary
    129 views3 pages
    This document discusses the four main categories of SQL statements: Data Definition Language (DDL) for defining database schemas, Data Manipulation Language (DML) for managing data, Transaction Control Language (TCL) for managing transactions, and Data Control Language (DCL) for controlling access privileges. It provides examples of common commands for each category, such as CREATE, SELECT, and COMMIT. It also includes examples of using DDL to define a table and DML to query data from a table.

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    SQL_DDL, DML, TCL and DCL

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    This document discusses the four main categories of SQL statements: Data Definition Language (DDL) for defining database schemas, Data Manipulation Language (DML) for managing data, Transaction Control Language (TCL) for managing transactions, and Data Control Language (DCL) for controlling access privileges. It provides examples of common commands for each category, such as CREATE, SELECT, and COMMIT. It also includes examples of using DDL to define a table and DML to query data from a table.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    129 views3 pages

    SQL - DDL, DML, TCL and DCL

    Uploaded by

    Shobha Kumari Choudhary
    This document discusses the four main categories of SQL statements: Data Definition Language (DDL) for defining database schemas, Data Manipulation Language (DML) for managing data, Transaction Control Language (TCL) for managing transactions, and Data Control Language (DCL) for controlling access privileges. It provides examples of common commands for each category, such as CREATE, SELECT, and COMMIT. It also includes examples of using DDL to define a table and DML to query data from a table.

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    SQL | DDL, DML, TCL and DCL

    In this article, we’ll be discussing Data Definition Language, Data


    Manipulation Language, Transaction Control Language, and Data Control
    Language. 

    Some Commands: 
     
    CREATE : to create objects in database
    ALTER : alters the structure of database
    DROP : delete objects from database
    RENAME : rename an objects

    Following SQL DDL-statement defines the department table : 


     
    create table department
    (dept_name char(20),
    building char(15),
    budget numeric(12,2));
    Execution of the above DDL statement creates the department table with
    three columns – dept_name, building, and budget; each of which has a
    specific datatype associated with it. 
    DML (Data Manipulation Language) :
    DML statements are used for managing data with in schema objects. 
    DML are of two types – 
     
    1. Procedural DMLs : require a user to specify what data are needed and
    how to get those data.
    2. Declarative DMLs (also referred as Non-procedural DMLs) : require a
    user to specify what data are needed without specifying how to get those
    data. 
    Declarative DMLs are usually easier to learn and use than procedural
    DMLs. However, since a user does not have to specify how to get the
    data, the database system has to figure out an efficient means of
    accessing data.
    Some Commands : 
     
    SELECT: retrieve data from the database
    INSERT: insert data into a table
    UPDATE: update existing data within a table
    DELETE: deletes all records from a table, space for the records
    remain
    Example of SQL query that finds the names of all instructors in the History
    department : 
     
    select instructor.name
    from instructor
    where instructor.dept_name = 'History';
    The query specifies that those rows from the table instructor where the
    dept_name is History must be retrieved and the name attributes of these
    rows must be displayed. 
    TCL (Transaction Control Language) :
    Transaction Control Language commands are used to manage transactions
    in the database. These are used to manage the changes made by DML-
    statements. It also allows statements to be grouped together into logical
    transactions. 
    Examples of TCL commands – 
     
    COMMIT: Commit command is used to permanently save any transaction
    into the database.
    ROLLBACK: This command restores the database to last committed
    state.
    It is also used with savepoint command to jump to a
    savepoint
    in a transaction.
    SAVEPOINT: Savepoint command is used to temporarily save a
    transaction so
    that you can rollback to that point whenever necessary.
     
    DCL (Data Control Language) :
    A Data Control Language is a syntax similar to a computer programming
    language used to control access to data stored in a database (Authorization).
    In particular, it is a component of Structured Query Language (SQL). 
    Examples of DCL commands : 
     
    GRANT: allow specified users to perform specified tasks.
    REVOKE: cancel previously granted or denied permissions.
    The operations for which privileges may be granted to or revoked from a user
    or role apply to both the Data definition language (DDL) and the Data
    manipulation language (DML), and may include CONNECT, SELECT,
    INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, EXECUTE and USAGE. 
    In the Oracle database, executing a DCL command issues an implicit
    commit. Hence, you cannot roll back the command. 

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