969 3276 1 PB

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 15

Key performance indicators (KPIs) comparison

of food chain reactor and conventional


oxidation ditch technology in industrial waste
treatment
1,* 1
Temmy Wikaningrum , Rijal Hakiki
1
Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, President University, Cikarang,
17550, Indonesia

Manuscript History Abstract. The oxidation process as the activated sludge (AS)
system has been implemented widely in urban and
Received
industrial wastewater treatment. Oxidation ditch can be
26-02-2020
categorized as an advanced aeration activated sludge.
Revised
Integrated Fix-Film Activated Sludge (IFAS) process has been
10-05-2020
already developed for decades that was a reasonable
Accepted
approach for technology to upgrade the activated sludge
01-07-2020
wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). IFAS processes are a
Available online
combination of biofilm reactors and activated sludge
05-07-2020
processes, biofilm is introducing and retaining as the carrier
media for microorganism growth. Both IFAS and AS
processes can achieve similar percent removal of COD and
Keywords
ammonia. Current WWTP’s development was food chain
Activated sludge; reactor (FCR) which mainly IFAS process of engineered
Food chain reactor; media that combining with natural plants with the plant
IFAS; roots submerging into the reactors. The references review
Biological process; and secondary data of the application in Jababeka’s WWTP-
Wastewater 2 for both AS and FCR system showed that FCR is needed
treatment fewer parameters to be controlled. In both AS and FCR have
3
KPIs of flow rate (m /day), F/M ratio, energy consumption
3 3
(kWh/m wastewater), Oxygen supply (kgO2 / m
wastewater in each reactor, % removal of COD, BOD, TSS,
NH3, TKN, NO2, and heavy metals, and pH, Dissolved Oxygen,
microorganism performance in the reactor. Different from
AS, the FCR system is not required to control the parameters
of sludge retention time (SRT), recirculated activated sludge
(RAS), sludge volume index (SVI), and mixed liquor
suspended solids (MLSS) of activated sludge.

*
Corresponding author: temmy@president.ac.id

http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/jenv.v5i1.969 | 15
Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 15-29, April, 2020

1 Introduction
The availability of clean water resources is increasingly gaining the attention of the
global community [1] and has become one of the important issues in the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Summit in September 25th, 2019 in New
York. This is also an important concern for the people of Indonesia, that
conservation of natural resources is still limited and has not been properly handled,
there are still many water pollution, both surface water pollution and underground
water pollution. In general, the causes of water pollution caused by humans are
grouped into 2 classes of namely those originating from domestic activities and
those originating from industry. This study aims to discuss industrial wastewater
with a case study of the Jababeka industrial estate in Cikarang.

Fig 1. General schematic representation of a WWTP with the various stages [2]

Wastewater treatment technology can be done with the principles of physical,


chemical and biological treatment [3]. The principle of treating wastewater is
conservatively classified as primary treatment for physical treatment, secondary
treatment for chemical and biological treatment, and tertiary treatment for

http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/jenv.v5i1.969 | 16
Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 15-29, April, 2020

treatment with membrane technology and advanced oxidation [4]. However, in the
further development of wastewater treatment technology, the classification is not
too rigid, because of the cross-group combination which then produces new
modern technology.
In this study, a discussion was made about biological industrial wastewater
treatment. Basically wastewater treatment can be done with aerobic anaerobically
principles for high levels of BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), while for
wastewater with relatively low to moderate levels generally use aerobic biology
principles [3]. There are several types of wastewater treatment technology by
aerobic biological oxidation, including the activated sludge process, aeration tank,
aerated lagoon, sequence batch reactor, trickling filter, rotating bio contactor, and
the combination and further development of these process system. According to
types of media for growing aerobic microorganisms, an aerobic biological
treatment processing can be classified as suspended growth process and attached
growth process [3]. Mostly urban water treatment in Indonesia is a biological
process basis, it may be caused by cost consideration [5], for example rectangular
aeration systems in the EJIP (East Jakarta Industrial Estate park), Sequence Batch
Reactor (SBR) systems in industrial areas Bukit Indah, and the oxidation ditch
system at Jababeka Industrial Estate.
In biological process, Increasing the growth of microorganisms can be further
developed by increasing the surface area of the media thereby increasing the
number of microorganisms that can grow on the media. This means that at the
same Food and Mass (F/M) ratio, the efficiency of the number of pollutants that
can be processed increases [6]. The process of treating wastewater with aerobic
biological oxidation is quite attractive because its operations and maintenance
costs are relatively lower than chemical treatment. However, this treatment
requires relatively high energy and cost associated with hazardouse sludge
disposal.

http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/jenv.v5i1.969 | 17
Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 15-29, April, 2020

Food Chain Reactor (FCR is one of the relatively newly developed


technologies, a current technology development of this process was combining
natural plants with engineered media as a botanical garden is placed on top of the
Intergrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge (IFAS) reactors, with plant roots
penetrating into the reactors [7]. The plants used are mostly tropical plants, so the
opportunity for the application of this technology in Indonesia is very interesting.
The IFAS is an alternative cost savings with process to conventional facilities. It
means alternative for upgrading existing wastewater treatment plants to
nitrification and even more denitrification, and reducing tank volume means lower
costs and reduced site utilization [6]. Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge (IFAS)
process is a reasonable approach technology to upgrade the existing wastewater
treatment plant that more efficiency can be achieved [8]. With the application of
FCR technology, it will get the opportunity to reduce energy use, decrease the
production of hazardous sludge (Toxic Material), improve the quality of process
results by increasing the efficiency of BOD, COD and organic nitrogen levels, as well
as improving the aesthetics of Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP).

Fig 2. Appearance of WWTP using conventional oxidation ditch (a) and WWTP after with Organica-FCR
technology (b) source: Documentation of Jababeka

The FCR technology under the ORGANICA brand was developed in Hungary which
has been implemented for more than 8 years and according to 2015 data has been

http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/jenv.v5i1.969 | 18
Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 15-29, April, 2020

applied to 50 WWTP units in Europe and Asia [7]. Comparison of the appearance of
WWTPs with conventional oxidation pond systems with FCR technology can be
seen in Fig 2, which shows that with FCR has a better aesthetic, as well as
hazardous aerosols from the wastewater aeration process is much reduced.
The research objectives according to the scope of this research work are:
inventory of key performance indicators (KPIs) that control industrial wastewater
treatment processes with conservative activated sludge (oxidation ditch)
technology based on references and their implementation at WWTP-2 Jababeka;
inventory of KPIs that determine the performance of industrial wastewater
treatment process control with FCR technology based on references and its
implementation in WWTP-2 Jababeka; comparison of KPIs oxidation ditch
(activated sludge) process technology with FCR.

2 Research Framework
The frame work applied in this study are: reference review of key performance
indicator for controlling waste water treatment process by oxidation ditch and
IFAS; Collect secondary data at WWTP of Jabababeka Industrial Estate with

Fig 3. Research framework of KPIs comparison FCR vs OD

http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/jenv.v5i1.969 | 19
Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 15-29, April, 2020

oxidation ditch (OD) system in six month (August 2018 – February 2019) and FCR
system in six month (March 2019 – September 2019); Provide KPI’ s comparison
between OD and FCR system.

3 Key Performance Indicator of Oxidation Ditch (OD) Process


3.1 Review of references
Performance indicators are a valuable tool to express process conditions and
energy efficiency in both managerial and engineering issues operators of the
facility plants. Performance indicators should be as few as clearly, possible,
defined, easily measurable, verifiable and easy to understand [9]. KPIs of WWTP
are flow rate, BOD, TSS, PO4, kWh/m3, kWh/TSS, Solid generated/TSS [10]. The
main indicators of process operations of activated sludge [11], are dissolved
oxygen, return activated sludge rate and waste activated sludge rate. In addition to
the control of these critical operational indicators, efficient operation of activated
sludge requires also the frequent inspection of the operational control parameters
such as microscopic examination of activated sludge, control of mixed liquor
respiration rate or nitrification rate, measurements of sludge volume index SVI and
Control of sludge blanket depth of clarifiers. Aeration intensity and resulting DO
are the main parameter of nitrification and denitrification process, since there is no
clear boundary zone between anoxic and aerobic. DO concentration has very high
influence to the process that run in the range of 0.4-0.8 mg/l [12].
The key parameters and key performance indicators (KPIs) of WWTP [2], in
the secondary treatment : kWh/kg COD removed , kWh/kg NH4 removed , kWh/kg
P chemicals removed , kWh/kg TN removed. In the tertiary and advance treatment
: kWh/kg TSS removed , kWh/log reduction (for pathogen removal), kWh/model
compound such hazardous pollutant removal. As the counteract of the negative
impacts of the horizontal velocity (0.25 to 0.6 m/s) on the nitrogen removal
processes in oxidation ditch, it was recommended to using air diffusers and flow
recirculating pumps (boosters) instead of mechanical aerators for maintaining
robust operation of the plant and saving energy [15]. In the orbal oxidation ditch ,

http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/jenv.v5i1.969 | 20
Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 15-29, April, 2020

nitrogen removal efficiency depended on the degree of nitrification and


denitrification in the outer channel, which was the largest contributor for TN
removal . When DO was as low as about 0.2 mg/L in the outer channel, the highest
TN removal efficiency of 75% was obtained [14]. The bacterial community sharply
changed during the startup period (over 100 days). Proteobacteria (accounting for
26.3%-48.4%) was the most dominant bacterial phylum in the OD system, but its
relative abundance declined nearly 40% during the startup process [13].
According to Krejny, 2015 [16], wastewater KPIs of aeration basin system
including M & E expense per month, Aeration kWh per pound of cBOD treated per
month, kWh per pound of cBOD treated per month, % Emergency Maintenance
work per month, Pounds of disinfection chemicals per MG per month, kWh per MG
pumped at Pre-Treatment (PTP), Pounds of ferric chloride per pounds of Total,
Phosphorus removed per month, Biosolids costs per month (pressing + disposal),
kWh per pound of ammonia treated per month and kWh per pound of TSS treated
per month. To study of the behavior of wastewater treatment process can be
projected by the dynamic mathematical modelling as it provides more accurate
projection within the limited time frame at a reducing certain parameter. Cost and
time availability is the consideration of limited parameters measurement of in
Wastewater Treatment Plant [17]. A mathematical model and pilot testing to
performing carbon oxidation–nitrification, denitrification and settling was revealed
that operational cycles which conducted in the range (120 - 400 min), only one
(220 min–nitrification: 120 min/ denitrification : 100 min), met fully the nitrogen’s
effluent criteria and minimum energy consumption [18]. From research that
conduct model of Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulation showed that The
oxidation ditch treatment performance is influenced by the hydraulic and physical
aspects [5].

http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/jenv.v5i1.969 | 21
Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 15-29, April, 2020

Table 1 Key Performace Indicators References of Activated Sludge and Oxidation Ditch System

No Reference System Key Performance Indicators


WWTP in general : flow
D. Hackworth, Aeration rate, BOD, TSS, PO4,
1 3
2013 Tank kWh/m , kWh/TSS, Solid
generated/TSS
Activated dissolved oxygen, return activated sludge
2 UNEP, 2011
Sludge rate and waste activated sludge rate

Aeration Intensity of aeration and Dissolved


3 Insel et al, 2005
Tank Oxygen

Secondary treatment :
kWh/kg COD removed , kWh/kg NH4 removed ,
kWh/kg
Premoved , kWh/kg TN removed
ENERWATER, Aeration
4 Tertiary and advance treatment :
2015 Tank
kWh/kg TSS removed , kWh/log reduction (for
pathohen removal), kWh/model
compound such as estradiol removed
(hazardous pollutant removal)

Proteobacteria ( 26.3%-48.4%) was the


Y.Chen et.al., Oxidation most dominant bacterial phylum, but its
5
2017 Dicth relative abundance declined nearly 40%
during the startup phase

nitrogen removal efficiency : the degree of


nitrification and denitrification in the
Orbal
outer channel.
6 Zhou et.al., 2012 Oxidation
Dicth DO about 0.2 mg/L in the outer channel,
the highest TN removal efficiency of 75%
was obtained

C. Moragaspitiya Oxidation
7 Cost and time
et.al., 2016 Dicth

I. D. Mantziaras, Oxidation Operations cycle of nitrification and


8
et.al., 2012 Ditch denitrification

Hadisoebroto Oxidation
9 Hydraulic and physical aspects
et.al., 2014 Ditch

http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/jenv.v5i1.969 | 22
Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 15-29, April, 2020

The summary of Key Performance Indicators references of activate sludge


system in aeration tank and oxidation from references can be seen in Table 1.

3.2 Secondary data of OD’s KPI from Jababeka’s WWTP facility


Refer to the operations and maintenance data sheets of Jababeka WWTP-2 located
in Cikarang Bekasi, the KPIs consider for controlling carousel Oxidation Ditch type
process in August 2018 – February 2019 were flow rate (m3/day); energy
consumed (kWh/m3 wastewater); solid retention time (SRT); F/M ratio; oxygen
supply (kgO2 / m3 wastewater); % Efficiency removal of COD, BOD, TSS, NH3, TKN,
NO2, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, MBAS, phenol after primary settling and secondary settling;
oxidation ditch process: pH, MLSS, MLVSS, SVI, dissolved oxygen (DO),
microorganism performance, %-organic of activated sludge; sludge generated
(ton/m3 wastewater); %-Recirculation of Activated Sludge (RAS). The average data
from WWTP was: flow rate 4000 m3/day, Organic Loading Rate (OLR) was 0.2 – 0.4
g/L. Oxidation ditch was operated in DO average 2 mg/L, SRT was 6 – 9 days. COD
removal was 90 %, BOD removal 93% , MLVSS is 9.1 g/L, %-Organic in activated
sludge is 65 %, SVI = 102 ml/L.

4 Key Performance Indicator of IFAS (Integrated Fixed-Film


Activated Sludge) and FCR (Food Chain Reactor) Process
4.1 IFAS Review of references
IFAS process is recommended as a comfortable and efficient upgrade for improving
the efficiencies of an existing low performing WWTP [8]. It considers that IFAS
process can reach effluent standard even has many complex problems in
maintenance. IFAS also able to handle varying hydraulic loading, organic loading,
increasing influent flow, stressing effluent standards, low temperatures or loss of
biomass. It can handle shock loads, extreme stress situations, temperature
variations and various characteristics of raw wastewater. As long as the system is
well maintained, IFAS process can work efficiently for long time without any
significant problems.

http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/jenv.v5i1.969 | 23
Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 15-29, April, 2020

The summary of Key Performance Indicators references of activate sludge


system in aeration tank and oxidation from references can be seen in Table 2.

Table 2 Key Performace Indicators References of IFAS System

No Reference System Key Performance Indicators

hydraulic loading, organic loading,

influent flow, stressing effluent


Kowtarapu M and
1 IFAS standards, characteristic of raw
Katoch SS., 2016
wastewater

temperatures, and loss of biomass.

COD removal efficiency, kinetic


coefficients including yield coefficient
(Y), half saturation coefficient (Ks),
2 N. Azimi, et.al., 2017 IFAS
maximum substrate utilization rate
constant (k) and endogenous decay
coefficient (kd)

H. Eslami et.al.,
3 IFAS Organic Loading Rate (OLR)
2018

R. Madmanang and heterotrophic nitrification by


4 IFAS
T. Sriwiriyarat, 2019 Enterobacter aerogenes microbes

the suspended-growth and attached-


5 C. Li,et.al. 2012 IFAS
growth biomasses

The performance study of integrated fixe film activated sludge system (IFAS)
in industrial wastewater treatment plant has shown the achievement of 98-99 %
COD removal. KPI that evaluated were: COD removal efficiency and kinetic
coefficients including yield coefficient (Y), half saturation coefficient (Ks), maximum
substrate utilization rate constant (k) and endogenous decay coefficient (kd) [19].
Study on IFAS system to synthetic grey waste water that was operated in pilot-
scale and Organic Loading Rates of 0.11–1.3 gCOD/L.d. showed the performance
as follow: In an organic loading of 0.44 gCOD/L.d, the best removal efficiency of

http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/jenv.v5i1.969 | 24
Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 15-29, April, 2020

BOD5, COD, and TSS were 85.24, 92.52 and 90.21%, respectively; In an organic
loading of 0.44 gCOD/L.d , the best removal efficiencies of Total Nitrogen (TN) and
Total Phosphorus (TP) were 89.60 and 86.67%, respectively [20]. There was no
significant difference in nitrification between Activated Sludge (AS) and IFAS
systems by Enterobacter aerogenes microbes in both AS and IFAS system if the
systems were properly operated. The study revealed that E. aerogenes could be
enhanced with IFAS technology to complete heterotrophic nitrification with the
removal efficiency of 100% [21]. In IFAS process, the suspended-growth and
attached-growth biomasses worked together to perform stable COD, NH4.-N and
TN removal efficiencies even during a high pollutant load period [22].

4.2 FCR Review of references


A diverse biology was created by the interaction of enzymes and various organic
acids from the plant roots to the bio-media. This biology system leading to
increased process stability, less sludge production and lower energy demand when
compared to conservative activated sludge plants. And the sewage treatment
facility appearances like a botanical garden [7]. The natural plants actually do not
degrade the wastewater, but provide nutrients, organic acids and enzymes that
create a highly diverse biology within the plant roots and IFAS bio modules. [7]. FCR
is much more dense bio-film is created, when compared to other IFAS systems or
MBBR processes [7]. ORGANICA ecological treatment technology, as an application
of FCR system which combining the latest and the conventional wastewater
treatment technology [1]. Fig 4 is the typical of FCR process flow diagram.

http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/jenv.v5i1.969 | 25
Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 15-29, April, 2020

Fig 4. FCR typical process flow diagram [1]

4.3 Secondary data of Jababeka’s WWTP facility


Based on the operations and maintenance data sheets of Jababeka WWTP-2
located in Cikarang Bekasi, the KPIs considered for controlling Organica-FCR
process in Maret 2019 – September 2019 were: Flow rate (m3/day); Energy
consumed (kWh/m3 wastewater); F/M Ratio; Oxygen supply (kgO2/m3)
wastewater in each reactor phases; % removal of COD, BOD, TSS, NH3, TKN, NO2,
Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, MBAS, Phenol; FCR reactors: pH, Dissolved Oxygen, microorganism
performance. Controlling process in FCR system was observed that mainly rely on
the parameter of waste water flow rate, incoming pH, COD, BOD, ammonia,
density and type of microorganism and species, and DO level in every phases of
FCR reactors, particularly in reactor 3 and 5. In FCR process, DO level was maintain
about 2 mg/L in reactor 3 and nearly 4 in reactor 5. The achievement of COD and
BOD removal was similar result with OD system.

5 Key Performance Indicator Comparison Between OD and FCR


Comparing current KPIs of FCR system in Jababeka WWTP with previous OD system
showed that by Organica FCR system, the requirement parameters is less to be
controlled, and simpler process of monitoring measurement which few of
parameters were monitored by on line system. In FCR system not required to

http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/jenv.v5i1.969 | 26
Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 15-29, April, 2020

control of SRT, RAS, SVI, MLSS. As the simpler operation controll, human resources
can be more efficient in process monitoring and laboratory works. Evenmore less
sludge generation was the significant advantage since increasing efficiency in
human resources , chemicals, and electricity consumption of Belt Filter operations
and maintenances, also sludge disposal cost spent to the licenced company. The
KPIs comparison between AS and FCR is summarized in Table 3.

Table 3. KPIs comparison between AS and FCR *

AS (Activated Sludge) FCR (Food Chain Reactor)

Biomass growths in 1 reactor Biomass growths in 6 reactor independently

Activated sludge suspension growth / less the diversity of biomass increased by the
biomass diversity interaction of the natural plants and biomass
O
Sludge age (SRT) is (2.5 - 3) day at 20 C; Very high SRT
O
6- 9 days at 33 – 35 C

Yield (0.45 gVSS/g oxidized substrate As the impact a predatory effect and higher SRT,
the biomass yield is lower
3
MLSS 3000 - 9000 g VSS/m Low MLSS (300 mg/L)

Alfa value generally 0.5 Due the lower free MLSS, alpha factor within the
aeration system is increased
Aerosol and odor problem Less odor an aerosol problem

Need RAS system RAS system is not necessary

* Source: [1], [3], [7] and log sheet operation data of WWTP2 Jababeka

6 Conclusions
From the literature review and case study of oxidation process and FCR process in
Jababeka WWTP-2 Cikarang, it can be known that the KPI’s of oxidation ditch as the
activated process were flow rate (m3/day), energy consumption (kWh/m3
wastewater), Solid Retention Time (SRT), F/M ratio, oxygen supply (kgO2/m3)
wastewater, %-efficiency removal of COD, BOD, TSS, NH3, TKN, NO2, heavy metals.
Sludge generated (ton/ m3 wastewater), %-Recirculation of Activated Sludge (RAS).

http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/jenv.v5i1.969 | 27
Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 15-29, April, 2020

In aeration tank process: pH, MLSS, MLVSS, SVI, Dissolved Oxygen (DO),
microorganism performance, %-organic of activated sludge. The KPI’s of FCR
process as the IFAS process were flow rate (m3/day), F/M ratio, energy
consumption (kWh/m3 wastewater), Oxygen supplly (kgO2 / m3 waste water in each
reactor phases, % removal of COD, BOD, TSS, NH3, TKN, NO2, and heavy metals. In
FCR reactors : pH, Dissolved Oxygen, microorganism performance. In FCR system it
was not require to control of SRT, RAS, SVI, MLSS of suspended activated sludge.

7 References

[1] Q. Yuje, W. Jiandong, and O. Hai, “The Application of Organica Ecological


Technology in Residential Sewage Treatment,” J. Environ. Prot. (Irvine,. Calif)., vol.
04, no. 01, pp. 31–34, 2013.
[2] Enerwater, “Standard method and online tool for assessing and improving the
energy efficiency of waste water treatment plants,” 2015.
[3] G. Tchobanoglous, F. L. Burton, and H. D. Stensel, Wastewater engineering :
treatment and resource recovery, 5th ed. New York : McGraw-Hill Higher
Education ; London : McGraw-Hill, 2014.
[4] J. C. Crittenden and MWH., MWH’s water treatment : principles and design.
Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2012.
[5] R. Hadisoebroto, I. Maxdoni, S. Notodarmojo, and Y. Bindar, “Jurnal Teknologi Full
paper Improving Performance of Water Treatment on Oxidation Ditch Using
Modification of Reactor Hydrodynamic,” vol. 6, pp. 101–104, 2014.
[6] T. L. Johnson, J. P. McQuarrie, and A. R. Shaw, “Integrated Fixed-film Activated
Sludge ( IFAS ): The new choice for nitrogen removal upgrades in the United
States,” no. January, 2004.
[7] J. Koumoukelis, “COMBINING THE USE OF ENGINEERED AND NATURAL PLANTS IN
ACTIVATED SLUDGE,” in 9th Annual WIOA NSW Water Industry Operations
Conference and Exhibition, 2015, pp. 116–121.
[8] M. Kowtarapu and S. S. Katoch, “Integrated Fixed-film Activated Sludge ( IFAS )
Process – A Comfortable Upgrade for Upgrading of Existing Wastewater Treatment
Plants,” vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 315–318, 2016.
[9] E. Wennerholm, “Performance Indicator Analysis as a Basis for Process
Optimization and Energy Efficiency in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Elin
Wennerholm,” 2014.
[10] D. Hackworth, “Process Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Plants.” 2013.

http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/jenv.v5i1.969 | 28
Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 15-29, April, 2020

[11] UNEP, “DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR THE OPERATION AND


MAINTENANCE OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS AND WASTEWATER REUSE,”
2011.
[12] G. Insel, N. Artan, and D. Orhon, “Effect of Aeration on Nutrient Removal
Performance of Oxidation Ditch Systems,” no. November, 2005.
[13] Y. Chen, F. Zhao, L. Xiao, S. Cheng, and X.-X. Zhang, “Bacterial Community Shift
during the Startup of a Full-Scale Oxidation Ditch Treating Sewage,” vol. 27, no. 1,
pp. 141–148, 2017.
[14] X. Zhou et al., “Enhancing nitrogen removal in an Orbal oxidation ditch by
optimization of oxygen supply : Practice in a full-scale municipal wastewater
treatment plant,” no. February, 2012.
[15] A. Abusam, K. J. Keesman, H. Spanjers, G. Van Straten, and K. Meinema, “Effect of
oxidation ditch horizontal velocity on the nitrogen,” pp. 1–9, 2002.
[16] K. Krejny, “Wastewater Key Performance Indicators.” 2015.
[17] C. Moragaspitiya, J. Rajapakse, W. Senadeera, and I. Ali, “Simulation of Dynamic
Behaviour of a Biological Wastewater Treatment Plant in South East Queensland ,
Australia using Bio-Win Software,” vol. 21, no. 3, 2017
[18] I. D. Mantziaras, A. Stamou, and A. Katsiri, “Performance optimization of an
alternating oxidation ditch system by cycle timelength variation Performance
optimization of an alternating oxidation ditch system by cycle timelength variation,”
no. February, 2012.
[19] N. Azimi, G. D. Najafpour, and M. Sadeghpoor, “Iranica Journal of Energy &
Environment Determination of Kinetic Parameters in Integrated Fixed Film
Activated Sludge for Amol ’ s Industrial Park Wastewater Treatment Plant,” vol. 8,
no. 1, pp. 31–35, 2017.
[20] H. Eslami, M. H. Ehrampoush, H. Falahzadeh, and P. T. Hematabadi,
“Biodegradation and nutrients removal from greywater by an integrated fixed ‑ film
activated sludge ( IFAS ) in different organic loadings rates,” AMB Express, 2018.
[21] R. Madmanang and T. Sriwiriyarat, “Capacity Enhancement of Enterobacter
aerogenes for Heterotrophic Nitrification in Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge (
IFAS ) Wastewater Treatment Process,” vol. 23, no. 1. 2019
[22] C. Li, X. L. Li, M. Ji, and J. Liu, “Performance and microbial characteristics of
integrated fixed-film activated sludge system treating industrial wastewater,” pp.
2785–2792, 2012.

http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/jenv.v5i1.969 | 29

You might also like