Intergrity :- Honesty + Morality

- its a general term refers to Individual Personal

ethics. Or
- Characteristic of person
ie. Be Rock Solid on your principal.
Probity :- Honesty + Ethical
- its a specific term use for professional or Public role.
OR
- his behaviour & Conduct in public life.

Integrity is a character of a person, while Probity is the

personality.
 This topic focuses on understanding the essence of ethics in
human actions, exploring the factors that shape ethical
behavior, and analyzing the consequences of ethical choices. It
also examines the application of ethics in both personal and
professional relationships, including the ethical challenges faced
in government and private institutions.

Ethics & Human Interface

1.1 Essence of Ethics :- its a set of moral principles that guide
the human behaviour.

1.2 Determinants of Ethics in Human actions :-

ie. What determine Ethical behaviour & decision
3 main influence
1. Individual Personality traits ( Such as individual Value
system, education, upbringing, religious beliefs, education, etc.)
2. Individual Culture & Country.
3. Ethics of organistaions / Industry a individual works for.

1.3 Ethics in human actions :- Humans are said to be evaluative

in nature.
Whenever a person does something we find others analysing
his/her behaviour and commenting that it was good or bad.
✓ Ethics is said to be a philosophical treatise which studies
human behaviour and tries to determine whether the act
performer was morally right or wrong.
✓ Values are the individual principles or qualities that guide
judgment and behaviour of a person.
Values are like an anchor in a ship. When a storm comes, a
ship is not swept away by strong currents but remains anchored
to the shore.
A person with strong values or character sticks to his principles
and is not swept away, in crisis or under pressure.

2.1 Dimension/Branches of Ethics

1. Descriptive ethics: It studies the history and evolution of
ethics and seeks to understand how people actually behave and
make moral judgments, rather than prescribing how they ought
to behave.
2. Normative ethics: it involves arriving at moral standards
that regulate right and wrong conduct.
Normative ethics is also called as perspective ethics. ie. the
study of ethical theory that prescribe how people ought to act.
 3. Meta ethics: it study the origin and meaning of ethical
concept.
4. Applied ethics: use the knowledge of moral principles to
present dilemmas.

2.2 Ethics in
Private relationships: Ethics focus on trust, honesty,
respect, and loyalty.
Public relationships: Ethics involve fairness, justice,
transparency, and accountability.

3.1 Human Values (Lessons from lives and teaching of great

leaders, reformers and administrators)
Some key lessons we can learn from their lives and teachings:

Integrity: Leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson

Mandela demonstrated the importance of integrity. They stood
firm on their principles and remained true to their values,
inspiring others to follow suit.
Compassion: Mother Teresa and Martin Luther King Jr.
exemplified compassion and empathy. They showed us the
power of kindness and the need to care for the less fortunate.
 Courage: Leaders like Abraham Lincoln and Winston
Churchill demonstrated tremendous courage in the face of
adversity. They taught us to stand up for what is right, even
when it’s difficult or unpopular.
Vision: Visionary leaders like Steve Jobs and Nelson Mandela
had a clear vision of what they wanted to achieve. They taught
us the importance of setting ambitious goals and inspiring
others to work towards them.
Service: Leaders such as Swami Vivekananda and Aung San
Suu Kyi emphasized the significance of selfless service to
society. They inspired us to use our skills and resources for the
betterment of others.
Equality: Leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Malala
Yousafzai fought for equality and social justice. They taught us
the importance of treating all individuals with respect and
fairness, irrespective of their background.
Ethics and Morality: Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela
emphasized the importance of ethics and morality in
leadership. They demonstrated that ethical conduct and moral
principles should guide our actions and decision-making.
Empowerment: Leaders like Eleanor Roosevelt and Nelson
Mandela believed in empowering others. They encouraged
people to recognize their potential and take charge of their
owsetbacks
 Resilience: Leaders such as Abraham Lincoln and Winston
Churchill exhibited resilience in the face of challenges. They
taught us the importance of perseverance and bouncing back
from setbacks.
Collaboration: Leaders like Nelson Mandela and Mahatma
Gandhi emphasized the power of collaboration and unity. They
showed us that progress is best achieved through cooperation
and working together.
By studying the lives and teachings, we can gain valuable
insights into human values and apply them to our own lives to
create a positive impact on the world around us.

Inculcating values
1. Role of family: Family being the first and major agency of
socialization has great influence and bearing on the
development of the child. Studies shows that most of
successful achievers come from the families where
sustaining wholesome relationship exist.
2. Role of society: Society plays a crucial role in inculcating
values by providing a collective framework for individuals
to learn, adopt, and practice shared ethical and moral
principles.
3. Role of educational institutes: Educational institutions
have a significant role in instilling values in students. By
teaching moral education, cultivating integrity, fostering
 character development, and facilitating ethical reflection
and personal growth.

The topic of attitude explores the content, structure, and

influence of attitudes on thoughts and behavior. It delves into
moral and political attitudes and their impact on society. It also
discusses the role of social influence and persuasion, as well as
the importance of emotional intelligence in shaping attitudes.

3.1 Attitude:- Attitude can be defined as a way of thinking,

dealing with the problems, way of looking towards your own life
etc.
- “ATTITUDE IS A LITTLE THING THAT MAKES A BIG
DIFFERENCE” – WINSTON CHURCHIL
Content: it represent thoughts, beliefs, and emotions
associated with a particular object, person, or situation
Structure: refers to how the components of an attitude are
organized and related to each other.
Function: The function of an attitude describes its purpose in
an individual’s life.

Attitude Relation with,

 Thought: Attitudes shape and influence thoughts.
Behavior: Attitudes guide and affect behavior.
3.3 Moral Attitudes: Attitudes related to moral values and
ethics.
Political Attitudes: Attitudes concerning political ideologies
and beliefs.
Social Influence: Impact of others on attitude formation.
Persuasion: Attempts to change attitudes through
communication.

This topic emphasizes the aptitude and foundational values

required for individuals serving in the civil service. It includees
values such as integrity, impartiality, and dedication to public
service. The significance of empathy, tolerance, and compassion
towards vulnerable sections of society is also highlighted, along
with the role of emotional intelligence and ethical reasoning.

Aptitude: Natural ability or talent in a specific area.

Foundational Values for Civil Service:
Integrity: Upholding honesty, ethics, and moral principles in
decision-making and actions.
 Impartiality and Non-partisanship: Treating all individuals
fairly and without bias, regardless of their affiliations or
backgrounds.
Objectivity: Making decisions based on facts, evidence, and
logical reasoning rather than personal biases or opinions.
Dedication to Public Service: Commitment to serving the
public interest and working towards the betterment of society.
Empathy: Understanding and considering the feelings,
perspectives, and needs of others, fostering a compassionate
approach in public service.
Tolerance: Respecting and accepting diverse viewpoints,
beliefs, and cultures, promoting inclusivity and harmony.
Compassion towards the weaker sections: Demonstrating
care, support, and understanding for marginalized or vulnerable
groups in society.
These foundational values serve as guiding principles for
civil servants, shaping their attitudes, behavior, and decision-
making processes as they fulfill their responsibilities in the
public sector.
Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to recognize,
understand, and manage one’s own emotions and the emotions
of others. This topic explores the relevance of emotional
intelligence in governance and administration, examining its
concepts, applications, and utility in decision-making and
interpersonal relationships.

4.1 Emotional Intelligence: Emotional Intelligence (EI) is the

ability to recognize, understand, and manage emotions in
oneself and others.
4.2 Concepts of EI: Its concepts include self-awareness, self-
regulation, empathy, social skills, and relationship management.
4.3 Utilities and applications of EI in administration and
governance:
Leadership: EI helps inspire and motivate teams, build trust,
and navigate social dynamics.
Decision-making: EI enables considering emotions in
decision-making, addressing concerns, and managing
resistance.
Conflict resolution: EI facilitates constructive conflict
management and finding win-win solutions.
Communication: EI enhances communication skills, active
listening, and adapting to different individuals and situations.
 Stakeholder engagement: EI fosters understanding,
addressing emotional needs, and effective governance.

This topic focuses on the ideas and teachings of renowned

moral thinkers and philosophers, both from India and around
the world. It explores their theories and perspectives on ethics,
morality, and governance, providing candidates with a broader
understanding of ethical principles and moral values.
5.1 Contributions of Moral Thinkers and Philosophers from
India:
Mahatma Gandhi: Gandhi emphasized the principles of non-
violence (ahimsa) and truth (satya). He advocated for social
justice, equality, and the eradication of poverty.
Gautama Buddha: Buddha’s teachings centered around the
Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. He emphasized
compassion, mindfulness, and the pursuit of inner peace and
enlightenment.
Swami Vivekananda: Vivekananda promoted the idea of
selflessness, service to humanity, and the unity of all religions.
He emphasized the importance of character development and
moral values.
Chanakya: Chanakya, an ancient Indian philosopher, highlighted
the principles of ethical governance and statecraft. He
emphasized integrity, wisdom, and the welfare of the people.
Rabindranath Tagore: Tagore, a polymath and Nobel laureate,
explored themes of love, humanism, and social justice. His
writings promoted ethical values, cultural diversity, and the
importance of harmony between humans and nature.
Acharya Vinoba Bhave: Vinoba Bhave was an advocate of non-
violence and rural upliftment. He initiated the Bhoodan (Land
Gift) movement, promoting the redistribution of land from the
wealthy to the landless, aiming for social justice and economic
equality.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Roy was a social reformer who fought
against various social evils, including sati (widow burning), child
marriage, and caste discrimination. He advocated for social
equality, education, and women’s rights.
Sri Aurobindo: Aurobindo emphasized integral spirituality,
which seeks the spiritual transformation of all aspects of life. He
promoted the concept of the divinization of humanity and the
realization of a higher consciousness.
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: Radhakrishnan’s philosophy focused
on the synthesis of Eastern and Western thought. He
emphasized the unity of religions and the importance of ethical
values in education.
Contributions of Moral Thinkers and Philosophers from the
World:
Aristotle: Aristotle’s ethics focused on virtues and the pursuit of
eudaimonia (flourishing). He emphasized moral virtues such as
courage, temperance, and justice.
Immanuel Kant: Kant’s moral philosophy revolved around the
concept of duty and the categorical imperative. He emphasized
principles of moral universality, autonomy, and the inherent
dignity of individuals.
John Stuart Mill: Mill’s ethical theory of utilitarianism
emphasized maximizing overall happiness and promoting the
greatest good for the greatest number of people. He focused on
the consequences of actions.
Socrates: Socrates emphasized the pursuit of knowledge, self-
reflection, and moral questioning. He promoted the Socratic
method of critical thinking and encouraged individuals to
examine their beliefs and values.
Friedrich Nietzsche: Nietzsche challenged traditional moral
values and advocated for individual freedom and self-
realization. He critiqued societal norms and encouraged
individuals to create their own values and embrace personal
authenticity.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Rousseau focused on the concept of
the social contract and the idea of the general will. He
emphasized the importance of equality, justice, and the
common good in society.
John Locke: Locke emphasized natural rights, including life,
liberty, and property. He contributed to the development of
liberalism and the idea of individual rights and limited
government.
Thomas Hobbes: Hobbes discussed the concept of the social
contract and the necessity of a strong central authority to
maintain social order. He emphasized the importance of
obedience to the sovereign for a peaceful society.
Simone de Beauvoir: Beauvoir was influential in feminist
philosophy and contributed to existentialist thought. She
examined issues of gender inequality, freedom, and the social
construction of identity.
Karl Marx: Marx focused on the critique of capitalism and
advocated for economic and social equality. He emphasized the
importance of class struggle, historical materialism, and the
need for a socialist revolution.

This topic examines the status, challenges, and ethical concerns

in public and civil service. It emphasizes the importance of
ethical governance, accountability, and adherence to laws,
rules, and regulations. It also explores the role of conscience as
a guide for ethical decision-making and addresses ethical issues
in international relations and funding.
Public/Civil Service Values and Ethics in Public
Administration:

1. Status : Essential for integrity & accountability in

government administration.
Problem: Challenges like corruption and conflicts of
interest can affect these values.
2. Ethical Concerns and Dilemmas in Government and
Private Institutions: Arise in government and private
institutions, involving conflicts of interest, resource
allocation, and fair business practices.
3. Laws, Rules, Regulations as Sources of Ethical Guidance:
Legal frameworks provide ethical guidance, while personal
moral compass (ie. Conscience) influences decision-
making.
4. Accountability and Ethical Governance: Accountability and
ethical governance are interconnected. Accountability
ensures responsibility, ethical governance promotes
transparency and integrity.
5. Strengthening of Ethical and Moral Values in Governance:
Requires awareness, training, and fostering a culture of
 integrity in governance. Leaders should lead by example
and create an environment that rewards ethical behavior.
6. Ethical Issues in International Relations and Funding:
issue involve fairness, human rights, and sustainability.
Addressing these issues requires international cooperation.
7. Corporate Governance:Corporate governance focuses on
ensuring transparency, accountability, and responsible
decision-making within organizations.

Probity in governance refers to the adherence to ethical

principles and values in public administration. This topic focuses
on the concepts of transparency, accountability, and the right to
information. It also addresses the challenges posed by
corruption and the need to establish codes of conduct for public
officials.

Probity in Governance: Probity in governance refers to the

adherence to principles of integrity, honesty, and ethical
conduct in the functioning of government & public service.
1. Concept of Public Service: it emphasizes the duty of
government officials to serve the public interest.
It involves placing the welfare of citizens above personal
or private interests and working towards the betterment of
society as a whole.
 ie. To act as impartiality, fairness, and professionalism in
their roles.
2. Philosophical Basis of Governance and Probity: it varies
across different systems and ideologies.
However, common foundations include principles of
justice, equality, democratic participation, and the rule of
law.
Good governance and probity are rooted in the belief
that public power should be exercised for the benefit of
the people and that public officials should act ethically
and be accountable to the public.
3. Information Sharing and Transparency in Government:
Governments should share information openly, enabling public
participation and reducing corruption risks.
It will enable citizens to hold government accountable and
participate in the democratic process.
4. Right to Information: The right to information is a
fundamental right that grants citizens the freedom to access
information held by public authorities.
It promotes transparency and empowering citizens to
participate in governance.
5. Codes of Ethics and Codes of Conduct: it provide guidelines
for ethical behavior & professional conduct for public officials.
It will ensure integrity, honesty, impartiality, and
professionalism. And prevent conflicts of interest.
6. Citizen’s Charters: Citizen’s charters are documents that
outline the rights and expectations of citizens from government
departments.
It aim to enhance service delivery, improve accountability, and
empower citizens by making government agencies more
responsive to their needs.
7. Work Culture and Quality of Service Delivery:
- A positive work culture within government institutions is
essential for promoting probity and delivering high-quality
services.
- A work culture that values integrity, professionalism, and
accountability fosters (encourage) ethical behavior among
public officials.
Quality service delivery involves providing efficient, effective,
and citizen-centric services that meet the needs and
expectations of the public.
8. Utilization of Public Funds:
The proper utilization of public funds is a crucial aspect of
probity in governance.
It requires transparency, accountability, and responsible
financial management in the allocation, disbursement, and
utilization of public funds. With the purposes to contributes
good governance and public trust.
9. Challenges of Corruption: It involves the misuse of public
office for personal gain.
Corruption undermines trust in government, hinders
development, and divert resources away from public welfare.
Combating corruption requires strong anti-corruption
measures, transparency, accountability, and a culture of
integrity in governance.

This topic involves analyzing and discussing various case studies

that encompass the aforementioned ethical issues and
concepts. It provides candidates with an opportunity to apply
ethical principles, moral values, and analytical skills in decision-
making and problem-solving scenarios.
Case Studies: